2.

3 Beu den du leu trong muy tInh

2.3.1 Cuc he dem
an chaf hoaf dong cua may fnh dua fron ho dom nhj phan v ho dom
nay hoan foan phu hop voI fnh chaf haI frang fhaI cua cong ngho so.
Trong phan nay, chung fa so khao saf ho dom nhj phan va mof so ho dom
khac cung co IIon quan maf fhIof.
MoI ho dom duoc su dung dou v mof muc dch phu hop nao do. Cac fIou
ch phu hop co fho ko Ia : do bIou dIon, do fnh foan, do Iuu fru, Tuy
nhIon, khong phaI Iuc nao cac fIou ch nay cung dou dI doI voI nhau, do
vay, khong fho su dung mof ho dom cho faf ca cac IInh vuc. Ho dom quon
fhuoc nhaf voI fa Ia ho fhap phan, co fho hIou nom na Ia v fnh fu nhIon
cua ho dom nay doI voI cuoc song xung quanh.
Mof ho dom hoan chInh, phaI co cac dac frung sau
- Cac chu so co quan ho fhu fu. V du, ho fhap phan co 10 chu so Ia 0,
1, .., 9, ho nhj phan co haI chu so Ia 0, 1, ho fhap Iuc phan co 16 chu
so Ia 0, 1, , A, , C, , , I.
- jnh nghIa vo cac phop fnh so hoc co ban.
- Kha nang chuyon doI voI cac ho dom khac.
He nh{ phun |ocImaI)
Com cac chu so 0, 1.
Phop cong haI so nhj phan. V du
1011
1110
11001
+

Chuyon doI fu so nhj phan sang fhap phan.
CoI Ia chu so fhu cua so nhj phan x co chu so |fnh fu phaI qua
fraI, dom baf dau fu 0). CIa frj fhap phan cua x so Ia
I
p I n
n 1
I
doc I
I 0
x p

=
=

2
V du. VoI , gIa frj fhap phan cua x so Ia x 11001 =
0 1 2 3 4
doc
x 2 1 2 1 2 0 2 1 2 1 25 = + + + + =
Chuyon doI fu so fhap phan sang nhj phan.
CoI n Ia so fhap phan can chuyon. Ta Ian Iuof chIa n dI cho 2 va ghI nhan
IaI phan du |0 hoac 1) cho don khI khong fho chIa duoc nua |nghIa Ia
). Cac phan du ghI nhan duoc so chnh Ia cac chu so cua so nhj phan
can fm voI fhu fu duoc sap fu phaI sang fraI.
n 0 =
V du

Chu so nhj phan nhan duoc Ia 11001.
25 2
1 12 2
0 6 2
0 3 2
1 1 2
1 0
Nhan xof : Cach Iam nay chnh Ia nguoc IaI cua cach chuyon so nhj phan
sang fhap phan.
He thup luc phun (Hexudecmul)
Com cac chu so 0, 1, 2, , 9, A, , C, , , I. Trong do fu A don I ung voI
cac gIa frj fu 10 don 15 fhap phan.
Phop cong haI so fhap Iuc phan. V du
1A6I
03A
25A9
+

Chuyon doI fu ho fhap Iuc phan sang ho fhap phan.
CoI Ia chu so fhu cua so fhap Iuc phan x co chu so |fnh fu phaI
qua fraI, dom baf dau fu 0). CIa frj fhap phan cua x so Ia
I
p I n
n 1
I
10 I
I 0
x p

=
=

16
3

V du
V du. VoI , gIa frj fhap phan cua x so Ia x 1A6I =
0 1 2 3
doc
0 1 2
x 16 I 16 6 16 A 16 1
16 15 16 6 16 10 16 1
6767
= + + +
= + + +
=

Chuyon doI fu so fhap phan sang fhap Iuc phan. Tuong fu nhu khI chuyon
fu fhap phan sang nhj phan, fa cung Ian Iuof chIa so fhap phan cho 16 va
ghI nhan IaI chu so fhap Iuc phan ung voI phan du, cho don khI khong fho
chIa duoc nua. Cac phan du ghI nhan duoc so chnh Ia cac chu so cua so
fhap Iuc phan can fm voI fhu fu duoc sap fu fraI sang phaI.
V du






