Agriculture

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu (cau;juk;)
juk; - 13
tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;
Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
^2010 Mk; Mz; L njhlf; fk; eilKiwg; gLj; jg; gLk;&
njhopDl; gf; fy; tpg; gpupT njhopDl; gf; fy; tpg; gpupT njhopDl; gf; fy; tpg; gpupT njhopDl; gf; fy; tpg; gpupT njhopDl; gf; fy; tpg; gpupT
tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; njhopDl;gg; gPlk; tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; njhopDl;gg; gPlk; tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; njhopDl;gg; gPlk; tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; njhopDl;gg; gPlk; tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk kfufk kfufk kfufk kfufk
tptrha tpQ; Qhdk;
juk; - 13
Kjw; gjpg;G 2010
ISBN
njhopDl; gf; fy; tpj; Jiw njhopDl; gf; fy; tpj; Jiw njhopDl; gf; fy; tpj; Jiw njhopDl; gf; fy; tpj; Jiw njhopDl; gf; fy; tpj; Jiw
tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; gPlk; tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; gPlk; tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; gPlk; tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; gPlk; tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
kfufk kfufk kfufk kfufk kfufk
gjpg;G :
i
ii
nghUslf; fk nghUslf; fk nghUslf; fk nghUslf; fk nghUslf; fk;
gf; fk gf; fk gf; fk gf; fk gf; fk;
1' 1' 1' 1' 1' KfTiu KfTiu KfTiu KfTiu KfTiu iv
2' 2' 2' 2' 2' Kd; Diu Kd; Diu Kd; Diu Kd; Diu Kd; Diu v
3' 3' 3' 3' 3' ghltp jhdf; FO ghltp jhdf; FO ghltp jhdf; FO ghltp jhdf; FO ghltp jhdf; FO vi
4' 4' 4' 4' 4' mwp Kfk; mwp Kfk; mwp Kfk; mwp Kfk; mwp Kfk; viii
5 ' 5 ' 5 ' 5 ' 5 ' fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; Kiwapay; fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; Kiwapay; fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; Kiwapay; fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; Kiwapay; fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; Kiwapay; 1-204 1-204 1-204 1-204 1-204
6' 6' 6' 6' 6' ghlrhiy kl; lf; fzp g; gP L ghlrhiy kl; lf; fzp g; gP L ghlrhiy kl; lf; fzp g; gP L ghlrhiy kl; lf; fzp g; gP L ghlrhiy kl; lf; fzp g; gP L 205-217 205-217 205-217 205-217 205-217
7. 7. 7. 7. 7. nrad; Kiwg; gl; bay; nrad; Kiwg; gl; bay; nrad; Kiwg; gl; bay; nrad; Kiwg; gl; bay; nrad; Kiwg; gl; bay; 218 218 218 218 218
iii
KfTiu KfTiu KfTiu KfTiu KfTiu
ghlrhiy Kiwikapy;> Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fiyj;jpl;lj;ij
mwpKfk; nra;Ak; gzp 13Me; juj;Jf;Fupa Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bfspd;
mwp Kfj; Jld; G+ u; j; jp ailfp d; wJ. 12Mk; 13Me; ju khzt khztp au;
gy; fiyf; fofg; gpuNtrj; Jf; nfd fLikahd Nghl; bia vjpu; Nehf; Ftjhy; epjKk;
fzprkhd mOj; jj; Jf; F Mshfpd; wdu; . f.ngh.j. cau; juj; Jf; fhf Gjpa
fiyj; jpl; lj; ij Kjw; jlitahfg; gad; gLj; Jk; epiyapy; mt; tOj; jhdJ NkYk;
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;;. mt;thwhd xU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; cq;fsJ iffSf;Ff;
fpilj; Js; s ,e; j Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; bahdJ ghlj; jpl; lj; ijg; Nghd; Nw
Kf;fpakhdnjhU MtzkhFk;;. ,q;F Mrpupau; Kjd;ikahff; ftdj;jpnyLf;f
Ntz; ba %d; W mk; rq; fs; cs; sd. Mrp up au; mwp Tiug; G top fhl; bfs;
ghlj; jpl; lj; Jld; KOikahfg; nghUe; jpaike; jpUj; jy; > fiyj; jpl; lj; jpdhy;
vjpu; ghu; f; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rpfis mbg; gilahff; nfhz; L> fiyj; jpl; lj; jj; Jtj; ijAk;
J}uNehf;ifAk; Kjd;ikahff;nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;> 12Mk; 13Me; ju
khztu; fsp lj; Nj vjp u; ghu; f; fg; gLk; milT kl; lj; ij kdjp w; nfhz; L
jahupf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; MfpadNt mitahFk;. vdNt> ,jid ed;F crhTjy;
Mrpupaupd; ,d;wpaikahj gzpAk; nghWg;GkhFk;.
Nkw; Fwpg; gpl; l %d; W tplaq; fisAk; cq; fsJ ftdj; Jf; Ff; nfhz; L tUjtw; fhfj;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; 13Me; juj;jpy; fw;gpf;Fk; rfy Mrpupa MrpupiafSf;Fk;
cupa gapw;rpia toq;Fk; gzpiar; nra;JtUfpd;wJ. njhlu;r;rpahf elj;jg;gLk;
,g;gapw;rp mku;Tfspy; Mrpupau;fs; gq;Fgw;WtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,q;F
jug; gl; Ls; s fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; Nfhl; ghLfs; > nrad; Kiwfis tpsq; fpf; nfhs; tjw; F
mg; gapw; rp ngupJk; Jizahf mikAnkd; gNj mjw; fhd fhuzkhFk; . Fwpg; ghfg;
ghlrhiy kl;l kjpg;gPl;Lr; nraw;ghLfisj; Nju;r;rp tpUj;jpf;Fj; Jizahff;
nfhs; s vjpu; ghu; f; fg; gLfpd; wJ. fw; gpj; jiyg; ghl tplaq; fSf; F khj; jpuk;
kl; Lg; gLj; jptplhJ khzt khztpauJ jpwd; fSf; F nkU$l; Ljy; vDk;
vjpu; ghu; g; ig epiwNtw; Wtjw; F ,t; nty; yhj; jiyaP LfSk; ,d; wpaikahjitahFk;
vd;gij fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lg; gzpfspy; <LgLk; ehk; midtUk; ed;F
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; biaj; jahupf; Fk; rpukkpf; f gzpia epiwT nra; tjpy;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j Njrpa fy;tp epWtff; fy;tprhu; gzpazpapdu; cl;gl Vida
rfy gzpazpapdUf;Fk; ntspthupahfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j fy;tpkhd;fSf;Fk;
vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wp cupj;jhfl;Lk;.
fyhepjp cghyp vk; . Nrju fyhepjp cghyp vk; . Nrju fyhepjp cghyp vk; . Nrju fyhepjp cghyp vk; . Nrju fyhepjp cghyp vk; . Nrju
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
iv
Kd; Diu Kd; Diu Kd; Diu Kd; Diu Kd; Diu
,e; j Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b 2009Mk; Mz; L njhlf; fk; 13Mk; juj; jpw; Fupa
fw; wy; -fw; gpj; jy; nrad; Kiwia xOq; FgLj; jpf; nfhs; tjw; F cq; fSf; Fj; Jizahf
mikAk; . ,e; j topfhl; biaj; jahupg; gjw; F mbg; gilahff; nfhs; sg; gl; l ghlj; jpl; lk;
,Jtiuapy; eilKiwapypUe; j ghlj; jpl; lq; fspypUe; J NtWgl; lJ. ,J Nju; r; rpfis
mbg; gilahff; nfhz; l ghlj; jpl; lkhf mike; jpUg; gNj mt; NtWghlhFk; . ,q; F
jug; gl; Ls; s Nju; r; rpfis ,j; juj; jpNyNa mila Kbahkw; Nghf ,lKz; L.
rpyNtis> mjw; fhf eP z; lfhyk; vLf; fyhk; . vdpDk; > Nju; r; rp kl; lq; fisAk;
mt; tj; Nju; r; rp kl; lj; jpd; fP o; j; jug; gl; Ls; s fw; ww; NgWfisAk; ,j; juk;
Kbtiltjw; Fs; miljy; mtrpakhFk; . vdNt> ,j; juj; jpw; Fupa ghlq; fisj;
jpl; lkpl; Ltjw; F mj; Nju; r; rp kl; lq; fSk; fw; ww; NgWfSk; Jizahf mikAk; ; .
,f; fw; ww; NgWfisf; fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; nrad; Kiwapd; Fwpf; Nfhs; fis tFj; Jf;
nfhs; tjw; Fk; tFg; giw kjpg; gP l; Lf; fUtpfisj; jahupj; Jf; nfhs; tjw; Fkhd
epajpfshfg; gad; gLj; JtJ Fwpj; Jf; ftdk; nrYj; JtP u; fs; vd vjpu; ghu; f; fpNwhk; .
NkYk; > ,g; ghlj; ijg; gapYk; NghJ crhTtjw; Fupa Nkyjpf E}y; fs; > ,iza
tiyf; flg; gplq; fs; (Web Site) Kjyhdit Fwpj; J khztu; fSf; F mwpt+l; Ltjw; F
,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b cjTk;;.
eP q; fs; Mf; fg+u; tkhd Mrpupauhfr; nraw; gLtP u; fs; vDk; vjpu; ghu; g; GlNdNa cj; Njr
nraw; ghLfs; ,q; F khjpupr; nraw; ghLfshfj; jug; gl; Ls; sd vd; gijf; fUj; jpw;
nfhs; ; f. Fwpg; ghf Mrpupau; ika tFg; giwr; nrad; Kiwia khztu; ikar;
nrad; Kiwahf khw; wpaikj; jy; Ntz; Lnkd vjpu; ghu; f; fg; gLfpwJ. vdNt> khztiu
E}y; crhTif> ,izag; gad; ghL Kjyhd Njly; fspy; ftdk; nry; yj; jf; fthwhd
fw; wy; tha; g; Gf; fis cUthf; FtJ Fwpj; J kpfTk; fupridahf ,Uf; f Ntz; Lk; .
fw; gpj; jypd; NghJ kuGuP jpahd Kiwapy; Fwpg; G toq; Ftjw; Fg; gjpyhd ftu; r; rpfukhd
tifapy; Gj; jwpT> Nfhl; ghLfs; Kjyhdtw; iw Kd; itj; jy; Ntz; Lk; . mjw; fhf
,g; Gjpa tFg; giwapy; njhopy; El; gj; ij cr; rstpy; gad;gLj; Jk; njhlu; ghly;
Kiwfisg; gad; gLj; j Ntz; Lk; . vdNt> Gjpa njhopy; El; gr; rhjdq; fis
,ad; wsTf; F Mf; fg+u; tkhfg; gad; gLj; JtJ mtrpakhFk; .
13Mk; juj; jpy; ,g; ghlj; ijf; fw; fj; njhlq; Fk; khztu; fSf; F ,g; ghlj; jpl; lk;
Fwpj; Jj; njspTgLj; JtJ gaDilajhFk; . tUlj; Js; eilKiwg; gLj; j vjpu; ghu; f; Fk;
cq; fsJ fw; wy; -fw; gpj; jy; jpl; lj; ij mwpKfQ; nra; tjhy; fw; wypd; ghy;
mk; khztu; fspd; Mu; tj; ijj; J}z; lyhk; . NkYk; > KOg; ghlj; ijAk; fw; gjw; fhf
khztu; fisg; ghlrhiyapd; ghy; <u; g; gjw; Fk; mJ JizahFk; . Gjpa fiyj; jpl; l
kWrP uikg; gpD}lhf tFg; giwf; fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jw; nrad; Kiwapy; njspthd khw; wj; ij
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ijAk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;biaAk;
gad; gLj; jp cq; fsJ Mf; fj; jpwid tpUj; jp nra; Jnfhs; SkhW Ntz; LfpNwd; .
,e; j Mrp up au; mwp Tiug; G top fhl; biaj; jahup g; gjp y; gq; fsp g; Gr; nra; j
fy; tpkhd; fSf; Fk; > Mrpupau; fSf; Fk; Njrpa fy; tp epWtf mjpfhupfSf; Fk; vdJ
tpNrl ed;wpiaj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;. ,g;gzpapy; topfhl;ly; toq;fpa gzpg;ghsu;
ehafk; fyhep jp cghyp vk; . Nrju mtu; fSf; Fk; ,jid mr; rp l; Lg;
ghlrhiyfSf; F tpepNahfpf; Fk; nghWg; ig Vw; Ws; s fy; tp ntspaP l; L Mizahsu;
ehafk;; cl;gl Vida gzpahsu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpiaj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;.
,jpy; mlq;fpAs;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ Mf;fg+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fis
vdf;F mDg;gp itg;gPu;fshapd; ed;wpAilatdhNtd;.
tp ky; rp ak; gyhnfhl tp ky; rp ak; gyhnfhl tp ky; rp ak; gyhnfhl tp ky; rp ak; gyhnfhl tp ky; rp ak; gyhnfhl
cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>
fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jpg; gPlk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
gzpg; G :
fyhepjp cghyp Nrju gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
tpky; rpak;gynfhl cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Nkw; ghu; it :
B. vk;. fPu;j;jpuj;d gzpg;ghsu;> njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,izg; G(
vd;. V. Fztu;j;jd gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ghltpjhdf; FO(
vd;.V. Fztu;jjd gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
mkuh tpjhdNf gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
Nf.[P.lg;.Nf. fl;Lf;FUe;j nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;;.
vk;.Nf.B. Njrg;gpupa nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
Nf.Nf. mD\h j rpy;th cjtpr; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
fyhepjp Nf.vy;.tre;jFkhu rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> UFZ gy;fiyf;fofk;;.
fyhepjp gp.vy;.V.[p.my;tp]; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> UFZ gy;fiyf;fofk;;.
fyhepjp gp.Gz;zpatu;j;jd rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> tptrhaj; jpizf;fsk;.
B.V.B vd; mkuNrfu rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> UFZ gy;fiyf;fofk;.
V.vy;.N[ re;jpf rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> UFZ gy;fiyf;fofk;.
vk; .V.N[. tq; rghy rpNu\; l tpupTiuahsu; > =[atu; jjdGu gy; fiyf; fofk; .
gP .vy; .B ghy#upa gp.f.g (tptrhak; ) njhopDl; gf; fy; tpf; fpis> fy; tp mikr; R.
lg; .V ky; ypfh gp.f.g (tptrhak; ) njhopDl; gf; fy; tpf; fpis> fy; tp mikr; R.
Nf.vk;. re;jpuNrd mjpgu;> fhy;eilg; gapw;rp epiyak;> nfhl;lnjdpah.
vk;.vk;.gp.vr;. Kdrpq;f gz; izg; nghwpapaw; Nghjdhrpupau; > khtl; l tptrhag;
gapw;rp epiyak;> N`hkfk.
gp.tp.v]; .b. rpwptu; jd c.f.g (tptrhak; )> tyaf; fy; tp mYtyfk; > fk; g`h.
,e; jpuhdp mNgtpf; fpuk c.f..g (tptrhak; )> Nky; khfhzf; fy; tp mYtyfk; > nfhOk;G.
b.b.[p. jrehaf; f c.f.g (tptrhak; )> tyaf; fy; tp mYtyfk; > gpypae; jy.
[p.V.V. rpy; th c.f.g (tptrhak; )> tyaf; fy; tp mYtyfk; > fSj; Jiw.
Mu;.gp. Mu;.Rghrpdp Mrpupa MNyhrfu; (tptrhak;)> kpDthq;nfhil.
I. mgaf;Nfhd; Mrpupa MNyhrfu; (tptrhak;)> fk;g`h.
lg;. yady; Mrpupa MNyhrfu; (tptrhak;)> gj;juKy;y.
[P. re;jpujh] Mrpupa MNyhrfu; (tptrhak;)> N`hkhfk.
viii
ix
b. Rgrpq;f Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> (tptrhak;)> nkhduhfy.
up. kjptjdd; Mrpupa MNyhrfu>; (tptrhak;)> gpypae;jy.
,.[p. re;jpuhtjp Mrpupau;> kAughj k.k.tp> ehuk;ky.
Mu;.Nf.vk;.b.vy;. ej;jdp uztPu Mrpupau;> kypaNjt k.tp> FUzhfy.
b.vk;. jprhehaf Mrpupau;> Njrpa ghlrhiy> vg;ghty.
Nf.Nf.[p.lg;. G\;gFkhu Mrpupau;> =Rkq;fy Nj.ghlrhiy> `pf;fLit.
Nk.vk;. tpf;fpukNrfu Mrpupau;> UFZ tp[agh k.tp. ngypaj;j.
b.v];.b. Nùj; Mrpupau;> N[hrg;th]; tpj;jp> ntdg;Gt.
Nf.V.Vk;. FRkfhe;jp Mrpupau;> = Nkjq;fu k.k.tp> n`huiz.
vd;.[p. &tpzp jPghdp Mrpupau;> tpj;jpahfu kfspu; k.tp> kfufk.
b.V.vd;. tzpfuj;d Mrpupau;> nja;ae;ju k.tp> nja;ae;ju.
[p.[p.vy;.b. mNgtpf;uk Mrpupau;> tl;Lnfju ktp> ,uj;jpdGup.
v].V.[p. tPurpq;f Mrpupau;> = QhdP];tu k.k.tp> ju;fhefu;.
[p.[p.v];. kp];fpj;j Mrpupau;> Nltpl; rpy;th f.tp> kpDthq;nfhl.
Mu;.v];. uj;djpyf Mrpupau;> = gpauj;d k.k.tp> ghJf;f.
Nf. tpjhdfkNf Mrpupau;> fSj;Jiw k.k.tp> fSj;Jiw.
gp.lg;. re;jpuh gparPyp Mrpupau;> rP.lg;.lg;.fd;dq;fuh k.tp> kj;Jfk.
vr;.vk;. nkz;b]; Mrpupau;> gy;Nyty k.tp> gy;Nyty.
it.v];. td;fpAyd;Ngu;f; Mrpupau;> Mde;jh fy;Y}up> nfhOk;G 10.
,.V.rp.vd;. ngNuuh Mrpupau;> tprhf ghypfh tpj;jp> khf;Nfhy.
nkhopngau; g; G :
up. kjptjdd; Mrpupa MNyhrfu; (tptrhak; )> gpypae; jy tyak.;
ghltplar; nrt; itghu; g; G:
jpUkjp Nf. ghyFkhu; Mrpupau;> ru];tjp k. tp> gJis.
jpU vk;.vr;.vk; Ihgpu; Mrpupau;> my;fku; k.k.tp> gk;kd;d.
fzpdpr; nrhd; dpiug; gLj; jy; :
gp.vt;. ujPe;jpuFkhu; Mrpupau;> kfh[df; fy;Y}up> kl;lf;fsg;G.
B. w];kpyh 173> Ngu;j;> tftj;j> n`hwiz.
ml; ilg; gl tbtikg; G:
fhe;jp Vf;fehaf;f Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
mwp Kfk mwp Kfk mwp Kfk mwp Kfk mwp Kfk;
2009Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; juk; 12,Yk;> 2010Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; juk;
13,Yk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; tptrha tpQ;Qhdg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;F mikthf
,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpNrlkhf nrad;Kiw
rhu;e;j njhopDl;gg; ghlkhd tptrha tpQ;Qhdg; ghlj;jpidf; fw;Fk;NghJ
md;whlk; Vw;gLk; njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSf;F Kfq;;nfhLf;f Ntz;b Vw;gLk;.
mt;thNw tpQ;Qhd Nkk;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf jw;NghJs;s fhy;eil tu; f; fq; fs; >
tpj; Jtiffs; > fisehrpdpfs; > G+r; rpehrpdpfs; Mfpad tof; nfhope; JNghf mtw; Wf; Fg;
gjpyhf gpujpaP Lfs; tpiuthfg; ghtidf; F tUfpd; wd. ,jw; fika ,e;j Mrpupau;
mwpTiug;G topfhl;b ,t; thwhd tplaq; fisf; ; fw; gpf; Fk; NghJ eilKiwapYs; s
cjhuzq; fNs gad; gLj; jg; gl Ntz; Lk; .
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lr;nra;if kw;Wk; new;nra;if Mfpad ,e;jg;; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy;
cs; slf; fg; gl; Ls; sjhy; gapu; r; nra; ifia Nkw; nfhs; tjw; Fk; tP l; Lj; Njhl; lj; ijj;
jpl;lkpLtjw;Fk; khztu;fSf;F mDgtuPjpahd gapw;rp; toq;fg;gLk;.
,e; j Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; bapy; jug; gl; Ls; s mwpTWj; jy; fis
eilKiwg; gLj; Jk; NghJ xt; nthU Nju; r; rp kl; lj; jpw; Fnkdf; Fwpg; gplg; gl; Ls; s
fw; ww; NgWfs; va; jg; gl; Ls; sjh vd Mrpupauhy; fzpg; gplg; gl Ntz; Lk; . ,q; F
jug; gl; Ls; s ghlg; gpuNtrj; jpw; F Mrpupau; Vw; fdNt jahuFtjw; nfd jutpUj; jp
cs; sP Lfs; toq; fg; gLtJ ,d; wpaikahjjhFk; .
,q; F jug; gl; Ls; s Ntiyep iyaq; fisr; rup ahfj; jahu; nra; J
khztu;fSf;Fr; nrad;Kiwj; jpwd;fis toq;FtJ MrpupauJ nghWg;ghFk;.
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jifikfisf; nfhz;l MrpupaNu tptrha
tpQ;Qhdg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd jifikfs; nfhz;l
Mrpupau; fs; ,y; yhjtplj; J tptrha bg; Nshkhg; gapw; rpngw; w Mrpupaiug;
gad;gLj;jKbAk;.
,e; j Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; bapy; Fwpg; gpl; l ve; jnthU Nju; r; rpf; Fnkd
,jpy; Fwpg; gplg; glhj ve; jnthU fw; gpj; jy; KiwapaiyAk; gad; gLj; Jk; Rje; jpuk;
Mrpupau; fSf; F cz; L. ,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b njhlu; ghd cq; fsJ
fUj; Jf; fis tuNtw; fp; Nwhk; .
x
f.ngh.j (cau;juk;;) - tptrha tpQ;Qhdk; juk; 13
1
Nju;r;rp 11 ( ntw; wpfukhd gapu; r; nra; iff; fhf cupa tifapy; gP il
Kfhikj;Jt Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
Nju;r;rp 11.1 : gP ilfisAk; gP ilf; Fbj; njhiffisAk; mwp e; ; J
ntw; wpfukhd gapu; rpnra; if; fFupa jP u; khdq; fis
Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
fhyk; ( 03 ghlNtisfs;
fw; ww; NgWfs;(
gPilfis tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.
mq;fpnahd;W nghUshjhug; gPilahf khWk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
Nrjj;ij kjpg;gpLtjpy; Kf;fpakhf mikAk; Fbj;njhif kl;lq;fs;
gw;wpa juTfis tiuG%yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
nghUshjhu Nrjkl;lk; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
nfhs;is epiyapd;NghJ gPilf;fl;Lg;ghL fbdkhf miktjw;fhd
fhuzq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw(
gy;NtW msTfspy; Nrjk; Vw;gl;l jhtu khjpupfs; rpytw;iwAk;
gy;NtW gPil khjpupfs; rpytw;iwAk; tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy
Nkw;nfhs;f.
gy;NtW mq;fpfspdhy; gapu;fSf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
me;j mq;fpfs; gapu;fspy; gy;NtW tifspy; ghjpg;Gf;fis
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
Nrjq; fis Vw; gLj; Jk; mq; fpfspd; vz; zpf; if mjpfupf; Fk; NghJ
ghjpg;gpd; msTk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
fw;wYf;fhd cj;Njr mwpTWj;jy;fs;(
gpd; tUtdtw; Ws; cq; fSf; Fupa jiyg; Gj; njhlu; ghff; ftdk; nrYj; Jf.
gP ilfs; cUthFk; tpjKk; mjpy; nry; thf; Fr; nrYj; Jk; fhuzpfSk; .
gPilnahd;wpd; Fbj;njhif fhyj;Jld; khWgLk; tpjk;
tsE}ypd; cjtpAld; cq; fSf; Ff; fpilf; fg; ngw; w jiyg; ig tpgupf; f.
mq;fpnahd;W nghUshjhug; gPilahf khWk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
gPilf;Fbj;njhif kl;lq;fs; gw;wp tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf.
Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; MrpupauJ cjtpia ehLf.
cq;fshy; Ma;e;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis KOtFg;gpw;Fk; rku;g;gpf;f
Maj;jkhFf.
2
tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapy; kPsha;it
Nkw;nfhs;f.
kdpjDf;F my;yJ kdpjdhy; tsu;f;fg;gLk; tpyq;FfSf;F
my; yJ gapu; fSf; F my; yJ mtdplKs; s tsq; fSf; F ghjpg; ig
Vw;gLj;Jk; ve;jnthU capupdKk; gPil vdg;gLk;.
mq; fpfspd; Fbj; njhifapd; epyTifapy; gy; NtW #ow; fhuzpfs;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.
,aw; ifr; #oypy; mq; fpf; Fbj; njhif rkepiyahff; fhzg; gLk; .
kdpj nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf mq;fpf; Fbj;njhifapd; rkepiy
Fog;gg;gLfpwJ.
,jd;fhuzkhf tptrhaj;jpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; mq;fpfspd;
Fbj;njhif mjpfupj;J gPilepiyik Vw;gLfpwJ.
mq;fpnahd;wpd; Fbj;njhif mlu;j;jpahdJ nghUshjhu uPjpahf
ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jf;$ba kl;lj;ij milAk;NghJ me;j mq;fp
gPilnad miof;fg;gLk;.
gPilf;Fbj;njhifapd; mlu;j;jpf;Fk;> fhyj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
njhlu;ig tiugpd; %ykhf vLj;Jf;fhl;lyhk;.
gP ilf; Fbj; njhifapd; gy gpujhd kl; lq; fis ,dq; fz; L tpsf; ff;
$bajhf cs;sJ.
VnjDnkhU gapu;r;nra;ifapy; nghUshjhur; Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;j
Muk; gpf; Fk; ,opTg; gP ilf; Fbj; njhif nghUshjhur; Nrj kl; lk;
Êconomic Injury Level - EIL& vdg;gLk;.
EIL ,y; mg; gP iliaf; fl; Lg; gLj; j Vw; gLk; nrythdJ mg; gP ilapd;
ghjpg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;gpd; ngWkjpf;Fr; rkdhFk;.
Fwpj; jnthU gP ilf; Fbj; njhif nghUshjhu Nrjkl; lj; ij
miltijj; jtp u; g; gjw; Fg; gP ilf; fl; Lg; ghl; L Kiwiaf;
filg;gpbf;f Muk;gpf;f Ntz;ba kl;lk; nghUshjhu jhq;Fepiy
kl;lk; Êconomic Threshold Level - ETL& vd miof;fg;gLk;.
nghUshjhur; Nrjj; ij jtpu; g; gjw; F Fbj; njhif mlu; j; jp
vg;NghJk; ETL I tpl Fiwthfg; Ngzg;glNtz;Lk;.
gPilf;Fbj;njhif kl;lkhdJ ETL ia tpl mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ
me;epiy nfhs;isepiy (Epidemic level) vdg;gLk;.
nfhs; isepiy Vw; gl; l gpd; du; gP ilf; fl; Lg; ghL kpff; fbdkhdjhf
mikAk; .
3
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11'2 ( tptrha Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j G+r;rpg;gPilfisAk;
G+r;rpfs; my;yhj gPilfisAk; NtWgLj;jp ,dq;
fhz;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
gapu;r;nra;iff;F mjpfstpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; gPilfs; mlq;Fk;
G+r;rp tUzq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
G+r;rp tUzq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; $Wthu;.
gy; NtW tUzq; fisr; Nru; e; j G+r; rpfs; gapu; fspy; Nrjj; ij Vw; gLj; Jk;
tpjj;ijf; $Wthu;.
gapu; fSf; Fg; ghjpg; ig Vw; gLj; Jk; G+r; rpay; yhj gP ilfisg; ngaupLthu; .
G+r;rpay;yhj gPilfspdhy; gapu;fSf;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLk; tpjj;ij
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
gy;NtW G+r;rp tUzq;fisr; Nru;e;j G+r;rpfs; rpytw;wpd; khjpupfisr;
rku;g;gpf;f.
Kf;fpakhd gPil tUzq;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;> ghjpg;Gfs;> ghjpg;G Vw;gLk;
gapu;fs; Mfpad gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
gapu;r;nra;iff;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; G+r;rpfs; my;yhj gPilfshd
rpw; Wz; zpfs; > nfhwpj; Jz; zpfs; > nkd; Dlypfs; Mfpad gw; wp khztuJ
ftdj;ij <u;f;fTk;.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy
Nkw;nfhs;f.
gapu;fSf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; gPilfs; gy cs;sd.
,tw;Ws; G+r;rpfNs gpujhdkhditahFk;.
gP ilfspd; tifg; gLj; jy; gw; wpa mwpT gP ilf; fl; Lg; ghl; by;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhFk;.
fw;wYf;fhd cj;Njr mwpTWj;jy;fs;;(
gpd; tUk; jiyg; GfSs; cq; fs; FOTf; Ff; fpilf; fg; ngw; w gP il tif
gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
Ntiyepiyak; - I ,y; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s G+r;rpfs;
Ntiyepiyak; - II ,y; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s G+r;rpfs;
Ntiyepiyak; - III ,y; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s G+r;rpfs;
Ntiy epiyaj;Jf;Fr; nry;yTk;.
jug;gl;l gPilfis ,dq;fhz;f.
me;jg; gPilfs; mlq;Fk; tUzk; $ tifia ,dq;fhz;f.
mg; gP ilj; njhFjp $ tUzj; ij ,dq; fhz cjTk; ,ay; Gfisf; fz; lwpf.
cq; fshy; Ma; e; jwp ag; gl; l tp laq; fis tFg; gp y; rku; g; gp f; f
Maj;jkhFf.
4
Ntiyepiyaj;ijj; jahupg;gjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; (
jug; gl; l nghUl; fs; > cgfuzq; fs; Mfpatw; iwg; gad; gLj; jp gpd; tUk;
jiyg;Gfspy; Ntiyepiyaq;fs;; %d;iwj; jahu;nra;f.
nyg; gpnlhg; njuh> Nfhypnahg; njuh> bg; njuh tUzq; fisr; Nru; e; j
G+r;rpfs;
N`hnkhg;njuh> n`kpg;njuh> Xnjhg;njuh> ijrndhg;njuh>
Inrhg;njuh tUzq;fisr; Nru;e;j G+r;rpfs;
G+r;rpfs; my;yhj gpw tpyq;Fg; gPilfs;
Ntiyepiyak; - I
iftpy; iy
EZf;Ff;fhl;b
nyg;gpnlhg;njuh $ Nfhypnahg;njuh $ bg;njuh tUzq;fisr;
Nru;e;j G+r;rpfspd; cz;ik khjpupfs;
Ntiyepiyak; - II
iftpy; iy
EZf;Ff;fhl;b
N`hnkhg;njuh $ n`kpg;njuh $ Xnjhg;njuh $ ijrndhg;njuh $
Inrhg; njuh tUzq; fisr; Nru; e; j G+r; rpfspd; cz; ik khjpupfs;
Ntiyepiyak; - III
iftpy; iy
EZf;Ff;fhl;b
nfhwpj; Jz; zpfs; $ nkd; Dlypfs; $ rpw; Wz; zpfs; kw; Wk; G+r; rpfs;
my;yhj NtW gPilfs; Mfpatw;wpd; cz;ik khjpupfs; my;yJ
tupg;glq;fs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf.
G+r;rpfs; Mj;Jug;Nghlh fzj;ijAk; ,d;nrf;uh tFg;igAk;
Nru;e;jdthFk;.
tFg;G ,d;nrf;uh gy tUzq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
G+ r; rp tUzk; xt; nthd; Wk; nghJthd ,ay; Gfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sjhy; mtw;iw ,dq;fz;L fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis
Nkw;nfhs;s mt;tpay;Gfisf; fw;gJ mtrpakhFk;.
gp dtUk; G+ r; rp tUzq; fs; tp trhaj; jp y; Kf; fp aj; Jtk;
tha;e;jjdthFk;.
nyg;gpnlhg;njuh
bg;njuh
Nfhypnahg;njuh
5
N`hnkhg;njuh
Xnjhg;njuh
ijrndhg;njuh
nyg; gpnlhg; njuh> Nfhypnahg; njuh> bg; njuh Mfpa tUzq; fisr;
Nru;e;j G+r;rpfs; G+uz cUkhw;wk; nfhz;ldthFk;.
N`hnkhg; njuh> n`kpg; njuh> Xnjhg; njuh> ijrndhg; njuh Mfpa
tUzq;fisr; Nru;e;j G+r;rpfs; FiwAUkhw;wk; nfhz;ldthFk;.
xt;nthU G+r;rp tUzj;Jf;Fnkd rpwg;gpay;Gfs; cs;sd.
ijrndhg;njuh tUzg; G+r;rpfs; jhtu ,ioaq;fis Ruz;b
cz;Zfpd;wd.
nyg; gp nlhg; njuh> Nfhyp nahg; njuh> xnjhg; njuh Mfp a
tUzq; fisr; Nru; e; j G+r; rpfs; ,ioaq; fis nkd; W cz; Zfpd; wd.
n`hnkhg; njuh> n`kpg; njuh> bg; njuh Mfpa tu; zq; fisr; Nru; e; j
G+r; rpfs; jhtu ,ioaq; fisf; Fw; wp rhw; iw cwpQ; rp Fbf; fpd; wd.
ijrndhg;njuh tUzg; G+r;rpfs; jhtu ,ioaq;fisr; Ruz;b
cwpQ;rpf; Fbf;fpd;wd.
xt;nthU G+r;rpAk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; gapu;fSk; NtWgLk;.
rpw;Wz;zpfs; (ikw;Wfs;)> nkd;Dlypfs;> nfhwpj;Jz;zpfs;>
gwitfs; > gpw KiyA+l; bfs; Mfpad gapu; fSf; Fg; ghjpg; Gf; fis
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
rpw;Wz;zpfs; Fj;jpr; rhw;iw cwpQ;rpf; Fbf;fpd;wd.
nkd;Dlypfs; ,ioaq;fs; KOtijAk; cz;Zfpd;wd.
nfhwpj;Jz;zpfs;> gwitfs;> kw;Wk; gpw KiyA+l;bfs; Mfpad
,ioaq;fs; KOtijAk; cz;Zfpd;wd.
6
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11'3 ( G+r;rpfspd; thAWg;Gf;fspd; jd;ikf;F mika G+r;rpj;
jhf;fq;fisj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
G+r;rpfspd; tiff;Fupa thAWg;ig mwpKfQ; nra;thu;.
thAWg;Gf;fspd; jd;ikf;F mika G+r;rpfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
fbj;Jz;Zk; thAWg;igf; nfhz;l G+r;rpfspdhy; gapu;fSf;F Vw;gLk;
Nrjq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
Fj;jpAWQ;Rk;> muhtpAwpQ;Rk; G+r;rpfisg; ngaupLthu;.
Nrjj;jpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpa gPiltifia ,dq;
fhz;ghu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw
ghlg;gpuNtrk; (
G+r; rpfs; rpytw; wpd; cz; ik khjpupfs; my; yJ tupg; glq; fis tFg; gpy;
rku;g;gpf;fTk;.
G+r; rpfshy; Nrjkhf; fg; gl; l jhtu khjpupfs; rpytw; iw tFg; gpy;
rku;g;gpf;fTk;.
mg;ghjpg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghd khztuJ mtjhdpg;Gf;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;J
elhj;Jf.
gy; NtW tifg; gl; l G+r; rpfs; gapu; fSf; F ghjpgig Vw; gLj; Jfpd; wd.
