Neurologist all information from http://education- portal.com/articles/Become_a_Neurologist_Step-by- Step_Career_Guide.html
Requirements to Become a Neurologist Neurology is the study of the nervous system. Accordingly, neurologists treat patients with nervous system disorders, including problems with the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. It takes many years of education and training to become a neurologist, including completion of medical school, an internship and a residency. The following table outlines common requirements to become a neurologist.
Common Requirements Degree Level Medical doctorate (M.D.)* Degree Field Medicine, neurology* Licensure and Certification A federal-issued license is required, voluntary certifications exist and may improve career outlook** Experience A 1 year internship and 3+ years of specialized training in the form of a residency are required* Key Skills Strong communication and leadership skills, attention to detail, organizational skills, problem- solving skills, patience, empathy, knowledge of human anatomy and the nervous system.** Sources: *University of Rochester Medical Center **U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Step 1: Earn a Bachelor's Degree Earning a bachelor's degree is the first step toward becoming a neurologist. There is no specific major required for undergraduate study; however, aspiring neurologists may benefit from concentrating their studies in biological sciences, chemistry, physics or pre-med to meet admission requirements for medical school. Pre-med prerequisite courses typically include microbiology, biochemistry and human anatomy. During the junior year of an undergraduate program, aspiring neurologists must take and pass the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). This exam allows medical schools to evaluate an applicant's training and knowledge through a skills assessment and a set of multiple-choice questions. Then they must submit their applications through an online service administered by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM). Success Tips Volunteer. According to the BLS, medical school admissions boards may give preference to students who have completed volunteer hours throughout their undergraduate studies. Volunteering at a hospital or in a similar medical environment can help an aspiring neurologist stand out on his or her medical school application while also gaining hands-on experience working with patients. Participate in extracurricular activities. The BLS reports that extracurricular activities can help students demonstrate their leadership qualities. Joining honors societies, clubs, student-run publications or other similar extracurricular activities can help an aspiring neurologist build essential skills and stand out when applying to medical schools. Learn a foreign language. Neurologists may frequently work with patients who do not speak English, so learning a foreign language such as Spanish can help a candidate succeed in this field and may help him or her stand out over other medical school applicants. Step 2: Complete a Medical School Program Aspiring neurologists are required to earn a Doctor of Medicine degree by attending medical school. Most medical school programs last four years, with the first two years typically covering the basics of human anatomy and physiology. Courses may also delve into nutrition, immunology and ethics. During their third and fourth years, med students usually receive clinical training and participate in a clerkship that covers medical specializations, like family medicine, neurology or radiology. Step 3: Pass the Medical Licensing Exam The National Board of Medical Examiners and the Federation of State Medical Boards administer the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE), an exam all aspiring physicians, including neurologists, must pass prior to practicing medicine in the United States. The test can be taken right after medical school or within the first part of a residency program. Taking the test immediately after graduating from medical school may be beneficial, as internship and residency programs may rely on these scores for admissions. Step 4: Complete an Internship Aspiring neurologists begin their postgraduate training by entering a 1- year internship program in either internal medicine or surgery. Interns generally gain advanced experience with patients and specific healthcare practices through rotations. For example, while interns working in oncology may interact and provide treatment for cancer patients, those in the Intensive Care Unit may receive instruction on protocols when caring for critically ill patients. Step 5: Complete a Residency Program After completing their internships, postgraduates will begin a 3-year neurology residency program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Neurology residents typically attend lectures, participate in patient rounds and complete case studies of clinical scenarios. Through these activities, they gain experience with an assortment of neurological disorders and issues, such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy and neuroradiology. Success Tip Consider a fellowship program. Neurologists seeking advanced training in a particular field of neurology might consider participating in a fellowship offered by a university medical facility or hospital. These programs general last 1-2 years after a residency and offer extensive work and research opportunities with faculty and medical teams. Fellowships may be available in epilepsy, neurophysiology and other specialized areas of practice. Step 6: Consider Certification The American Board of Psychology and Neurology (ABPN) offers voluntary certifications for qualified neurologists. Prospective candidates may become certified as neurologists or child neurologists after completing a certification examination. In order to take the exam, candidates must have completed an accredited medical school program, earned a medical license and satisfied the ABPN training requirements. Once certified, neurologists participate in the ABPN 10- year certification maintenance program, which includes completing self-assessment activities and other ABPN components. Step 7: Continue Education Continuing education can help a neurologist stay up-to-date with trends, breakthroughs and advances in the field. In some cases, continuing education may even be required. For example, the ABPN 10-year certification maintenance program requires completion of continuing education opportunities to ensure certified neurologists are constantly learning and improving in their careers. Continuing education can be completed through classes hosted by professional organizations or university medical centers; opportunities may include classes, meetings, self-assessments and seminars.