6767 16
15I 422 16
6 26 16
10A 1 16
1 0
Chu so fhap Iuc phan nhan duoc Ia 1A6I.
o do phan bIof, frong cach frnh bay, gIua so fhap Iuc phan va fhap
phan, nguoI fa fhuong ky hIou 1 chu h |vIof faf cua hoxadocImaI) pha sau
so fhap Iuc phan. V du, so fhap Iuc phan 1A6I duoc ky hIou Ia 1A6Ih.
Cac chu so fuong ung gIua cac ho dom nhj phan, fhap phan va fhap Iuc
phan.
Thup phun Nh{ phun Thup luc phun
0 0000 0h
1 0001 1h
2 0010 2h
3 0011 3h
4 0100 4h
5 0101 5h
6 0110 6h
7 0111 7h
8 1000 8h
9 1001 9h
10 1010 Ah
11 1011 h
12 1100 Ch
13 1101 h
14 1110 h
15 1111 Ih

Nhan xof rang, voI 4 bIf |4 chu so) nhj phan fa co fho bIou dIon duoc vua
du 16 chu so cua ho fhap Iuc phan. Non, dua vao bang fron, do chuyon mof
so fu nhj phan sang fhap Iuc phan, fa chI vIoc fhay Ian Iuof fung nhom 4
bIf |fu fraI sang phaI) cua so nhj phan fhanh mof chu so fhap Iuc phan
|nhom cuoI cung nou khong du 4 bIf fh fa so fhom cac bIf 0 vao bon phaI).
Va nguoc IaI, do chuyon fu so fhap Iuc phan sang nhj phan, fa chI vIoc
fhay Ian Iuof cac chu so fhap Iuc phan fhanh fung nhom 4 bIf nhj phan
fuong ung.
V du. 1A6Ih Ia bIou dIon dang fhap Iuc phan cua so nhj phan
v 1111 0001101001101111 I , 0110 6 , 1010 A , va 0001 1
o vIoc chuyon doI qua IaI gIua ho dom nhj phan va fhap Iuc phan Ia raf
do dang, non ho fhap Iuc phan fhuong duoc su dung frong cac faI IIou vo
khoa hoc may fnh nhu mof cach ghI ngan gon cho cac chu so nhj phan.
2.3.2 Cuch thuc luu tru du leu trong muy tInh
Cac may fnh hIon daI ngay nay co fho xu Iy fron raf nhIou dang du IIou
khac nhau fu don gIan don phuc fap nhu van ban, so, ngay fhang, am
fhanh, hnh anh, vIdoo, Tuy nhIon, moI IoaI du IIou khI duoc Iuu fru
frong bo nho may fnh |va duoc xu Iy) dou phaI quI vo mof dang duy nhaf :
du IIou so nhj phan, boI v cau fruc bo nho may fnh, cung nhu moI IoaI
fhIof bj Iuu fru so khac, Iuu fru du IIou o dang mof day cac bIf 0, 1.
Cuu truc bo nho muy tInh
Vo maf ban chaf, may fnh chI Iuu fru cac gIa frj so o dang nhj phan. on
vj Iuu fru co ban cua bo nho may fnh Ia o nbo, moI o nho co kch fhuoc 8
bIf, nghIa Ia bang 1 byfo. Toan bo bo nho chnh cua may fnh Ia mof day
cac o nho IIon fuc, duoc danh so fu 0 fro dI, va con so nay duoc goI Ia Jja
cbl oat /y cua o nho. V du, mof may fnh co bo nho 512Mb, nghIa Ia no co
fong cong o nho. o do quan Iy, cac ho dIou hanh
|Ia phan mom dIou khIon foan bo hoaf dong cua may fnh xom Chuong
3) fhuong dua ra mof cach fhuc danh dja chI khac cho cac o nho, goI Ia Jja
2
512 1024 536870912 =
cbl /ogic. Trong cach fhuc nay, foan bo bo nho duoc chIa fhanh fung doan
nho |sogmonf), moI doan nho gom mof so o nho IIon fIop. Nhu vay, do
djnh vj mof o nho, fa can haI you fo : |I) o nho do nam o doan nao, va |II)
frong doan do, o nho nam o vj fr fhu may. You fo |I) duoc goI Ia Jja cbl
scgmcnt cua o nho, va you fo |II) duoc goI Ia Jja cbl ojjsct.
o bIou dIon |Iuu fru) mof gIa frj so frong bo nho, ho dIou hanh, va cac
ngon ngu Iap frnh, su dung mof hoac mof so o nho IIon fIop. V du, nou
chuong frnh su dung 4 o nho IIon fIop do Iuu fru mof gIa frj so, fh cac gIa
frj so co fho bIou dIon duoc gom
4 8 32
2 2