G+r;rpfspd; thAWg;Gf;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;ldthFk;.
thAWg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Nrjj;jpd; jd;ik Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapy;
njhlu;Gs;sJ.
cq;fs; FOTf;Fupa Ntiyepiyaj;Jf;Fr; nry;f.
cq; fSf; Fj; jug; gl; l khjpupfspy; fhzg; gLk; G+r; rpr; Nrjj; ij
,dq; fhz; f.
mg;ghjpg;G Vw;glf; fhuzkhd thAWg;G tifia ,dq;fhz;f.
Maj;jkhFf.
Ntiyepiyaj;ijj; jahupg;gjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;(
Ntiy epiyaj;Jf;fhd nghJthd cs;sPLfs;
jftw; Nfhit
iftpy; iy
rhtzk;
7
Ntiyepiyak; - I
ntl;bAz;Zk; thAWg;Gfisf;; nfhz;l G+r;rpfspd; cz;ik
khjpupfs;
mt;thwhd G+r;rpfspd; jhf;fk; nfhz;l gapu;g;ghfk;.
Ntiyepiyak; - II
Fj; jpAwpQ; Rk; thAWg; Gfs; nfhz; l G+r; rpfspd; cz; ik khjpupfs;
mt;thwhd G+r;rpfspd; jhf;fk; nfhz;l gapu;g;ghfq;fs;
G+r;rpfspdhy; gapu;fspy; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLj;jg;
gLfpd; wd.
G+ r; rp ap d; thAWg; gp d; jd; ikf; Nfw; gNt ghjp g; gp d; jd; ikAk;
mike;jpUf;Fk;.
G+r; rpfspd; tiff; Fupa thAWg; gpy; gpd; tUk; ghfq; fs; mlq; fpapUf; Fk; .
rpGfk;
Fy; yh
kbay;
fP OjL
,t;thwhd thAWg;gpy; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l jpupGfs; vw;gLtjdhy;
gy;NtW tifg;gl;l thAWg;Gfs; cUthfpd;wd.
ntl;bAz;Zk; thAWg;igf; nfhz;l G+r;rpfspy; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l
ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
,iyfspy; Jisfs; Vw;gLk; tifapy; cz;Zjy;.
,iy tpspk;GfspypUe;J cz;Zjy;.
mUk;Gfs; ,sk; ehw;Wf;fs; Mfpatw;iw ntl;Ljy;
rpy G+r;rpfspd; thAWg;Gfs; Fj;jpr; rhw;iw cwpQ;Rtjw;F Vw;wjhf
mike;Js;sd.
,t;thW Fj;jpr; rhw;iw cwpQ;Rtjdhy; jhdpaq;fs; gjuhjy;> ituR
Neha;fs; guTjy; Mfpad Vw;glyhk;.
rpy G+r;rpfspd; thAWg;Gfs; muhtp cwpQ;rpf; Fbg;gjw;F Vw;wthW
,irthf;fk; mile;Js;sd.
Nrjq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; mtw;iw gpd;tUkhW
tifg; gLj; jyhk; .
ntl;bAz;Zk; G+r;rpfs;
Fj;jpAwpQ;Rk; G+r;rpfs;
muhtp cwpQ;Rk; G+r;rpfs;
NkNy Fwpf;fg;gl;l Nrjk; Vw;gl;l khjpupfisg; gupNrhjpj;J Nrjj;jpd;
jd;ikia ,dq;fhzyhk;.
8
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11'4 ( G+r; rpg; gP ilfs; > G+r; rpfs; my; yhj gP ilfs; Mfpatw; iwf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
gapu; fSf; Fg; ghjpg; ig Vw; gLj; Jk; gP ilfisf; fl; Lg; gLj; Jtjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
gy;NtW gPilf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfisg;; ngaupLthu;.
nghwpKiwg; gPilf;fl;Lg;ghl;bd; mE$yq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
gy;NtW gPilf;fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis xg;gpLthu;.
xd;wpize;j gPilf;fl;Lg;ghl;il tptupg;ghu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
gPilfspd; Nrjq;fisf; fhl;Lk; tupg;glq;fis khztUf;Ff; fhl;Lf.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
nra;if gz;zg;gLk; gapu;fSf;F gy;NtW tpyq;Ffs; gy;NtW
tiffspy; ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
,e;j gPilfis G+r;rpfs;> G+r;rpfs; my;yhj Ks;se;jz;bypfs;>
G+r;rpfs; my;yhj Ks;se;jz;Lspfs; vd;wthW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
,e; j G+r; rpfs; > kw; Wk; G+r; rpay; yhj gP ilfisf; fl; Lg; gLj; j gy; NtW
Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
fw;wYf;fhd cj;Njr mwpTWj;jyfs;:
gP ilfs; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfsp;y; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff;
fpilf;fg;ngw;w jiyg;G njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
G+r;rp tifiar; Nru;e;j gPilfs;
G+r;rpfs; my;yhj Ks;se;jz;bypfs;
G+r;rpfs; my;yhj Ks;se;jz;Lspfs;
cq; fSf; Fj; jug; gl; Ls; s tiff; Fup a gP ilfis ,dq; fz; L
gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
gpd;tUk; gPilf;fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs; mf;Fwpg;gpl;l tifg; gPilia
fl;Lg;gLj;j vt;thW nghUj;jkhdjhf mikfpwJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
ngsjpf Kiw
gapuhf;ftpay; Kiw
capupay; Kiw
ngNuhNkhd; Kiw
gpwg;Gupikapaw; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiw
rl;lKiwf; fl;Lg;ghL
,urhad Kiwf; fl;Lg;ghL
xd;wpize;j gPilf;fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiw
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwfspd; gad;ghL njhlu;ghd cjhuzk; xt;nthd;W
jUf.
9
njupT nra; ag; gl; l KiwapYs; s mE$yq; fisAk; gpujp$yq; fisAk; ;
jUf.
cq; fsJ FOtpdhy; Ma; e; jwpag; gl; l tplaq; fis tFg; gpy; rku; g; gpf; f
Maj;jkhFf.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapy; kPsha;tpy; <LgLf.
gPilfisg; G+r;rpfs;> G+r;rpfs; my;yhj gPilfs; vd ,uz;lhf
tifg; gLj; jyhk; .
G+r;rpfs; my;yhj gPilfs;
I. Ks;se;jz;bypg; gPilfs;
II. Ks;se;jz;Lspg; gPilfs;
vd ,uz;lhf tFf;fyhk;
,g;gP ilfs; jhtuq;fspy; gy;NtW tiffspy; ghjpg;Gf;fis
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
,g; gP ilfisf; fl; Lg; gLj; jg; gy; NtW gP ilf; fl; Lg; ghl; L Kiwfs;
cs; sd.
mk;Kiwfisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lyhk;.
ngsjpf Kiw
gapuhf;ftpay; Kiw (tptrha Kiw)
rl;l Kiw
capupay; Kiw
xd;wpize;j Kiw
ngNuhNkhd; Kiw
,urhad Kiw
guk;giuapay; Kiw
ngsjpf Kiwfs; tUkhW
gPilfisf; ifahy; Nrfupj;jy;
J}upif> rq;fpyp> fapW Mfpatw;why; thUjy;
jilfisg; gad;gLj;jy; (gir tiffs;)
nghwpfis itj;jy;
kiwg;gply;
xypnaOg; Gk; cgfuzq; fisg; gad; gLj; jy; (Fuq; F> mzpy;
Mfpatw;iw tpul;ly;)
iftiyiag; gad;gLj;jy;
vypg;nghwpiag; gad;gLj;jy;
gapuhf;ftpay; (tptrha) Kiwfs; tUkhW
gapu;r;Row;rp
Nghfj;jpy; gapu;nra;J mWtil nra;jy;
nghUj;jkhd gapu;fisj; njupT nra;jy;
10
gapu;r; Rfhjuj;ijg; NgZjy;
kz; gupghydk;
Kiwahd ePu;g;ghrdk;
rkepiyg; grisg; gad;ghL
nghwpg;gapu;fis ehl;Ljy;
vjpu;g;gpdq;fisg; gapuply;
fyg;Gg; gapu;r;nra;if
rl; lKiwapd; fP o; Fwpg; gpl; l xU ehl; bDs; Gjpa gP ilfs;
cs;stUtijj; jLg;gjw;Fk; ehl;bDs; gPilfs; guTtijAk;
Fiwg;gjw;fhd rl;lq;fs; cs;sd. 1953y; If;fpa ehLfspd;
czT tptrha ];jhgdj;jpd; %yk;; ^FAO& jhtug; ghJfhg;G
rl;lk; vd gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
jhtuj;jLg;G Kf;fpakhdJ
capupay; Kiwf; fl; Lg; ghl; by; capupdq; fisg; gad; gLj; jp gP ilfs;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;
xl; Lz; zpfs;
,iunfstpfs;
Nehahf;fpfs;
gpwg;Gupikapy; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs; tUkhW
kyl;Lj; jd;ikahd Mz; tpyq;Ffis tpLtpj;jy;
,urhad kylhf;fpfisg;; gad;gLj;jy;
ngNuhNkhd; fisg; gad; gLj; jp gp d; tUkhW gP ilfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;
G+r;rpf; Fbj;njhifiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;
$l;lkhfg; G+r;rpfisg; gpbf;f KbAk;
G+r;rpfspd; fytp Kiwiaf; Fog;gKbAk;
,urhadg; gjhu; j; jq; fisg; gad; gLj; jp gP ilfisf; fl; Lg; gLj; jy;
,urhad Kiwf; fl;Lg;ghL; vdg;gLk;.
Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd gPilf; fl;Lg;ghl;L
Kiwfis xd; wpizj; Jg; gad; gLj; jpg; gP ilfisf; fl; Lg; gLj; jy;
xd;wpize;j gPilf;fl;Lg;ghL vdg;gLk;.
,q;F ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; ,optstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
G+r;rpf; Fbj;njhif fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
XNkhd;fs; %yk; g+r;rpf;fl;Lg;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
g+r;rpfs; epiwTlypfshf khWjiyj; jLj;jy;.
g+r;rpfis kylhf;fy;.
,q; F g+r; rpfs; clw; nwhopypay; njhopw; ghLfSld; njhlu; ghd
XNkhd;fs; Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
,wFjpu; j; jy; njhlu; ghd XNkhd; (Moulting hormon)
,sikg; gUtj; ij fhf; Fk; XNkhd; ;(Juvenile hormon)
,t;nthNkhd;fis xj;j XNkhd;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
11
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11'5 ( G+r; rpg; gP ilfisAk; G+r; rpfsy; yhj gP ilfisAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F re;ju;g;gjpw;Nfw;wthW ,urhadg;
gjhu;j;jq;fisj; njupT nra;thu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
gPilehrpdpfspd; er;Rj;jd;ikia tiuaiw nra;thu;.
ngsjpf jd;ikfSf;F mika G+r;rpehrpdpfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
nraw; gLjd; ikf; F(mode of action) mika G+ r; rp ; ehrp dp fis
tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
,urhadj; jd; ikf; F(active ingredient) mika G+r; rp ehrp dp fis
tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
G+r; rpfs; my; yhj gpw tpyq; Fg; gP ilfisf; fl; Lg; gLj; jg; gad; gLj; jg; gLk;
,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk; (
gPilehrpdpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lk; glk; my;yJ
Rntnuhl;bia tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f
khztu;fSf;F mtjhdpf;f re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff
elhj;Jf.
gPilfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jntd gy;NtW tifg;gl;l ,urhadg;
gjhu;j;jq;fs; gad;gLj;jgg;gLfpd;wd.
,jd; mbg; gilapy; ,urhadg; gjhu; j; jq; fs; tifg; gLj; jg; gLfpd; wd.
gPilehrpdpapd; er;Rj;jd;ikapd; msT LD
50
ngWkhdj;jpd; %yk;
fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
cq;fs; FOTf;Fupa Ntiy epiyaj;Jf;Fr; nry;f.
Ntiyepiyak; - I
ngsjpfj; jd;ikf;F mika gPilehrpdpfis tifg;gLj;jy;.
nraw;gL jd;ikf;F(mode of action) mika gPilehrpdpfis
tifg; gLj; jy; .
Ntiyepiyak; - II
nraw; gL ,urhad gjhu; j; jq; fsp w; fika(active ingredients)
gPilehrpdpfis tifg;gLj;jy;.
G+r;rpfs; my;yhj gPilfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;
12
cq;fs; jiyg;Gf;F mika gPilehrpdpfis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
cq;fshy; Ma;e;jwpag;gl;l jfty;fis KO tFg;gpw;Fk; rku;g;gpf;f.
Ntiy epiyaj;ijj; jahu;nra;tjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;(
Ntiyepiyak; - I
gPilehrpdpfs; gw;wpa tptuq;fs; mlq;fpa Mtzq;fs;
Ma;e;jwpjYf;fhd gpd;tUk; ml;ltiz
ntw;Wg; gPilehrpdpg; Nghj;jy;fs; $ gf;fw;Wfs; $ Nygy;fs;
ml;ltiz - A
nraw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilap cjhuzq;fs; $ tpahghug; ngau;fs;
yhd G+r;rpehrpdp tiffs;
ml;ltiz - B
ngsjpfj; jd;ikf;F mikthd cjhuzq;fs; $ tpahghug; ngau;fs;
gPilehrpdpfs;
Ntiyepiyak; - II
tsE}y;
Ma;e;jwpjYf;fhd ml;ltiz
gPilehrpdpfspd; Nygy;fs; $ ntw;Wg; gf;fw;Wfs;
13
ml;ltiz - C
G+r;rpfs; my;yhj gPilfisf; cjhuzq;fs;; $ tpahghug; ngau;fs;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gad;
gLj;jg;gLk; gPilehrpdpfs;
ml;ltiz - D
,urhadj; jd;ikf;F mika cjhuzq;fs;; $ tpahghug; ngau;fs;
gPilehrpdpfis tifg;gLj;jy;
elhj;Jf.
gP ilfis mopg; gjw; fhfg; gad; gLj; jg; gLk; ,urhadg; gjhu; j; jq; fs;
my;yJ ,aw;ifahd gjhu;j;jq;fs; gPilehrpdpfs; vdg;gLk;.
,urhadg; gP ilehrpdpfspd; er; Rj; jd; ik LD
50
ngWkhdj; jpd; %yk;
fhl;lg;gLk;.
,urhadg; gP ilehrpdpfis ngsjpfj; jd; ikf; Nfw; g tifg; gLj; jpf;
fhl;lyhk;.
,jw; fika J}s; > FWzy; > jp utk; > nrwp Fok; G> fiury; >
J}gkhf;fpfs; vd gPilehrpdpfis tifg;gLj;jpf;fhl;lyhk;;.
G+r;rpehrpdpfspd; nraw;ghl;Lf;fika ,iug;ig eQ;R> njhLif
eQ; R> Rthr ep Nuhjp fs; > njhFjp f; Fup a eQ; Rfs; vd
gPilehrpdpfis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lyhk;.
rpy jhtug; gpupj;njLg;Gfs; G+r;rpfisf; nfhy;Yk; ,ay;igf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. cjh : Gifapiy mtpf;fg;gl;l ePu;> Ntg;gk;
tpj;Jr;rhW
G+r; rpfs; my; yhj gP ilfisf; fl; Lg; gLj; jntdg; gad; gLj; jg; gLk;
,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fis> rpw;Wz;zp ehrpdpfs;> nfhwpj;Jz;zp
ehrpdpfs;> ej;ij ehrpdpfs; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
,urhadj; jd; ikf; Nfw; g mNrjdr; Nru; itfs; > jhtug;
gpupj; njLg; Gfs; > igNuhJnuhapl; Lfs; > %d; whk; re; jjpr; Nru; itfs;
vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
14
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11'6 ( gapu; nra; epyj; jpy; fhzg; gLk; fisfis NtW gpupj; J
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
fisfis mwpKfk; nra; J mtw; Wf; fhd cjhuzq; fisr; rku; g; gpg; ghu; .
jug; gl; l taypy; cs; s fisfis ,dq; fz; L mtw; iw mfw; Wtjw; F
eltbf;ifnaLg;ghu;.
fisfspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; gad;fisf; $Wthu;.
,Ug;ig cWjpg;gLj;jntd fisfs; nfhz;Ls;s ,irthf;fq;fis
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
Mf;fpukpg;Gf; fisfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
Vw; fdNt jahu; nra; ag; gl; l fisfis tFg; gpy; fhl; rpg; gLj; jp mtw; iw
khztiug;ghu;itaplr; nra;f.
mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfis mtjhdpj;J tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lr; re;ju;g;gk;
mspf;fTk;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapy; fye;JiuahLf
mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l jhtuq;fs; fisfshFk;.
gpujhd gapu; fSf; F Nkyjpfkhf gapu; r; nra; if epyj; jpy; fhzg; gLk;
gpw jhtuq;fs; fisfs; vdg;gLk;.
ghjfkhd #oy; epiyikfspd; fPOk; fisfs; ntw;wpfukhf
tsu;r;rpailfpd;wd.
fw;wYf;fhd cj;Njr mwpTWj;jy;fs;
cq;fs; FOTf;Fupa Ntiyepiyaj;Jf;Fr; nry;f.
jug;gl;l fisfis ,dq;fhz;f.
mf; fisfspdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd tpisTfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
tsE}iyg; guprPypj;J ePq;fs; ,dq;fz;l fisfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis
ml;ltizapy; vOJf.
fis mjpfstpw; ,Ug;ig cWjpg; Mf;fpukpg;Gf; gad;fs;
fhzg;gLk; gLj;Jtjw;fhd fisah VJk; cz;lh
,lk; ,irthf; fk; ,y;iyah
Maj;jkhFf.
15
gpd; tUkhwhd fiskhjpupfs; my; yJ mtw; wpd; glq; fs; gj; ij Ntiy
epiyaj;jpy; itf;fTk;.
Nrw;Wepyk;> Nkl;Lepyk; Mfpatw;wpy; tsUk; fisfs; - 6
Mf;fpukpg;Gf; fisfspd; khjpupfs; - 2
mupjhd fisfspd; khjpupfs;
gpd; tUk; tplaq; fis typAWj; jp kP sha; Tf; fye; Jiuahliy elhj; Jf.
gapu;nra; epyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tpUk;gp gapu;nra;Ak; jhtuq;fs;
jtpu;e;j Vida jhtuq;fs; midj;Jk; fisfs; vdg;gLk;.
gapu; r; nra; ifapilNa fisfs; fhzg; gLtjdhy; gpd; tUk;
ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;glyhk;.
gapu;fspd; tsu;r;rpiag; ghjpg;gilar; nra;J tpisr;rypy;
Fiwit Vw;gLj;jy;.
gapu; tpisr;rypd; juk; Fd;Wjy;
,ltrjp> #upanthsp> Nghriz Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; Nghl;b
Vw;gLtjdhy; tsu;r;rp Fd;Wjy;.
Neha;> gPilf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F mjpf nryT Vw;gly;.
epyj;jpd; ngWkjp Fiwtiljy;.
tptrhapfspd; tpidj;jpwd; Fiwtiljy;.
ePu;g;ghrd topfs; milf;fg;gly;
rpy fisfs; gz; iz tpyq; FfSf; Fk; gapu; fSf; Fk; er; Rj;
jd;ik nfhz;ljhf mikjy;.
rpy fistiffs; gy; NtW topfspy; kdpjDf; Fg; gaDilajhf
mikfpd;wd.
fisfs; fhzg;gLtjdhy; kz;zupg;Gj; jLf;fg;gly;.
kz;zpy; Vw;gLk; ePupog;igf; Fiwj;jy;.
khLfs; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;FfSf;F czthf mikjy;.
kz; kPJ Nghu;itahff; fhzg;gLtjdhy; kz; fl;likg;G
ghJfhf;fg;gly;.
rpy fisfs; %ypiffshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gly;.
njhl;lhy;thb Nghd;w mtiuapdf; fisfs; %ykhf kz;
tskiljy; .
rpy fisfs; myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gly;
jkJ ,Ug; ig cWjp g; gLj; jntd fisfs; gy; NtW
,irthf;fq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
Vuhskhd tpj;Jf;fis cUthf;Fjy;
jfhj fhyj;ijf; fopf;f $bajhftpUj;jy;
epyq;fPo; Nrkpg;Gg; ghfq;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
tpiuthfg; guk;gyilaf; $ba Mw;wiyf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
16
rpy fisfs; ,ypq;fKiw> ,ypq;fkpy; Kiw Mfpa ,U
KiwfspYk; guk;gyilAk;.
xU Mz;by; gy jlitfs; tpj;Jf;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
tpj; Jf; fs; ghjfkhd #oiyj; jhq; fp tsuf; $bajhf
,Uj; jy;
tpidj;jpwdhd guk;gy; Kiwfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
,yq;ifapy; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLk; fisfSk; Mf;fpukpg;Gf;
fisfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
ePz;l fhykhf ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wdTk; mjpf
guk;giyf; nfhz;lJkhd fisfs; mjpfstpw; fhzg;gLk;
fisfs; vdg;gLk;.
,tw;iw Nkl;Lepyf;fisfs;> jho;epyf; fisfs; vd ,uz;lhfg;
ghFgLj;jyhk;
Nkl;Lepyf; fisfs; - njhl;lhw;RUq;fp> fhl;L ,wg;gu;
jho;epyf; fisfs; - Nfhopr;#lhd;> gd;Nfhiu> new;rg;gp
NtWehLfspypUe;J ,yq;iff;F te;J Nru;e;J my;yJ xU
gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J NtW gpuNjrj;Jf;F te;J Nru;e;J tpiuthfg;
guk;gyilAk; fisfs; Mf;fpukpg;Gf; fisfs; vdg;gLk;.
cjh - Nkl; Lepy Mf; fpukpg; Gf; fisfs; - ghj; jP dpak; > ,uhl; rj
njhl;lhr;RUq;fp
Mf;fpukpg;G ePu;j;jhtuq;fs; - [g;ghd; If;Nfhdpah>
ry;tPdpah
17
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11'7 ( fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfisj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhfg; gapu;nra;
epyj;jpYs;s fistiffis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
tho; f; iff; fhyk; > tsUk; #oy; Mfpatw; Wf; fika fisfis tifg; g
Lj;Jthu;.
gapu; nra; epyj; jpy; tsUk; fisfis cUttpay; ,ay; GfSf; F mika
tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
fisfis tifg;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
gapu;nra; epyj;jp;y; cs;s fisfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
fisfspd; tifg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd mwpit fisf;fl;Lg;ghl;by;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
fisfspd; khjpupfis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
me; j fisfspd; jd; ik tsUk; ,lk; > guk; gyilAk; Kiw> tho; f; if
tl;lf; fhyk; Mfpad gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
fisfs; gw;wp khztuplKs;s Kd;dwpit kPl;f re;ju;gkspf;f.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLkhW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf.
fisfs; nfhz;Ls;s jd;ikf;Nfw;g mit gy tifg;gLk;
Fwpg; gpl; l tplaq; fspd; mbg; gilapy; mtw; iw tifg; gLj; j KbAk;
,t;thwhd tifg;gLj;jy; fisfis ,dq;fhzy; mtw;wpd;
guk; giy fl; Lg; gLj; jy; > fisf; fl; Lg; ghL Mfpatw; Wf; F
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
cq; fSf; Fupa Ntiyepiyaj; jpy; gy; NtW tpjkhd fis khjpupfisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.
cq; fs; FOTf; Fj; jug; gl; l jiyg; Gf; F mika mtw; iw tifg; gLj; Jf.
Ntiyepiyak; I - tho; f; if tl; lf; fhy mstp d;
mbg; gilapy;
Ntiyepiyak; II - cUtpaYf;F mika
Ntiyepiyak; III - tsUk; #oYf;F mika
,t;tifg;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.
fisf; fl; Lg; ghl; by; mt; tifg; gLj; jy; vt; thW Kf; fpaj; Jtk; ngWfpwJ
jug; gl; Ls; s fisfSf; F Nkyjpfkhf cq; fsJ Kd; dwpT> tsE}ypy;
cs;s tplaq;fs; Mfpatw;iwAk; Ma;e;jwpjYf;nfd gad;gLj;Jf.
18
cq; fshy; Ma; e; jwpag; gl; l tplaq; fis tFg; gpy; rku; g; gpf; f Maj; jkhFf
Ntiy epiyaj;ijj; jahupg;gjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fis %d;W FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;
Ntiyepiyak; I - Xuhz; L> <uhz; L> gy; yhz; L fisfisg;
gpujpepjpj; Jtg; gLj; Jk; tifapy;
fisfspd; khjpupfis 15,id itf; fTk;
Ntiyepiyak; II - mfd; w ,iy> Gy; > Nfhiu Mfpa tiff;
fisfs; mlq;fpa 15 khjpupfis
itf; fTk;
Ntiyepiyak; % III - Nkl;Lepyk;> jho;epyk;> ePu; Mfpatw;wpy;
tsUk; fisfs; mlq; fpa 15 khjpupfis
itf; fTk;
Nkw;nfhs;f
fisfis mbg;gilahf gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;
tho;f;iftl;l fhyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
cUttpaypd; mbg;gilapy;
tsUk; ,lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
tho;f;iftl;l fhyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fisfs; gpd;tUkhW
tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;
Xuhz;Lf; fisfs;
<uhz;Lf; fisfs;
gy;yhz;Lf; fisfs;
cUttp ayp d; mbg; gilap y; fisfis gp d; tUkhW
tifg; gLj; jyhk;
mfd;w,iyf; fisfs;
Gy;tiff; fisfs;
Nfhiutiff; fisfs;
tsUk; #oyp d; mbg; gilap y; fisfis gp d; tUkhW
tifg; gLj; jyhk;
Nkl;Lepyf; fisfs;
jho;epyf; fisfs;
#ow;njhFjpf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpathW tpiuthfg; gy;fpg;
ngUFk; fisfs; Mf;fpukpg;Gf; fisfs; vdg;gLk;
,tw; Ws; mNdfkhdit gy; NtW NjitfSf; nfd
ntspehLfspypUe; J nfhz; Ltug; gl; lditahf my; yJ ,lk; tpl; L
,lk; te;jitahf ,Uf;fyhk;.
,urhadf; fisf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;nfd fisehrpdpfisj; njupT
nra;Ak; NghJ fisehrpdp tifg;gLj;jy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;
rpy fistiffis rpy fisehrpdpfisg; gad; gLj; jpNa
fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
19
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11'8 ( fisf; fl; Lg; ghl; Lf; Fg; nghUj; jkhd Kiwfisj;
njupT nra;thu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs;(
fisfl; Lg; ghl; Lf; nfd gad; gLj; jg; gLk; gy; NtW Kiwfisg; ngaupLthu; .
xt;nthU fisf;fl;Lg;ghL KiwiaAk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ijAk;
$Wthu;.
capupay; fisf;fl;Lghl;bd; mE$yq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
rup ahd gap u; r; nra; if Kiwfs; %ykhf gap uhf; ftp ay;
fisf;fl;Lg;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;s $ba tpjj;ijf; $Wthu;.
xd;wpize;j fisf;fl;Lg;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fisf; $Wthu;
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
fisfl; Lg; ghL gw; wpj; jahu; nra; ag; gl; l VCD my; yJ glj; ij ghu; itapl
khztUf;F re;ju;g;gkspf;f.
gpd; tUk; tp; laq; fs; ntspf; nfhzug; gLkhW fye; Jiuahliy elhj; Jf.
mjpf tpisr;riyg; ngWtjw;F fisfl;Lg;ghL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz; Lk; .
mjw;nfd gy;NtW Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd
mit tUkhW
nghwpKiwf; fisf;fl;Lg;ghL
gapuhf;ftpaw;; fisf;fl;Lg;ghL
capupaw; fisf;fl;Lg;ghL
rl;lKiwf; fisf;fl;Lg;ghL
,urhadKiwf; fisf;fl;LghL
xd;wpize;j fisf;fl;Lg;ghL
gp d; tUk; fisf; fl; Lg; ghl; L KiwfSs; cq; fs; FOTf; Ff;
fpilf;fg;ngw;w jiyg;G gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf(
nghwpKiwf; fisf;fl;LghL
capupay;> gapuhf;ftpay; Kiwf; fisf;fl;LghL
,urhad> rl;l Kiwf; fisf;fl;Lg;ghL
tsE}y; kw;Wk; Vida tpguq;fs; Mfpatw;iw nfhz;l tpgu gbtk;
Mfpatw;iwg; guprpypj;J gpd;tUtdtw;Wf;F tpil jUf.
xd;wpize;j fisf;fl;LghL Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
cq; fs; FOTf; Fff; fpilf; fg; ngw; w fl; Lg; ghl; L Kiwapd; Kf; fpaj; Jtj; ij
tpsf; Ff.
,k;Kiwapd;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffis tpsf;Ff.
mk;Kiwia gapu;r;nra; epyj;jpYs;s fiffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;
gLj;JtjpYs;s nghUj;jg;ghl;il tpsf;Ff.
mk;KiwapYs;s mE$y gpujp$yq;fis tpsf;Ff.
gpujp$yq;fis vt;thW jLf;fyhnkd tpsf;Ff.
cq; fshy; Nrfupf; fg; gl; l jfty; fis tFg; gpy; rku; g; gpf; f Maj; jkhFf.
20
Nkw;nfhs;f
fisfl;Lghl;L Kiwfisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
nghwpKiwf; fisf;fl;LghL
gapuhf;ftpay;Kiwf; fisfl;Lg;ghL
capupay;Kiwf; fisfl;LghL
rl;lKiwf; fisf;fl;LghL
,urhadKiwf; fisfl;Lg;ghL
xd;wpize;jKiwf; fisfl;Lg;ghL
gpd;tUtd nghwpKiwf; fisfl;Lghl;L Kiwfs; MFk;.
ifahy; gpLq;Fjy;
kz;ntl;bahy; nrJf;Fjy;
fhw;Wf;Fupa gFjpfis mfw;Wjy;
neUg;G itj;jy;
%Lgilaply;
ePupy; mkpo;j;Jjy;
kz;Zf;F #upaxsp glr;nra;jy;
gapu;r;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cj;jpfs;
gapuhf;ftpay; Kiwfs; vdg;gLk;.
mjd;NghJ gpd;tUk; Kiwfs; iff;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
Rj;jkhd eLifg;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
rupahf epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;jy;
rupahd grisg; gad;ghL
gapu;r;Row;rp
,ilg;gapu;r;nra;if
tpyq;F gapu; khw;W Ntshz;ik
%Lgapu;r;nra;if
cupa ,ilntspapy; gapu;fis ehl;Ljy;
mq; fpfisg; gad; gLj; jp fisfisf; fl; Lg; gLj; jy; capupay; Kiwf;
fisfl;Lg;ghL vdg;gLk;.
capupay;Kiwf; fisfl;Lghl;Lg; gbKiwfs;
nghUj;jkhd capuq;fpiaj; njupTnra;jy;
mt; capuq;fpia gupNrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jy;
capuq;fp gw;wpa fsg; gupNrhjidfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
mq;fpapd; rpwg;Gj; jd;ik gw;wpf; fz;lwpjy;
Gjpa capuq;fpfisj; njupTnra;jy;
21
capupay;Kiwf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; %d;W tifg;gl;l capupdq;fs;
gad; gLj; jg; gLfpd; wd
,iunfstpfs;
Nehahf;fpfs;
xl; Lz; zpfs;
,iunfstpfisg; gad;gLj;jp fisfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F
gpd;tUtd cjhuzq;fshFk;.
Kl;fs;spia fl;Lg;gLj;jy; - Cactoblastis cactorum
Nehahf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jp fisf;fl;Lg;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
gpd;tUtd cjhuzkhFk;.
Kl; fs; spia fl; Lg; gLj; j - Montegnella opuntionim vDk; gq; fR
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
capupay; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwf;nfd mq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;
NghJ gpd;tUtd njhlu;ghf ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mit tpNrlkhditahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
NtW xl; Lz; zpfs; > ,iunfstpfs; Mfpatw; Wf; F ,iuahff;
$lhJ.
mjpf ,dg;ngUf;f epiyg;gz;igf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
rl; lq; fs; > murp ayikg; G Mfp ad %ykhff; fisfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy; rl;l %ykhd fl;Lg;ghL vdg;gLk;.
jhtug; nghUl;fspd; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp Mfpatw;wpd; NghJ
fisfspd; guk; giyf; fl; Lg; gLj; jntd cs; s epWtdNk jhtuj;
jLg;G epWtdk; vdg;gLk;.
fisehrpdpfs; %ykhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fisfl;Lg;ghL
,urhadf; fisf;fl;LghL vdg;gLk;
,urhadKiwf; fisfl;Lghl;L Kiwia Nkw;nfhs;tjd;
%ykhf gpujp$ykhd tpisTfs; Vw;gLk;.
midj;J fisf;fl;Lghl;L KiwfisAk; xd;wpizj;J
gPilfspd; Fbj;njhif nghUshjhu Nrjkl;lj;Jf;F Nky;
tuhJ NgZjy; xd;wpize;j gPilf; fl;Lg;ghL vdg;gLk;.
,q; F Njitahap d; kl; Lk; ,urhad gP ilehrp dp
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
22
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11'9 ( fisf; fl; Lghl; Lf; ; Fg; nghUj; jkhd fisehrpdpfisj;
njupTnra;thu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
,urhadf; fisehrpdpfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;
nghUj;jkhd fisehrpdpiar; rupahfj; njupTnra;a Kw;gLthu;.
gap u; r; nra; if eltbf; iffsp d; NghJ fisehrp dp fis rup ahfg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fisehrpdp tifg;gLj;jYf;Ff; fhuzk; $Wthu;.
fisehrpdp tiffSf;F cjhuzk; $Wthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
nghUj;jkhdthW ghlg;gpuNtrj;ij Nkw;nfhs;f
Nkw;nfhs;f.
fisehrpdpfspd; nraw;gLk; jd;ik NtWgl;ljhFk;.
fisehrpdpfis gythwhf tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
,urhadf; fisf; fl; Lg; ghl; Lf; F fisehrpdpfspd; tifg; gLj; jy;
gw;wpa mwpT Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
fw;wYf;fhd cj;Njr mwpTWj;jy;(
cq;fSila FOTf;Fj; jug;gl;l gpd;tUk; jiyg;GfSs; xd;iwg;
gw;wpf; ftdQ; nrYj;Jf
njuptpd; mbg;gilapy; fisehrpdpfis tifg;gLj;jy;
nraw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; fisehrpdpfis tifg;gLj;jy;
gpuNahfpf; Fk; re; ju; g; gj; jpd; mbg; gilapy; fisehrpdpfis
tifg; gLj; jy;
tsE}iy crhtp gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; tplaq;fis Nrfupf;f.
fisehrp dp fisj; njup Tnra; Ak; NghJ ftdp f; f Ntz; ba
tplaq; fs;
fisehrpdpfis tifg;gLj;Jk; mbg;gilfs;
tifg; gLj; jypd; mbg; gilapy; fisehrpdpfisj; njupT nra; tjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis KO tFg;gpw;Fk; rku;g;gpf;f Maj;jkhFf.
gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs; ntspf; nfhzug; gLkhW fye; Jiuahliy elhj; Jf.
fisehrpdpfisj; njupTnra;Ak;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wp
ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fisfspd; tif
fisfspd; taJ
fisehrpdp gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; re;ju;g;gk;
23
fisehrpdpfs; Kiwahf tifg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
n;juptpd; mbg;gilapy; fisehrpdpfs; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;
gLk;.