These are the requirements I need to achieve becoming a pilot. All information from http://education- portal.com/articles/Become_a_Licensed_Commerci al_Pilot_Step-by-Step_Career_Guide.html
Become a Licensed Commercial Pilot: Step-by-Step Career Guide
Commercial pilots fly aircraft that carries passengers and cargo. They may also work in other industries and have duties like monitoring traffic and participating in rescue operations. Commercial pilots must obtain a license by meeting basic criteria, gaining experience and passing required tests.
Step 1: Meet Basic Requirements In order to obtain a commercial pilot's license, applicants must be 18 years old and able to communicate effectively. They must pass a physical exam that involves a vision test, as well as have logbook endorsements from an authorized instructor to verify their level of experience and be able to demonstrate aeronautical knowledge. Step 2: Train as a Private Pilot Generally, commercial pilots train as private pilots, which allows them to learn the basics of flying before progressing into more complicated planes and situations. Private pilot training may include instruction from a certified professional and solo flight practice. Prospective pilots can also learn about airplane operations and maintenance, airport communications and maneuvering. Some flight schools offer recreational or private training courses as prerequisites for commercial pilot training. This enables students to progress through the required levels without attending multiple sessions. Step 3: Log Flight Hours Prospective commercial pilots must log at least 250 hours of flying time to become licensed. Within those hours, prospective pilots must complete required tasks and fly in a variety of settings. They must spend time flying solo and as the pilot-in-command, complete instrument training and pilot a plane with designated gear. Flying cross-country in both day and nighttime conditions, as well as completing a specified number of takeoffs and landings are also general requirements. Step 4: Pass Required Tests In order to become licensed, commercial pilots must pass the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) practical test, which is administered by a registered official (www.faa.gov). The test requires candidates to perform a variety of operational tasks, demonstrate their ability to meet industry standards and exhibit proficiency in flying. They must also pass a written exam to demonstrate their knowledge of navigation, safety and regulations. Step 5: Pursue Additional Certification Applicants will need to become licensed as an airline transport pilot in order to work for commercial airlines. They will need to be at least 23 years old, have a minimum of 1,500 hours of flight experience and pass FAA examinations. Individual airlines may require additional education and experience, which the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics notes can include a bachelor's degree or at least two years of college experience (www.bls.gov). The BLS' 2010-2020 employment outlook information showed that jobs for airline and commercial pilots were expected to grow by 11%. These workers had average annual salaries of $128,760 for 2012, per the BLS. Career Institution Program Requirements Costs Neurologist University of Sydney Master of Brain and Mind Sciences Up top Cost varies could change depending on school and other situations but it can reach up to $77,000 Commercial Pilot Horizon Flight Academy Etihad Airways' commercial pilot training program Up top It can also vary, but it can reach up to 40,000
EDUCATIONAL COMMISSION FOR FOREIGN VETERINARY GRADUATES EXAMINATION (ECFVG) PART II - Pharmacology, Therapeutics, Parasitology, Hygiene: Passbooks Study Guide