= gIa frj khac nhau. Tap hop cac

cach fhuc ma may fnh bIou dIon cac gIa frj so duoc goI Ia cau truc Ju /icu,
moI cach fhuc bIou dIon duoc goI Ia mof kicu Ju /icu. Mof kIou du IIou
duoc xac djnh boI haI you fo : |I) So o nho duoc su dung, va |II) y nghIa cua
cac bIf frong cac o nho. You fo |I) cho fa fhong fIn vo kicb tbuoc cua kIou
du IIou, con |II) cho fa fap cac gIa frj co fho co cua kIou du IIou |goI Ia micn
gia trj). Mof so kIou du IIou co ban, ma hau hof ho dIou hanh fron cac may
fnh ngay nay dou ho fro, Ia kIou so nguyon khong dau |so khong am), so
nguyon co dau |so co fho am hoac khong am), so fhuc, ky fu, chuoI, ngay
fhang,
Luu tru so nguyen khong duu
o Iuu fru mof so nguyon khong dau |so nguyon khong am), may fnh su
dung 1, 2, 4, hoac 8 o nho IIon fIop |frong ngon ngu Iap frnh VIsuaI asIc
xom Chuong 4 cac kIou du IIou so nguyon khong dau Ia yfo va Char).
CIa su so o nho duoc su dung Ia 2 |kIou Char), khI do, mof gIa frj so duoc
bIou dIon boI mof day gom 16 bIf IIon fIop. Va boI v so Ia khong dau, non
foan bo cac bIf dou duoc dung do bIou dIon do Ion cua gIa frj. KhI do, cac
gIa frj khac nhau co fho bIou dIon duoc Ia fu 0000 0000 0000 0000 don
1111 1111 1111 1111, vIof fhoo kIou fhap Iuc phan Ia fu 0000h don
IIIIh, vIof fhoo kIou fhap phan Ia fu 0 don 65535.
Luu tru so nguyen co duu
Trong VIsuaI asIc, cac kIou du IIou so nguyon co dau Ia Infogor |2 o nho)
va Iong |4 o nho).
Cach Iuu fru so nguyon co dau co doI chuf phuc fap hon so voI so nguyon
khong dau. Nhu fa da bIof qua phan frnh bay vo Iy fhuyof fhIof ko mach
so, voI haI mach so co ban Ia mach cong ban phan va mach cong foan
phan, frung fam xu Iy cua may fnh gan nhu chI bIof fhuc hIon moI phop
cong, faf ca phop fnh foan so hoc khac dou duoc quI vo phop cong : fru Ia
cong voI so doI, nhan Ia cong nhIou Ian, chIa Ia fru nhIou Ian. Nhu vay,
may fnh phaI co mof gIaI phap fhoa dang do Iuu fru so am sao cho : nou x
Ia mof so duong, va y Ia so am, fh phop cong gIua x va y phaI fra vo gIa
frj ung voI . x y
Tro IaI voI cach fhuc Iuu fru so nguyon co dau. CoI x Ia mof so nguyon co
dau, khI do, fa co fho vIof x o dang x nou x Ia so khong am, hoac o dang
x nou x Ia so am. Iou nay co nghIa Ia, mof so nguyon co dau gom haI
fhanh phan : phan gIa frj |manfIssa / gIa frj fuyof doI) va phan dau.
CIa su may fnh su dung 2 o nho do Iuu fru mof so nguyon co dau |nhu
kIou Infogor), khI do, may fnh chI su dung 15bIf do Iuu fru phan gIa frj va
danh rIong bIf ngoaI cung |bon phaI) do fho hIon phan dau |bang 1 ung voI
so am, bang 0 ung voI so khong am). Nhu vay, khI so co dau can Iuu fru Ia
so khong am fh bIf ngoaI cung bon phaI Iuon bang 0, non cac gIa frj
khong am co fho bIou dIon duoc Ia fu 0000 0000 0000 0000 don 0111 1111
1111 1111, nghIa Ia fu 0 don . Nhung, dIou nay khong co
nghIa Ia khI so can Iuu fru Ia so am, fh may fnh chI vIoc daf bIf ngoaI
cung bang 1, roI do 15 bIf con IaI bIou dIon phan gIa frj gIong nhu cach
bIou dIon so khong am. o gIaI fhch Iy do faI sao fa hay xom v du sau.
15
2 1 32767 =
CIa su can Iuu fru haI so nguyon co dau Ia 5 va 5. So 5 duong nhIon so
duoc Iuu fru boI day bIf 0000 0000 0000 0101. Tuy nhIon, nou may fnh Iuu
fru so 5 boI day bIf 1000 0000 0000 0101 fh van do nay sInh Ia, khI do,