KOikf; fisnfhy;ypfs;
njupTf; fisnfhy;ypfs;
fisehrpdpfspd; njupTj; jd; ikapy; gy tplaq; fs; nry; thf; Fr;
nrYj; Jfpd; wd.
nraw; ghl; bd; mbg; gilap y; fisehrp dp fis gp d; tUkhW
tifg; gLj; jyhk; .
njhLiff; fisehrpdp
njhFjpf; fisehrpdp
gp uNahfp f; fg; gLk; re; ju; g; gj; Jf; F mika gp d; tUkhW
fisehrpdpfs; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;
Kisf;f Kd;djhd fisehrpdpfs;
Kisj;j gpd;djhd fisehrpdpfs;
24
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11'10 ( jhtu Neha;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf fl;Lg;ghl;L
Kiwfisj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
jhtuNeha; fs; Vw; gLtjpy; nry; thf; Fr; nrYj; Jk; fhuzpfisg; ngaupLthu; .
njhw;WjyilAk;> njhw;Wjyilahj Neha;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
Neha; mwpFwpfis mtjhdpj;J Neha; vJntd jPu;khdpg;ghu;.
capu;f; fhuzpfspdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
jhtu Neha;fs; guk;Gk; tpjq;fisf; $Wthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
Neha; Vw; gl; l jhtug; gFjpfspd; cz; ik khjpupfs; my; yJ glq; fis
tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
xt; nthU ghfj; jpYk; fhzg; gLk; khw; wq; fisg; gw; wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
jhtuq; fspd; nghJthd clw; nwhopypay; nrad; Kiwfspy; Vw; gLk;
khw;wk; Neha; vdg;gLk;.
gpd;tUkhW Neha;fis tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
capuw;w fhuzpfshy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; tUkhW
clw;nwhopypay; Neha;fs;
Fiwghl;L Neha;fs;
capu;f; fhuzpfshy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs;
gw; wP upah
gq; fR
ituR
new;Nwhl;L
ikf;Nfhgpsh];kh (igw;Nwhgpsh];kh)
NtW xl; Lz; zpg; G+f; Fk; jhtuq; fshy; Vw; gLk; Neha; fs;
Neha;f;fhuzpAld; njhlu;ghf ckJ FOTf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s
jiyg;G gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
A - gq;fR> gw;wPupah
B - ituR> nekw;Nwhl;L
jiyg;gpy; jug;gl;Ls;s Neha;f;fhuzpfs; %ykhf Vw;gLk; Neha;fis
NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz;gjpy; Kf;fpakhf mikAk; NehawpFwpfisg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
me; j Neha; f; fhuzpfs; fhuzkhf gapu; fSf; F Vw; gLk; Neha; fSf; fhd
cjhuzq;fisj;; jUf.
me;j Neha;f; fhuzpfs; gutf;$ba tpjj;ij tpgupf;Ff.
cupa Ntiyepiyaj;Jf;Fr; nry;f
25
jug;gl;Ls;s khjpupfSs; cq;fs; jiyg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Neha;f;
fhuzpfspdhy; Vw; gLj; jg; gl; l Nehiaf; nfhz; l khjpupia NtWgLj; jp
,dq; fhz; f.
Ntiyepiyak; - I
iftpy; iy
EZf;Ff;fhl;b
gq;fR> gw;wPupah Mfpatw;wpd; jhf;fk; nfhz;l jhtu khjpupfs;
my;yJ tupg;glq;fs;
Ntiyepiyak; - II
iftpy; iy
EZf;Ff;fhl;b
ituR> nekw; Nwhl; L mfpatw; wpd; jhf; fk; nfhz; l jhtu khjpupfs;
my;yJ tupg;glq;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;f.
capuw;w fhuzpfshy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; gutyilahJ.
clw; nwhopypay; Neha; fSk; Fiwghl; L Neha; fSk; ,jpylq; Fk; .
Ez; zq; fp fsp dhy; Vw; gLj; jg; gLk; Neha; fs; cap Us; s
fhuzpfspdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
capUs;s fhuzpfspdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; njhw;WjyilAk;
jhtu Nehahf;fpfs; tUkhW
gw; wP upah
gq; fR
ituR
igw;Nwhgpsh];kh (ikf;Nfhgpsh];kh)
nekw;NwhL
gw;wPupa Neha;fspd; nghJ mwpFwpfs; tUkhW
nky; yOfy;
,iyg; Gs; sp
gw;wPupah thly;
Kbr;Rfs; Vw;gly;
,iyntspwy;
26
gw;wpuPah Neha;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs; tUkhW
ful;by; nkd;dOfy;
ntw;wpiy ,iyg;Gs;sp Neha;
ney; ypy; ,iyntspwy;
nrhyNdrpNa FLk;g gapu;fspy; Vw;gLk; gw;wPupa thly;
gq;fR Neha;fspd; nghJ,ay;Gfs; tUkhW
Gs;spfs; Vw;gly;
jhtu ,ioaq;fs; mOFjy;
ntspwy;
thly;
ituRfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jf; $ba ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; fz;L
gpbf;fg;gltpy;iy
gapu; fspd; cuz; (vigour) I mjpfupg; gjd; %yk; ituR Neha; fspd;
jhf;fj;ij Fiwf;fyhk;
thioapy; Vw;gLk; tup Neha;> nfhj;JKid Neha;> nff;fup
,iyr; rpj;jputbt Neha;> gg;ghrp rpj;jputbt Neha; Mfpad
ituR Neha;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;.
igw;Nwhgpsh];kh vdg;gLtJ ituRit xj;j Neha;f;fhuzp
MFk;. mjidf; fl;Lg;gLj;j ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; vJTk;
fpilahJ.
xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuq;fs;> tpUe;Jtoq;fpj; jhtuq;fspy; jq;fp
tho;tjhy; mit eyptilfpd;wd.
jhtu Neha;fs; gpd;tUkhW guk;gyilfpd;wd
kz;%yk;
fhw;W%yk;
tpj;Jf;fspd; %yk;
kz;zpy; thOk; Ez;zq;fpfs; jhtu Ntu;fs;> jz;L Kfpo;
Mfpatw;wpDs; GFtjdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; kz;zpypUe;J
njhw;Wk; Neha;fs; vdg;gLk;.
kz; zpypUe; J njhw; WjyilAk; Neha; fspd; mwpFwpfSf; F
gpd;tUtd cjhuzq;fshFk;
NtuOfy;
Ntu;Kbr;R Vw;gly;
,wg;gupy; ntz;Ntu; Vw;gly;
Ntu; mOfy; Neha;
kz; zp yp Ue; J njhw; Wk; Neha; fSf; Fg; gp d; tUtd
cjhuzq;fshFk;.
ehw;wOfy;
gw;wPupa thly;
,wg;gupy; ntz;Ntu; Neha;
NtuOfy; Neha;
27
tspkz; lyj; jpYs; s Ez; zq; fpfs; jhtuj; jpDl; nrd; W Neha; fis
Vw;gLj;jpdhy; mit tspapypUe;J cUthf;fg;gLk; Neha;fs;
vdg;gLk;.
fhag;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;> ,aw;ifahff; fhzg;gLk; Jthuq;fs;
kw; Wk; jhtu,ioaq; fisj; Jisj; J cl; nry; yy; Mfpad %yk;
Ez; zq; fpfs; jhtuq; fspDl; nrd; W Neha; fis Vw; gLj; Jfpd; wd
mjw;fhd cjhuzq;fs; tUkhW
Njapiyapy; nfhg;Gs Neha;
Nfhg;gpj; JUNeha;
thio me;jpuf;Ndh]; Neha;
G+rdpf; FLk;gg; gapu;fspy; Vw;gLk; fPo;g;G+Q;rzk;
tpj; Jf; fspd; %ykhf Ez; zq; fpfs; gutyile; J mtw; wpd; %yk;
Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; tpj;J%yk; guTk; Neha;fs; vdg;gLk;
mtw;Wf;fhd cjhuzq;fs; tUkhW
,Wq;fpy; Vw;gLk; ];kl; Neha;
gg;ghrpapy; Vw;gLk; nkd;Gs;sp Neha;
xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs;
KO xl;Lz;zp
Fiw xl;Lz;zp
28
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11'11 ( jhtu Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
jhtu Neha; f; fl; Lg; ghl; Lf; Fg; gad; gLj; jf; $ba Kiwfisg; ngaupLthu; .
jhtu Neha; fisf; fl; Lg; gLj; Jtjd; %yk; gap u; tp isr; riy
mjpfupf;fyhk; vd tpsf;Fthu;.
gy;NtW jhtu Neha;f;fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwfSf;F cjhuzk; jUthu;.
xd; wpize; j jhtu Neha; f; fl; Lg; ghl; L Kiwfisf; iff; nfhs; tjdhy;
#oYf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs; FiwthFk; vd $Wthu;.
jhtu Neha;fs; Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;g;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfisf;
iff;nfhs;thu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
jhtu Neha;f;fl;Lg;ghL njhlu;ghd Rtnuhl;bia tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f.
Neha; f; fl; Lg; ghl; il Nkw; nfhs; s iff; nfhs; s Ntz; ba eltbf; iffis
tpdTf.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW fye;JiuahLf.
jhtu Neha;fs; fhuzkhf gapu; tpisr;ry; FiwtilAk;.
gapu; r; nra; ifapd; NghJ jhtu Neha; fs; fl; Lg; gLj; jg; gl Ntz; Lk; .
jhtu Neha; f; fl; Lg; ghl; Lf; nfd gy; NtW eltbf; iffis
Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
fw;wYf;fhd cj;Njr mwpTWj;jy;
jhtu Neha;f; fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwfSs; cq;fs; FOTf;F fpilf;Fk;
Kiw gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
FO I - nghwpKiw> capupay;Kiw> rl;lKiw
FO II - gapuhf;ftpay;Kiw> ,urhadKiw> xd;wpize;jKiw
Njitahd jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s tsE}iy crhTf.
cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;ig mwpKfQ;nra;f
cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwf;fika jhtu Neha;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;nfdf; iff;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffis tpsf;Ff.
mjw;fhd cjhuzq;fisr; rku;g;gpf;f.
ghlrhiy gapu;nra; epyg;gug;Gf;F Neha;fs; tUtjidj; jLg;gjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpLf.
mk;Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jtjd; mE$y> gpujp$yq;fisj; jUf.
cq; fshy; Ma; e; jwpag; gl; l jfty; fis tFg; gpy; rku; g; gpf; f Maj; jkhFf.
29
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhuzg;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy
elhj;Jf.
Neha; f; fl; Lghl; Lf; nfd gad; gLj; jg; gLk; Kiwfisg; gpd; tUkhW
tifg; gLj; jyhk;
nghwpKiw
gapuhf;ftpay; Kiw
capupay; Kiw
rl;l Kiw
,urhad Kiw
xd;wpize;j Kiw
jhtu Neha; f; fl; Lg; ghl; Lf; nfd gpd; tUk; nghwpKiwf; fl; Lg; ghl; L
Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
NehAw;w jhtuj;ij mfw;Wjy;
NehAw;w jhtug; ghfq;fis mfw;Wjy;
gapu;kPjpfis taypUe;J mfw;Wjy;
kz;iz mfw;WjYk; vupj;jYk;
gpd;tUk; gapuhf;ftpay; Neha;f;fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpd; wd.
Rj;jkhd eLifg;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
tpj;Jf;fisj; njhw;WePf;fy;
,iltpUe;J toq;fpfis mopj;jy;
vjpu;g;G ,dq;fis cUthf;fy;
gapu;r; Row;rp
rPuhd grisg; gpuNahfk;
ePu;tbg;ig Nkk;gLj;jy;
capupay; Kiwf; fl; Lg; ghL %yk; jhtu Neha; fisf; fl; Lg; gLj; jyhk;
capupay; fl;Lg;ghl;il gad;gLj;jp fhtpfis mopg;gjd;
%yk; ituR Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;
FWf; Ff; fl; Lg; ghL (cross protection) %yk; Neha; fisf fl; Lg; gLj; jyhk; .
rl;l Kiwfs; %yKk; jhtu Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;
(rl;lk; %ykhd fl;Lg;ghL)
jhtu Neha; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F ,urhad Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;
jhtu Neha;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;nfd gq;fR ehrpdpfs; mjpfstpy;
gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
,urhadg; gjhu; j; jq; fis ehw; WNkilfSf; Fk; gapu; fSf; Fk;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gq;fR ehrpdpfs; gy;NtW tifg;gl;ljhf
fhzg;gLk;.
,urhad gjhu; j; jq; fisg; gad; gLj; Jtjpy; mE$yq; fSk; >
gpujp$yq;fSk; cs;sd.
jhtu Neha; f; fl; Lg; ghl; by; xd; wpize; j jhtu Neha; f; fl; Lg; ghL kpf
Kf; fpakhdjhFk; .
30
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11'12 ( gP ilf; fl; Lg; ghl; by; gad; gLj; jg; gLk; cgfuzq; fis
rup ahf gad; gLj; JtNjhL guhkup gigr; rup ahf
Nkw;nfhs;Sthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
gPilehrpdpg; gpuNahf cgfuzq;fisg; gw;wp tptupg;ghu;.
gP ilfis ntw; wpfukhff; fl; Lg; gLj; Jtjw; F cgfuzq; fisr; rupahfg;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd tpsf;Fthu;.
jhq; fpapy; fyf; Fk; ,urhadg; gjhu; j; jq; fspd; msitj; jP u; khdpg; gjw; F
gbtFf;if (calibration) Kf;fpakhdJ vd $Wthu;.
cgfuzq;fisr; rupahfg; guhkupf;f Ntz;Lnkd typAWj;Jthu;.
tYj; njspfUtp> ifahy; ,af;fg;gLk; Njhspy; Rkf;Fk; njspfUtp
Mfpatw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;il xg;gpLthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
G+r;rpehrpdp njspf;Fk; nraw;ghl;ilf; fhl;Lk; Rtnuhl;bia tFg;gpy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
gP ilf; fl; Lghl; L eltbf; iffSf; nfdg; gad; gLj; jg; gLk; NtW
cgfuzq;fs; gw;wp khztuplk; tpdtp mwpf.
gpd;tUk; jfty;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy
Nkw;nfhs;f.
gPilf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;nfd jput njspfUtp> J}s; J}Tk; fUtp>
J}gkhf;Ff; fUtp Mfpad gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rupahd Kiw cs;sJ.
cgfuzq;fs; rupahfg; guhkupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
cgfuzq;fis rupahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjd; %yKk;> rupahf
guhkupg;gjd; %yKk; mE$yq;fs; gy fpilf;fg;ngWk;.
fw;wYf;fhd cj;Njr mwpTWj;jy;
cq;fs; FOTf;Fupa Ntiy epiyaj;Jf;Fr; nry;f.
mq;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Krytifj; Njhspy; Rkf;Fk; njspfUtpapd;
ghfq;fis ,dq;fhz;f.
me;jg; ghfq;fspd; njhopw;ghLfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;Ff.
jug;gl;Ls;s ghfq;fisg; nghUj;jp njspfUtpia KOikahf;Ff.
,t;thW nghUj;jpa njspfUtpapy; ePiu epug;gp njhopw;glr; nra;J
mtjhdpf; Ff
,e;j fUtpiag; guhkupf;Fk; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fis Muha;f.
,Jjtpu gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Vida fUtpfisg; ngaupLf.
Njhspy; Rkf;Fk; tYj; njspfUtp> ifahy; ,af;fg;gLk; njspfUtp
Mfpatw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfis xg;gpLf.
31
Ntiy epiyaj;ij jahupg;gjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
Njitahd cgfuzq;fSk; nghUl;fSk;
tsE}y;
ed;F fOtg;gl;l njspfUtp
thsp
kPw;wu;f; Nfhy;
rPnke;Jj; jiu
msTr;rhb ( 1 yPw;wu;)
ehd;F Mg;Gfs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLk; tifapy; kPsha;tpy; <LgLf.
gPilf; fl; Lg; ghl; Lf; nfd gad; gLj; jg; gLk; cgfuzq; fs; gpd; tUk;
tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; njupT nra;ag;gLk;
gapu;tif
gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;ba fsj;jpd; gug;gsT
gPilehrpdpapd; tbtk; (jputk; / J}s; / FWzy;)
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cgfuzq;fis njhopw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy;
tifg; gLj; jyhk;
Njhspy; Rkf; Fk; ifahy; ,af; fg; gLk; njspfUtp> tYj; njspfUtp
Mfpad mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
gPr;RKidf;fika njspjputk; tprpwg;gLk; tPjk; khWgLk;
gPr;RKid tiff;fika tprpwy; mfyKk; khWgLk;
gbtFf; if (calibration) %yk; gapur; nra; iff; F tprpw mtrpakhd
njspjputj; jpd; fdtsitf; fzpf; f KbtJld; mjd; mbg; gilapy;
Njitahd ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fspd; msit mwpa KbAk;.
ghupa gug; gsTf; F G+r; rpehrpdpia tprpw tYj; njspfUtp
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
cgfuzk; > ,urhadg; gjhu; j; jq; fs; Mfpatw; iw ftdkhf
ifahs Ntz;Lk;.
cgfuzj; jpYs; s ghfq; fs; njhlu; ghf mwpe; jpUg; gJ mtrpakhFk; .
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gpd; cgfuzk; rupahf guhkupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(Rj; jk; nra; jy; > fOTjy; > cyu; j; Jjy; > krfply; > vz; nza; ,ly; )
32
Nju; r; rp kl; lk; 11'13 ( ghJfhg; ghf gP ilehrpdpfisg; gad; gLj; Jk; Kiwfisj;
jP u; khdpg; ghu; .
fw; ww; NgWfs;(
gP ilehrpdpfisg; gpuNahfpf; Fk; NghJ iff; nfhs; sg; gl Ntz; ba
ghJfhg;G eilKiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;
gPilehrpdp Nygy;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s jfty;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
gP ilehrpdpfisg; gad; gLj; Jtjd; mE$y gpujp$yq; fis xg; gpLthu; .
mghafukhd epiyikfisf; Fiwg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLg;ghu;.
gpw gPilf;fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs; gadspf;fhj re;ju;g;gj;jpy; kl;LNk
,urhadg; gPilf;fl;Lghl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lnkdf; $Wthu;
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
Rakhf Kd;tUk; khztu; ,Utiuf; nfhz;L ,t; ciuahliy
tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fr; nra;f.(
tptrhap -1 ( vdJ taypy; new; jz; LNfhjp> fgpyepwj; jj; jp Mfpad
mjpfstpy; cs;sd.
tptrhap -2 ( fl; LgLj; j KbahJtpbd; G+r; rpehrpdp mbj; Jg; ghu; g; Nghk;
tptrhap -1 ( vj; jidNah tifahd kUe; Jfs; filfspy; tpw; fg; gL
fpd;wd. ehk; tptrhag; Nghjdhrpupauplk; Nfl;Lg;
ghu; g; Nghk;
tptrhap -2 ( mJ ey;yJ jhd;> njupT nra;Ak;NghJ kl;Lkd;wp
mtw;iwg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJk; ftdkhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; G+r;rpfSld; Nru;e;J ehKk;
,wf;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gLk;. tptrhag; Nghjdh
rpupauplk; nry;Nthk;.
,jdbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis khztuplk; tpdTf.
vt; thwhd re; ju; g; gj; jpy; ,urhadg; gP ilehrpdp tprpwg; gl Ntz; Lk; @
gPilehrpdpiag; gad;gLj;j Kd;du; tptrhag; NghjdhrpupaJ
MNyhrid ngwg;gl Ntz;baJ Vd;?
gPiehrpdpfis ftdkhf ifahshtpbd; ahJ epfOk; @
,jw; fhd tp ilfsp d; cjtp Ald; gp d; tUtdtw; iw typ AWj; jp
fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf.
gPilehrpdpfs; er;Rj;jd;ik nfhz;ljhifahy; Vida gPilf;
fl; Lg; ghl; L Kiwfs; gadspf; fhj re; ju; g; gq; fspy; kl; LNk
,urhadg; gPilehrpdpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
33
gPilehrpdpfisj; njupTnra;Ak;NghJ vg;NghJk; nghUj;jkhd
eguplk; MNyhrid ngWtJ mtrpakhFk;.
,urhadg; gP ilnfhy; yp fisf; ifahSk; NghJ ghJfhg; G
eilKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,e; j Vw; ghLfisg; gpd; gw; Wtjd; %ykhf tptrhapfs; > Efu; Nthu; >
tpyq;Ffs;> #oy; Mfpatw;Wf;F kpf ,opthd ,og;Ng Vw;gLk;.
cq; fs; FO gpd; tUk; jiyg; Gfspd; fP o; fw; wiy Nkw; nfhs; s Ntz; Lk; .
ghJfhg;ghf gPilehrpdpfis tprpWjy;
gPilehrpdp Nygypy; mlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba jfty;fs;
cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;ig RUf;fkhf mwpKfQ; nra;f.
jug; gl; l tsE}iy thrpj; J cq; fs; jiyg; Gf; Fupa jfty; fisr; Nrupf; f.
,urhadg; gPilehrpdpg; gad;ghl;bd; mE$y $ gpujp $yq;fis
Fwpg;gpLf.
Ma;e;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f Maj;jkhFf.
gP ilehrpdpfisf; nfhs; tdT nra; Ak; NghJk; njupTnra; Ak; NghJk;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l gPilia fl;Lg;gLj;jf; $ba gPilehrpdpiaj;
njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
mq; fP fupf; fg; gl; l tpw; gid epiyaj; jpypUe; J Njitf; fsthd
gPilehrpdpfis kl;LNk nfhs;tdT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Kj;jpiuaplg;gl;l nghjpAld; $bajhd gPilehrpdpiaNa
nfhs;tdT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
gPilehrpdpfisf; nfhz;Lnry;Yk; NghJk; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk;
NghJk; ftdpf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
czTg;nghUl;fSld; Nru;j;J gPilehrpdpfisf; nfhz;L
nry;yf; $lhJ.
nfhs;fydpy; ghjpg;G Vw;gl;bUf;ff; $lhJ
rpW gps; isfs; > nry; yg; gpuhzpfSf; Ff; fpl; lhjthW czTg;
nghUl;fSf;F mg;ghy; ghJfhg;ghff; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz; Lk; .
gPilehrpdpfis taYf;F njspf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghf ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Nygypy; cs; s tplaq; fis thrpj; J mt; mwpTWj; jy; fis
gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
rupahd cgfuzq; fisj; njupTnra; J mit rupahf
njhopw;gLfpd;wdth vd guPl;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
34
rupahd mstPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp cupa nrwptpy; njsp
jputj;ijj; jahupj;jy;.
tprpWk;NghJ ghJfhg;G cilj;njhFjpia mzpe;jpUj;jy;
tprpw Kd;du; czit cl;nfhz;bUj;jYk;> tprpWk;NghJ
czit cz;zy;> ntw;wpiy nky;Yjy;> Gifgpbj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;shjpUj;jy;.
thdk; njspthf cs; s ehspy; gpw; gfy; Ntisapy; tprpwNtz; Lk; .
fhw;W tPRk; jpirf;F nrq;Fj;jhf tprpw Ntz;Lk;.
gPr;RKidapy; milg;G Vw;gl;lhy; thahy; Cjf;$lhJ
gP ilehrpdp tprpwg; gl; l gpd; du; gpd; tUk; eilKiwfs; gpd; gw; wg; gl
Ntz; Lk;
ntw; Wg; gP ilehrp dp f; nfhs; fyid erp j; j gp d; du;
Gijj; Jtply;
njspjputk; tprpwg; gl; L Kbe; jJk; cgfuzj; ij ed; F fOtp
ePiuf; Fopapdpy; Cw;Wjy;
tPrpWk;NghJ mzpe;jpUe;j cilfisf; fow;wp rtu;f;fhuk;
,l; Lf; fOTjy;
gP ilehrpdp fz; fspy; gl; lhy; Rj; jkhd eP updhy; ed; F fOTjy;
eQ;#l;ly; Vw;gl;lhy; gPilehrpdpg; Nghj;jiyAk; vLj;Jf;
nfhz;L itj;jparhiyf;Fr; nry;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;.
gP ilehrpdp Nygypy; gpd; tUk; jfty; fs; mlq; fpapUf; f Ntz; Lk; .
tptrha ,urhadj;jpd; tpw;gidg;ngau;
tpahghug; ngaupd; fPo; mjd; nghJg;ngau;
tpahghug; ngaupd; fP o; eQ;R vDk; milahsk; ,lg;
gl;bUj;jy;
gP ilehrp dp ap Ys; s nraw; gL gjhu; j; jk; >mjd; jd; ik>
fdtsT Mfpad Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUj;jy;.
tpiy> cw;gj;jpj; jpfjp> fhytjpahFk; jpfjp Mfpad
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUj;jy;.
gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd tptuq;fs;
mWtilf;F Kd;djhd fhyk;> ghJfhg;G eilKiwfs;>
eQ;#l;ly; Vw;gl;lhy; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba KjYjtp
Mfpad gw;wpa jfty;fs;
er;Rj;jd;ikf;Fupa epwf;NfhL> mgha vr;rupf;if Mfpad
Fwpf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;
gPilehrpdp gw;wpa jfty;fs; rpq;fsk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;
Mfpa Kk;nkhopfspYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUj;jy;
gP ilehrpdpg; gad; ghl; bd; mE$yq; fSk; > gpujp$yq; fSk; cs; sd.
35
nra; if nra; if nra; if nra; if nra; if
gz; zg; gLk; gz; zg; gLk; gz; zg; gLk; gz; zg; gLk; gz; zg; gLk;
gap u; fs gap u; fs gap u; fs gap u; fs gap u; fs;
Nju;;r;rp 12 ( juj; jp Yk; mstp Yk; cau; thd tp isr; riyg;
ngWtjw; fhf mWtilf; Fg; gpe; jpa njhopDl; g gpuNah
fj;ijj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 12'1 ( tptrhag; gapu; fs; rhu; e; j Ntiytha; g; Gr; rhj; jpaq; fis
Ma;e;jwpthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
,yq; ifapy; mjpfstpy; nra; if gz; zg; gLk; gapu; tiffisj;
njhFjpfshf tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
xt;nthU gapupypUe;Jk; tpisr;ryhff; fpilf;fg;ngWk; ghfq;fs;
NtWgLk; vdf; $Wthu;.
xt;nthU gapiuAk; Nghfj;Jf;fika gapu;nra;tjw;Fj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
ehl; by; nra; if gz; zg; gLk; gapu; tiffs; kw; Wk; mtw; wpd; tp]; jP uzk;
Mfpad gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
gap u; tp isr; ry; fs; fp ilf; fg; ngWk; fhyq; fs; NtWgLk; vd
cjhuzq;fSld; rku;g;ghu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
gpd; tUk; gapu; j; njhFjpfisf; fhl; Lk; Fwpg; ig tFg; gpy; rku; g; gpf; fTk;
36
gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs; typAWj; jg; gLk; tifapy; fye; Jiuahlypy; <LgLf.
,yq; ifap y; mjp fstp y; nra; if gz; zg; gLk; gap u; fis
gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;
jhdpag; gapu;fs; gUg;Gtifg; gapu;fs;
fpoq;Fg; gapu;fs; kuf;fwpg; gapu;fs;
gog; gapu;fs; Ritr;ruf;Fg; gapu;fs;
,g; gapu;j;njhFjpfspypUe;Jk; gapu;fspypUe;Jk; fpilf;fg;ngWk;
tpisr;rw; ghfq;fs; NtWgLk;.
fw;wYf;fhd cj;Njr topfhl;ly;(
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;Gg; gw;wpf; ftdk;
nrYj;Jf.
,yq;ifapy; mjpfstpy; nra;if gz;zg;gLk; jhdpa> gUg;G>
fpoq;Fg; gapu;fs;
,yq; ifapy; mjpfstpy; nra; ifgz; zg; gLk; kuf; fwp> go>
Ritr;ruf;Fg; gapu;fs;
tsE}iy crhTf
jiyg; gpy; mlq; fpAs; s gapu; fs; gw; wp FO mq; fj; jtupd; fUj; Jf; fisAk;
ngw; Wf; nfhs; f.
xt;nthU gapu;j;njhFjpapYk; mlq;Fk; gapu;fs; mtw;iw nra;if
gz;Ztjw;F Vw;w #oy; epyikfs; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz;f.
tpisr;ryhfg; ngwg;gLk; ghfq;fs;> tpisr;ry; ngwg;gLk; fhyg;gFjp
Mfpatw;iwr; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpLf.
cq; fshy; Ma; e; jwpag; gl; l tplaq; fis tFg; gpy; rku; g; gpf; f Maj; jkhFf.
gpd; tUk; jhdpag; gapu; fis ,yq; ifapd; gy; NtW #oy; epiyikfspd;
fPo; tsu;f;f KbAk;
ney; ,Wq; F
Fuf; fd; jpid
Nrhsk; rhik
fjpu;fspypUe;J Ntwhf;fg;gLk; tpj;Jf;fNs tpisr;ryhFk;
gaW> nfsgP> cOe;J> Jtuk; gUg;G> Nrhah mtiu> epyf;fliy
Mfpad ,yq; ifapy; mjpfstpy; tsu; f; fg; gLk; mtiuag;
gapu;fshFk;.
,tw;wpy; tpj;Jf;fNs tpisr;ryhfg; ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
nra;if gz;zg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs; gapUf;Fg; gapu; NtWgLk;
gpuNjrj; jpw; Fg; nghUj; jkhd gapu; fis Nghfj; Jf; fika nra; if
gz;z Ntz;Lk;.
gpd; tUk; fpoq; Fg; gapu; fs; ,yq; ifapy; mjpfsT nra; if gz; zg;
gLfpd; wd
cUisf; fpoq; F ,d;dy fpupay
kuts;sp tw;whis
37
fpoq;Fg; gapu;fs; gy;NtW fhyepiy tyaq;fspy; nra;if
gz;zg;gLk;
kz;zpd; fPNo cs;s czT Nrkpg;igf; nfhz;l ghfq;fNs
fpoq;F vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
gy;NtW kuf;fwpg; gapu;fs; ,yq;ifapy; tsu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
cjh : ntz;b> fj;jup> Nfhth> NghQ;rp> ful;> yPf;];> jf;fhsp.
,iykuf;fwp
kuf; fwpg; gapu; fspy; gy; NtW tifg; gl; l tpisr; ry; fs; fpilf; fpd; wd
cjh : fha;> G+> ,iy> Ntu;
tpisr;ry; fpilf;Fk; fhyg;gFjp gapUf;Fg; gapu; NtWgLk;
,yq; ifapd; gy; NtW tifahd fhyepiy tyaq; fSf; F
nghUj;jkhd gapu;fs; cs;sd.
gog;gapu;fspd; gpujhd tpisr;rw; ghfk; gok; MFk;.
,yq;ifapy; gy;NtW fhyepiy epiyikfspd; fPo; gy;NtW
gog; gapu;fs; tsu;fpd;wd.
cjh : kh tpshk;gok; kq;F];jhd;
uk;Gl;lhd; thio ngahu;];
Midf;nfha;ah tj;jif tpy;it
md;dhrp nfha;ah l;ufd; GUl;
];Nuhgup
gog;gapu;fis ePz;l fhyg; gapu;fs;> FWq;fhyg; gapu;fs; vd
,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fyhk;
ePz;l fhyg; gapu;fs; - kh> uk;Gl;lhd;> Midf;nfha;ah
FWq;fhyg; gapu;fs; - md;dhrp> thio> tj;jif
rpy gotiffs; fwp rikf; fg; gad; gLk; . cjh- khq; fha; > md; dhrp
gy; NtW fhyepiy epiyikfSf; F nghUj; jkhd gapu; fs; cs; sd.
gpd; tUk; gapu; fs; Ritruf; Fg; gapu; fshf ,yq; ifapy; mjpfstpy;
tsu; f; fg; gLfpd; wd.
kpsfha; ngupantq;fhak; Vyk;
kpsF fWth fuhk;G
ntq;fhak;
,tw;wpd; tpisr;ry; ghfq;fs; gy;NtW tifg;gLk;
cjh : kpsfha; - new;W
fWth - gl;il
kpsF - tpj;J
,yq;ifapy; nra;if gz;Ztjw;F Vw;w gpwehl;L gapu;fs;
mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd
cjh : l;ufd; GUl;> Flkpsfha;
38
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 12'2 ( tpisr;rYf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfs; eilngWk;
re;ju;g;gq;fisj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
mWtilf; Fg; gpe; jpa ,og; Gf; fspy; nry; thf; Fr; nrYj; Jk; fhuzpfis
ngaupl;L tptupg;ghu;.
gapu; ; tpisr; ry; fis mWtil nra; jJ njhlf; fk; Efu; Nthuplk; nry; Yk;
tiu gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; tpisr;ry; ,og;G Vw;gLfpwJ vdf;
$Wthu;.
mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfs; Vw;gLfpd;wdntd tpsf;Fthu;.
mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfs; Vw;gLk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
mWtilf; Fg; gpe; jpa njhopDl; gj; jpd; Kf; fpaj; Jtq; fis tpsf; Fthu; .
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
,og;Gf;fs; Vw;gLk; tpisr;rw; ghfq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
(jf;fhsp> gg;ghrp> kuf;fwp> jhdpaq;fs;)
Vw;gl;Ls;s Nrjq;fis khztiu ,dq;fhzr; nra;f.
ehs;NjhWk; gy;NtW fhuzq;fspdhy; mjpfsT gapu;tpisr;ry;
Efu;Tf;Fg; gad;glhj tifapy; tpuakhfpd;wJ.
mWtil nra; tJ njhlf; fk; Efu; Nthupd; iffSf; Fr; nrd; wilAk;
tiu ,t;thW eilngWk; juuPjpahdJk; msT uPjpahdJkhd
,og;Gfs; mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfs; vdg;gLk;.
gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfs; eil
ngwyhk;
mWtil
tpisr;riyr; Rj;jk; nra;jy;
tpisr;riy mLf;fp itj;jy;
tpisr;riyf; nfhz;L nry;yy;
tpisr;riyf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;
tpisr;riyg; gjg;gLj;jy;
,uz;lhk;epiyg; nghjpaply;
re; ijg; gLj; jy;
ifahSjy;
gpd;tUk; mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfs; Vw;glf;$ba re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
cq; fs; FOTf; F fpilf; fg; ngw; w re; ju; g; gk; $ re; ju; g; gq; fs; gw; wp ftdk;
nrYj;Jf
mWtil nra; jy; > Rj; jQ; nra; jy; > nghjpnra; jy; > fsQ; rpag; gLj; jy;
39
tpisr;riyf; nfhz;L nry;yy;> gjg;gLj;jy;> tpw;gid nra;jy;>
ifahSjy;
tsE}iy crhTf
cq; fSf; Fj; jug; gl; Ls; s jiyg; gpw; fika gpd; tUk; gug; Gfspy;
Ma;e;jwpjypy; <LgLf.
mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa njhopDl;gj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.
me;jr; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gapu;tpisr;rYf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;glf; $ba
tpjq;fis tptupf;Ff.
xt;nthU re;ju;gj;jpYk; Vw;gLk; ,og;Gfspd; jd;ikia cjhuzk;
%ykhf tpsf;Ff.
mt; ,og;Gfspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis tpsf;Ff
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLk; tifapy; kPsha;tpy; <LgLf.
mWtilf; Fg; gpe; jpa njhopDl; gj; jpd; Kf; fpaj; Jtq; fs; gy cs; sd.
Nkyjpf tpisr;riyg; ghJfhf;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
re;ijapy; tpisr;riyg; ghJfhf;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
re;ijapy; tpiyia rPuhfg; NgZjy;.
mLj;j Nghfj;Jf;Fupa tpj;J Njitiag; ghJfhj;jy;.
tpisr; rypd; juj; ijg; NgZtJld; ,og; Gf; fisAk; Fiwj; jy;
tpisr;ry;fis ,uz;L tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
ePz;l fhyk; Ngzf;$ba tpisr;ry;fs; ^Durable&
ePz;l fhyk; Ngz Kbahj tpisr;ry;fs; ^Perishable&
mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gf;fs; gpujhdkhf ,uz;L tpjq;fspy;
eilngwyhk;.
juuPjpahd ,og;Gfs;
msT uPjpahd ,og;Gfs;
mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfs; ,uz;L Kiwfspy; eilngWk;.
ngsjpf $ nghwpKiw ,og;Gf;fs; - eRq;Fjy;> cNuhQ;Rg;
gly;> fhaq;fs; Vw;gly;
,urhad khw;wq;fs; - Rit Fd;Wjy;> epwkhw;wk;> ghz;l
yiljy;
mWtilf; Fg; gpe; jpa ,og; Gf; fspy; nry; thf; Fr; nrYj; Jk;
fhuzpfs; %d;W cs;sd
mff; fhuzpfs; - Rthrk; > MtpAapu; g; G Mfpa clw;
nwhop yp aw; nrad; Kiwfsp dhy;
Vw;gLk; ,og;Gf;fs;
Gwf; fhuzpfs; - fhyepiy> G+r; rpfs; > ifahsy; Kiwfs;
Mfpatw;why; Vw;gLk; ,og;Gfs;
mWtilf;F Kw;gl;l ,og;Gf;fs; - gap u; r; nra; ifap y;
Vw;gLk; ePu;g;gw;whf;Fiw> Nghrizf;
FiwghL> cap uq; fp fs; > Neha; fs;
Mfpatw;why; Vw;gLk; ,og;Gfs;
40
tpisr;rypy; Vw;gLk; ,og;GfSf;Fg; gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fSk;;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd
clw;nwhopypay; Kjpu;r;rp gw;wpa tpsf;fkpd;ik
gpioahd mWtil KiwfSk; ftdkpd;ikAk;
nfhs;fydpd; tpiy mjpfkhff; fhzg;glYk; nfhs;fyd;
fspd; fpilg;Gk;
nghUj; jkw; w fsQ; rpag; gLj; jy; KiwfSk; fsQ; rpa trjpfs;
NghjhikAk;
ftdtPdkhff; ifahsy;
mWtil nra;Ak; Kiwfspy; cs;s gpd;tUk; FiwghLfs;
fhuzkhf mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa Nrjq;fs; Vw;gLfpwd.
ehspd; cupa Neuj;jpy; mWtilia Nkw;nfhs;shikAk;>
tpisr;riy cupa gUtj;jpy; mWtil nra;ahikAk;
tpisr;riy cupa fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpAk; gpe;jpAk; mWtil
nra; jy;
kuf;fwpfspd; epiw Fiwtiljy;
Ez;zq;fpg; ghjpg;G Vw;gly;
ehu;fs; fhzg;gly;
juk; Fiwtiljy;
mWtil nra; Ak; Kiwfsp ; Ys; s gp d; tUk; FiwghLfs;
fhuzkhf mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfs; Vw;gLk;.
cgfuzj; ijg; gad; gLj; jhJ Kul; Lj; jdkhf ifahy;
gpLq; Fjy;
cgfuzj;ijr; Rj;jk; nra;ahJ gad;gLj;jy;
fhk;ig rupahd ePsj;jpy; vQ;rtpl;L mWtil nra;jy;.
mWtil nra; ag; gl; l tpisr; ry; fis #upaxspapy; gltply;
rupahf Rj; jk; nra; ag; glhik> mjpfstpy; Rj; jk; nra; jy; Mfpad
fhuzkhf gpd;tUk; ,og;Gfs; eilngWk;
khq; fha; > gg; ghrp Mfp atw; wp d; ntsp g; gFjp ap y; ghy;
gLtjdhy; njhw;Wjy; Vw;gly;
Njitaw; w ghfq; fis rup ahd mstp y; mfw; whik
fhuzkhf kPz;Lk; Neha; Vw;gly;
mjpfstpy; ntl;Ljy;> Rj;jk; nra;jy; Mfpad fhuzkhf
tpisr;ry;fspd; rijg;gw;whd gFjpfspy; ghjpg;G Vw;gly;
Rj;jkw;w ePiug; gad;gLj;jpr; Rj;jk; nra;jy;
nghjpnra; Ak; NghJk; gapu; tpisr; ry; fSf; Fg; ghjpg; Gfs; Vw; glyhk;
njupT nra;ahJ> nghjpnra;tjd; %yk; Neha;g; ghjpg;Gfs;
gutyilayhk;
nghUj;jkw;w nghjpapL gjhu;j;jq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
nfhs;fyd;fspy; msTf;F mjpfkhf ,ly;
xU nfhs;fydpy; gy;NtW tpisr;ry;fisg; nghjpaply;
fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk; NghJk; tpisr;ry; ,og;Gfs; Vw;glf;$ba
re;ju;g;gq;fs; cs;sd.
xd;whff; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jf; $lhj tpisr;ry;fis xd;whf
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;
msTf;fjpkhf xd;wd;kPJ xd;W fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;
41
fsQ;rpaq;fs; mRj;jkhff; fhzg;gly;
mRj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; fsQ;rpaq;fis mikj;jy;
fsQ;rpa ntg;gepiy mjpfupj;jy;
msTf;fjpfkhff; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;
nfhz; Lnry; yypd; NghJ gpd; tUk; re; jju; g; q; fspy; Nrjq; fs; Vw; gLk;
thfdj;jpd; nfhs;ssit tpl mjpfstpy; Vw;Wjy;
nghUl;fs; itf;fg;gLk; gFjp %baepiyapy; fhzg;glhik
fhuzkhf #upaxsp> kio Mfpatw;why; ghjpf;fg;gly;
ftdkpd;wpg; nghUl;fis Vw;wYk; ,wf;FjYk;
ftdkpd;wpAk; Kul;Lj;jdkhfTk; thfdj;ij Xl;Ljy;
nghUl;fspd; kPJ Vwp mku;e;J nry;Yjy;
nfhz; L nry; yYf; Fg; nghUj; jkhd nfhs; fyd; fspy; nghjp
nra;ag;glhik
gjg;gLj;jypd;NghJ jhdpaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw tpisr;ry;fSf;F
gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mjpfsT Nrjk; Vw;gLfpwJ
miuj;jy;
ckp mfw;Wjy;
jtpL mfw;Wjy;
Njitaw;w ghfq;fis ePf;Fjy;
nghUj;jkw;w nfhs;fyd;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
re;ijg;gLj;jypd; NghJ tpisr;ry;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ,og;Gfis
,uz;L tiffshf gpupf;fyhk;
ngsjpf ,og;Gfs; - #upaxsp> fhw; W> J}rp Mfpatw; why;
Vw;gLk; ,og;Gfs;
nghwpKiw ,og;Gfs; - Nkhrkhd ifahSif> gpioahd
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;fs; Mfpad
fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; epiyikfs;
Efu;Nthupdhy; ifahSk;NghJ mjpfsT ,og;Gfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd
nghUj; jkw; w Kiwfsp y; nfhs; tdT nra; ag; gl; l
czTfis itj;jy;
nfhz;L nry;yypd;NghJ nghUj;jkw;w ,lq;fspy; itj;jy;
(thfd vQ;rpDf;F mz;ikapy;)
Kiwaw;w gjg;gLj;jy; KiwfSk; ftdkpd;ikAk;
czT Nkirfspy; myq;fhuj;Jf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jy;
%l ek;gpf;fiffSk;> tpsf;fkpd;ikAk;
gq;fR> gw;wPupah Mfpad %yk; Neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
,e;Neha;f; fhuzpfs; ,uz;L topfspy; cztpy; NrUfpd;wd
I capu;g;gw;w Kiwapy; Nru;jy; - tpisr;riy mWtil nra;j
gpd;du; fhaq;fspD}lhf
cl;GFjy;
II capu; g; Gila Kiwapy; Nru; jy; - taypy; cs; sNghNj cl; GFe; J
nraw;ghl;bd;wp fhzg;gl;L
mWtilf;F gpe;jpa fhyj;jpy;
njhopw;gly;
fsQ; rp arhiyfsp y; gy; NtW top fsp y; tp isr; ry; fs;
,of; fg; gLfpd; wd
ePs;KQ;rp tz;bd; Flk;gp gaW> nfsgp> gUg;G Mfpa
tpj;Jfspd; cl;gFjpfis cz;Zjy;
nre; epw jhdpa eP s; KQ; rp tz; bd; jhf; fk; ney; > epyf; fliy>
jhdpaq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; tpj;Jf;fis Jisj;J cs;Ns
cs;s ghfq;fis cl;nfhs;sy;
ney; me;Jg;G+r;rpapd; Flk;gp jhdpa kzpfisj; Jisj;J
mtw;iw cz;gjdhy; jhdpaq;fSf;F Nrjk; Vw;gLk;
ney; ePs;KQ;rp tz;L> jhdpa ePs;KQ;rp tz;bd; Flk;gpfs;
tpj;Jfis Jisj;J Nrjg;gLj;jy;
42
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 12'3 ( nghUj;jkhd njhopDl;g cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jp
mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gf;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhfj;
jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
gapu; fspy; Vw; gLk; mWtilf; F Ke; jpa> gpe; jpa ,og; Gfisj; jtpu; g; gjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
tpisr; rypy; Vw; gLk; ghjpg; Gf; fisj; jtpu; g; gjw; Fg; gapu; fis ehl; baJ
njhlf;fk; Efu;Nthiur; nrd;wilAk;tiu gy gbepiyfs; Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lnkd tpsf;Fthu;.
tpisr;rypd; ,og;Gf;fisf; ,optsthf;fj;jf;f tpjq;fis tptupg;gu;.
tpisr; ry; ,og; Gf; fisf; ,optsthf; Ftjw; nfd tpisr; rYf; F Ke; jpa
,og;Gf;fisf; Fiwf;Fk; cj;jpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
gy;NtW gapu;fspy; mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfisf; Fiwf;Fk;
Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
njupT nra;ag;gl;l gapnuhd;wpd; %d;W tifg;gl;l Kjpu;r;rpepiyfs;
nfhz;l tpisr;ry; ghfq;fis khztiu mtjhdpf;f nra;f.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l Kjpu;r;rp epiyfs; gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLkhW fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f
nghUj;jkhd re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mWtilia Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk;
,og;Gf;fisf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;
gy; NtW fhuzpfs; %ykhf tptrha tpisnghUl; fspy; ,og; Gfs;
Vw;gLk;
Vw; gLk; re; ju; g; gj; Jf; fika tpisr; ry; ,og; Gfis ,uz; L
tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;
I - mWtilf;F Ke;jpa ,og;Gfs;
II - mwtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfs;
gpd;tUtdtw;wp;y; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w gapu; tiffs;
gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf
jhdpag; gapu;fSk; gUg;Gtifg; gapu;fSk;
kuf;fwpg; gapu;fSk; gog;gapu;fSk;
tsE}iy thrpj;jwpf
cq; fs; FOTf; Fj; jug; gl; l gapu; fspd; mWtilf; F Ke; jpa ,og; Gfis
Fiwg;gjw;Nfw;w eltbf;iffis tpsf;Ff.
43
cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l gapu;j;njhFjpfspy; mWtil njhlf;fk; Efu;T
tiu Vw; gLk; mWtilf; Fg; gp e; jp a ,og; Gfisf; Fiwf; Fk;
eltbf;iffis vOJf.
"tpisr;rypy; Vw;gLk; ,og;Gfis Fiwg;Nghk;" vDk; jiyg;gpy;
kf;fSf;F mwpT+l;Ltjw;fhd Rtnuhl;b xd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.
Maj;jkhFf.
gp d; tUk; tp laq; fs; typ AWj; jg; gLk; tifap y; kP sha; Tf;
gapu;fis taypy; ehl;ba re;ju;g;gk; njhlf;fk; mWtil Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gLk; tiu gapu;fspy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfspd;
ghjfkhd jhf; fq; fs; fhuzkhf Vw; gLk; ,og; GfNs mWtilf; F
Ke;jpa ,og;Gfs; vdg;gLk;.
mWtilf; F Ke; jpa fhyj; jpy; gapu; fspy; ghjpg; Gfis Vw; gLj; Jk;
gy; NtW fhuzp fis ,dq; fz; L mtw; iw Kiwahfj;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; jukhd tpisr;riyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
KbAk;
gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; rupahf eltbf;ifnaLg;gjd; %yk;
mWtilf;F Ke;jpa ,og;Gfisf; Fiwf;f KbAk;
cupa Nghfj;jpy; gapu;nra;jy;
xspapd; msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
%LgilaplYk; tul;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;jYk;
cupa fhyj;jpy; gapu;fis ehl;LjYk; fj;jupj;jYk;
cupa gpuNjrq; fspy; rpghu; R nra; ag; gl; l ,dq; fis ehl; Ljy;
jukhd eLifg; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
fisf; fl; Lg; ghL
ePu;g;ghrdKk; ePu;tbg;Gk;
Kiwahf G+r; rpehrpdp> fisehrpdp Mfpatw; iwg; gad; gLj; jy;
Kiwahfg; grisaply;
ehw;Wfis Ijhf;Fjy;
gapu;r; Rfhjhuk;
mWtilf; Fg; gpe; jpa ,og; Gfis Fiwg; gjid mWtil nra; Ak;
re;ju;g;gk; njhl;Nl Muk;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
gpd; tUk; gbKiwfis Nkw; nfhz; L mWtilapd; NghJ eilngWk;
,og;Gfisf; Fiwf;fyhk;
xt; nthU gapUf; Fk; nghUj; jkhd Neuj; jpy; mWtil
nra;tjd; %yk; Vw;gLk; ,og;Gf;fisf; Fiwf;f KbAk;.
cjh: kuf; fwpfs; - fhiyapy; gdp <uypg; G fha; e; j gpd; du;
,iy kuf;fwpfs; - fhiyapy;
thio - K.g 10.00 f;F Kd;dUk; gp.g 3.00 kzpf;F
gpd;dUk;
khq;fha; $ rpj;jpuR gotif - K.g 10'00 kzp -
gp.g 3'00 kzp tiu
44
mWtil nra;ag; nghUj;jkhd Kjpu;r;rp gUtq;fis ,dq;fhz
gy;NtW Fwpfhl;bfs; cs;sd. Kjpu;r;rpf; Fwpfhl;bfspd;
mbg;gilapy; mWtil nra;jy; gaDilajhFk;
mWtil KiwfspYs;s FiwghLfisf; Fiwg;gjd; %ykhf
tpisr;ry; ,og;Gf;fisf; Fiwf;f KbAk;
,ae;jpuq;fs; %yk; mWtil nra;jy;
ftdkhf mWtil nra;jy;
fsj;jpNyNa mWtil nra;jy;
tpisr; rYld; fye; Js; s fopTg; nghUl; fs; (fy; > kzy; > goq; fspy;
gl;Ls;s ghy;) Mfpatw;iw mfw;WtNj Rj;jg;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpa
Nehf;fkhFk;
gap u; tp isr; ry; fisr; Rj; jk; nra; a gp d; tUk; Kiwfisg;
gad; gLj; jyhk; . ,jd; %yk; tpisr; rypy; Vw; gLk; Nrjq; fs;
FiwtilAk;
fOTjy; $ RLePu;r; rpfpr;ir
,we;j ,iyfs;> Ntu;fs; Mfpatw;iw mfw;Wjy;
Neha; > gP ilj; jhf; fk; Mfpad Vw; gl; l gFjpfis mfw; Wjy;
fOTjw;F Rj;jkhd ePiug; gad;gLj;jy;;
rupahd Kiwfspy; cgfuzq; fisg; gad; gLj; jp nghjpnra; tjdhy;
gpd;tUk; mE$yq;fs; fpilf;Fk;
tpisr;ry; Gwf;fhuzpfSld; njhLifAWtijj; jLj;jy;
nfhz;L nry;yy;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;wpd;NghJ
Vw;gLk; ,og;Gfisj; jtpu;j;jy;
Mtpg;gwg;Gs;s gjhu;j;jq;fs; mfw;wg;gLtijj; jtpu;j;jy;
czTf; nfhs; fyd; fspy; gpd; tUk; ,ay; Gfs; fhzg; gl Ntz; Lk;
er; Rj; jd; ik mfw; wg; gLjYk; nghjp ap Lk; ciwf; Fg;
nghUj;jkhdjhff; fhzg;gly;
<uypg;G> vz;nza; Mfpatw;Wf;Fj; jilahf mikjy;
NkhJiff;Fj; jhf;Fgpbf;ff; $bajhf ,Uj;jYk; jpwf;f
,yFthf ,Uj;jYk;
czTg; nghUl;fisg; nghjpnra;a gpd;tUk; nfhs;fyd;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
I jpz; kg; gjhu; j; jq; fs; - kug; ngl; b> fz; zhbg; Nghj; jy; > cNyhfg;
ghj;jpuq;fs;
II eLj;ju jpz;k gjhu;j;jq;fs; - fljhrp> fhl;Nghl;
III ,Nyrhd gjhu;j;jq;fs; - mYkpdpag; glyk;>
nts;sPak; G+rg;gl;l jfL
fsQ; rpag; gLj; Jk; NghJ Vw; gLk; tpisr; rYf; Fg; gpe; jpa ,og; Gfisf;
Fiwg;gjw;F gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;
fsQ; rpag; gLj; Jk; tpisr; rYf; F Vw; w tifapy; ntg; gepiy>
<ug;gjd; Mfpatw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
tpisr;ry;fis ,Ltjw;F Kd;du; fsQ;rpak; Rj;jg;gLj;jg;
45
gl;L cilTfs; rPu;nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fsQ; rpak; ghJfhg; ghf mikf; fg; gl; bUj; jy; (kio> <uypg; G>
G+r;rpfs;> gPilfs; Mfpatw;wpd; Nrjk; Vw;glhjthW)
Ftpj;J itg;gjw;fhd Nkilfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
mLf;fp itf;Fk;NghJ fhw;W}l;ly; Vw;glj;jf;fjhf mLf;fp
itj; jy; .
fsQ; rpaj; jpy; gP ilfs; > G+r; rpfs; Mfpatw; wpd; jhf; fk;
Vw; glhthW ftdk; nrYj; Jjy; (ntg; ngz; nza; > Njrpf; fha;
,iyfs; > nehr; rp ap iy> ,A+ f; fyp g; u]; Mfp atw; wp d;
,iyfis ,Ljy;)
Fiwe; j ntg; gep iyap y; MSif ep ge; jidfsp d; fP o;
fsQ; rpag; gLj; Jtjdhy; goq; fs; > fha; fs; Mfpatw; iw eP z; l fhyk;
Ngz KbfpwJ.
gpd; tUkhW nfhz; L nry; yiy Nkw; nfhs; tjd; %yk; tpisr; ry;
,og;Gf;fisf; Fiwf;fyhk;
fhw;Nwhl;lk; fpilf;FkhW mLf;fpf; nfhz;L nry;yy;
#upaxsp> kio Mfpatw; wpypUe; J ghJfhf; fg; gLk; tifapy;
nfhz;L nry;yiy Nkw;nfhs;sy;
tpisr; ry; fis Vw; wpapwf; Fjy; kpf ftdkhf Nkw; nfhs; sg; gl
Ntz; Lk; .
thfdj;ij ftdkhfTk; tpiuthfTk; nrYj;Jjy;
tp isr; ry; fisg; gjg; gLj; Jk; NghJ gy; NtW Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjd;%yk; tpisr;ry; ,og;Gf;fisf; Fiwf;fyhk;
ePuhtpapy; ney;iy mtpj;jy;
re; ijapy; Vw; gLk; tpisr; ry; ,og; Gfisf; Fiwf; ff; $ba Kiwfs;
kio> #upaxsp Mfpatw; wpypUe; J ghJfhf; fg; gLk; tifapy;
tpisr;ry;fis mLf;fp itj;jy;.
fl;ll> fsQ;rpa trjpfis Nkk;gLj;jy;
NghjpasT fhw;Nwhl;lk; fpilf;ff;$ba tpjkhf goq;fs;>
fha;fs; Mfpatw;iw mLf;fp itj;jy;
gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ Vw;gLk; tpisr;ry; ,og;Gfisf; Fiwg;gjw;F
gpd;tUk; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;
Njitf;F msthff; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;
NghjpasT rikj;jy;> rikay; jahu; nra;jy; Mfpatw;wpd;
NghJ Vw;gLk; ,og;Gfisf; Fiwj;jy;
nfhz;L tUjy;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;iw ftdkhf
Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
gpd;tUk; Kiwfisf; iff;nfhs;Stjd; %yk; Neha;fisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;
01' tpj;jpfspd; msitf; Fiwj;jy;
02' epyj;jpypUe;J vw;glf; $ba njhw;wy;fisf; Fiwj;jy;
03' fhaq;fs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; njhw;Wjy;fis jLj;jy;
04' Neha;f;fl;Lg;ghLk; guTjiyj; jtpu;j;jYk;
RfhjhuKk;> Neha;fs; Vw;gLtijj; jLf;f Kf;fpakhdjhFk;
ew; fhg; G Kiwfs; %ykhf tpisr; ry; fspd; fhg; ig cWjp
nra;ayhk;
1' cyu;j;Jjy; 4' FspUl;ly;
2' ghr;ruhf;fk; 5' jfuj;jpyilj;jy;
3' fpUkpaspj;jy; 6' nty;ykply;
46
Nju;r;rp 13'0 ( rupahd tptrhar; nrad;Kiwfisf; iff;nfhz;L
gapu; cw;gj;jpfis mjpfupf;fg;gjw;fhfj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13'1 ( epyj; Jf; Fg; nghUj; jkhd tifapy; tP l; Lj; Njhl; lj; ijj;
jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
epyj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;ijj; jpl;lkpLk; tpjj;ij
tptupg;ghu;.
jpl;lkpl;L mikf;fg;gl;l tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpd; %yk; FLk;gg; Nghrizj;
Njit <Lnra;ag;gLk; vdf; $Wthu;.
tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpy; ehl;lf;$ba gapu;fisj; njupT nra;thu;.
rupahf rpwpa tPl;Lj;Njhl;lnkhd;iw mikg;ghu;.
Xa;T fhyj;ijg; gaDilajhff; fopg;ghu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
fle;j fhyj;jpy; murpdhy; tPl;Lj;Njhl;l tpupthf;fj;Jf;nfd jahu;
nra; ag; gl; l glj; Jld; $ba Rtnuhl; b my; yJ Nghl; bapy; ntw; wpngw; w
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lnkhd;wpd; glj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
mjdbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f.
tP l; by; > ghlrhiyap y; > mYtyfj; jp y; > Ntiyj; jsj; jp y;
mikf; fg; gLk; gy; NtW ngsjpf> r%f> nghUshjhu fUkq; fSf; F
Cf;fkspg;gJkhd tho;f;ifr; #oNy tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk; vdg;gLk;.
tP l; ilr; Rw; wptuTs; s epyj; ijg; gad; jUtifapy; gad; gLj; Jtjd;
%yk; gy;NtW mE$yq;fs; fpilf;Fk;
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;L mikg;gjd;%yk; gad;jU jd;ik
mjpfupf;fpwJ.
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lr; nra;if njhlu;ghf cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;G
njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
efu;g;Gw tptrhak;
kuGuPjpahd tptrhak;
jiyg;ig mwpKfQ; nra;f
gpur;rpidfisf; Fiwj;J ntw;wpfukhf tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;ijj; jpl;lkpLk;
Kiwia cq;fsJ mDgtj;jpd; %ykhf tpsf;Ff.
47
gpd;tUk; jiyg;gpd;fPo; cq;fs; tPl;Lj;Njhl;ljpw;F gw;wp jpl;lkpliy
Nkw;nfhs;f.
epyj;ij jahu; nra;ajy; gapu;j; njupT
eLifg;nghUs; jahupj;jy; eLifAk; guhkupg; Gk;
gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs; ntspf; nfhzug; gLk; tifapy; fye; Jiuahliy Nkw; nfhs; f.
jpl;lkpl;l tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;l tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J
gpd;tUk; gad;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd rkepiy czitj;
jahupj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;
FLk;g nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;
NjitahdNghJ cld; kw; Wk; er; Rj; jd; ik mw; w kuf; fwpfs; >
goq;fs; Mfptw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;
FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fs; gad;jU tifapy; xa;T Neuj;ijf;
fopf;f KbjYk; clw;gapw;rp fpilj;jYk;.
myq;fhuk;kpf;f tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpd; %yk; cs mikjp
fpilg;gJld; Fspu;r;rpahd #oYk; fpilf;Fk;
re;ijf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhd fhyKk; nryTk; kPjkhjy;.
tPl;Lj;Njhl;ljpy; gpd;tUk; gpupTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
tP L kyry$lk;
Ntyp /kjpy; fpzW / NtW ePu;%yk;
tpisahl;Lf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l gFjp
gpd; tUk; Njitfs; G+u; j; jp nra; af; $ba tifapy; tP l; Lj; Njhl; lk;
jpl;lkplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
FLk;gj;jpd; ehshe;j Nghrizj; Njitia toq;Fjy;
Nkyjp tUkhdk; fpilj;jy;
czTfspd; gy;ypdj;jd;ikAk; tUlk; KOtjpYk; czT
fpilf; fg; ngwy;
myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fSk; jiu myq;fupg;Gk;
#ow;fhg;G
epyg; gad; ghL gapu; r; nra; if Nkw; nfhs; sg; gLk; tpjk; Mfpatw; Wf; F
mika tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpy; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L tpjq;fs; cs;sd.
efu;g;Gw tptrhak; - kpfTk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mstpy;
cs;s epyg;gug;gpypUe;J cr;r
gad; juf; $ba etP d Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;jp tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;ij
mikj;jy;
kuGuPjpahd tptrhak; - mjpf gapu;fs; nfhz;ljhf
epyj;jpd; cr;r gad; ngwg;gLk;
tifapy; gapu;nra;jy;
48
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpy; eLtjw;nfd gapu;fisj; njupT nra;Ak;NghJ
tPl;bd; czTj;Njitia <Lnra;af; $bathW gpd;tUk; gapu;j;
njhFjpfspypUe;j gapu;fs; njupT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
kuf;fwpfs; fPiu tiffs; ;
gog; gapu;fs; gUg;Gtif gapu;fs;
Ritr;ruf;Fg;gapu;fs; mupkug; gapu;fs;
jhdpag;gapu;fs; kyu; myq;fhug; gapu;fs;
%ypifg; gapu;fs; fpoq;F tiffs
etPd> efu;Gw tptrhaq;fspy; gapu;r;nra;iff;nfd gpd;tUk;
mikg;Gfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd
gapu;r;nra;iff; NfhGuq;fs; njhq;Fk; ciwfs;
gapu;r;nra;iff; jl;Lfs;
Ntu;mkpo;e;jepiyapyhd tsu;g;g;G ghj;jpfs;
nu[pNghk; ngl;bapDs; kz;zpd;wpa gapu;r;nra;if
tP l; Lj; ; Njhl; lj; jpy; gapu; eLif> guhkupg; G Mfpatw; wpd; NghJ gpd; tUk;
gbKiwfisf; iff; nfhs; tjd; %yk; cr; r ngWNgWfisg;
ngwKbAk;.
ehw;WNkil mikj;jy;
njd;dQ;rpul;il> Nahf;fl; Nfhg;ig> ghy;kh ciw
Mfpatw;wpy; mikf;fg;gLk; ehw;WNkilfs;
Jz;l ehw;WNkil
epyj;ijj; jahu; nra;jy;
kz;izg; Gul;LjYk; J}u;itahf;fYk;
ghj;jp jahupj;jy; (cau;> jho; ghj;jp tiffs;)
ePu; kw;Wk; gris Mfpad ,Ljy;
Nrjdg; grisaply;
mbf;fl;L> Nkw;fl;Lg; grisaply;
Neha;> gPilfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
ePu; Kfhikj;Jtk; - fisfl;ly;> nghUj;jkhd nrb
alu;j;jpiag; NgZjy;> gapur;
Row;rpia Nkw;nfhs;sy;
Ntg;ngz;nza;> rhk;gy; Mfpad ,ly;. ntWg;G+l;Lk;
gapu;fis tsu;j;jy;
cupa gaidg; ngWtjw;F cupa fhyj;jpy; mWtil Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Kjpu;r;rpaila Kd;du; - ntz;b> Ks;sq;fp>
ful;> fPiu tiffs;
Kjpu;e;j gpd;du; - goq;fs;> G+rdp> fj;jup
Nkyjpf tpisr;ry;fis gy;NtW Kiwfspy; NgzNtz;Lk;
cyu; j; jy; - ghfy;> ful;
ciwatply; - ghy;
CWfha; ,ly; - vYkpr;ir
49
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13'2 ( #ow; NjitfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd new;Ngjq;fisj;
njupT nra;thu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
new; nra; iff; nfdf; fhzg; gl Ntz; ba gy; NtW fhyepiyj; Njitfis
tptupg;ghu;.
ney; cw; gj; jpia mjpfupg; gjw; F rpghu; R nra; ag; gl; l ney; tu; f; fq; fisj;
njupT nra;a Ntz;Lnkd Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
tu;f;fq;fSf;Nfw;g tpisr;rYk; NtWgLnkd tpsf;Fthu;.
Nghfj;jpw;Nfw;g new;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
Rakhf tpijney;iy cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Kiwia xOq;FKiwapy;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
,uz; L khztu; fisf; nfhz; L gpd; tUk; ciuahliy tFg; gpy; rku; g; gpf; f
ciuahly;
rpupNrd - muprp tpiyiag; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ rhg;gplhky; jhd;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; Nghy
[aNrd - jpl;lkpl;l tifapy; gapu;r;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhj
fhuzj;jpdhNyNa muprp tpiy VWfpwJ.
rpupNrd - Vd; mg;gb nrhy;fpwPu;fs;. rupahd ney; tu;f;fj;ij
rupahd Kiwapy; > cupa fhyj; jpy; nra; if gz; Ztjd;
%yk; mjpf tpisr;ry; fpilf;Fk;. mg;NghJ muprpj;
jl;Lg;ghL Vw;glhJ
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis khztuplk; tpdTf
,yq; ifapy; muprpapd; tpiy mjpfkhff; fhzg; glf; fhuzk; xd; W
jUf.
ney; tpisr;riy mjpfupf;ff; $ba Kiwnahd;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
,yq;ifapd; gpujhd cw;gj;jp nghUs; muprp MFk;.
rPuhf re;ijf;F muprp tpepNahfk; eilngWkhapd; Fiwe;j
tpiyf;F muprpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
ney; tpisr;riy mjpfupg;gjw;fhd topfs; gy cs;sd.
gp; d; tUtdtw; Ws; cq; fs; FOTf; Ff; fpilf; Fk; jiyg; Gg; gw; wp ftdk;
50
nrYj;Jf.
cyu;tya new;nra;if
<utya new;nra;if
cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; tsE}iy thrpj;J gpd;tUk;
tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;Ff.
new;nra;ifapd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
new; nra; iffnfd fhzg; gl Ntz; ba fhyepiy> kz; Njitfs;
gpujhdkhf new;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; khtl;lq;fs;
gapu; nra;ag;gLk; fhyk;
nra;if gz;zg;gLk; rpghu;R nra;ag;gl;l Ngjq;fSk; mtw;wpd;
tpNrl ,ay;GfSk;
Rakhf tpijney;iy cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
Ntiy epiyaj; Jf; Fr; nrd; W mq; F itf; fg; gl; Ls; s ney; tu; f; fq; fspd;
,ay;Gfis ,dq;fhz;f. gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; jfty;fis G+u;j;jp
nra; f.
tu;f;fj;jpd; tu;f;fj;jpd; tpj;jpd; Gw $upa Kid muprpapd;
ngau; taJ tbtk; epwk; cs;sjh epwk;
cq; fshy; Nrfupf; fg; gl; l jfty; fis tFg; gpy; rku; g; gpf; f Maj; jkhFf.
Ntiyepiyaj;ijj; jahupg;gjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp Ntiy epiyaj;ij mikf;fTk;
Fiwe;jJ 10 new; Ngjq;fs;
rpwpa fj;jpfs; rpy
ney;ypdq;fs; rpy
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW fye;Jiuahliy <LgLf.
ney; ,yq;ifapd; kpf Kf;fpa gapuhFk;
kf; fsp d; gp ujhd czT NrhW Mifahy; new; nra; if
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;
ney; cw;gj;jpAk;> new; nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gug;Gk; gbg;
gbahf Fiwe;Js;sd.
gy;NtW topfspy; ney; cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;f KbAk;.
new;nra;ifapy; kiotPo;r;rp> ntg;gepiy> xsp> fhw;W Mfpa
fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
new;nra;iff;nfd kz; epiyik rpwg;ghff; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; new;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;
51
gLfpwJ
,yq; ifapy; cyu; tyak; > jho; ehl; L <utyak; Mfpa gpuNjrq; fspy;
mjpfstpy; new;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
cyu; tyak; > <utyak; Mfpatw; wpy; rpghu; R nra; ag; gl; l tu; f; fq; fs;
gapuplg;gLfpd;wd
mt; tu;f;fq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; fhuzkhf mq;F
fhzg;gLk; #oypaw; gpur;ridfis mit jhq;fp tsu;fpd;wd.
,yq;ifapy; ngUk;Nghfk;> rpWNghfk; Mfpatw;wpy; new;nra;if
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
cup a Nghfj; jp y; new; nra; ifia Nkw; nfhs; tjd; %yk;
tpisr;riy mjpfupf;fyhk;
ney; tu;f;fq;fspd; taJf;Nfw;g xt;nthU Nghfj;jpYk; mtw;wpd;
nra;if Muk;gpf;fg;gLk; fhyk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
Rakhf tpijney; cw;gj;jpapd; %yk; mjpf ,yhgj;ijg; ngw
KbAk;.
Rakhf ney;cw;gj;jpapd; NghJ tpNrl gbKiwfs; rpy Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
52
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13'3 ( ney;iyj; jhgpf;f Vw;w Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
epyk; gz;gLj;jy; Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;.
ehw;WeLif my;yJ tpijg;G kpf mE$ykhdnjdf; $Wthu;.
cupa El;gKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp ehw;WNkil mikg;ghu;.
jho; epy gz; gLj; jy; > Nkl; Lepy gz; gLj; jy; Mfpatw; Wf; F ,ilapyhd
NtWghLfis tpsf;Fthu;.
gy;NtW fhyepiy tyaq;fSf;Fkhd new;nra;ifapd; Nghjhd epyk;
gz;gLj;jy; Kiwfisj; njupT nra;thu;
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
epyk; gz; gLj; jiy Nkw; nfhs; Sk; Kiwiaf; fhl; Lk; glj; ij tFg; gpy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
me; jg; glj; jpy; vr; nrad; Kiw fhl; lg; gLfpwJ vd khztuplk; tpdTf.
gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs; ntspf; nfhzug; gLkhW fye; Jiuahlypy; <LgLf.
kz; iz ed; F gz; gLj; jpa gpd; du; ney; iy jhgpg; gNj rpwe; jjhFk;
tpijg;G> ehw;WeLif Mfpad ,U Kiwfspy; ney;iy jhgpf;f
KbAk;
gpd;tUk; jiyg;GfSs; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;G gw;wp
ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
FO - I FO - II
Nrw;Wepyg; gz;gLj;jy; cyu;epyg; gz;gLj;jy;
Nrw;Wepy ehw;WNkil Nkl;Lepy ehw;WNkil
jl;L ehw;WNkil lnghf; ehw;WNkil
tsE}iy crhTf.
cq; fSf; Fj; jug; gl; Ls; s epyg; gz; gLj; jy; Kiwia gbKiwf; fika
tptupf; Ff.
mjd; mE$y> gpujp$yq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s ehw;WNkil jahupf;Fk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
Ntiy epiyaj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W jug;gl;l cgfuzq;fs; nghUl;fs;
Mfpatw; iwg; gad; gLj; jp new; nra; iff; fhf cq; fs; FOTf; F
jug;gl;Ls;s ehw;WNkil tiffisj; jahupf;Fk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
ney; iy ]; jhgpg; gjw; F gad; gLj; jg; gLk; ]; jhgpg; G Kiwfis tpgupf; f.
"ney;iy tpijg;gij tpl ehw;W eLtNj kpf mE$ykhdjhFk; " vd
khztu; xUtu; $wpdhu;> mtuJ fUj;Jld; ePq;fs; cld;gLfpwPu;fsh
tpsf; Ff.