phop cong gIua haI day bIf nay so cho ra kof qua Ia 1000 0000 0000 1010,
fuc Ia bang 12 !
Cuch thuc luu tru so um cuu muy tInh
Truoc hof fa phaI Iam quon voI mof so khaI nIom. CIa su rang fa dang xof
kIou du IIou Infogor, su dung 2 o nho IIon fIop do bIou dIon 1 so nguyon co
dau.
HIon fuong fran so.
KhI cong haI so voI nhau, ma kof qua vuof ra ngoaI kha nang |so o nho
duoc su dung do) Iuu fru fh bIf vuof ra ngoaI so bj chaf cuf. V du, phop
cong gIua haI so 1110 0101 0010 1110 va 1101 0010 1110 1101 so cho ra
kof qua Ia 1011 1000 0001 1011 |Io ra phaI Ia 1 1011 1000 0001 1011).
So bu 1.
u 1 cua x Ia mof so duoc Iay bang cach dao faf ca cac bIf frong x. V du,
bu 1 cua so 117 0010 1101 1110 0110 so Ia 1101 0010 0001 1001. 50 =
So bu 2.
u 2 cua x Ia mof so duoc Iay bang cach Iay bu 1 cua x, roI cong fhom cho
1. V du, bu 2 cua so 11750 = 0010 1101 1110 0110 so Ia 1101 0010 0001
1001 + 1 = 1101 0010 0001 1010.
Va cuoI cung Ia, so am Juoc /uu tru trong may tinb Juoi Jang bu 2 cua
pban gia trj. V du, gIa frj Infogor 11750 duoc Iuu fru frong may fnh
duoI dang 1011 1000 0001 1010. Thuc vay, boI v nou Iay 0010 1101 1110
0110 |11750) cong voI 1011 1000 0001 1010, fa so nhan duoc kof qua Ia
0000 0000 0000 0000, fuc 0 fhap phan |kof qua cua phop cong nay Io ra
phaI Ia 1 0000 0000 0000 0000, nhung do hIon fuong fran so xay ra, non
bIf 1 ngoaI cung bj bo dI).
Cung voI v du fron, nou fa fIop fuc Iay bu 2 cua 1101 0010 0001 1010
| ), fa so nhan IaI duoc chnh day so 0010 1101 1110 0110 |11 )
ban dau. o do, khong can phaI chung mInh daI dong, fa co fho fIn rang,
trong may tinb, bu 2 cua mot so cbinb /a so Joi cua no.
11750 750
Luu tru ky tu
Trong cac phan fron, fa da khao saf qua haI kIou du IIou co ban Ia kIou so
nguyon khong dau |yfo, Char), va kIou so nguyon co dau |Infogor, Iong).
Nhan xof rang, cho du Ia kIou du IIou nao dI chang nua, fh dang fhuc duoc
Iuu fru frong bo nho may fnh van chI Ia mof day cac bIf, vIoc hIou day bIf
do Ia daI dIon cua du IIou g |so nguyon khong dau, so nguyon co dau, ky
fu, hay so fhuc, v.v) Ia fuy vao chuong frnh dang xu Iy chung. CIa su faI
haI o nho IIon fIop nao do frong bo nho dang chua day bIf 1011 1000 0001
1011, nou chuong frnh cho rang haI o nho nay dang chua mof so nguyon
khong dau 16 bIf, fh day Ia gIa frj 47131, con nou day Ia so nguyon co dau
16 bIf, fh day phaI Ia mof so am |do bIf ngoaI cung bon phaI bang 1), va
cu fho |sau khI Iay bu 2 do co duoc phan gIa frj) Ia gIa frj 11750 .
VoI vIoc Iuu fru ky fu, hay baf cu mof kIou du IIou nao khac, frong may
fnh cung vay, nguoI fa cung phaI dua ra mof phuong phap nao do do bIou
dIon ky fu duoI dang du IIou so.
Bung mu ASC |AmorIcan Sfandard Codo for InformafIon Inforchango)
Ia mof chuan quI djnh chuyon doI gIua ky fu va so. ang ma ASCII gom
256 ky fu ung voI cac gIa frj so |goI Ia ma ASCII) fu 0 don 255. Tu do, khI
can Iuu fru mof ky fu frong bo nho, may fnh so su dung vua van 1 o nho
|1 byfo) do Iuu fru gIa frj ma ASCII cua ky fu nay.
ang sau cho fa ma ASCII cua mof so ky fu fhong dung, bang ma ASCII
chI fIof co fho duoc fham khao o Phu Iuc |!). o franh nham Ian gIua ky fu
va gIa frj so |ky fu 0 voI so 0 chang han), fa so ghI ky fu bon frong cap
dau ngoac kop, quI uoc nay cung Ia quI uoc cua ngon ngu Iap frnh VIsuaI
asIc.
Mu ASC Ky tu Mu ASC Ky tu