53
"ntw; wplq; fis epug; Gjy; " vd; why; vd; dntd tpsf; Ff. vr; re; ju; gj; jpy;
new; nra;ifapy; ntw;wplq;fis epug;g Ntz;b Vw;gLk; @
jug;gl;l cgfuzq;fs;> nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ,uz;L
FOf;fSf;fhd Ntiy epiyaq;fisj; jahu; nra;f
FO I FO II
jl;L ehw;WNkil lnghf; ehw;WNkil
nghJthd cs;sPLfs;
tpij ney;
Ntiyepiyak; I f;fhd cs;sPLfs;
59cm x 34cm x 2cm msTila 425 Jz; lq; fs; nfhz; l
ehw;WNkilj; jl;L
fopTfs; mw;w epyj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l fspkz;
Ntiyepiyak; II f;fhd cs;sPLfs;
thio ,iyfs; rpy / nghypj;jPd;
ckp
nrq; fw; fs;
gyif
itf; Nfhy;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLk; tifapy; fye;JiuahLf
new;nra;ifapy; ,uz;L Kiwfspy; epyk; gz;gLj;jg;gLk;
Nrw;Wepyg; gz;gLj;jy;
cyu;epyg; gz;gLj;jy;
Nrw;Wepy gz;gLj;jypd; NghJ Kjyhk; coT> ,uz;lhk; coT
vd ,uz;L juk; kz; cog;gLk;
Nkl;Lepy new;nra;iff;F mjpfsT ePu;g;ghrdk; mtrpakd;W
Kisfl; lr; nra; ag; gl; l tpj; Jf; fNs ehw; WNkilapy; tpijf; fg; gLk;
new;nra;ifapy; gpd;tUk; ehw;WNkil tiffs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
Nrw;Wepy ehw;WNkil lnghf; ehw;WNkil
Nkl;Lepy ehw;WNkil jl;L ehw;WNkil
,e; j ehw; WNkilfis mikf; Fk; tpjKk; xd; Wf; nfhd; W
NtWgl;ljhFk;.
rupahd ehw;WNkil El;gKiwfisf; iff;nfhs;tjd; %yk;
ntw;wpfukhd ngWNgWfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
54
,e;j ehw;WNkil tiffspy; mE$yq;fSk; gpujp$yq;fSk;
cs; sd.
gpd;tUk; Kiwfspy; new;gapu;fs; taypy; ehl;lg;gLk;
tpijj; jy;
ehw;Wely;
ehw;W vwpjy; (gu#l; Kiw)
tpijg;G gpd;tUkhW ,U tifg;gLk;
tPr;R tpijg;G
tupir tpijg;G
tupirapy; tpijg; gjhy; cgfuzq; fisg; gad; gLj; jp fisfl; liy
Nkw;nfhs;tJ RygkhFk;
ehw;W eLif Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy; cgfuzq;fs; %yk; fisf;
fl;Lg;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
gu#l; Kiwapy; ehw;Wfs; taypy; vwpag;gLfpd;wd.
ehw;Wfis vwptjw;fhd ehw;Wfs; ehw;WNkil jl;by;; ,l;L
tsu;f;fg;gLk;.
,k; Kiwfspy; mE$yq;fSk; gpujp$yq;fSk; cs;sd.
ney;iy taypy; jhgpj;J rpy ehl;fspd; gpd; taypy; Vw;gl;Ls;s
ntw;wplq;fs; epug;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
55
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13'4 ( new; nra; iff; Fg; ; nghUj; jkhd gp d; fz; fhzp g; G
eltbf;iffisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
gp d; fz; fhzp g; G Kiwfs; %ykhf ney; tp isr; ryp id msT
uPjpahfTk;> juuPjpahfTk; mjpfupf;fyhk; vdf; $Wthu;.
rupahd re; ju; gj; jpy; nghUj; jkhd mWtil Kiwiaj; njupT nra; tjd;
%yk; ngwg;gLk; tpisr;rypd; juk;> msT Mfpatw;iw mjpfupf;ff;
$ba tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
rupahd re;ju;g;gj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
mWtilia Nkw;nfhs;sj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
tptrha eltbf; iffspy; re; ju; g; gj; Jf; Fg; nghUj; jkhd jP u; khdq; fis
Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
#ow; ghjpg;Gf;fs; ,optilaj; jf;fjhf tptrha eltbf;iffspy;
<LgLthu; .
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
gy; NtW tsu; r; rp epiyfisf; fhl; Lk; ney; taypd; glq; fis tFg; gpy;
rku;g;gpf;fTk;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLk; tifapy; fye;JiuahLf.
new; gapu; jdJ tho; f; iffhyj; jpy; gy; NtW gUtq; fisj;
jhz;LfpwJ.
cjh : gjpa mtj;ij> ,dg;ngUf;f mtj;ij> Kjpu;r;rp mtj;ij
mt;tt; gUtq;fSf;fhd fz;fhzpg;G KiwfSk; NtWgLk;
cupa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd gpd;fz;fhzpg;G Kiwfis
Nkw;nfhs;tjdhy; tpisr;riy msTuPjpahfTk; juuPjpahfTk;
mjpfupf;fyhk;.
cq; fSf; Ff; fpilf; fg; ngw; Ws; s new; gapupd; gpd; tUk; tsu; r; rpf;
fl;lq;fSs; xd;W gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
ehw;Wg; gUtk;> kl;lk; ntbf;Fk; gUtk;
G+f;Fk; gUtk;> Kjpu;r;rp gUtk;
tsE}iy crhTf
cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w tsu;r;rpg; gUtj;ij tpsf;Ff.
cupa tsu; r; rpg; gUtj; Jf; F Vw; g gapu; fspy; gpd; fz; fhdpg; G Kiwfis
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff
56
,optsthd #ow;ghjpg;Gf;fSld; gpd;fz;fhzpg;G eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;sy; vDk; jiyg;gpy; tptrhapfis mwpTWj;Jtjw;fhd
epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpiaj; jahu;nra;f.
ney; ypd; mWtilg; gUtj; ijj; jP u; khdpg; gjpy; mWtil Kiw Mfpad
gw;wp tpgupf;f.
cq; fshy; Ma; e; jwp ag; gl; l tp laq; fis tFg; gp y; rkug; gp ; f; f
Maj;jkhFf.
gjpa tsu;r;rpg; gUtkhdJ> ehw;Wg;gUtk;> kl;lk; ntbf;Fk; gUtk;
vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
,g;gUtj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd #ow;fhuzpfis toq;Ftjd; %yk; rPuhd
ehw;W tsu;r;rp> kl;lk; ntbj;jy; Mfpad eilngWk;.
cjh : nghUj; jkhd eP u; kl; lj; ijg; NgZjy; > nghUj; jkhd xspr; nrwpit
toq; Fjy;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nfhyj;jpNyNa kl;lk; ntbj;jy; eilngWk;. Kjdpiy
kl; lq; fspypUe; J ,uz; lhk; epiy kl; lq; fSk; ,uz; lhk; epiy
kl;lq;fspypUe;J %d;whk; epiy kl;lq;fSk; cUthFk;.
ehl;b my;yJ tpijj;J 55 ehl;fspy; ,e;j gUtk; Vw;gLk;
cUthFk; kl; lq; fspd; vz; zpf; if> cUthFk; fjpu; fspd; vz; zpf; if
Mfpatw;wpd; tpfpjj;jpd; rjtPjkhf tskhd kl;lk; ngau;jy; rjtPjk;
Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;
kl;lk; ntbj;jypy; gy;NtW fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
cjh : tu; f; fk; > gapu; ,ilntsp> jhtuq; fSf; Ff; fpilf; Fk; eP upd; msT
,dg;ngUf;fg; gUtj;jpy; fjpu;j;njhlf;f tbtk; Vw;gly; Muk;gpf;Fk;
Kw;Fliyg; gUtk;> gpw;Fliyg; gUtk; Mfpad ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy;
mlq;Fk;.
G+j;jy; G+e;Jzupd; NkypUe;J fPohf epfo;fpwJ
tpj;jpd; Kisaepiy njhlf;fk; G+uz Kjpu;T tiuahd fhyg;gFjp
Kjpu;r;rpf; fhyk; vdg;gLk;.
tpj;Jf;fs; Kjpu;r;rpailAk; NghJ gy;NtW fl;lq;fisj; jhz;b
tUfpd; wd.
cjh : ghw;gUtk;> khg;gpbf;Fk; gUtk;
gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; gju;fs; cUthFk;
cjh : Fiwthd xspr;nrwpT> cyu;thd fhw;W> mjpf ntg;gepiy
rhj;jpa tpisr;ry;fspd; $Wfs; ehd;F cs;sd.
,f;$Wfspd; ngUf;fkhf rhj;jpa tpisr;ry; fzpf;fg;gLk;
gy;NtW gUtq;fspy; new;nra;ifia Kiwahfg; guhkupg;gjd; %yk;
tpisr;riy mjpfupf;f KbAk;
mt;tt; tsu;r;rpg; gUtq;fspy; cupa gpd;fz;fhzpg;G eltbf;iffis
rupahf Nkw; nfhs; tjd; %yk; juuP jpahfTk; > msTuP jpahfTk; tpisr; riy
mjpfupf;f KbAk;
grisap ly; > fisfl; ly; > gP ilf; fl; LghL> eP u; g; ghrdk; Mfp ad
gpd;fz;fhzpg;G KiwfshFk;.
57
new;nra;ifapy; grisapl Kd;du; kz; gupNrhjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
new;nra;ifapy; N, P, K. grisfNs mjpfstpy; ,lg;gLk;
itf;Nfhiyg; grisahf ,Ltjd; %yk; grisf;fhfr; nrytplg;gLk;
gzj;ijf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;sKbAk;
tupirapy; ehw;W eLtjd; %yk; fisf;fl;Lg;ghL ,yFthf mikAk;
ePu;Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; %ykhf fisf;fl;Lghl;il Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;
fisfs; tsu;e;jhy; ney;taypd; tpisr;ry; FiwtilAk;
cupa re; ju; g; gj; jpy; rupahd Kiwfisf; ifahz; L fisf; fl; Lg; ghl; il
Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;
G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; Vida gPilfspdhy; ve;jnthU gUtj;jpYk; Nrjk;
Vw;glyhk;
gy;NtW tsu;r;rpg; gUtq;fspy; gy;NtW gPilfspdhy; Nrjk; Vw;gLk;
Nehnajpu;g;Gj; jd;ik nfhz;l tu;f;fq;fs; gapu; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
nghUj;jkhd Kiwfspy; gPilf;fl;Lg;ghL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;
gP ilg; ghjpg; G fhuzkhf tpisr; rypd; juk; > msT Mfpad FiwtilAk;
gP ilf; fl; Lg; ghl; Lf; nfd cap up ay; Kiwfisg; gad; gLj; JtJ
nghUshjhuuPjpahf mE$ykhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;
ve;j tsu;r;rpg; gUtj;jpd;NghJk; Neha;fs; Vw;glyhk;
Neha; Vw;gLtjdhy; jhtu tsu;r;rp Fiwtiltjdhy; tpisr;ry;
Fiwtila mJ VJthf mikAk;
Neha; fSf; F vjpu; g; Gj; jd; ik nfhz; l Ngjq; fis nra; if gz; Ztjd;
%yk; MNuhf;fpakhd gapu;r;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
Fliyg; gUtj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; fhuzkhf mjpf nghUshjhug;
ghjpg;G Vw;gLk;.
tpisr;riy rupahd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp mWtil nra;tjd;
%ykhf mjd; juk;> msT Mfpatw;iw mjpfupf;fyhk;.
58
Nju;r;rp 14 ( juj; jpYk; mstpYk; cau; tpisr; riyg; ngWtjw; fhf
gz;iz tpyq;Ffis tsu;f;Fk; Maj;j epiyia
ntspf; fhl; Lthu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14. 1 ( fhy;eil tsu;g;Gj; JiwapYs;s Ntiytha;g;Gfis
mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
,yq;ifapd; fhy;eil tsu;g;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
fhyeil tsu;g;gjw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fis vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
fhy;eil tsu;g;gpw;fhf gad;gLj;jj;jf;f gz;iz tpyq;Ffisg;
ngaupLthu;
gy; NtW gz; iz tpyq; Ffspd; cw; gj; jp tiffis NtWgLj; jpf; fhl; Lthu;
fhy;eil tsu;g;G tyaq;fis Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk; (
gz; iz tpyq; Ffs; mlq; fpa gpd; tUk; glj; ij tFg; gpy; fhl; rpg; gLj; Jf.
,e; j tpyq; Ffis tsu; g; gjd; Kf; fpaj; Jtq; fis khztUf; F tpsf; Ff.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.
,yq;ifapy; tsu;f;fg;gLk; gz;iz tpyq;Ffs; tUkhW
fwit khLfSk; vUik khLfSk; gd;wp
Nfhop ML
,e;j tpyq;Ffs; ,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; guk;gpf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,e; j tpyq; Ffis tsu; g; gjdhy; gy; NtW mE$yq; fs; fpilf; fpd; wd.
,yq;ifapy; fhy;eil tsu;g;ig NkYk; tpupthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; gy cs;sd.
59
gpd; tUk; fhy; eil cw; gj; jpg; nghUl; fspy; cq; fs; FOTf; Ff; fpilf; Fk;
cw;gj;jp gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
,iwr;rp
ghy;> Kl;il
cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l fhy;eil cw;gj;jpg; nghUisj; jUk; tpyq;F
tifia ,dq;fhz;f
,e;j tpyq;F tifia tsu;g;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ
,e;j tpyq;F tifia tsu;g;gjw;F ,yq;ifapYs;s tha;g;Gfisf;
fye;JiuahLf.
,yq;ifapd; fhy;eil tsu;g;G tyaq;fis Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl; Lf
,yq; ifapy; gz; iz tpyq; Ffis tsu; g; gjd; %yk; gpd; tUk; cw; gj; jpg;
nghUl;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
Kl;il
,iwr;rpAk; mjDld; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSk;
ghYk; ghYw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSk;
fle;j tUlq;fspy; Nkw;$wg;gl;l tpyq;F cw;gj;jp nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;
gz;iz tpyq;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if Mfpatw;wpy; gbKiw tsu;r;rp
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
vdpDk;> cs;@u;j; Njitf;F mt; cw;gj;jpasT NghJkhdjd;W
MfNt> ,yq;ifapy; fhy;eil tsu;g;ig NkYk; Nkk;gLj;JtJ
tpupthf;FtJk; mtrpakhFk;.
mjw;fhf mjpfsT rhj;jpaq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpwd.
cjh : Gd; dpyk;
Nkyjpf njhopyhsu;fs;
Ra Ntiytha;g;G
,yq;ifapy; fhy;eil tiffs; gue;Js;s mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk;
fhy;eil tyaq;fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lyhk;.
Nky;ehL
jho;ehl;L <utyak;
kj;jpa ehL
njd;id Kf;Nfhz tyak;
cyu; tyak;
aho;FlhehL
60
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14. 2 ( fhyepiyf; fhu zpfspd; ghjfkhd nry; thf; Ffisf;
Fiwj;J fhy;eilfspypUe;J rpwg;ghd tpisr;riyg;
ngWtjw;F Vw;wthW jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; (
fhy;eil tsu;g;gpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhyepiyf; fhuzpfisg;
ngaupLthu;.
fhy; eil cw; gj; jpfspy; fhyepiyf; fhuzpfspd; nry; thf; if fye; Jiu
ahLthu;.
ghjfkhd fhyepiy epiyikfisj; jhq; fpnfhs; s tpyq; Ffs;
nfhz;Ls;s ,irthf;fq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
ghjfkhd fhyepiy epiyikfspw;F tpyq;Ffs; fhl;Lk; Jyq;fiy
tpsf; Fthu; .
ghjfkhd fhyepiyf; fhuzpfisf; fl; Lg; gLj; jp fhy; eil cw; gj; jpfis
Nkk; gLj; j Nkw; nfhs; s Ntz; ba eltbf; iffisf; fye; JiuahLthu; .
ghlg;gpuNtrk; (
nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; ghlg;gpuNtrj;ij Nkw;nfhs;f.
mjdbg;gilapy; fhy;eil cw;gj;jpfspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
fhyepiyf; fhuzpfis tpdTf.
Nfhop> khL Nghd; w gz; iz tpyq; Ffspd; clw; nwhopaw;
nrad;Kiw tpisr;ry; Mfpatw;wpy; mtw;wpd; kuGk; (gpwg;Gupik
aikg;G) #ow; fhuzpfSk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.
gpd;tUk; fhyepiyf; fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
ntg; gepiy
xsp
kiotPo;r;rp
fhw;W
<ug;gjd;
,it ghjfkhd #oy; epiyikfspd; NghJ tpyq; Ffs; gy; NtW
,irthf;fq;fisAk; Jyq;fy;fisAk; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
ghjfkhd #ow;fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;iff; Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;
mjd;%ykhf mjpf cw;gj;jpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
61
gpd;tUk; gz;iz tpyq;F tiffSs; cq;fs; FOTf;Fj; jug;gl;l
tpyq;F tif gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
Nfhop
khL
tsE}iy crhTf
cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l fhy;eil tifapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
gpujhd fhyepiyf; fhuzpfis ,dq;fhz;f.
me;j fhyepiyf; fhuzpfs; fhy;eil cw;gj;jpapy; vt;thW ghjfkhf
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd vdf; fye;JiuahLf.
me; j ghjfkhd fhyepiyf; fhuzpfspd; nry; thf; iff; Fiwg; gjw; fhf
tpyq;Ffs; fhl;Lk; ,irthf;fq;fisAk; Jyq;fy;fisAk; tpsf;Ff.
gz;iz tpyq;F tsu;g;gpy; me;j ghjfkhd fhyepiyf; fhuzpfs;
nry;thf;iff; Fiwf;f Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f eltbf;iffis tpsf;Ff.
Maj;jkhFf.
Nfhopfs;> khLfs; Mfpatw;wpd; cw;gj;jpapy; fhyepiyf; fhuzpfspd;
nry;thf;F mjpfkhFk;.
mf;fhuzpfspd; ghjfkhd tpisTfs; tUkhW.
khL
ntg;gepiyapd; nry;thf;F - tsu;r;rp> tsk; Fiwtiljy;
xspapd; nry;thf;F - Njhy; Neha;fSf;F Mshjy;
<ug;gjDk; fhw;Wk; - Neha;f;fhuzpfs; guk;gy;
mjpfupj;jy;
Nfhop
ntg;gepiy> xsp Mfpatw;wpd; nry;thf;F - Kl;ilAw;gj;jp
FiwT
fhw; W> <ug; gjd; Mfpatw; wpd; nry; thf; F - Neha; f; fhuzpfspd;
guk;gy; mjpfupf;Fk;
,e; j fhyepiyf; fhuzpfspd; nry; thf; iff; Fiwg; gjw; fhf tpyq; Ffs;
gy; NtW tifg; gl; l ,irthf; fq; fisAk; Jyq; fy; fisAk; nfhz; Ls; sd.
mjpf ntg;gepiy- Fspuhd ,lj;ij ehLjy;
- FUjpf;fyd;fs; tpuptiljy;
mjpf Fspu; - tpyq; Ffspd; ,af; fk; Fiwtiljy; > eLq; Fjy;
ghjfkhd fhyep iy ep iyikfsp d; nry; thf; Ff; fhuzkhf
tpyq;Ffspd; cw;gj;jp FiwtilAk;.
mjidj; jtpu;g;gJ fhy;eil tsu;g;gpy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
,jwnfd gy;NtW eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
cjh( epoy; toq;fy;
rupahf czT+l;ly;
ePupdhy; Fspu;j;jy;
,jd;%yk; mjpf tpisr;riyg; ngwyhk;
62
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14'3 ( cw; gj; jp ia mjp fup g; gjw; fhf fhy; eilfis
juKau;j;Jk; Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
tpyq;Ffisj; juKau;j;Jtjd; Njitfis tpsf;Fthu;.
tpyq; Ffis juKau; j; JtJld; njhlu; ghd Nfhl; ghLfisr; RUf; fkhf
fye;JiuahLthu;.
njuptpd;%yk; fpilf;Fk; mE$yq;fisr; RUf;fkhff; $Wthu;.
,dtpUj;jp Kiwfspd; gpuNahfq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
,dtpUj;jp Kiwfs; kw;Wk; ,dtpUj;jpapd; gpujp$ykhd tpisTfs;
Mfpatw;iwf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;
Rakhf Kd; tUk; ,uz; L khztu; fisf; nfhz; L gp d; tUk;
ciuahliy tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f
ghw;gz;izahsu; ,UtUf;fpilapyhd ciuahly;
gpay; ( fkyplk; cs;s Gjpa gRtpypUe;J mjpfsT ghy; fpilf;fpwJ
Nghy. kw; iwa ehl; fspy; kpf Fiwe; jsT ghy; nfhz; L tUtP u; fs;
,g;NghJ 12 yPw;wu; nfhz;L tUfpwPu;fNs.
fky; ( ehd; Gjpjhf thq; fpa gR fd; wP d; Ws; sJ. me; j gR fyg; gpdkhFk; .
ehnshd;Wf;F 12 yP ghy; fwf;Fk;. Mdhy; mJ mjpf ntapypy;
epw;f tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.
gpay; ( vq;fpUe;J me;jg; gRitf; nfhz;L te;Js;sPu;fs;.
fky; ( vkJ fhy; eil itj; jpa mjpfhup jhd; ,e; jg; gRitf; fhl; bdhu; .
Nky;ehl;Lf; fhisAld; vkJ ehl;Lg; gRit fye;J ngwg;gl;l
gRNt mJntd fhy;eil itj;jpau; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
gpay; ( Mk; ehd; me;j khjpup xU khL thq;f Ntz;Lk;. vd;dplKs;s
gRtpypUe;J %d;W yPw;wy; ghy; $l fwf;f KbahJ. Mdhy;
vq;fsJ khL ntapiyj; jhq;ff; $baJ.
fky; ( Mk; me;j khLfSf;F nfhQ;rk; guhkupg;G mtrpak;
,jdbg; gilapy; ,yq; ifapd; fhy; eil cw; gj; jpg; nghUl; fis
Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij khztuplk; tpdTf.
gz;iz tpyq;Ffspd; cw;gj;jpapy; #ow;fhuzpfSk; kuGk;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
,yq; ifapy; fhy; eil tsu; g; G ,d; dKk; tpUj; jpailahj epiyapy;
cs;sJ.
rupahd ,dtpUj;jp Kiwfisf; ifahs;tjd; %yk; fhy;eil
cw;gj;jpfis Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;.
63
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; cq;fs; FOTf;F fpilf;fg;ngw;w fhy;eil tif
njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
khL
Nfhop
tsE}iy crhTf.
cq;fSf;F jug;gl;l tpyq;F tifia juKau;j;Jtjd; mtrpak;
gw;wp gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; fye;JiuahLf.
njupT
fyg;Gg; gpwg;G
,df; fyg; G
cq;fs; FOtpy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f
Maj;jkhFf.
,yq;ifapd; fhy;eil tsu;g;G ,d;dKk; tpUj;jpailahj epiyapy;
cs;sJ.
,jw;fhd gy;NtW fhuzq;fs; cs;sd.
ntw;wpfukw;w ,dtpUj;jp Kiwfs;
nghUj;jkw;w guhkupg;G
,e; epiyikfisj; jtpu; g; gjd; %yk; tpyq; F tsu; g; ig NkYk; tpUj; jp
nra;ayhk;.
,jw;nfd tpyq;Ffs; juKau;j;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
mjid gpd;tUk; Kiwfs; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
njupT
cs;Kf tpUj;jp
fyg;G gpwg;G
tpyq;F Fbj;njhifnahd;wpd; nghUshjhu uPjpahd ,ay;Gfis
Nkk;gLj;jntd mbg;gilapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,dtpUj;jp KiwNa
njupT vdg;gLk;.
,jd;NghJ fhy;eilf; Fbj;njhifapypUe;J nghUj;jkw;w ,ay;Gfs;
nfhz;l tpyq;Ffs; mfw;wg;gl;L cau; cw;gj;jp jUk; tpyq;Ffs;
Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
njupit Nkw; nfhs; tjw; nfd gpd; tUk; %y Mtzq; fs; gad; gLj; jg; gLk; .
cw;gj;jp mwpf;if
tk;rhtop mwpf;if
,dg;ngUf;f Nrhjidfs;
$l;lhd njupT
njuptpYk; kl;Lg;ghLfs; gy cs;sd.
cjh : rpwpa mstpyhd gz;izfspy; ,jidg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
64
nghUj;jkhd ngw;Nwhu;fs; njuptpd; %yk; njupT nra;ag;gl;L mt;
tpyq;fpd; ,df;fyg;Gr; nra;ag;glNy ,dtpUj;jp vdg;gLk;.
,dtpUj;jp Kiwfs; tUkhW.
cs; sf ,dq; fyg; G (Inbreeding)
fyg;G gpwg;G (Crossbreeding)
mz;kpj;j cwTKiw nfhz;l tpyq;FfSf;fpilapyhd ,df;fyg;G
cs;sf ,df;fyg;G vdg;gLk;.
mjid gpd;tUk; cjhuzk; %yk; fhl;lyhk;.
cs;sf ,df;fyg;gpd; %ykhf ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fs; Vw;gLk;
cjh : tpyq;Ffspd; ,dg;ngUf;f tY Fd;Wjy;
cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; Fd;Wjy;
gpwg; Gupikay; NtWghLfs; nfhz; l tpyq; F tu; f; fq; fs; ,uz; Lf; fpilNa
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,dtpUj;jp fyg;gpd tpUj;jp vdg;gLk;.
fyg;gpd tpUj;jpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;l tpyq;Ff; Fbj;njhifapy; rhjfkhd guk;giuayifr;
Nru; j; jy;
fyg;gpwg;G cuizg; gad;gLj;jy;
fyg; gpwg; G cuz; xU re; jjpapypUe; J kW re; jjpf; F flj; jg; gLtjpy; iy.
khw;W fyg;Gg;gpwg;G> Row;rp fyg;Gg;gpwg;G Mfpad %yk; fyg;G gpwg;G
cuz; mjpfupf;Fk;.
Fbj; njhifapd; ,ay; Gfis Nkk; gLj; jy; > cau; ju tu; f; fq; fis cw; gj; jp
nra; jy; > Vw; fdNt cs; s kugZf; fSs; rpwg; ghd ,ay; Gfis
cl;GFj;jy; Mfpatw;iw Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
Rde; jdp> AMZ Mfpa tu; f; fq; fs; ,k; Kiwapy; tpUj; jp nra; ag; gl; lit
ahFk;.
65
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14'4 ( gz;iz tpyq;FfSf;F rpwg;G epiyapy; Nghriz
fpilf; fj; jf; f tpjkhf cztiffisj; njupT nra; thu; .
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
rupahd tpyq;Fg; Nghrizapd;; Njitia Ma;e;jwpthu;.
cau; cw;gj;jpiag; ngWtjw;fhf tpyq;F czTtiffspy; mlq;Fk;
Nghrizf; $Wfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
tpyq;F czT tiffis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
Gy;iyg; Ngzpf;fhf;Fk; Kiwfisg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
gy;NtW gz;iz tpyq;FfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd czT tiffisj;;
njupT nra;thu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
gpd;tUk; tpyq;F czT tiffspy; cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sf;$ba khjpupfis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fTk;.
Gy; tiffs; tptrha cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs;
mtiua jhtuq;fs; gpz;zhf;F
Fopfhg;Gj; jPd; kPd;J}s;
jhdpa tiffs; re;ijapy; cs;s jahu;
jhdpa gf;ftpisTfs; nra;ag;gl;l tpyq;FzTfs;
,e; j czT tiffis tpyq; FfSf; F toq; Ftjd; Kf; fpaj; Jtq; fis
tpdhTf.
fhy;eil tsu;g;gpy; tpyq;Fg; Nghriz Kf;fpakhdjhFk;
rupahd Nghriz %yk; mjpf cw; gj; jpiag; ngw; Wf; nfhs; syhk; .
cztpypUe;J tpyq;FfSf;F Nghriz fpilf;fpd;wJ
me;j czTfis gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;
IJj; jPd;
nrwpTj; jP d;
IJjPidg; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;f gy;NtW Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpd; wd
gpd; tUtdtw; Ws; cq; fs; FOTf; Fj; fpilf; fg; ngw; w gz; iz tpyq; F
tif gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
khLfs;> gd;wpfs;
MLfs;> Nfhopfs;
cq;fs; FOTf;Fj; jug;gl;l gz;iz tpyq;Ftiff;F Cl;Ltjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd gpujhd czTj;njhFjpia ,dq;fhz;f.
66
me;j czTj; njhFjpia NkYk; tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
cq; fs; FOTf; Fj; jug; gl; l gz; iz tpyq; Fj; njhFjpf; F czT+l; lg;
gad; gLj; jf; $ba czT tiffsp y; ,Uf; f Ntz; ba gp ujhd
Nghrizr; $Wfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis tptupf;Ff.
mg;Nghrizf; $Wfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis tptupf;f.
tpyq;Fg; Nghriz vd;why; vd;d?
Gy;iyg; Ngzpf;fhg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; ahit?
Gy;iyg; Ngzpf; fhf;ff; $ba Kiwfisg; ngaupLf.
me;j czTtiffisj; jahupf;Fk; Kiwfis tpsf;Ff.
jug;gl;l czT tiffSs; cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l tpyq;F tiff;F
czT+l;lntd gad;gLj;jj;jf;f tpyq;F czT tiffisj; njupT
nra; f.
nghJthd cs;sPLfs;
gpd;tUk; tpyq;F czT tiffspy; cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;
$ba czT tiffis NkirkPJ itf;fTk;.
1' Gy; tiffs; - gpuNfupah ,dq;fs;. Neg;gpau; ,dq;fs;> fpdpg;Gy;
2' mtiua tiffs; - fpsprpuPbah> ,g;gpy; ,g;gpy;> ];iuNyh rhd;j];>
nruhw;Nwh
3' Fopfhg;Gj; jPd; (Silage)
4' cyu; Gy; (Hay)
5' jhdpa tiffs; - Nrhsk;> ,Wq;F
6' jhdpa gf;ftpisTfs; - muprpf; FUzy;> muprpj; jtpL
7' tptrha cw; gj; jpfspd; gf; f tpisnghUs; fs; - itf; Nfhy; > fUg; gk; ghzp>
fUg;gQ;rf;if
8' gpz;zhf;F tiffs;
9' kPd;J}s;> fUthl;Lj; J}s;
10' re;ijapy; tpw;gidf;nfd cs;s tpyq;F czTfs;
tpyq; Ffspd; clw; Njitf; Nfw; g Nghrizg; gjhu; j; jq; fis toq; Fjy;
tpyq;Fg; Nghriz vdg;gLk;.
mjw;Fupa Nghrizg; gjhu;jj;jq;fs; gpd;tUkhW.
ePu; - cly; ntg;gepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Gujk; - cw;gj;jp> tsu;r;rp
fhNghitjNuw;W - rf;jp gpwg;gpj;jy;
,ypg;gpl;L - rf;jp gpwg;gpj;jy;
fdpg;nghUl;fs; - vd;G tsu;r;rp
NkNy jug;gl;l Nghrizg; gjhu;j;jq;fis tpyq;Ffs; cztpypUe;Nj
ngw; Wf; nfhs; fpd; wd.
67
tpyq;FzT tiffis gpd;tUkhW ,uz;lhf gpupf;fyhk;.
IJj; jPd;
nrwpTj; jP d;
IJj;jPdpy; 18] ,w;Fk; mjpfkhd gz;gLj;jg;glhj ehu; fhzg;gLk;
khL> ML Nghd; wtw; wpd; Nghrizf; F gpujhdkhf IJj; jP d; gad; gLj; jg;
gLfpd;wJ.
IJj;jPd; tiffis gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
<uepiy czTfs;
Nka;r;rw; Gy;
Gy; - cjh : gpuNfwpah ,dq;fs;
mtiuaq;fs; - cjh : ];iuNyhrhd;j];> nruhw;Nwh
ntl;Lg; Gy;
Gy; - cjh : fpdp ,dq;fs;
mtiuaq;fs; - cjh : ,g;gpy;,g;gpy;> fpsprpupbah
cyu;epiy czTfs; cjh : itf;Nfhy;> cyu;Gy;
Vida czTfs; - cjh : fpisfs;> gapu;kPjpfs;
nrwpTztpy; 18] ,Yk; Fiwthd gz;gLj;jg;glhj ehu; fhzg;gLk;.
Nfhopfs; Nghd;w vspa ,iug;ig nfhz;l tpyq;Ffs; gpujhdkhf
nrwpT czitNa cz;fpd;wd.
nrwpTzT tiffis gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
jhtu %yk;
nfhOg;G kpifepug;gpfs; - cjh : Njq;fha;g; gpz;zhf;F
fhNghitjNuw;W kpifepug;gpfs; - cjh : muprpj;jtpL
Guj kpifepug;gpfs; - cjh : Nrhahg; gpz;zhf;F
tpyq;F %yk;
Guj kpifepug;gpfs; - cjh : kPd;J}s;
nfhOg;G kpif epug;gpfs; - cjh : kPndz;nza;
tpw;wkpd; kpif epug;gpfs;
Nru;khdq;fs;
fdpAg;Gfs;
Nkyjpf Gy; cs; s fhyq; fspy; mit ghJfhj; J itf; fg; gl; L
jl;Lg;ghlhd fhyq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,uz;L Kiwfspy; gpujhdkhf Gy; Ngzpf; fhf;fg;gLk;.
cyu;Gy;
Fopfhg;Gj;jPd;
gRk; Gy; ypYs; s gr; ir epwk; Kw; whf mw; Wg; NghfhjthW cyu; j; jg; gl; L
Nrkpf;fg;gl;l Gy;Ny cyu;Gy; vdg;gLk;.
Gy; iy cyu; j; jp eP u; r; rjtP jj; ijf; Fiwj; J Ez; zq; fpfspd; tsu; r; rpiaf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jp Gy;iyg; ghJfhg;gNj cyu;Gy; cw;gj;jpapd; Nfhl;ghlhFk;
eLj;justhd <uypg;igf; nfhz;l Gy;iy fl;Lg;ghlhd epiyikfspd;
fP o; nehjpf; fr; nra; J fsQ; rpag; gLj; jp itf; Fk; fhyj; ij mjpfupj; jNy
Fopfhg;Gj;jPd; cw;gj;jpapd; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
fhw;wpd;wpa epiyapd; fPo; Mtpgwg;Gs;s nfhOg;Gf;fis mkpyq;fshf
khw;wp pH ngWkhdj;ijf; Fiwj;J Ez;zq;fpfspd; nraw;ghl;ilf;
Fiwg;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
Fopfhg; Gj; jP d; > cyu; Gy; jahupg; gjpy; mE$yq; fs; > gpujp$yq; fs; Mfpad
cs; sd.
rupahd guhkupg;G Kiwfs; %yk; cau;juk; nfhz;l Fopfhg;Gj;jPd;>
cyu;Gy; Mfpad jahupf;fg;gLk;
,e; j czTtiffis toq; Ftjd; %yk; fhy; eilfspypUe; J ngwg; gLk;
cw;gj;jpfspd; msit mjpfupf;f KbAk;.
68
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14'5 ( gz;iz tpyq;F tiffspd; czTf; fhy;tha;j;
njhFjpapd; mikg; G> njhopw; ghL Mfpatw; iw mwpe; J
tpyq;Ffspd; czT tiffisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
gz;iz tpyq;Ffis mirapl;Lz;Zk; tpyq;Ffs;> vspa ,iug;ig
nfhz;l tpyq;Ffs; vd tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
khL> Nfhop Mfpatw; wpd; rkpghl; Lj; njhFjpapd; mikg; ig tupg; glq; fs;
%yk; fhl;Lthu;.
tpyq; Ffs; cl; nfhs; Sk; czTfSf; F mika rkpghl; Lj; njhFjpapd;
njhopw;ghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.
khL> Nfhop Mfpatw; wpy; czTr; rkpghL eilngWk; tpjj; ij tpsf; Fthu; .
khL> Nfhop Mfpatw;wpd; rkpghl;Lj; njhFjpapd; mikg;G> rkpghl;L
nrad;Kiw Mfpatw;iw xg;gpLthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
tpyq; Ffspd; czTl; nfhs; siyf; fhl; Lk; gpd; tUk; glq; fis tFg; gpy;
rku;g;gpf;f.
tpyq;Ffs; cl;nfhs;Sk; czTf;F ahJ epfo;fpd;wJ vd tpdTf.
gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs; typAWj; jg; gLk; tifapy; fye; Jiuahliy elhj; Jf.
gz; iz tpyq; Ffspd; rkpghl; L njhFjpapd; mikg; G njhopw; ghL
Mfpadtw;Wf;fika mtw;iw gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
mirapl;L cz;Zk; tpyq;Ffs; cjh : khL> ML
vspa ,iug; igiaf; nfhz; l tpyq; Ffs; cjh : Nfhop> gd; wp
rkpghl; Lr; nrad; Kiwiag; gpd; tUkhW tifg; gLj; jpf; fhl; l KbAk;
,urhadr; rkpghL
Ez;Zapu;r; rkpghL
nghwpKiwr; rkpghL
gz; iz tpyq; Ffspd; rkpghl; Lj; njhFjpapd; fl; likg; G>
njhopw;ghL Mfpatw;Wf;fika nghUj;jkhd czT tiffs;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,jd;%ykhf cau; nghUshjhu mE$yq;fisg; ngw KbAk;.
69
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpyq;F czT gw;wp
ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
Gy;> jhdpaq;fs;
mtiuaq;fs;> gpz;zhf;F
tsE}iy crhTf.
cq;fs; FOTf;Fj; jug;gl;l czT tifia cl;nfhs;Sk; tpyq;F
tiffia ,dq;fhz;f.
mt; tpyq; Ffspd; czTr; rkpghl; L njhFjpapd; mikg; ig tupg; glq; fs;
%yk; tpsf;Ff.
mt; tpyq; F tiffspy; cq; fs; FOTf; Fj; jug; gl; Ls; s czT tifapy;
mlq; fpAs; s Nghrizg; gjhu; j; jq; fs; rkpghlilar; nra; Ak; Kiwia
gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; tpsf;Ff.
nghwpKiwr; rkpghL
Ez;Zapu;r; rkpghL
,urhadr; rkpghL
Nfhop> khL Mfpatw; wpd; rkpghl; Lj; njhFjpapd; mikg; igAk;
njhopw;ghl;ilAk; xg;gpLf.
Ntiy epiyaj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W jug;gl;l ju cs;sPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp
rkpghl;Lj; njhFjp njhlu;ghd mtjhdpg;gpy; <LgLf.
Ntiy epiyaj;ijj; jahu; nra;tjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
khL> Nfhop Mfpatw;wpd; rkpghl;L njhFjpapd; cz;ik khjpup /
fhl;LU / tupg;glj;ij Ntiy epiyaj;jpy; itf;fTk;.
mtw; iw mtjhdp f; f mtrp akhd vy; yh cgfuzq; fisAk;
nghUl;fisAk; toq;Ff.
tpyq;F czT tiff;fis gpd;tUkhW ,uz;lhf tifg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;lyhk;.
IJj; jPd;
nrwpTj; jP d;
IJj; jPid mjpfstpy; cl; nfhs; Sk; tpyq; Ffs; mirapl; L cz; Zk;
tpyq; Ffs; / rpf; fyhd ,iug; ig nfhz; l tpyq; Ffs; vd miof; fg; gLk;
khL> ML> nrk;kwpahL Nghd;w gz;iz tpyq;Ffs; ,t; tifiar;
rhu;e;jitahFk;.
,tw;wpy; IJj;jPidr; rkpghlilar; nra;tjw;Nfw;wthW rpf;fyhd
,iug;ig mike;Js;sJ.
gpujhdkhf nrwpT cztpid cl; nfhs; Sk; tpyq; Ffs; vspa
,iug;igiaf; nfhz;l tpyq;Ffs; vdg;gLk;.
Nfhop> gd;wp Nghd;wd mt; tiff;Fs; mlq;Fk;.
,t; tpyq;Ffs; vspa ,iug;igiaf; nfhz;ldthFk;.
70
khl;bd; rkpghl;Lj; njhFjp
Kw; whf jhtu %y czTfisNa cz; Zk; rpf; fyhd ,iug; igiaf;
nfhz; lJk; mirapl; L cz; gJk; Ez; zq; fpr; rkpghl; il nfhz; lJkhd
rkpghl;Lj; njhFjpNa ,JthFk;.
mirapl; L cz; Zk; tpyq; Ffspy; tha; f; Fop> fsk; > rpf; fyhd ,iug; ig>
Kd;rpWFly;> rpWFly;> ngUq;Fly; Mfpad gpujhd gFjpfshFk;.
rpf; fyhd ,iug; igapy; tpNrl ,irthf; fq; fs; nfhz; l ehd; F gFjpfs;
fhzg;gLk;.
î& mirA+z; tapW (W}kd;)
îi& rpWtiy
îii& Je;jk;
îv& rkpf;Fk; ,iug;ig
czTf; fhy; thapd; Muk; g gFjpahd tha.f; Fop> fP o; j; jhil> Nkw; whil
Mfpatw;wpdhy; vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ
,q; F jir> rspag; gil Mfpad nfhz; l fuLKulhd ehf; F
fhzg; gLtJld; ,J czit gw; Wjy; > tp Oq; Fjy; > fyj; jy;
Mfpatw;Wf;F cjTk;.
khLfspy; Ntl; ilg; gw; fs; fhzg; glhJ. tpUj; jpaile; j Kd; fil tha; g;
gw;fSk;> filtha;g; gw;fSk; fhzg;gLk;
Nkw;whilapy; ntl;Lg;gw;fs; fhzg;glhJ mg;gpuNjrk; jbj;j Kurhf
fhzg;gLk;.
tsu;e;j khl;by; 32 gw;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
tha;f;Fopapy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd ckpo;ePu;r; Rug;gpfs; cs;sd.
,tw; wpd; %yk; ,iukP l; f mtrpakhd ckpo; eP u; mjpfstpy; Ruf; fg; gLk; .
tha;f;FopapypUe;J czT njhz;ilapDl; nry;Yk;.
njhz;ilapypUe;J fsj;jpw;Fs; czT nry;Yk;.
fsk; ePz;L nrd;W ,iug;igapy; KbtilAk;.
,iug; ig ehd; F ghfq; fshf rpwj; jyile; J fhzg; gLtjhy; rpf; fyhd
,iug;ig vd miof;fg;gLk;.
,iug;igapd; ngupa gFjp mirA+z; tapW MFk;
mirA+z; tapw; wpd; cl; gFjpapy; ntspeP l; lq; fs; mNdfk; fhzg; gLtjhy;
Nkw;gug;gsT mjpfupf;fg;gLk;.
mirA+z; tapw;wpy; ,urhad rkpghl;Lf;Fupa vt;tif nehjpaq;fSk;
Ruf;fg;glhJ.
rpf;fyhd ,iug;giapy; kpf rpwpa gFjp rpWtiy MFk;.
rpWtiyapd; cl; gFjp vz; Nfhz tbtilahjd mikg; Gfs; fhzg; gLk; .
rpwpa fd;Wfspy; mirA+z; tapw;Wf;Ff;Fk; rpWtiyf;Fk; ,ilapy;
rpwpa fhd; xd;W fhzg;gLk;.
,jd; fhuzkhf fd; Wfs; ghy; Fbf; Fk; NghJ mg; ghy; rkpf; F:
,iug;igapDs; Neubahfr;;; nry;Yk;.
Je; jj; jpd; ; mf mikg; G Gj; jfj; jpd; gf; fq; fis xj; jJNghy fhzg; gLk;
Je; jk; > rpf; fyhd ,iug; igapYs; s nehjpar; Rug; Gfis Nkw; nfhs; Sk;
gFjpahFk;.
71
rkpf;Fk; ,iug;igapd; Muk;g gFjp Kd;rpWFly; vdg;gLk;. mjw;F
Je;jj;jpypUe;J czT tUk;.
rpWFlypd; Rtu; nehjpar; Rug;gpfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,jdhy; ,jd;
gug;gsT mjpfupj;Jf; fhzg;gLk;.
ngUq; FlyhdJ> Flw; Fiw> Fjtop vDk; ,uz; L ghfq; fshy;
Mf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
cztpYs;s ePiu cwpQ;RtNj ngUq;Flypd; gpujhd njhopyhFk;
czTf; fhy;thapd; ,Wjpg; gFjp FjkhFk;.
khl; bd; czTr; rkpghl; Lr; nray; Kiwia gpd; tUkhW Ie; J gFjpfshf
gpupf;fyhk;.
î& nghwpKiwr; rkpghL (czit miuj;jy;)
îi& ckpo;ePUld; czT fyf;fg;gLjy;
îi& mirA+z; nraw;ghL
îv& nehjpaq;fs; %ykhd rkpghL
^v& mfj;JwpQ;ry;
khl;by; nghwpKiwr rkpghL;@ gw;fs;> mirA+z; tapW> Mfpad %yk;
eilngWfpwJ.
mirapl; L cz; Zk; tpyq; Ffspd; ckpo;ePupy; mikNyR nehjpak;
(jaypd; ) fhzg; gLtjpy; iy.
khLfspy; fhzg;gLk; mirapl;Lz;Zk; nraw;ghL> mirA+z; tapW>
rpWtiy Mfpatw; wpy; eilngWk; Ez; zq; fpr; rkpghL Mfpad
fhuzkhf ,it mirapl;Lz;Zk; tpyq;Ffs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
khLfs; 8 kzpNeuk; czit cz;L gpd;du; mNj msT Neuj;ij
mirapl;L cz;gjw;fhfTk; nrytpLfpd;wd.
mirA+z; tapw;wpYs;s Ez;zq;fpfs; %ykhf cztpy; mlq;fpAs;s
nrYNyhR> miur; nrYNyhR> yf; up d; Nghd; wtw; wp d; rkp ghL
eilngWfpwJ.
nrYNyhRr; rkpghl;bd; fhuzkhf FSf;NfhR cUthtJld; ,jd;
%yk; Ez; zq; fpfspd; rf; jp cw; gj; jpf; F mtrpakhd Nrjd mkpyq; fs;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,t;thW cUthf;fg;gLk; Nrjd mkpyq;fs; ghypy; cs;s nfhOg;Gf;
$Wfs; cUthf;fj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Gujk; Ez;zq;fpfshy; rkpghilar; nra;ag;gl;L Ez;zq;fpg; Gujk;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
,g; Gujq; fs; Je; jj; jpy; Ruf; fg; gLk; ngg; rpdpdhy; cilf; fg; gl; L
cUthFk; mkpNdhtkpyq;fs; khl;bd; clypDs; mfj;JwpQ;rg;gLk;.
Gujk; my;yhj iejurd; Nru;itfis khLfSf;F toq;Ftjd; %yk;
cau;juk; nfhz;l tpyq;Fg; Gujj;ij jahupf;fyhk;.
Je; jk; > Kd; rp WFly; > rp WFly; Mfp atw; wp y; nehjp ar; rkp ghL
eilngWfpwJ.
mirA+z; tapw;wpd; Rtu;> rpWFly; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; rkpghlile;j
czTfs; (30 rjtPjk;)clypDs; mfj;JwpQ;rg;gLk;.
72
Nfhop ap d; rkp ghl; Lj; njhFjp Nfhop ap d; rkp ghl; Lj; njhFjp Nfhop ap d; rkp ghl; Lj; njhFjp Nfhop ap d; rkp ghl; Lj; njhFjp Nfhop ap d; rkp ghl; Lj; njhFjp
Nfhopfspy; myF fhzg;gLtJld; gw;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
ehf;F czit njhz;ilapDs; mDg;g cjTfpwJ
Nfhopapd; fOj; Jg; gFjpapy; fsj; jpy; ig Nghd; w mikg; ghf fz; lg; ig
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
fz;lg;igapy; czT Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk;.
fz;lg;igapw;F fPohf 5-7 cm ePskhf mike;Js;s fskhdJ Kd;
,iug;igapy; jpwf;Fk;.
Kd;dpiug;igapy; HCl > ngg;rpd; Mfpad Ruf;fg;gLk;.
jirfspyhd miutl; l tbthd ig Nghd; w mikg; Gilajhf
miug;Gg;gig fhzg;gLk;.
miug;Gg; igapy; nghwpKiwr; rkpghL eilngWk;.
miug;Gg;igapDlhf ntspNaWk; czT Kd; rpWFlypDs; nry;fpwJ
mtw;wpd; %yk; Ruf;fg;gLk; nehjpaq;fs; %ykhf ,urhadr; rkpghL
eilngWfpwJ.
rpWFlypy; czTr; rkpghL Kbtiltjdhy; mq; F rkpghl; L tpisTfs;
mfj;JwpQ;rg;gLk;.
FUl;Lf; Flypy; Ez;zq;fpr; rkpghL eilngWfpwJ.
Nfhopfspd; cztpy; nrypNyhR nfhz; l gz; gLj; jg; glhj ehu; fs; 5 % ,Yk;
FiwthfNt fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
xg; gP l; lstpy; ngUq; Fly; tpl; lj; jpy; mjpfkhfTk; eP sj; jpy; FiwthfTk;
fhzg;gLk;.
ePiu mfj;JwpQ;Rjy;; ngUq;Flypd; njhopyhFk;.
fopaiwapy; czTf; fhy;tha; KbtilfpwJ.
fopaiw vdg; gLtJ czTf; fhy; tha; j; Jthuk; > ,dg; ngUf; f njhFjp
Jthuk; Mfpad jpwf;Fk; nghJ miwahFk;.
ckpo;ePupy; mikNyR nehjpak; mlq;fpAs;sJ.
ckpo;ePupy; yf;NuhR nehjpak; fhzg;glhJ.
Kd;dpiug;igapy; Gujk; ngg;iul;Lfshf rkpghlilfpwJ.
Kd;rpWFlypy; rijar;rhW. gpj;jr;rhW Mfpad tplg;gLk;.
,tw;wpd; %ykhf nfhOg;G Fok;ghf;fg;gLtJld; fhNghitjNuw;W>
ngg;iul;Lfs;> nfhOg;G Mfpatw;wpd; rkpghLk; eilngWfpd;wJ.
rpWFlypy; Ruf;fg;gLk; Flw;rhW %ykhf ngg;ijl;Lfs;> Nkhy;NuhR>
Rf;NuhR Mfpa Nghrizg; nghUl;fs; rkpghlilfpd;wd.
73
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14'6 ( gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Nfhop tu;f;
fq;fisj; njupT nra;thu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
fle;j rpy tUlq;fspdJ Nfhopfspd; vz;zpf;if> cw;gj;jp kl;lk;
Mfpatw;iwg; gFg;gha;T nra;J fhl;Lthu;.
Nfhopfis tifg;gLj;Jk; mbg;gilfisg; ngaupLthu;.
Gw ,ay; Gfspd; mbg; gilapy; Nfhoptu; f; fq; fis ,dq; fz; L mwpf; ifg;
gLj;Jthu;.
Njitf; F Vw; g nghUj; jkhd Nfhoptu; f; fq; fisj; njupTnra; J
gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;
,yq;ifapYs;s Nfhoptsu;g;Gld; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk;
mtw;wpd; gzpfs; Mfpatw;iwr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
gy; NtW Nfhoptu; f; fq; fs; mlq; fpa epow; glq; fis tFg; gpy; fhl; rpg; gLj; Jf
me;j Nfhop tu;f;fq;fspd; Gw ,ay;Gfs; gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
gp d; tUk; tp laq; fs; ntsp f; nfhzug; gLkhW fye; Jiuahliy
Nkw;nfhs;f.
,yq;ifapy; Kl;il> ,iwr;rp Mfpa NjitfSf;nfd Nfhopfs;
tsu; f; fg; gLfpd; wd
Nfhopfis gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;
Nehf;fj;Jf;fika
gpwg;gplj;Jf;fika
,yq; ifapy; Nfhoptsu; g; G gy; NtW gpuNjrq; fspYk; gue; J
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Nfhoptsu;g;Gld; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW epWtdq;fs; cs;sd.
Nfhopfis tifg;gLj;Jk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilfs; ,uz;bYk; cq;fs;
FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mbg;gil njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
gpwg;gplj;Jf;fika
Nehf;fj;Jf;fika
tsE}iy crhTf.
cq;fSf;F jug;gl;l mbg;gilf;F mika Nfhopfis tifg;gLj;Jf.
cq;fs; tifg;gLj;JYf;fika Nfhop tu;f;fq;fis jUf.
xt;nthU Nfhoptu;f;fj;jpdJk; ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fhz;f.
74
,yq;ifapy; tu;j;jfuPjpahf
Kl;ilf;nfd tsu;f;fg;gLk;
,iwr; rpf; nfd tsu; f; fg; gLk; fyg; gpdq; fSf; fhd cjhuzq; fis
vOJf.
,yq;ifapd; Nfhop tu;f;fq;fspd; ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fhz;f.
fle;j rpy tUlq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; Nfhoptsu;g;gpd;
tpupthf; fy;
cw;gj;jp kl;lq;fs;
Mfpadtw;wpy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;s Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
,yq;ifapy; gy;NtW Nfhop tu;f;fq;fs; tsu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Nfhop tu;f;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
gpwg;gplj;Jf;fika
Nehf;fjpw;fika
gpwg;gplj;Jf;fika Nfhopfis NkYk; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
INuhg;gpa tu;f;fk; - cjh: x];uNyhg;
mnkupf;f tu;f;fk; - cjh: RIR
Mrpa tu;f;fk; - cjh: gpuf;kh
kj;jpajiu tu;f;fk; - cjh: nyNfhd;
Nehf; fq; fspd; mbg; gilapy; gpd; tUkhW Nfhopfis tifg; gLj; jyhk; .
Kl;ilf;fhdit - cjh : nyNfhd;
,iwr;rpf;fhdit- cjh : gpuf;kh
,UNehf;f ,dk; - cjh : RIR
,t; xt;nthU tu;f;fj;Jf;FKupa jdpj;Jtkhd ,ay;Gfs; cs;sd.
Kl;ilAw;gj;jp
,wFfs;> Kl;ilNahL Mfpatw;wpd; epwk;
cly;epiw
,e;j jdpj;Jtkhd ,ay;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; Nfhop tu;f;fq;fis
,dq;fhz KbAk;.
jw; NghJ ,yq; ifapy; tu; j; jfuP jpahf fyg; gpdq; fNs mjpfstpy;
Kl;ilf;fhdit - cjh : Nfhy;ld; nfhkw;> Nyhkd; gpwTz;
,iwr;rpf;fhdit - cjh : n`hy;> N\tu;
,yq; ifapd; gy; NtW gpuNjrq; fspYk; Nfhoptsu; g; G gue; J fhzg; gLfpwJ
,tw;Ws; FUdhfy;> Gj;jsk;> nfhOg;G> fk;g`h> fSj;Jiw Mfpa
khtl;lq;fs; gpujhdkhditahFk;.
,yq;ifapd; Nfhopfspd; vz;zpf;if> cw;gj;jp msT Mfpad fle;j
fhyq;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
Efu;Nthupd; Njitia <Lnra;a NkYk; Nfhop tsu;g;ig Nkk;gLj;j
Ntz; Lk; .
Nfhop tsu;g;Gld; njhlu;ghd gy epWtdq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; cs;sd.
Nfhop czTfisj; jahupf;Fk; epWtdq;fs;
Nfhopg; gz;izfs;
kUe;J ,wf;Fkjp epWtdq;fs;
Nfhopf;FQ;R cw;gj;jp epiyaq;fs;
me; epWtdq; fis mwpe; jpUg; gJ Nfhoptsu; g; gpy; Kf; fpakhdjhf cs; sJ
Nfhoptsu;g;gpd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis mjpfupg;gjw;F mJ cjtpahf
mikAk; .
75
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14'7 ( tsu; g; gjw; F cfe; j MNuhf; fpakhd Nfhopf; FQ; Rfis
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
Kl;ilapd; mikg;ig tiue;J ghfq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
militg; gjw; Fg; nghUj; jkhd Kl; ilfis cw; gj; jp nra; Ak;
Kiwfisf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
militf;fg; nghUj;jkhd Kl;iliaj; njupT nra;thu;.
,dtpUj; jpj; njhFjpia NgZk; NghJ ftdj; jpw; F nfhs; sk; Ntz; ba
tplaq;fis Ma;e;jwpthu;.
Kl;ilia militf;Fk; Kiwfis xg;gpl;LuPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
Rakhf Kd; tUk; khztu; fs; ,Utiuf; nfhz; L gp d; tUk;
ciuahliy tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fr; nra;f.
Cu;g; Ngl;Lf; Nfhop ( vrkh dp vdf; F 1 0 Kl; ilfis
$ilnahd;wpy; itj;J je;jhu;. ,g;NghJ ehd;
mtw; iw milf; F itf; f Ntz; Lk; . 21 ehl; fs;
milfhf; f Ntz; Lk; . militf; f nghUj; jkhd
Kl; ilfs; njupT nra; Nj vLf; fg; gLtjhf ehd;
Nfs; tpg; gl; Nld; .
gz; izg; Ngl; Lf; Nfhop( vkf; nfd; why; ,e; j fiur; ry; ,y; iy. gz; iz
cupikahsu; Kl;il nghupf;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;ij
nfhz;L te;Js;shu;. mjpy; xNu jlitapy;
10000 Kl; ilfis milfhf; f KbAkhk; .
vt; thW mil itj; jhYk; ehk; jhNd
Kl;ilfis ,l;Lf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j epfo;tpd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; gpur;rpidfis khztuplk;
tpdTf.
vy;yh Kl;ilfSk; militf;f nghUj;jkhditah
Kl;ilia militf;Fk; Kiwfs; ahit?
khztu; mspf;Fk; tpilfspd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis
typAWj;jpf; fye;JiuahLf.
gpd;tUk; Kiwfspy; Kl;il milfhf;fg;gLfpwJ
,aw;ifKiw milfhj;jy;
nraw;ifKiw milfhj;jy;
militg; gjw; fhd Kl; ilfs; rupahfj; njupT nra; ag; gl Ntz; Lk; .
Kl; ilfis milfhf; Fk; NghJ Njitahd ep ge; jidfs;
cupathW toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,jd;%ykhf MNuhf;fpakhd FQ;Rfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
76
gpd;tUk; Kl;il militf;Fk; KiwfSs; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff;
fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;s Kiw gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
,aw;if Kiw militj;jy;
nraw;if Kiw militj;jy;
cq; fs; FOTf; Fup a Kiwia gp d; tUk; jiyg; Gfsp d; fP o;
fye;JiuahLf.
nrad;Kiw
Njitahd epiyikfs;
mE$y $ gpujp$yq;fs;
cq; fs; FOf; fSf; Fj; jug; gl; Ls; s nray; Kiwf; F Kl; ilfis njupT
nra;Ak; Kiwia gpd;tUk; fUg;nghUl;fspy; Muha;f.
,dtpUj;jpj; njhFjpia guhkupj;jy;
Kl;ilfisj; njupT nra;jy;
Kl;ilapd; mikg;ig tupg;glj;jpd; cjtpAld; tpgupf;Ff
Kl;ilapd; fl;likg;ig vOjpf; fhl;Lf.
Ntiyepiyaj;Jf;Fr; nry;f.
jug;gl;Ls;s Kl;ilfSd; militf;fg; nghUj;jkhd Kl;ilfisj;
njupT nra;f.
Kl;ilnahd;iw cilj;J mjd; mikg;ig mtjhdpf;f.
jug;gl;Ls;s Kl;ilfis cilj;J mtw;Ws; fhzg;gLk; xt;nthU
tsu;r;rp epiyapYk; cs;s Kisaq;fis mtjhdpf;fTk;.
Ntiyepiyaj;ijj; jahupg;gjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpuNjrj; jpy; Kl; ilia militf; Fk; gz; iznahd; wpypUe; J ntt; NtW
tsu; r; rp epiyfisf; nfhz; l Kisaq; fs; cs; s Kl; ilfisg; ngw; Wf;
nfhs; f.
gy;NtW tbtq;fs;> msTfspy; cs;s Kl;ilfis nghJ Nkir kPJ
itf; fTk; .
Ntiyepiyak; I f;fhd cs;sPLfs;
xt;nthU tsu;r;rp epiyapYKs;s capUs;s Kl;ilfs;
ngj;jpupf; fpz;zq;fs; rpy
Ntiyepiyak; II f;fhd cs;sPLfs;
gy;NtW tbtq;fs;> msTfs; nfhz;l Kl;ilfs;
nek;G juhR
mbkl; lk;
xspf;fjpu;f; fUtp
ngj;jpupf;fpz;zk; $ fpsh];
77
Kl;ilapy; gy;NtW ghfq;fs; cs;sij ,dq;fhzyhk;
mt; xt;nthU ghfj;jpdhYk; Mw;wg;gLk; njhopy;fSk; NtWgLk;
Gwj;Njhy; - Kl;ilia cyu;tpypUe;J jLj;jy;
fhw;wiw - thAg;gupkhw;wk;
my;gpA+kpd; gil - Kisaj;ijg; Nghrpj;jy;
Kl;ilapd; fl;likg;ig gpd;tUk; ,U Kiwfspy; fhl;l KbAk;
epiwapd; mbg;gilapy;
,urhadf; fl;likg;gpd; milg;gilapy;
Kl;ilia milfhj;J FQ;Rfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;
milfhg; gjw; fhd Kl; ilfis cw; gj; jpnra; Ak; NghJ gpd; tUk;
tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;
,dtpUj;jpf; Nfhopj;njhFjpia guhkupj;jy;
nghUj;jkhd Kl;ilfisj; njupTnra;jy;
,dtpUj;jpf; Nfhopj;njhFjpiag; guhkupf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUtd gw;wp
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;
,dtpUj;jpf; Nfhopfisj; njupT nra;jy;
ngw;Nwhu; NfhopfSf;F trjpahd Rw;whliy toq;Fjy;
cjh ( Nghjpa ,ltrjp
rupahd Nghriz
NgL : Nrty; tpfpjk;
Kl;ilg; ngl;bfs; itj;jy;
,dtpUj;jp gwitfspd; Kl;ilfspd; ,dtpUj;jp tsk;
militg; gjw; fhf nghUj; jkhd Kl; ilfisj; njupT nra; tJ
cfe;jjhFk;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
Gw ,ay;Gfs;
Kl;ilNahl;bd; Rj;jk;
Kl;ilapd; tbtk;
Kl;ilapd; epiw
Kl;ilNahl;bd; jd;ik
Kl;ilNahl;bd; epwk;
mf ,ay;Gfs;
fhw;wiwapd; msT
Kl;ilNahl;by; ntbg;Gfs; fhzg;gly;
Kl;il kQ;rl; fUtpd; mrhjhuz jd;ik
FUjp milahsq;fs; fhzg;gly;
mf ,ay;Gfis mtjhdpg;gjw;nfd xspf;fw;iwr; Nrhjid
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
gpd;tUk; Kiwfspy; militj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;
,aw;if Kiw
nraw;if Kiw
78
,aw;if Kiwapy; Kl;ilfis milfhg;gjw;F Ngl;Lf;Nfhop
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
,jd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl
Ntz; Lk;
milfhf;Fk; Ngl;Lf; Nfhopiaj; njupT nra;jy;
milfhf;Fk; ,lj;ijj; njupT nra;jy;
Ngl;Lf;Nfhopf;F Kl;ilfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy;
,aw;if Kiw militj;jypy; mE$yq;fSk;> gpujp$yq;fSk;
cs; sd.
nraw;if Kiwapy; militg;gjw;nfd milg;nghwp Încubator&
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
milg;nghwp gpujhdkhf ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
jl;ilahd tif milg;nghwp
fgpdw; tif milg;nghwp
ntw; wpfukhd militj; jYf; F milg; nghwp ed; F guP ghypf; fg; gl
Ntz; Lk; .
cgfuzj;ij kl;lkhf NgZjy;
gad;gLj;j Kd;du; J}gkhf;fy;
ntg;gepiyf; fl;Lg;ghL
<ug;gjd; fl;Lg;ghL
fhw;Nwhl;l fl;Lg;ghL
Kl;ilfisj; jpUg;Gjy;
nraw;if Kiwapyhd Kl;il milfhj;jypy; mE$yq;fSk;>
Kl; il milfhj; jypd; NghJ gpd; tUk; epiyikfs; cupa
Kiwapy; toq;fg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;.
ntg; gepiy
<ug;gjd;
,e; epiyikfs; rPuhf fpilf; fhJtpbd; milfhj; jypy; ghjfkhd
tpisTfs; Vw;gLk;.
cjh( tpfhukhd FQ;Rfs; cUthjy;
eypthd FQ;Rfs; cUthjy;
Kl; ilfis milfhj; J 21 ehl; fsp d; gp d; du; FQ; Rfs;
cUthfpd;wd.
21 ehl;fspw;fpilapy; Kisak; gy;NtW tsu;r;rp epiyfis
milfpwJ.
cjh( 6 ehl;fspy; - fhy;fSk; ,wFfSk; tsu;jy;
13 ehl;fspy; - FQ;Rfspy; epwk; Vw;gly;
79
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14'8 ( xUehl; gUtk; njhlf;fk; Kl;ilaplj; njhlq;Fk;
tiuahd fhyg; gFjpapylq; Fk; Nfhopfis tsu; f; Fk;
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
Kl; ilAw; gj; jpapd; NghJ ftdj; jpw; nfhs; sg; gLk; mbg; gilg; gUtq; fisg;
ngaupLthu;.
xUehl; gUtf; FQ; Rfis tjpapy; NgZk; ^brooding& gy; NtW Kiwfisg;
ngaupLtu;.
FQ;Rtjpapy; epyt Ntz;ba epiyikfis mwpthu;.
tsu; gUt gwitfSf; F czT+ l; lg; gl Ntz; ba tp jj; ijf;
fye;JiuahLthu;.
FQ;Rg; gUtk;> tsu;r;rpg; gUtk; Mfpatw;wpd;NghJ NfhopfSf;F
Njitahd ,ltrjpiaf; $Wthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;(
Nfhopf;FQ;Rfs; kw;Wk; tsu;e;j Nfhopfs; Mfpatw;wpd; glq;fis
tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fTk;.
,f;Nfhopfspd; ,d;wpaikahik vt;thwnjd tpdTf.
elhj;Jf.
mjpf Kl; ilAw; gj; jpiag; ngWtjw; F gpd; tUk; gUtf; Nfhopfis
rupahfg; guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
FQ;Rg; gUtk;
tsu; gUtk;
mt; xt;nthU gUtj;Jf;Fkhd Nghrizj; Njit> ,ltrjp
Mfpad NtWgLk;.
mj; Njitfis rupahf Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjd; %yk; mjpf
,yhgj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
,yq; ifapy; Kl; ilAw; gj; jpf; nfd tsu; f; fg; gLk; gpd; tUk; tu; f; fq; fSs;
cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tu;f;fk; njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
fyg; gpdq; fs;
J}a ,dq;fs;
tsE}iy crhTf.
cq;fs; FOTf;Fupa tu;f;fj;jpd; FQ;Rfis guhkupf;Fk; tpjj;ij
gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; fye;JiuahLf.
80
FQ;Rfisg; guhkupf;Fk; Kiwfs;
czT+l;ly;
Vida guhkupg;G eltbf;iffs;
cq;fs; FOTf;Fj; jug;gl;l tu;f;fj;Jf;Fupa Ngl;Lf; Nfhopfis
guhkupf;Fk; Kiwia gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; Muha;f.
,lj; Njit
czTj; Njit
Vida guhkupg;G Kiwfs;
cq;fshy; Ma;e;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f.
mjpf Kl;ilAw;gj;jpf;nfd cau;juk; nfhz;l FQ;Rfisj; njupT
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
gpwg;Gj; njhlf;fk; 8thuq;fs; tiuahd fhyk; FQ;Rg;gUtk; vdg;gLk;.
mjpf Kl;ilAw;gj;jpf;nfd gy;NtW ,ay;Gfs; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz; Lk; .
MNuhf;fpaKk; RWRWg;Gk; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
tpfhuk; mw;witahff; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;
rPuhd tsu;r;rpiaf; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;
FQ;Rfspd; ruhrup cly;epiw 35 - 40 fpuhkhff; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;
FQ; Rfs; #oy; ntg; gepiyf; Fj; jhf; Fg; gpbf; Fk; tiu ntg; gepiy> czT>
ePu; Mfpad toq;fg;gl;L mit rupahf guhkupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
FQ;Rfisg; NgZk; fhyk; 7 ehl;fshFk;
FQ;Rfis ,U Kiwfspy; NgzKbAk;
î& ,aw;ifahff; FQ;Rfisg; NgZjy;
îi& nraw;ifahff; FQ;Rfisg; NgZjy;
milf; Nfhopapd; %yk; FQ; Rfisg; guhkupg; gJ ,aw; if Kiw
vdg;gLk;.
nraw;ifahfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l FQ;RtjpapYk; FQ;Rfis itj;Jg;
guhkupf;f KbAk;.
FQ; Rtjpapy; ntg; gepiy> xsp> fhw; Nwhl; lk; > <ug; gjd; Nghd; w fhuzpfs;
rpwg;ghd kl;lj;jpy; Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fhl;Nghu;l;> cNyhfj;jfL> xl;Lg;gyif Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
FQ;Rtjpiaj; jahu; nra;ayhk;.
FQ; Rtjp mRj; jkiltijj; jLg; gjw; fhf 5 cm cauj; Jf; Ff; fd$sk;
,lg;gl;L mjd;kPJ fljhrp tpupf;fg;gl;L FQ;Rfs; tplg;gLk;.
Kjy; 7 ehl;fSf;F kl;Lk; FQ;Rtjpapy; 35
0
C ntg;gepiy Ngzg;gl
Ntz; Lk; .
Kjy; VO ehl;fSf;Fk; ,e;j ntg;gepiy Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
FQ; RtjpapDs; NghjpasT czT> eP u; g; ghj; jpuq; fs; fhzg; gl Ntz; Lk; .
VO ehl;fspd;gpd; FQ;Rtjp mfw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
81
FQ;Rtjp mfw;wg;gl;lgpd; ,ltrjpia mjpfupj;J 24 kzp NeuKk;
gwitfSf;F xsp toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
FQ;Rg;gUtj;jpy; ( 0 - 8 thuq;fs;) toq;fg;gLk; ,ltrjp tUkhW.
1 - 4 ehl;fs; ---> 0'02-0'03 m
2
2 - 06 thuq;fs; ---> 0'09 m
2
6 thuq;fspd; gpd;du; ---> 0'23 m
2
FQ;Rfis ,l xU thuj;Jf;F Kd;du; Nghkypd;> nfhz;bR fyit
%yk; FQ;Rtjp njhw;WePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
MNuhf; fp akhd Kl; ilap Lk; gUtf; Nfhop fis ngWtjw; fhf
FQ;RfSf;F jLg;G+rp toq;Fjy; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
FQ;R nghupj;jJk; - knuf;]; jLg;G+rp
3tJ thuj;jpy; - Kjyhk; uzpf;nfw; jLg;G+rp
6tJ thuj;jpy; - Nfhopak;ikf;fhd Kjyhk; jLg;G+rp
7tJ thuj;jpy; - GOTf;fhd Kjy; kUe;J toq;Fjy;
13tJ thuj;jpy; - GOTf;fhd ,uz;lhk; jLg;G+rp toq;Fjy;
14tJ thuj;jpy; - uzpf;nfw;Wf;fhd ,uz;lhk; jLg;G+rp
8 - 18 thu taJ nfhz; l Ngl; Lf; Nfhopfs; tsUk; gwitfs; vdg; gLk;
,f; fhyg; gFjpapy; tpiuthd tsu; r; rpAk; ,dg; ngUf; f njhFjp nraw; gLk;
epiyf; F khw; wtiltjdhy; ,f; fhyg; gFjpahd guhkupg; G eltbf; iffs;
vjpu;fhy Kl;ilAw;gj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.
18 - 21 thu gUt Ngl;Lf;Nfhopfs; Kl;ilapl Muk;gpf;Fk;
tsUk; NfhopfSf;fhd ,ltrjp tsu;g;G Kiwf;fika NtWgLk;
,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; xspf;fl;Lg;ghL ,ypq;f Kjpu;tpy;
Nfhopfspd; tsu;r;rp epiyf;F mikaNt mtw;Wf;F Njitahd
czTtiffs; jahu; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
0 - 8 thu gUtf; NfhopfSf;F FQ;Rf;fhd czT fyit ^chick
mash& NjitahdsT nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
8 - 21 thu tsu;gUt NfhopfSf;F tsu;gUt NfhopfSf;fhd jPd;
fyit ^grower mash& fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mstpy; toq;fg;gLk;.