61h 01100001 =
a
30h 00110000 =
0
62h 01100002 =
b
31h 00110001 =
1

7Ah 01111010 =
z
39h 00111001 =
9

41h 01000001 =
A
42h 01000002 =


5Ah 01011010 =
Z

Hau hof cac phm fron ban phm dou ung voI mof ma ASCII nao do. Mof
so phm dac bIof nhu onfor co ma ASCII Ia 13, phm SC co ma ASCII Ia
27, duoc goI Ia cac ky tu Jac bict.
Font chu.
Ionf chu Ia bang cac mau mo fa hnh dang cua cac ky fu. Ionf chu can
fhIof khI may fnh can frnh bay du IIou fu bo nho Ion man hnh. Co fho
hIou nom na rang, do fho hIon mof du IIou, nou du IIou nay khong phaI Ia
ky fu fh may fnh phaI chuyon no fhanh dang |chuoI) ky fu, khI do may
fnh so Ian Iuof hIon fhj fung ky fu Ion man hnh, bang cach fra frong
bang Ionf chu hnh dang cua no, va dIou khIon man hnh hIon fhj hnh
dang nay.
Hnh sau mInh hoa bang cac mau hnh dang ky fu cua fonf chu VnI-TImos.

Ma ASCII cua
ky fu A
ang frong hnh fron duoc frch fu chuc nang Insorf SymboI cua phan
mom MIcrosoff Word. Cung frong Word, khI fa bam mof phm ung voI mof
ky fu baf ky, sau do bam AIf-X, fh so fhay xuaf hIon ma ASCII cua phm
vua bam.
Font chu ncode.
o chI co 256 ky fu, non bang ma ASCII gay nhIou han cho frong vIoc fho
hIon nhung ky fu rIong bIof cua cac ngon ngu khac khong phaI fIong Anh.
Hau hof cac ho dIou hanh ngay nay dou ho fro mof bang ma khac, goI Ia
bang ma !nIcodo, co 65536 |
16
2 = ) ky fu. KhI do, moI ky fu co mof ma
!nIcodo Ia mof so nguyon khong dau 16 bIf.
So Iuong ky fu kha Ion cua bang ma !nIcodo du do fho hIon moI mau fu
frong ngon ngu cua cac nuoc fron fho gIoI, cu fho nhu cac mau fu A, A, O,
, frong fIong VIof, non cac fonf chu fron bang ma !nIcodo ngay cang
fro non pho bIon.
Luu tru so thuc
Cac may fnh ngay nay ho fro haI kIou du IIou so fhuc Ia sIngIo va doubIo.
KIou sIngIo can 32 bIf |4 byfo) do Iuu mof gIa frj fhuc, frong do, bIf dau
fIon |fu fraI qua) Ia bIf dau s, 8 bIf fIop fhoo bIou dIon phan mu o |Ia so
nguyon khong am), va 23 bIf con IaI bIon dIon phan gIa frj m.

Luu tru du leu keu nguy thung