Kjy; ehsd;W xU Nghj;jy; Rl;lhwpa ePupy; 3 Njf;fuz;b FSf;NfhR
fye;J gUf toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gwitfs; fisg;Gld; fhzg;gl;lhy; MW tpw;wkpd; B
6
Fspirfis
ePupy; fiuj;J Fbf;fr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
3 - 4 ehl;fspy; epyj;jpy; tpupf;fg;gl;l fljhrpapd; kPJ chick booster/
chick mash czthf ,lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3 - 4 ehl; fspy; FQ; RfSf; fhd KjyhtJ chick mash czTg;
ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,l;L toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
tsUk; gwitfspd; Nghrizj; Njit tUkhW>
Gujk; 14]-16]
ehu; 9]"
rf;jp 2700 k.cal
,f; NfhopfSf;F tsu;gUtf; Nfhopj; jPd; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tsUk; NfhopfSf;F ehnshd;Wf;F 65-100g grower mash tsu;gUtj;
jPd; fyit toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
82
czTf; fyitia khw;Wk;NghJ mjid xNu jlitapy; Nkw;
nfhs;shJ 3 ehl;fSs; gbg;gbahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mt; tt; gUtq; fspy; nghUj; jkw; w Nfhopfisj; njhFjpapypUe; J eP f; Fjy; ;
Kl;ilAw;gj;jpapy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Nfhopfs; xd;iwnahd;W nfhj;Jjy;> czitf; fpswp tpuakhf;Fjy;>
Kl;iliaf; Fbj;jy; Mfpatw;iwj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf Nfhopfspd; myF
ntl;lg;gLk;.
6 - 9 ehl;fspy; my;yJ 10 - 14 thuq;fspy; my;yJ 18 thuj;jpy;
myF ntl;liy Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
Nky; myfpy; 2$3 gq;Fk; fPo; myfpy; 1$3 gq;Fk; ntl;b mfw;wg;gLk;
myF ntl;LjYf;F kpd;dhy; ,af;fg;gLk; myF ntl;Lk; cgfuzk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,g; Utj;jpy; Neha;f;fl;Lg;ghLk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; rpwe;jjhFk;.
83
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14'9 ( Kl; ilapLk; gUtf; Nfhopfisr; rupahf tsu; g; gjw; fhf
nghUj;jkhd Kiwiaj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; (
Ngl;Lf;Nfhopapd; Kl;ilAw;gj;jp> tu;f;fj;Jf;F mika NtWgLk; vd
tpsf; Fthu; .
Nfhopapd; Nghriz Kl;ilAw;gj;jp Mfpatw;Wf;fpilahd njhlu;ig
$Wthu;.
Nfhop kidapy; Kl; ilg; ngl; bia mikg; gjd; Njitia typAWj; Jthu; .
Kl;ilAw;gj;jpapy; #ow;fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;if Ma;e;jwpthu;.
Nfhopkidapy; Ngl;Lf;Nfhopf;Fj; Njitahd ,ltrjpia vOjpf;
fhl;Lthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk; (
Kl; ilapLk; gUtf; Nfhop> Nfhop Kl; ilfs; Mfpad mlq; fpa glj; ij
tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
,jd; mbg; gilapy; Kl; ilAw; gj; jpapy; nry; thf; Fr; nrYj; Jk; tplaq; fs;
gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
elhj;Jf.
mjpf Kl;ilAw;gj;jpiag; ngWtjpy; gpd;tUk; fhuzpfs; kpf
Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
Nghriz
#ow;fhuzpfs;
NghjpasT ,ltrjp
Kl;ilg;ngl;b
Neha;f;fl;Lg;ghL
nghUj;jkw;w Nfhopfis fopj;jy;
myF ntl;Ljy;
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzpfisr; rupahf toq;Ftjd; %yk; mjpf
tUkhdj;ijg; ngwKbAk;.
84
Kl;ilf;nfd tsu;f;fg;gLk; gpd;tUk; Nfhop tu;f;fq;fSs; cq;fs;
FOTf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w tu;f;fj;ijg; gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
ghuk; Fiwthd ,dq;fs;
ghuk; $ba ,dq;fs;
mjpf Kl;il cw;gj;jpiag; ngWk; Nehf;fpy; cq;fs; FOTf;F cupa
Kl;ilapLk; Nfhopfis tsu;f;Fk;NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
guhkupg;G eltbf;iffis gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; Muha;f.
czT toq;fy;
#ow;fhuzpfis fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Rj;jkhd Kl;ilAw;gj;jp
cq;fs; FOtpdhy; jpul;lg;gl;l jfty;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f
Maj;jkhFf.
20 - 22 thu taJf;Fl;gl;l NgLfs; Kl;ilapLk; NgLfs; vdg;gLk;
tu;f;fq;fSf;F mika ,lg;gLk; Kl;ilfspd; jd;ikAk; NtWgLk;
mjpf Kl;ilapLk; Nfhopfis mtw;wpd; cly; ,ay;GfspypUe;J
,dq;fz;L nfhs;sKbAk;.
nghUshjhu mE$yk; nfhz;ljhf Kl;ilAw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;s
Ngl; Lf; Nfhopfisf; njupT nra; Ak; NghJ gpd; tUk; ,ay; Gfs; Kf; fpakhd
jhFk;.
ePz;l MAl;fhyk; fhzg;gly;
eLj;ju msthd cly; fhzg;gly;
mjpf czT khw;wPl;Lj; jpwid nfhz;bUj;jy;
mil fplf;fhik
#ow;fhuzpfSf;Fj; jhf;Fg; gpbf;ff; $baj;jd;ik
Fiwe;j fhyj;jpy; Kl;ilaply;
mjpf ,dg;ngUf;fj; jpwidf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
jukhd Kl;ilfis ,Ljy;
Kl;ilapLk; Nfhopfisg; guhkupf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUk; %d;W #ow;
fhuzpfs; gw;wp ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
i. xsp
ii. ntg; gepiy
iii. <ug;gjd;
Kl;ilapLk; NfhopfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; xspapd; msit gupghydk;
nra;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
gfw;fhyk; mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ fd;dpf;Nfhopfs; ,ypq;f Kjpu;r;rpf;F
cl;gLfpd;wd.
,ypq; f Kjpu; Tf; F mika ,dg; ngUf; f njhFjp cly; tsu; r; rp Mfpad
Vw;gly; rpwe;j Ngl;Lf; Nfhopf;Fupa ,ay;ghFk;.
85
Kl; ilapLk; NfhopfSf; F xsp toq; fg; gl Ntz; ba epak fhy msT cs; sJ.
20Mk; thuj; jpy; 12 kzpj; jpahyKk; 22Mk; thuj; jpy; 13 kzpj; jpahyKk;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; ,J mjpfupf;fg;gLk;.
2 thuq;fSf;F 1$2 kzp Neuk; tPjk; xsp toq;fg;gLk; fhymsT
mjpfupf; fg; gl; L cr; rkhf 17 kzpNeuk; toq; fg; gLtJ NghJkhdjhFk;
xspia gupghypg;gjdhy; gpd;tUk; mE$yq;fs; fpilf;Fk;.
i. ,ypq;f Kjpu;it jhkjpf;fr; nra;J cw;gj;jpf; fhy msit
mjpfupf;f KbAk;.
ii. Nfhopfis rhJthditahf khw;wpaikf;fyhk;.
iii. xd; iwnahd; W nfhj; Jjy; > ,wFjp u; jy; Nghd; w ghjfkhd
epiyikfis jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
Kjpu;e;j kw;Wk; Kjpu;r;rpia mz;kpf;Fk; NfhopfSf;F 22
0
C-24
0
C
ntg; gepiy tP r; R fhzg; gLtjdhy; ghjfkhd tpisTfs; VJk; Vw; glhJ
mt; ntg;g tPr;R "nrhFR ntg;g tyak; " vd miof;Fg;gLk;.
nrhFT ntg;g tyaj;ij tpl #oy; ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fkhapd;
my;yJ FiwAkhapd; Kl;il cw;gj;jp FiwtilAk;.
ntg;gepiyapd; ghjpg;ig Fiwg;gjw;F gpd;tUk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;
nfhs;syhk;.
i. rupahfj; jpl;lkplg;gl;l Nfhop kidfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
ii. Neubr; #upaxsp tpOk; jpirapy; kidfis mikf;fhJ tply;.
iii. epoy; kuq;fis tsu;j;jy;.
#oypy; epyTk; <ug; gjd; Kl; ilAw; gj; jpapy; ghjpg; ig Vw; gLj; JtJld;
<ug; gjd; 70 % khff; fhzg; gLk; NghJ rpwg; ghd Kl; ilAw; gj; jp
fpilf;Fk;.
18 - 21 thu taJila Nfhopfis (tsu; gUt) Kl; ilapLk;
NfhopfSf;fhd kidf;F khw;w Ntz;Lk;.
Kl;ilapLk; NfhopfSf;fhd kidf;F Nfhopfis khw;Wk; NghJ gy
tplaq;fs; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;
5] khd Nfhopfs; Kl;ilapl Muk;gpj;jJk; Kl;ilg;ngl;b itf;fg;gl
Ntz; Lk; .
Kl;ilg;ngl;bfis itg;gjdhy; Rj;jkhd Kl;ilfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;syhk;.
Kl;ilg; ngl;bfis itf;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf
cjh(i. 45cm eP sKk; > 30cm mfyKk; 45cm cauKk; nfhz; ljhf ,Uf; f
Ntz; Lk; . thapy; 20 x20 cm nfhz; ljhf ,Uf; f Ntz; Lk; .
ii. mLj;J 5cm ckp ,lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
iii. ,yFthf Rj;jg;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nyf;Nfhd; tif Ngl;Lf; NfhopfSf;F 0'16m
2
,ltrjp Njit.
Kl;ilapLk; Ngl;Lf;Nfhop xd;Wf;F 10cm czTg;ghj;jpuk; toq;fg;gl
Ntz; Lk; .
ePu;g;ghj;jpuj;jp;y; 2'5cm-1'5cm ,ltrjp toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
86
20 thuq;fs; Kbe;j gpd;du; Kl;ilapLk; NfhopfSf;fhd czTf;
fyit toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
czit khw; Wk; NghJ gbg; gbahf tsu; gUt fyitap yp Ue; J
Kl;ilapLk; fyitf;F khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Kjy; thuj;jpy; 75]khd tsu;gUt czTf;fyitiaAk; 25] khd
Kl;ilapLk; NfhopfSf;fhd czTf;fyitiaAk; toq;fp mLj;j
,uz;L thuq;fspYk;; 50] Kk; mjw;fLj;j thuj;jpy; KiwNa 25]
Kk; 75] Kk; fye; J toq; fp gpd; du; ; KOikahf Kl; ilapLk;
NfhopfSf;fhd czTf; fyitia toq;fyhk;.
Kl;ilapLk; NfhopfSf;fhd czTf;fyitapy; 14]-16]" tiuapyhd
GujKk; 7-9] ehUk; 2800 fpNyhfNyhup rf; jpAk; mlq; fpapUf; f Ntz; Lk; .
Kl;ilapLk; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ehshe;jk; xU Nfhopf;F 90g czT
toq;fp mjid gbg;gbahf 125g tiu mjpfupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Muk;gfhyj;jpy; ,Lk; Kl;ilfs; rpwpadthFk; ,it "fd;dpf; Nfhop
Kl;ilfs;" vdg;gLk;
Kl;il cw;gj;jpahdJ 20 - 28 thu fhyj;jpy; tpiuthf mjpfupj;J
28 - 32 thu fhyj;jpy; cr;r epiyia milAk;.
Kl;ilapLk; epiyia milAk; NghJ NfhopfSf;F 16 - 18 thug;
gUtj; jpy; fy; rpak; nfhz; l czT tiffis Nkyjpfkhff; nfhLf; f
Ntz; Lk; .
Kl;ilNahl;by; 98] fy;rpak; fhgNdw;whFk;.
ehshe;jk; xU Nfhopf;F 5g-10g fy;rpak; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
f.ngh.j (cau;ju) - tptrha tpQ;Qhdk; juk; 13
Mrpupau; mwpTiug; topfhl;b
87
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.10 ( Nfhop tsu;g;gpy; ,yhgj;ij mjpfupf;fg; nghUj;jkhd
Nfhopfisj; njupT nra;thu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
Nfhopj;njhFjpnahd;wpypUe;J nghUj;jkw;w Nfhopfisf; fopg;gjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
Nfhopfisf; fopf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fisf; $Wthu;.
Nfhopfisf; fopf;Fk;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzpfis
tptupg;ghu;.
milfhf; fg; nghUj; jkw; w Kl; ilfspy; fhzg; gLk; ,ay; Gfis
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
Fiwe; j cw; gj; jpasT nfhz; l NfhopfspdJk; mjpf cw; gj; jp nfhz; l
NfhopfspdJk; ,ay;Gfis xg;gpLthu;.
fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
ciuahliy tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f.
ciuahly; ciuahly; ciuahly; ciuahly; ciuahly;
tptrhap ( vdJ gz; izap Ys; s Nfhop fSf; F jP d;
nfhLj; jNghJk; Fiwe; j vz; zpf; ifahd Kl; ilfNs
fpilf; fpd; wd. ,jdhy; ,yhgKk; Fiwe; Js; sJ.
tptrha mYtyu; ( mJ cz; ik jhd; . ehk; Kl; ilap lhj
NfhopfisAk; > Fiwthf Kl; ilfis ,Lk;
NfhopfisAk; mfw; w Ntz; Lk; . ,jd; %yk;
rpwg; ghf Kl; ilapLk; Nfhopfis kl; Lk; guhkupf; f
KbAk; . ,jdhy; czTf; fhd nryT FiwtJld;
,yhgKk; mjpfupf;Fk;
tptrhap ( vg;gb Nfhopfis fopj;J mfw;wyhk;. vy;yhf;
Nfhop fSk; ed; F cz; fp d; wd. ey; y
Njhw;wj;JlDk; cs;sd. Neha;fSk; ,y;iy.
tptrha mYtyu; ( Neha; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;wpy;iy. rpwg;ghd
Nfhopfspd; ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fhz;gjd; %yk;
juq;Fiwthd Nfhopfis mfw;w KbAk;. kpf
tpiutpy; ey; y Nfhopfis vt; thW ,dq; fhzyhk;
vdr; nrhy;ypj; jUfpNwd;.
88
,e; j ciuahlyp d; mbg; gilap y; gz; izap yp Ue; J fp ilf; Fk;
,yhgj;ij mjpfupf;f Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba eltbf;iffisg; gw;wp
khztuplk; tpdTf.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
Nfhopj;njhFjpapy; rpwg;ghd cw;gj;jpiaf; nfhz;l NfhopfSk;>
Fiwe;j cw;gj;jpiaf; nfhz;l NfhopfSk; fhzg;gLk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l ,ay;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; Fiwthd cw;gj;jpiaf;
nfhz;l Nfhopfis ,dq;fhzyhk;.
mt;thwhd Nfhopfis mfw;WtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,jd;%yk;
,yhgj;ij mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;sKbAk;.
Nfhopj; njhFjpapypUe; J fopj; jy; Nkw; nfhs; sg; gLtJ njhlu; ghd
gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;q;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;f
Kl;ilg; gUtKk; FQ;Rtjpapy; ,lKd;djhd gUtKk;
FQ;RtjpapypUe;J mfw;Wk;NghJk; tsu;r;rpg; gUtj;jpd;NghJk;
Kl;ilAw;gj;jp Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJk; Kl;ilapLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpYk;
tsE}iy crhTf.
cq;fs; FOTf;Fupa fopj;jy; re;ju;g;gq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
mr; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; fopj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba ,ay;Gfs; ahit?
mr; re; ju; g; gj; jpy; fopj; jiy Nkw; nfhs; tjdhy; fpilf; Fk; mE$yq; fs;
ahit?
cq; fs; FOtpy; Ma; e; jwpag; gl; l tplaq; fis KO tFg; gpw; Fk; rku; g; gpf; f
Maj;jkhFf.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
gp d; tUk; re; jug; ; gq; fsp y; Nfhop j; njhFjp ap yp Ue; J fop j; jy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
Kl;ilg; gUtj;jpy;
FQ;Rtjpapy; ,lKd;djhd gUtk;
FQ;RtjpapypUe;J mfw;Wk;NghJ
tsu;r;rpg; gUtj;jpy;
Kl;ilAw;gj;jp Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ
Kl;ilapLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
Kl; ilfspd; juj; ij cau; kl; lj; jpy; NgZtjw; fhf Kl; ilg; gUtj; jpy;
fopj;jy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
89
,jd;NghJ gpd;tUk; ,uz;L fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy; fopj;jy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
Gwf;fhuzpfs;
cjh : ePs;tl;l tbtk; mw;w Kl;ilfs;
mRj;jkhd jd;ik
Fwpg;gpl;l epiw ,y;yhjpUj;jy;
cl;fhuzpfs;
cjh : FUjp milahsq;fs; fhzg;gly;
cl;Gwj;jpy; jputkhd jd;ik fhzg;gly;
xU ehs; taJf; FQ; Rfspy; fopj; jiy Nkw; nfhz; l gpd; du; FQ; Rtjpapy;
,Ltjdhy; FQ;Rtjpg; gupghydk; ,yFthf mikAk;.
FQ;Rtjpapy; ,lKd;du; FQ;Rfs; gy;NtW ,ay;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy;
fopf;fg;gLk;.
cjh : njhg;G+s;ehz; Mwhik
tpfhukhd jd;ik fhzg;gly;
FQ;RtjpapYs;s FQ;Rfspy; fopj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ gpd;tUk;
,ay;Gfs; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
Fiwthd ,wF tsu;r;rp
mrhjhuz ,ay;Gfs;
Nrhk;gy;
Fiwthd tsu;r;rp
Neha; mwpFwpfs; njd;gly;
gpw NfhopfSf;F ,ilQ;ryhf ,Uj;jy;
tsu; r; rpr; re; ju; g; gj; jpy; Nfhopfisf; fopf; Fk; NghJ gpd; tUk; ,ay; Gfs;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Fiwthd ,wF tsu;r;rp
Neha; mwpFwpfs; njd;gly;
Fiwthd tsu;r;rp
mrhjhuzkhd ,ay;Gfs; nfhz;bUj;jy;
fhaq;fs; fhzg;gly;
Nrhk;gyhff; fhzg;gly;.
Kl;ilapl mz;kpj;j epiyapy; nghUj;jkw;w Nfhopfis ePf;Fk;NghJ
gpd;tUk; ,ay;Gfs; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Fiwthd tsu; r; rpAk; gpufhrk; FiwthdJkhd njhq; fpa
epiyapYs;s ,wFfs; fhzg;gly;.
Nrhu;thd KfKk; FoptpOe;j fz;fSk; fhzg;gly;
rpwpaJk; RUq;fpaJkhd G+f;fs; fhzg;gly;
eypthdJk; Neha;fisf; nfhz;lJkhf ,Uj;jy;.
cupa tsu;r;rpiaf; nfhz;bUf;fhik
mfykhd tpyh vd;Gfs; fhzg;gly;.
fhfj;jpd; jiyia xj;j jiy fhzg;gly;.
Kl; ilapLk; re; ju; g; gj; jpy; Nfhopfisf; fopf; Fk; NghJ gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
90
$upa jiyAk; Fopfspyike;j fz;fSk; fhzg;gly;.
RUq;fpa cyu;thd G+ fhzg;gly;.
tpyh vd; Gfs; > ,Lg; G vd; Gfs; Mfpad xLq; fpf; fhzg; gly; .
myF> efk;> ,wF Mfpad Nja;e;J fhzg;gly;.
epwk; Fiwthf kq;fpf; fhzg;gly;.
fytuj;jd;ik nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jy;.
tpiutpy; ,wFfs; cjpu;f;fg;gl;L ke;jkhf tsu;r;rpailjy;.
milfhf;Fk; ,ay;igf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nghUj;jkw;w Nfhopfis ePf;Ftjdhy;
gy;NtW mE$yq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
cjh :- czTf;fhd nryT Fiwtiljy;
NfhopfSf;F Njitahd trjpfis mspf;f Kbjy;.
Neha; guTjiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
Nkw; $wg; gl; lthW Nfhopfisf; fopg; gjd; %yk; ,yhgj; ij mjpfupj; Jf;
nfhs;s KbAk;.
91
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.11 ( tsu; g; G KiwfSf; Nfw; g kid mikg; igj;
jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
Nfhop tsu;g;G Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;.
NfhopfSf; F kidfis toq; Ftjd; Kf; fpaj; Jtj; ijf; fye; JiuahLthu; .
tsu; g; GKiwf; fika mikf; fg; gLk; kidtiffSk; NtWgLk; tpjj; ij
tpsf; Fthu; .
Nfhop kidfspy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba epiyikfis tpsf;Fthu;.
gy; NtW gpuNjrq; fspw; Fg; nghUj; jkhd Nfhop tsu; g; G Kiwfs; kw; Wk;
kid tiffs; Mfpatw;iwj; njupT nra;thu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
Rakhf Kd; tUk; khztu; ,Utiuf; nfhz; L tFg; gpy; ,e; j
ciuahliyr; rku;gpf;f nra;f.
ciuahly;
kfd; ( khkh fLikahd Ntiy Nghy
khkh ( Mk; kfNd> ehd; Nfhop fSf; F czTk; eP Uk;
itf; fpNwd; .
kfd; ( ehDk; vdJ nfhy; iyg; Gwj; jp Ys; s fhzp ap y;
Nfhopg; gz; iznahd; iw Muk; gpf; f cj; Njrpj; Js; Nsd; .
khkh ( kpfTk; ey;yJ. Mdhy;@ ,Nyrhf Nfhopg;gz;izia
elj;j KbahJ. ,ltrjpw;f;Nfw;g n g h U j ; j k h d
tsu;g;G Kiwiaj; njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du;
NfhopfSf;F ,ltrjp> ghJfhg;G Mfpad fpilf;f
$bathW kid mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
kfd; ( rup khkh. ehd; Ngha; tUfpd;Nwd;.
khkh ( ey; ; yJ kfNd. Nfhopfs; czTz; z> eP u; Fbf; f>
Kl; ilap l Njitahd midj; J trjp fSk;
kidapDs; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbahd Nfhopfs;
kl;LNk rpwg;ghf tsUk;. gpd;Ndukhf tay; gf;fk;
thUq;fs;. ,J gw;wp NkYk; fijg;Nghk;.
,t; ciuahlypd; mbg; gilapy; NfhopfSf; F kid toq; fg; gLtjd; Kf; fpaj; Jtk;
gw;wp khztuplk; tpdhTf.
92
gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs; ntspf; fhzg; gLk; tifapy; fye; Jiuahliy elhj; Jf.
gy;NtW Nfhoptsu;g;G Kiwfs; cs;sd.
mk;Kiwapy; jahupf;fg;gLk; kidfSk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
NtWgl;ldthFk;.
NfhopfSf;F kidia toq;Ftjd; %yk; gpd;tUk; mE$yq;fs;
fpilf;fpd;wd.
Gwj;njhw;WfspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;jy;
nghUj;jkw;w #oypypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;
Neha;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;G fpilf;Fk;.
kidapDs; NfhopfSf; F mtrpakhd epiyikfs; toq; fg; glNtz; Lk; .
NghjpasT ,ltrjp> czT> ePu;
,jd;%ykhf mjpf cw;gj;jpiag; ngwyhk;.
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd NfhopfSf;Fupa gUtk; gw;wp
ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
tsUk; gUtk;
,ypq;f Kjpu;r;rpaile;j gUtk;
cq; fs; FOTf; Fupa Nfhoptsu; g; G Kiwfis xg; gpl; L tpupthf tptupf; f.
cq;fs; FOTf;Fupa gUtf; Nfhopfis tsu;f;Fk;NghJ kidapy;
fhzg;gl Ntz;ba Njitfis tpsf;Ff.
tsu;g;GKiwf;Nfw;g mikf;fg;gLk; kidapd; tifia ,dq;fhz;f.
,yq; ifapy; ngUkstpy; gad; gLj; jg; gLk; Nfhopkidfsppd; tiffis
,dq; fhz; f.
cq;fSf;F jug;gl;l gUtf; NfhopfSf;F kidia mikf;Fk;NghJ
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fis gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd;
fPo; fye;JiuahLf.
,l trjp
cgfuzq;fs;
fd$sg; guhkupg;G
Maj;jkhFf.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
,yq; ifapy; gpd; tUk; Kiwfspy; Nfhoptsu; g; G Nkw; nfhs; sg; gLfpd; wJ.
jpwe;jntsp Kiw
miuj;jPtpu Kiw
jPtpuKiw
gfw;fhyj;jpy; Nfhopfis Rje;jpukhf elkhb ,iuNjl mDkjpj;J
,uTf; fhyj;jpy; kl;Lk; jq;Ftjw;F kidtrjp toq;fg;gLk; KiwNa
jpwe;jntsp tsu;g;G Kiw vdg;gLk
,k;Kiwapy; xU n`f;uaupy; 350-450 tiuahd Nfhopfis tsu;f;f
KbAk;.
,k; Kiwf; F mjp fsT ,ltrjp Njitg; gLtjdhy; fp uhkg; Gwg;
gpuNjrq;fspy; kl;LNk ,J ifahsg;gLk;.
jp we; jntsp tsu; g; G Kiwap y; gy; NtW tifg; gl; l kidfs;
mikf;fg;glyhk;.
njhq;ftplg;gl;l $Lfs;
mLf;Ffs; nfhz;l $Lfs;
93
,k; Kiwapy; xU Nfhopf; F 1000cm
2
gug; gsT kidapDs; toq; fg; gLk; .
,uT fhyj; jpy; kl; LNk ,k; kidfspy; Nfhopfs; jq; Ftjdhy; czTg;
ghj;jpuNkh ePu;g;ghj;jpuNkh itf;fg;glj; Njitapy;iy.
,k; Kiwapy; Nfhoptsu; g; ig Nkw; nfhs; tjdhy; gy; NtW mE$yq; fSk;
gpujp$yq;fSk; fpilf;fpd;wd.
mE$yk; - czTf;F nryT Vw;glhJ
gpujp$yk; - cw;gj;jp FiwT
gfw;fhyj;jpy; cyhTtjw;Nfw;w tifapy; fk;gpfshy; mikf;fg;gl;l
milg;GfSk; ,uT fhyj;jpy; jq;Ftjw;fhd kidAk; toq;fg;gLk;
tsu;g;G Kiw miuj;jPtpu Kiw tsu;g;G vdg;gLk;.
miuj;jPtpu Kiw tsu;gpy; xU n`f;uaupy; 750-900 Nfhopfis
tsu;f;fyhk;.
,k;Kiw Gwefug; gFjpfSf;F cfe;jjhFk;.
miuj; jP tpu Kiwapy; mjpfstpy; gad; gLj; jg; gLk; kidtiffs; ,uz; L
cs; sd.
epue;ju kid
kbj;J itf;Fk; kid
kidapDs; xU Nfhopf;F 1500cm
2
gug;gsT toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
kidapDs; Nkyjpfkhf czT> eP u; g; ghj; jpuq; fs; itf; fg; gl Ntz; Lk; .
,k;Kiwapd; mE$yq;fSk; gpujp$yq;fSk; cs;sd.
mE$yk; - Kl;il Nrfupg;gJ ,yF
gpujp$yk; - mjpf Nfhopfs; fhzg; gLtjdhy; guhkupg; gJ fbdk; .
Nfhopfis Kw;WKOjhfNt kidapDs; milj;J itj;J mtw;Wf;F
Njitahd rfytw;iwAk; nraw;ifahf toq;fg;gLk; Kiw jPtpu
Kiw vdg;gLk;.
,k;Kiwapy; xU n`f;uaupy; 2500-3750 tiuahd Nfhopfis tsu;f;f
KbAk;.
,e;j; Kiw efug;gFjpfSf;F cfe;jjhFk;.
,k; Kiwapyhd Nfhoptsug;;gpy; mE$yq;fSk; gpujp$yq;fSk;
cs; sd.
mE$yk;- cw;gj;jp mjpfkhFk;.
gpujp$yk; - czTf;fhd nryT mjpfk;.
jPtpu Kiwapy; %d;W tpjkhff; Nfhopfis tsu;f;f KbAk;.
fd$s Kiw- fd$skplg;gl;l kidfSs; tsu;f;fg;gLk;.
mLf;F Kiw- kur;rl;lq;fs; my;yJ tiyahy; mikf;fg;gl;l
kidapy; tsu;j;jy;.
fytLf;F Kiw
jdpf;$L Kiw - tiy my;yJ kur;rl;lfj;jpyhd
gy;$L Kiw - mLf;fhd kidfspy;
,tw; Ws; ,yq; ifap y; fd$s KiwNa mjp fstp y;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
fd$skhf ckp> itf;Nfhw; Jz;lq;fs;> kuj;J}s; Mfpatw;iw
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
cjh : ,Nyrhdit
,yhgfukhdJ
tpyq;FfSf;F er;Rj;jd;ikaw;wjhff; fhzg;gly;.
94
fd$s Kiw tsu; g; gpd; NghJ fd$sg; gupghydk; kpf Kf; fpakhdjhFk; .
cjh: Fg;ig thupahy; thUjy;.
<ukhff; fhzg;gbd; Rz;zhk;G ,ly;.
ehl;gl;lnjdpd; gioa $sj;ij khw;Wjy;
fd$s Kiw tsu; g; gpd; NghJ NfhopfSf; F gpd; tUk; trjpfs; toq; fg; gl
Ntz; Lk; .
,ltrjp
tsu;r;rp epiyf;F mika NfhopfSf;F gpd;tUk; ,ltrjp
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
1-2 thuk; - 0.03m
2
2-6 thuk; - 0.09m
2
6 thuq;fspd; gpd; - 0.20m
2
czTg; ghj;jpuq;fs;
NfhopfSf; F czT toq; fntd gy; NtW tifg; gl; l
czTg; ghj;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
ePskhd ghj;jpuq;fs;
tl;ltbt ghj;jpuq;fs;
jhdpaq;fpg; ghj;jpuq;fs;
Nfhopfspd; tsu; r; rp epiyf; fika czTg; ghj; jpuj; jpd;
NjitAk; khWgLk;.
tsUk; Ngl;Lf; NfhopfSf;F
ePstbtg; ghj;jpuk; - 6.4cm / gwit
tl;ltbtg; ghj;jpuk; - 3.8cm / gwit
Kl;ilapLk; NfhopfSf;F
ePstbtg; ghj;jpuk; - 10cm / gwit
tl;ltbtg; ghj;jpuk; - 4.9cm / gwit
ePu;g;ghj;jpuq;fs;
Nfhop fSf; F eP iu toq; fntd gp d; tUk; eP u; g;
ghj;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ePu;g;ghj;jpq;fs;
ePskhdit
tl; ltbthdit
jhdpaq;fp ePu;g;ghj;jpuq;fs;
Nfhopfspd; tsu; r; rp epiyf; fika czTg; ghj; jpuj; jpd;
NjitAk; khWgLk;.
cjh: tsUk; Ngl;Lf; NfhopfSf;F
eP stbt ghj; jpuk; - 1.9cm / gwit
tl; ltbt ghj; jpuk; - 1.3cm / gwit
Kl;ilapLk; NfhopfSf;F
eP s; tbt ghj; jpuk; - 2.5cm / gwit
tl; ltbt ghj; jpuk; - 1.5cm / gwit
Kl;ilapLk; Nfhopfs; cs;s kidapy; Kl;ilg; ngl;bfis mikf;f
Ntz; Lk; .
,jd;%yk; Rj;jkhd Kl;ilfisg; ngwyhk;.
,uT fhyj;jpy; gwitfs; jq;Ftjw;fhd rl;lq;fs; mikf;fg;gl
Ntz; Lk; .
95
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.12 ( GNuhapyu; f; Nfhopfis tsu; g; gjw; fhd Maj; j epiyia
ntspf; fhl; Lthu; .
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
GNuhapyu; f; Nfhoptsu; g; gpd; NghJ ftdj; jpw; nfhs; sg; gl Ntz; ba
tplaq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
GNuhapyu;f; Nfhopf;fhd czTg;gq;fPl;by; mlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba
Nghrizf; $Wfisg; ngaupLthu;.
GNuhapyu; f; Nfhopfis ,iwr; rpf; nfdj; jahu; gLj; Jk; tpjj; ij tptupg; ghu; .
GNuhapyu; ,iwr;rpia re;ijf;F mDg;Gk; gy;NtW tpjq;fisg;
ngaupLthu;.
fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nraw;Kiw
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
Nfhopapiwr;rp gjg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; glj;ij tFg;gpy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
mjd; cjtpAld; gpd; tUk; tplaq; fis tFg; gpy; rku; gpf; f Maj; jkhFf.
,iwr; rpf; nfd tsu; f; fg; gl; L 42 ehl; fspy; re; ijf; F mDg; gf; $ba
NfhopfNs GNuhapyu;f; Nfhopfs; vdg;gLk;.
gy;NtW fhuzpfs; GNuhapyu;f; Nfhop tsu;g;gpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj; Jfpd; wd.
Kiwg; gb tpw; gidf; nfd Nfhopapiwr; rp jahu; g; gLj; jg; gl Ntz; Lk; .
,jd;%yk; mjpf tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
fw;wYf;fhd cj;Njr mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
gpd; tUtdtw; wpd; glq; fs; FOTf; F toq; fp GNuhapyu; f; Nfhop tiffs;
gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
ntd; nfhg;
,e;jpad; uptH
96
cq;fSf;F jug;gl;l GNuhapyu;f; Nfhop tu;f;fj;ij tsu;f;Fk;NghJ
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tsu;g;G Kiwfis gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo;
Muha;f.
,ltrjp
Nghriz
czT> ePu; Mfpad toq;fy;
xsp toq;Fjy;
jLg;G+rpNaw;wy;
re;ijf;nfd Nfhopapiwr;rpiaj; jahu;gLj;Jk; Kiw tptupf;Ff.
cq; fshy; Ma; e; jwpag; gl; l tplaq; fis tFg; gpy; rku; gpf; f Maj; jkhFf.
,yq; ifapy; gy; NtW tpahghug; ngau; fs; nfhz; l GNuhapyu; f; Nfhopfs;
cjh : ,e;jpad; uptu;> ntd;Nfhg;
GNuhap yu; f; Nfhop tsu; g; gp y; FWfp a fhyj; jp y; ,yhgj; ijg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
,yhgj;ij cr;rsthfg; ngWtjpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; nry;thf;F
nrYj; Jfpd; wd.
,ltrjp
Nghriz
Vida guhkupg;G Kiwfs;
Xsp toq;fy;
jLg;G+rp Vw;wy;
GNuhapyu;f; Nfhop tsu;g;gpd;NghJ NghjpasT ,ltrjp toq;Fjy;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
14-42 ehl;fs; tiu 0.09m
2
,ltrjp Ntz;Lk;.
Nghjpa ,ltrjp toq;fg;glhjtplj;J gy gpur;rpidfs; Vw;glyhk;.
cjh :- Nfhopfs; xd;iwnahd;W nfhj;Jjy;
,jdhy; Nfhopfs; eypTw;W cw;gj;jp FiwtilAk;.
kidapDs; msTf; fjpfkhf ,ltrjp toq; fg; gl; lhy; mtw; wpd;
,lg;ngau;r;rp msT mjpfupj;J czT khw;wPl;L tPjk; FiwtilAk;.
,jdhy; cw;gj;jp FiwtilAk;.
GNuhap yu; f; Nfhop fs; tp iuthf tsu; tjdhy; cau; Nghriz
toq;fg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;.
,jw; nfd re; ijapy; cs; s czTg; gq; fP L my; yJ eP q; fNs jhahupf; Fk;
czTg;gq;fPL Mfpatw;Ws; xd;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
Nfhop fsp d; taJj; njhFjp f; fika mtw; Wf; F toq; fg; gLk;
czTg;gq;fPLk; NtWgLk;.
1-4 thuq;fs; tiu - Muk;gj;jPd; fyit
4 thuq;fs; gpd; - KbTj;jPd; fyit
97
GNuhapyu;f; NfhopfSf;F czT> ePu; Mfpad NghjpasT toq;fg;gl
Ntz; Lk; .
,jw;nfd Nfhopfspd; taJ njhFjpf;Nfw;g gy;NtW ghj;jpuq;fs;
gad; gLj; jg; gLfpd; wd.
24 kzpNeuKk; njhlu;r;rpahf xsp toq;Ftjd; %yk; mtw;wpd;
czTl;nfhs;Sk; msit mjpfupf;f KbAk;.
,jw; nfd ,iokp d; Fkp o; my; yJ GNshnuhsp u; T kp d; Fkp iog;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
fk;Nghuh> uzpf;fw; Mfpa Neha;fisj; jLg;gjw;fhf GNuhapyu;f;
NfhopfSf;F jLg;G+rp toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
FbeP Uld; jLg; G+rp kUe; ij fye; J toq; Ftjd; %yk; my; yJ Jspahf
fz;zpy; ,Ltjd; %yk; jLg;G kUe;ij toq;fyhk;.
,iwr; rpf; nfd GNuhapyu; f; Nfhopfis jahu; g; gLj; jypy; gy; NtW
gbKiwfs; cs;sd.
nfhy;Ytjw;F 8-24 kzpj;jpahyj;Jf;F Kd;gjhf czT
toq; Ftjid epWj; Jtjd; %yk; czT tpuak; > ,iwr;rp
mRj; jkiljy; Mfpatw; iwf; Fiwf; fyhk; .
jahu;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwia ,yFgLj;jy;.
czTf;fhd nryitf; Fiwj;jy;.
,uz;lhk;epiyj; njhw;Wjiyj; jtpu;j;jy;.
fhy;fis kbj;J Nfhopfis J}f;Fjy;.
capUld; cs;s Nfhopfis nfhz;L nry;yy;. (,utpy; my;yJ
fhiyapy;)
,jw; nfd gpshj; jpf; F my; yJ ,Uk; G tiyapyhd $Lfisg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
NfhopfSf; F jpifg; G Vw; glhjthW nfhz; L nry; yy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,jd;%yk; ,iwr;rpapd; juj;ijg; ghJfhf;fyhk;.
czu;tpof;fr; nra;jYk; fOj;ij Nrjg;gLj;jYk;
tpyq;Ffs; mirahjthW rl;lfq;fspy; njhq;ftplg;gly;.
kpd; Dgfuzk; / Co
2
/ eP u; g; ghj; jpuj; jpy; ,lg; gl; L czu; tpof; fr;
nra; jy; .
fhy;fspy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s epiyapNyNa clypypUe;J
FUjpia ,aYkhdtiu ntspNaw;wy;.
,jdhy; ,iwr;rpapd; juk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
,wF mfw; Wjy; (Defeathering)
,jw; nfd 51-59
o
C eP up y; 30-120 nrf; fd; fs; mkp o; j; jp
itf; fg; gLk; .
rpW cNuhkq;fs; thl;lg;gl;L mfw;wg;gLk;.
98
cl;Gwg; ghfq;fis mfw;Wjy;
fopaiwg; gFjpapy; ntl;blg;gl;L cl;gFjpfs; mfw;wg;gLk;.
,tw;wpy; cl;nfhs;sf;$ba gFjpfs; Ntwhf;fp vLf;fg;gLk;
Fsp&l; ly;
cl;Gwg; ghfq;fs; mfw;wg;gl;l ,iwr;rp 2.2
o
C apy; 16
epkplq;fs; mkpo;j;jp itf;fg;gl;L ePu; mfw;wg;gLk; tiu
njhq;ftplg;gLk;.
tpNrl czTfisj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ ghfq;fshf;fg;gl;l
clw; ghfq;fSf;F mjpf Nfs;tp fhzg;gLk;.
nghjpapl CLfhl;Lk; nghypj;jPd; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;
md; iwa jpdNk tpw; gid nra; tnjdpd; Fsp&l; by; Nrkpj; J
itf; fyhk; .
,dNwy; Mo;Fsp&l;bapy; ,lg;gLk;.
jukhd Gnuhapyu; ,iwr;rpf;F mjpf Nfs;tp epyTfpwJ..
,jdhy; mjpf tUkhdk; fpilf;Fk;.
99
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.13 ( ntt; NtW Nehf; fq; fSf; Fg; nghUj; jkhd khl; L
tu;f;fq;fisj; njupT nra;thu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
fwitg; gRg; guhkup g; gp d; gp ur; rp idfs; kw; Wk; rhj; jp aq; fis
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
khLfis mtw;wpd; gpwg;gplj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
Gw ,ay;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; fwitg;gR tu;f;fq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
,yq; ifapy; ,e; j khl; bdq; fis tsu; f; Fk; tyaq; fisg; ngaupLthu; .
fle;j rpy tUlq;fspd; fwitg;gRf; Fbj;njhif> cw;gj;jpasT
Mfpadtw;iwg; gFj;jhuha;thu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
khl; L tu; f; fq; fisf; fhl; Lk; gpd; tUk; glj; ij tFg; gpy; fhl; rpg; gLj; Jf.
mjpYs; s khl; L tu; f; fq; fis Gw ,ay; Gfspd; mbg; gilapy; ,dq; fhzr;
nra; f.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
,yq; ifapd; gy; NtW gpuNjrq; fspy; gy; NtW fwitg; gR tu; f; fq; fs;
mf; fwitg;gR tu;f;fq;fis gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
gpwg;gplj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
jw; rkak; fwitg; gRf; fsp d; ,iwr; rp > ghy; Mfp atw; wp d;
cw;gj;jpasT mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
100
fwitg;gR tsu;g;ig NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs;
,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
MfNt@ gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;Tfis fz;L fwitg; gR tsu;g;G
NkYk; tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fw;wYf;fhd cj;Njr mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
gpd; tUk; fhy; eil cw; gj; jpg; nghUl; fspy; cq; fs; FOTf; F fpilf; Fk;
jiyg;G njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
japu;
khl;nlU
cq; fs; FOTf; Fupa cw; gj; jpg; nghUl; fs; ngwg; gLk; tpyq; F tifia
Fwpg;gpLf.
mjd; gy;NtW tpyq;F tu;f;fq;fis ,dq;fhz;f.
me;j tu;f;fq;fis
gpwg;gplj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
mt; tpyq;F tu;f;fq;fspy; gpd;tUk; fhy;eil tsu;g;G tyaq;fspy;
tsu;f;;ff; $ba tpyq;F tu;f;fq;fisg; ngaupLf.
cyu; tyak;
Nky;ehl;L <utyak;
,ilehl;L <utyak;
jho; ehl;L <utyak;
njd;id Kf;Nfhzk;
aho; FlhehL
fle;j rpy tUlq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd;
fwitkhLfspd; vz;zpf;if
guk;gy;
ngwg;gl;l ghypd; msT
cw;gj;jpnra;ag;gl;l ,iwr;rpapd; msT
Mfpad khw;wkile;Js;s tpjj;ij tiugpd; %yk; fhl;Lf.
,yq; ifapd; fwit khl; L tsu; g; G njhlu; ghf vjpu; Nehf; Fk; gpur; rpidfs;
gw;wp fye;JiuahLf.
elhj;Jf.
,yq; ifapy; ghYzT tiffs; > khl; nlU Mfpadtw; wpd; cw; gj; jpf; nfd
fwitg;gRf;fSk;> vUikfSk; tsu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
101
INuhg;gpa tu;f;fq;fs; - gpwPrpad;> mau;rau;
,e;jpa tu;f;fq;fs; - rptg;Gr; rpj;jp> rfpthy;
RNjr tu;f;fq;fs; - ehl;L khLfs;
INuhg; gpa kw; Wk; ,e; jpa tuf; ; fq; fSf; fpilNa gy NtWghLfs; cs; sd.
cjh :- ghYw;gj;jp
tsu;f;fg;gLk; Nehf;fj;Jf;fika fwit khl;bdq;fis gpd;tUkhW
tifg; gLj; jyhk; .
ghYf;fhf - gpwPrpad;
,iwr;rpf;fhf - gPg; kh];lu;
,UNehf;fq;fs; - Nrhl;N`hz;
,yq; ifapy; ,iwr; rpf; nfd mjpfstpy; khLfs; tsu; f; fg; gLtjpy; iy.
NkNy fhl;lg;gl;l tpyq;F tu;f;fq;fSf;Fupa jdpj;Jtkhd ,ay;Gfs;
cjh :- gpwP rpadpd; Njhypy; fWg; G> nts; is milahsq; fs; cs; sd.
rfpthy; ,dj;jpy; jsu;thd Njhy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,t; thwhd jdpj; Jtkhd ,ay; Gfspd; mbg; gilapy; khl; L tu; f; fq; fis
,dq;fhz KbAk;.
Xt; nthU khl; L tsu; g; G tyaj; Jf; Fk; nghUj; jkhd khl; L tu; f; fq; fs;
tsu;g;Gf;nfd njupTnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
cyu; tyak; - rfpthy;> rpe;jp
Nky;ehl;L <utyak; - gpwPrpad;> mau;rau;
,ilehl;L <utyak; - N[Hrp> AMZ
jho; ehl;L <utyak; - rfpthy;> N[Hrp
njd;id Kf;Nfhzk; - N[Hrp> rfpthy;
aho; FlhehL - gpwPrpad;> mau;rau; Mfpatw;wpd; fyg;gpdk;
,yq; ifap y; Kuh> #u; j; jp > eP yp utp Nghd; w vUikap dq; fs;
,it ghy;> ,Oit Mfpatw;Wf;nfd tsu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mt; tpyq;Ffspd; jdpj;Jtkhd ,ay;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; mtw;wpd;
tu;f;fq;fis ,dq;fhz KbAk;.
fle; j rpy tUlq; fspy; ,yq; ifapy; khLfspd; vz; zpf; if Fwpg; gpljf; f
msT mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
,yq;ifapd; tlNky; khfhzj;jpNyNa mjpfsT khLfs; cs;sd.
khl; biwr; rpf; fhd Nfs; tpapy; fle; j tUlq; fspy; Vw; w ,wf; fk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
mjpfupj; JtUk; rdj; njhiff; Nfw; g ghy; > ,iwr; rp cw; gj; jp mjpfupf; fhik
gpur;rpidahd tplakhFk;.
,jdhy; khl; L tsu; g; ig NkYk; tpupthf; Ftjw; fhd tha; g; Gfs; cs; sd.
102
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.14 ( Kiwahf khl; Lf; fd; Wfisg; guhkupf; Fk; Kiwfisj;
jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
khl;Lf;fd;Wg; guhkupg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
khl;Lf;fd;WfSf;fhd guhkupg;igj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
cld; gpwe; j fd; Wf; Fl; bfSf; F fLg; Gg; ghypd; mtrpaj; ij tpsf; Fthu; .
gy;NtW taJg; gUtq;fspy; toq;fg;glNtz;ba nrwpTzT kw;Wk;
IJj;jPdpd; msTfs; Mfpad gw;wpg; gFj;jhuha;thu;.
fd;Wf;Fl;bfSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; mtw;wpd; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs;
Mfpatw;iwf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;
gpd;tUk; khl;Lf;fd;wpd; glj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
glj;ij ,dq;fhz khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahly;.
gpwe; jJ njhlf; fk; xU tUlk; taJ tiuahd gUtk; nfhz; lit
khl;Lf; fd;Wfs; vdg;gLk;.
rupahd fd;Wg; gupgyhdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; gy cs;sd.
rupahd fd;Wg; gupgyhdj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;fhy ghy; cw;gj;jpia
mjpfupf;fyhk;;.
gpd;tUk; fd;Wf;Fl;b tiffSs; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w
tif gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
INuhg;gpa tu;f;f khl;Lf; fd;Wfs;
,e;jpa / RNjr tu;f;f khl;Lf; fd;Wfs;
tsE}iy crhTq;fs;
103
cq; fSf; Fupa fd; Wf; Fl; b gpwe; jJk; nra; a Ntz; ba eltbf; iffis
tpsf; Ff.
cq; fs; FOTf; Fupa fd; Wf; Fl; bfisg; guhkupf; Fk; Kiwiag; gpd; tUk;
jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; Muha;f.
fLg;ghy; toq;Fjy;
,ltrjpaspj; jy;
czT+l;ly;
ghy; toq;Fjy;
cq;fs; FOtpy; Ma;e;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;gpf;f
Maj;jkhFf.
gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs; ntspf; nfhzug; gLkhW fye; Jiuahliy elj; Jf.
gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
fd;Wf;Fl;bfisr; Rj;jQ; nra;jy;.
Rthrj;Jf;fhd jilfis ePf;Fjy;.
njhg;G+s;ehiz ntl;b njhw;WePf;fpf; fiury; G+Rjy;.
gpwg;G epiwia mse;J Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
fd; Wf; Fl; b gp we; J xUkzp Neuj; jp y; fLg; Gg; ghy; toq; FtJ
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
fd;W <d;w ehs; Kjy; 4-5 ehl;fs; tiu gRtpd; kbapy; Ruf;Fk; ghy;
fLg;Gg;ghy; vdg;gLk;.
fLg;Gg;ghiyf; Fbf;f nra;tjhy; fd;Wf;F gpd;tUk; mE$yq;fs;
fpilf;Fk;.
Nehnajpu;g;Gj; jd;ik Vw;gly;
kykpof;fpahfr; nraw;gly;.
,yFthfr; rkpf;ff; $ba Nghriz kpf;f czthf mikjy;.
gRtpypUe; J fLg; Gg; ghiy toq; f Kbahj tplj; J nraw; iff; fLg; Gg; ghy;
jahupj;J toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ghy;Fb kwf;Fk; tiu jhapypUe;J fd;Wf;F ghy;Fbf;fr; nra;tJ
mtrpakhFk;.
ghiy Neubahf gRtpd; kbapypUe;J Fbf;fNth my;yJ fwe;J
ghj;jpuj;jpy; toq;fpNah Fbf;fr; nra;ayhk;.
,k; Kiwfspy; gy;NtW mE$yq;fSk; gpujp$yq;fSk; cs;sd.
fd;wpd; cly; epiwapy; 10% khd ghy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fd;W gpwe;J 10 ehl;fs; tiuapy; ,sk;Gy; my;yJ cyu;Gy; 50-100g
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,jpypUe;J gbg;gbahf IJj;jPDf;F gof;fg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
104
gpwe;J 3 thug; gUtj;jpypUe;J Nghriz kpf;f epug;GzT mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
1/2 - 3 khjq; fspy; gpwg; G epiw Nghd; W ,U klq; F epiwia mile; jJk;
fd;Wf;F ghy;Fb kwg;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;du; fd;wpd; Nghrizf;F ghy; mtrpakd;W
nrwpTj;jPd;> IJj;jPd; Mfpatw;Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf fdpg;nghUl; fyit
toq;fg;gl;l Ntz;Lk;.
vg;NghJk; Fbg;gjw;F Rj;jkhd ePu; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ghy; Fb epiyapYs;s fd; W rpy khjq; fSf; Fj; njhOtj; jpy; milj; J
tsu; f; fg; gLk; .
mf; fd; WfSf; Fj; njhOtj; jpDs; NghjpasT ,ltrjp toq; fg; gl
Ntz; Lk; .
cjh :- 1 khjk; tiu - jdpf;$L - xU fd;Wf;F 0.75m
2
2 khjq;fs; tiu - nghJf;$L - xU fd;Wf;F 1.5m
2

3 khjq;fs; tiu - nghJf;$L - xU fd;Wf;F 2.8m
2
fd;WfSf;Fj; njhOtk; toq;fg;gLtjd; %yk; gy;NtW mE$yq;fs;
fpilf;Fk;.
cjh :- Neha;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;jy;
ghjfkhd #oypUe;J ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;jy;
fd;Wf; Fl;bfSf;F gpd;tUk; Neha;fs; mjpfstpy; Vw;gLk;
njhg;g+o; mow;rpAk; %l;LtPf;fKk;
czTf; fhy;tha;j; njhFjp rhu;e;j njhw;wy;fs;
cjh :- GO Neha;fs;
nfhf;rpbNahrpR
Rthr Neha;fs; - epA+Nkhdpah
,e; Neha; fs; Vw; gLtjdhy; fd; W eyptiltJld; kuzKk; Vw; glyhk; .
,jdhy; Neha; Vw; gliyj; jtpu; j; jy; > rpfpr; iraspj; jy; Mfpad
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Neha; Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf fd;Wg;gUtj;jpy; epu;gPldkhf;fy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ntw; wp fukhd fd; Wg; gup ghydj; Jf; F mwp f; if NgZtJ
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
fd; Wg; gup ghyj; jp d; NghJ fd; Wfis ,dq; fhzntd fhjp y;
milahskply;> gr;irFj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
105
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.15 ( rpidg;gl;l gRf;fs;> ehFfs; Mfpatw;iwr; rupahfg;;
guhkupf;Fk; Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs:;
Ntl;if epiyapYs;s gRf;fis milahsk; fhz;ghu;.
gRf;fis rpidg;gLj;jy; Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;.
rpidg;gl;l gRf;fSf;F czT+l;Lk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
fd;wPdy; mwpFwpfisf; $Wthu;.
fd;wPdYf;nfd gRtpw;Fj; Njitahd epiyikfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
gpd;tUk; glj;ij tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f.
gRf;fisr; rpidg;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; gw;wp khztUld;
fye;JiuahLf.
khl;L tsu;g;gpy; tUlnkhU fd;iwg; ngWtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
khl; Lf; fd; iw ngWtjw; F gpd; tUk; nraw; ghLfis cupa
Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
gRit rpidg;gLj;jYk; guhkupg;Gk;
fd;W <Djy;
,r; nraw; ghLfis rup ahf Nkw; nfhs; tjd; %yk; mjp f
tpisr;riyg; ngwKbAk;.
gpd;tUk; khl;L tu;f;fq;fSld; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilj;j tu;f;fk;
gw;wp fUj;jpw; nfhs;f.
INuhg;gpa khl;bdq;fs;
,e;jpa khl;bdq;fs;
106
cq;fs; jiyg;Gf;Fupa fd;dpg; gRtpw;F vt;thW czT+l;LtJ vd
tptupf; f.
khLfspd; Ntl;if tl;l epiyfis tptupf;Ff.
mt;tpyq;Ffspd; Ntl;if mwpFwpfis ,dq;fhz;;f.
me;j fd;dpg;gR;itr; rpidg;gLj;jf; $ba Kiwfis tpgupf;Ff.
cq; fs; FOTf; Fupa tpyq; F tu; f; fj; jpd; rpidg; gl; l gRf; fSf; F vt; thW
czT+l;LtJ vd tpgupf;f.
gRf;fspd; fd;wPdy; mwpFwpfis Ma;e;jwpf.
fd; wP dYf; nfd gRit vt; thW jahu; gLj; jyhk; vdf; fye; JiuahLf.
Maj;jkhFf.
Nkw;nfhsf.
gRtpd; ,dg;ngUf;f njhFjpapy; gpd;tUk; ghfq;fs; cs;sd.
#yfk;
gNyhg;gpad; Foha;
fUg;ig
Nahdp Kfk;
#yfq;fspd; %ykhf #y;fSk; ,dg;ngUf;f xNkhd;fSk; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
gNyhg;gpad; FohapDs;NsNa fUf;fl;ly; eilngWfpwJ.
fUg;igapDs; Kisak; cl;gjpf;fg;gLk;.
Nahdptop %ykhfNt tpe; J cl; nrYj; jg; gLtJld; fd; wP dYk;
eilngWk;.
fUigf; fOj;J %ykhf rPjk; Ruf;fg;gLk;.
#yq; fq; fspypUe; J Kjw; jlitahf #y; fs; tpLtpf; fg; gly; G+g; nga; jy;
vdg;gLk;.
,g; gRf;fs; gUtnka;jpa gRf;fs; my;yJ fd;dpg; gRf;fs; vd
miof;fg;gLk;.
Kjpu; epiwapy; 1/3 gq; F epiwia mile; j gRf; fs; gUt Kjpu; r; rpaile; j
gRf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
gUt Kjpu;r;rpaile;j gRf;fNs rpidg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
mt;tpyq;Ffspd; czTj;Njit rupahf <Lnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gUt Kjpu;r;rpaile;j gRf;fspy; 21 ehl;fSf;F xU jlit #yply;
eilngWk;.
#yply; eilngWk; re;ju;g;gk; Ntl;if vd miof;fg;gLk;.
xU Ntl; ifapd; Muk; gk; njhlf; fk; kW Ntl; ifapd; Muk; gk; tiuahd
fhyk; Ntl;if tl;lk; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
Ntl;if tl;lk; Vw;gLk;NghJ #yfk;> fUg;ig> Nahdp Mfpatw;wpy;
gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; eilngWk;.
107
,e; j khw; wq; fSf; fika Ntl; if tl; lk; ehd; F gFjpfshfg; gpupf; fg; gLk; .
cjh: Kd;Ntl;if - 2-3 ehl;fs;
Ntl;if - 18 kzpj;jpahyk;
gpd;Ntl;if - 3-4 ehl;fs;
Ntl;if ,ilntsp - 12-13 ehl;fs;
Ntl;if Muk;gpf;f Kd;djhd gFjp Kd; Ntl;iff; fhyk; vdg;gLk;.
,f; fhyg;gFjpapy; #yplYf;nfd ,dg;ngUf;fj; njhFjp jahuhFk;
cjh :- Glf tsu;r;rp Muk;gpj;jy;
fUg;igf; fOj;jpd; %yk; rspak; Ruf;fg;gly;
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; #yply; eilngWk;.
Ntl; iff; fhyg; gFjpapy; gRf; fspy; clw; nwhopypy; khw; wq; fSk; elj; ij
khw;wq;fSk; Vw;gLk;.
gRf;fs; ,dr;Nru;f;ifapy; <Lgl tpUg;gk; fhl;Lk; fhyk; Ntl;iff;
fhyk; vdg;gLk;.
,k;khw;wq;fNs Ntl;if mwpFwpfs; vdg;gLk;.
cjh :- mikjpapd;ik
,dr;Nru;f;iff;F ,lkspj;jy;
Gw ,ypq;f mtaq;fspy; tPf;fk; Vw;gly;
,t;,ay;Gfs; Ntl;if epyikia ,dq;fhz cjTk;.
Ntl;if KbTWk; fhyk; gpd; Ntl;iff; fhyk; vdg;gLk;.
,f; fhyg; gFjpapy; gRtpy; Vw; gl; l khw; wq; fs; ,ay; G epiyia milAk; .
gpd;Ntl;iff; fhyk; njhlf;fk; mLj;j Ntl;if Muk;gpf;Fk; tiuahd
fhyk; Ntl;if ,ilntsp vdg;gLk;.
gR rpidg;gl;bUf;fhtpbd; kl;LNk Ntl;if ,ilntsp Vw;gLk;.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l ehd;F epiyfspYk; Ntl;if epiyapd;NghJ kl;LNk
rpidg;gLj;j KbAk;.
18 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; Ntl;if mwpFwpfs; ePbf;Fk;.
mf; fhyg; gFjpapy; gRf; fisr; rpidg; gLj; jp fUj; jupf; fr; nra; a KbAk; .
,uz;L Kiwfspy; gRf;fisr; rpidg;gLj;jyhk;.
,aw;if Kiw
nraw;if Kiw
,aw; if Kiwapd; NghJ ,dtpUj; jpf; fhiskhl; ilg; gad; gLj; jp gRf; fs;
rpidg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
nraw;if Nahdp %ykhf Rf;fpyk; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L Ntl;if epiyia
mile; j gRtpd; NahdpapDs; tpLtpf; fg; gly; nraw; if Kiwr;
rpidg;gLj;jy; MFk;.
,aw; if> nraw; if Kiwr; rpidg; gLj; jy; fspd; mE$yq; fSk;
ntw;wpfukhf rpidg;gLjpdhy; gR fUj;jupf;Fk;.
gRtpd; fUg;gfhyk; 285 ehl;fshFk;.
108
fUg;gfhyj;jpy; gRit ed;F guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cjh : rupahd czT+l;ly;
ghy;fwj;jiy epWj;Jjy;;
Vwj;jho 285 ehl;fspd; gpd; fd;wpid <Djy; fd;wPdy; vdg;gLk;.
fd;wPdYf;Fupa mwpFwpfspypUe;J fd;wPdiy ,dq;fhz KbAk;.
cjh: kb gUj;jy;> Nahdpg; gpuNjrk; mfykiljy;
fd; wP diy ,yFgLj; Jtjw; nfd gy; NtW eltbf; iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
cjh: Vida tpyq;FfspypUe;J jdpikg;gLj;jy;
nkd;ikahd czTfis toq;Fjy;
,jd;%yk; MNuhf;fpakhd fd;Wfisg; ngw;W mtw;wpypUe;J cau;
ghYw;gj;jpiag; ngwyhk;.
109
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.16 ( gRkhl;bypUe;J ghy; tpisr;riyg; ngWk; Maj;j
epiyia ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
tpidj;jpwdhd fwitg;gRtpd; ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
fwitg; gRtpd; ghy; Ruf;Fk; njhFjpapd; mikg;ig tupg;glk; %yk;
tpsf; Fthu; .
ghy; Ruj;jy; nghwpKiwia tpsf;Ftu;.
ghy; Rwj;jy; Kiwfisf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
jukhd ghiyg; ngWtjw;F iff;nfhs;s Ntz;ba gbKiwfisf;
$Wthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
gpd;tUk; glj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
,jdbg;gilapy; ghy; fwf;Fk; Kiwfis khztuplk; tpdhTf.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
gRtpd; ghy; Rug;Gj; njhFjpapy; ghy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.
,t;thW cUthFk; ghy; fwf;fg;gl;L Nrfupf;fg;gLk;.
ifahy;
,ae;jpuq;fs; %yk;
ghy; fwf;Fk;NghJ gy;NtW eilKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;.
,jd;%ykhf jukhd ghiyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
ey; yp dg; gRf; fisj; njup T nra; J mjp f ghYw; gj; jp iag;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
gpd; tUk; ghy; fwj; jy; KiwfSs; cq; fs; FOTf; Ff; fpilf; fg; ngw; w
Kiw gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
ifahy; ghy; fwj;jy;
,ae;jpuk; %yk; fwj;jy;
110
cq; fs; FOTf; Fupa Kiwiag; gad; gLj; jp ghiyf; fwf; Fk; Kiwfis
tptupf; Ff.
,k;Kiwapy; ghiyf; fwg;gjd;%yk; jukhd ghiyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
iff;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba eltbf;iffis tpsf;Ff.
fwitg; gRtpd; ghy; Ruf; Fk; njhFjpapd; gUkl; lhd mikg; ig
tupg;glq;fs; %yk; tpsf;Ff.
fwitg;gRtpd; ghy; Ruf;Fk; njhFjpapd; njhopw;ghl;il gpd;tUk;
jiyg;gfspd; fPo; fye;JiuahLf.
ghy; Ruj;jy;
ghy; ,wq;fy; nghwpKiw (Milk Let down)
njhopw;ghl;by; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
tpidj; jpwdhd fwitg; gRtpy; fhzg; gl Ntz; ba ,ay; Gfis Muha; f.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
fd;Wfisg; Nghrpg;gjw;fhd ghiyr; Rug;gNj ghy;Rug;Gj; njhFjpapd;
njhopyhFk;.
tpau;itr; Rug;gp jpupgile;Nj ghy;Ruf;Fk; njhFjp cUthfpd;wJ.
fwit khl;bd; ghy;kb tapw;Wg;Gwg; fPo;g;gFjpapy; njhq;fpa epiyapy;
fhzg;gLk;.
ghy;kb ,lJ> tyJ> Kd;> gpd; vd ehd;F ghfq;fshf gpupe;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
kbapd; Kw;gFjpia tpl gpw;gFjp mstpw; ngupajhFk;.
kbapd; ehd;F gFjpfspYk; jyh xt;nthU Kiyf;fhk;Gk; cs;sJ.
mk; Kiyf;fhk;Gfspy; ghy; Ruf;Fk; Rug;gpfs; ehd;F jpwf;fpd;wd.
ghiyr; Rue;J Njf;fp itj;jNy ghw; Rug;gpfspd; njhopyhFk;.
ghw; ; Rug; gp fs; gy Nrhizfsp dhYk; ,r; Nrhizfs; gy rp W
NrhizfshYk; Mf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
mt; thwhd xU rpWNrhizapy; ; ghy; Ruf; Fk; fyq; fs; nfhz; l mNdf
vz;zpf;ifahd rpw;wiwfs;(mypnahyp) fhzg;gLk;.
vy; yh rpw; wiwr; Rug; gpfspYk; mf Nkyzpg; ; gilAk; jirAk; ntspAk;
fhzg;gLk;.
rpw;wiwr; Rug;gpfs; ghw;rpWfhd;;fSld; njhlu;;Ggl;Ls;sd.
me;j ghw;rpWfhd;;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;Ggl;L gpujhd ghw;fhd;;
cUthfpd;wJ.
,f; fhd; fs; Rug; Gg; Glfj; jpDs; jpwf; Fk; . ,it Kiyf; fhk; Gg; Glfj; jpDs;
jpwf;Fk;.
,J Kiyf;fhk;Gf; fhDld; njhlu;Ggl;L ntspNa jpwf;Fk;.
111
rpw; wiwr; Rug; gpfSf; F FUjp> euk; G tpepNahfk; mjpfstpy; ; fhzg; gLk; .
ghy; Ruf;Fk; njhFjpapd; njhopy;fs; tUkhW
ghy; Ruj;jy;
ghy; tpLtpf;fg;gly;
khl; bd; czTf; fhy; tha; j; njhFjpapy; FUjpapDs; mfj; JwpQ; rg; gLk;
rkpghl;L tpisTfisg; gad;gLj;jp rpw;wiwr; Rug;gpfspYs;s kNah
Nkyzpf; fyq;fs; %yk; Ruf;fg;gLk; ghy; rpw;wiwg; Glfj;jpy; Nru;jy;
ghy;Ruj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
,J njhlu;r;rpahf eilngWk;.
ghy; Rug;gjw;F GNuhyf;upf; xNkhd; Kf;fpakhf mikfpwJ.
Gwj;J}z;ly; fhuzkhf rpw;wiwfspDs; cs;s ghy; ghw;fhdpD}lhf
fPNotUjy; ghy; tpLtpf;fg;gly; vdg;gLk;.
ghy; tpLtpj;jy; euk;gpiaghf;fr; nrad;KiwahFk;.
ghy; tpLtpj;jy; nrad;Kiwiag; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.
nghUj;jkhd Gwj;J}z;ly; fpilf;fg;ngwy;
%isapd; guptff;fPo;g; gFjpf;F J}z;ly; fpilf;fg;ngwy;.
guptff;fPo;g; gFjpf;F euk;Gf; fzj;jhf;fk; fpilj;jy;
xl;rpNuh[d; xNkhd; Ruf;fg;gly;
FUjpapD}lhf xNkhd; rpw;wiwr; RtUf;F vLj;Jtug;gly;
rpw;wiwia Rw;wptuTs;s jir Nkyzp RUq;Fjy;
rpw;wiwfs; RUq;fp mjpYs;s ghy; fhdpDlhf fPopwq;fy;
Kiyf;fhk;gpw;F tUjy;
xl; rpNuh[dpd; njhopw; ghL 5-8 epkplq; fSf; F Nky; eP bf; fhik fhuzkhf
,f;fhyg; gFjpf;Fs; ghy; fwe;J Kbf;fg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;.
Kiyg;Glfj;jpDs; cs;s ghiy Kiyfhk;gpD}lhf ntspNaw;WjNy
ghy; fwj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
ghy; fwj;jy; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L Kiwfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
112
ifahy; ghy; fwj;jy;
nghj;jpf; fwj;jy;; (Full hand milking)
,uz;L tpuy;fshy; fwj;jy; (Stripping)
ehd;F tpuy;fshy; fwj;jy; (Knuckling)
,ae;jpu %ykhd ghy; fwj;jy;
nfhz;L nry;yf; $ba ,ae;jpuk; %yk; (mobile machine)
$l; L ghy; fwf; Fk; ,ae; jpuk; (combined milking machine)
,ae; jpuj; jpd; %yk; tpiuthfTk; tpidj; jpwdhfTk; ghy; fwf; f KbAk; .
nghUj; jkhd guhkup g; G eltbf; iffis Nkw; nfhs; tjd; %yk;
ntw;wpfukhf ghiyf; fwf;f KbAk;.
,jw;nfd gpd;tUk; mZFKiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
ghy; fwj;jy; njhlu;ghd eltbf;iffs;
RfhjhuuPjpahd ghy; fwj;jy;
ghy;fwj;jypy; gpd;tUk; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
ghy; fwf;f Kd;du; kb> Kiyf;fhk;G Mfpatw;iw ePupdhy;
fOTjy;
];upg; fg; gupNrhjid
kbaow; rp Neha; Vw; gl; Ls; sjh vd ,dq; fhz ,g; gupNrhjid
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
fWg;Gepwj; Jzp ,lg;gl;l rpwpa fpz;znkhd;iw vLj;J mjd; kPJ
rpwpjsT ghiyf; fwe;J guPl;rpg;gNj ];upg;fg; Nrhjid MFk;.
mg;NghJ ghypy; jpul;rpahd jd;ik my;yJ epwkhw;wk; fhzg;gl;lhy;
mg; gRTf;F kbaow;rp Neha; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vdf; fUjyhk;.
mt; thwhd gRf; fSf; F rpfpr; iraspg; gJld; mtw; wpypUe; J ,WjpahfNt
ghy; fwf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
nghj;jpf;fwj;jy; Kiwapy; ghy; fwe;j gpd;du; ,Wjpapy; ,uz;L
tpuy;fshy; fwj;jy; Kiwapy; ghy; fwe;J Kbf;fg;gLk;.
ghy; fwe;j gpd;du; Kiyf;fhk;GfSf;F Kj;jpiuapLtJ mtrpakhFk;.
,jw;nfd tpdhfpup fye;j ePu; my;yJ NtW Ez;Zapu;f; nfhy;ypf;
fiury; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
RfhjhuuPjpahd ghy; fwj;jypd; NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf
gRtpd; Rj;jk; - kbiaf; fOTjy;
njhOtj;jpd; Rj;jk; - rhzp> rpWePu; Mfpatw;iw
mfw;Wjy;
Rj;jkhfg; ghy; fwj;jy; - jiyf;ftrk; mzpjy;> ,uz;L
iffisAk; fOTjy;
113
ghj;jpuq;fspd; Rj;jk; - ghj;jpuq;fisf; fOTjy;
cau; ghYw;gj;jpiag; ngWtjw;F ey;ypay;Gfs; nfhz;l gRf;fisj;
njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
,jd;NghJ gpd;tUk; ,ay;Gfs; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
jiyapdJk; fOj;jpdJk; mikT
tapWk; Kz;lg;gFjpAk;
FUjpr; Rw;Nwhl;lk;
tapw;wiwapd; msT
ghy;kbAk; ghy; Ruj;jYk;.
114
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.17 ( juj; jpYk; mstpYk; cau; thd ghiyg; ngw; Wf; nfhs; s
eltbf;ifisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
ghypy; mlq;fpAs;s Nghrizf; $Wfisg; ngaupLthu;.
ghypd; fl;likg;G tpisr;ry; Mfpatw;wpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
fhuzpfis tptupg;ghu;.
ghYf;fhd Nrhjidfisf; ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.
ghypd; juk; Fd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis Ma;jwpthu;.
Fiwthd juk; nfhz;l ghiy ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
gpd;tUk; ghy; khjpupfis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
mjpf jputj;jd;ik nfhz;l gRg;ghy;
Fiwe;j jputj;jd;ik nfhz;l gRg;ghy;
mtw; wpw; fpilapyhd NtWghLfis mtjhdpj; J khztiuf; $wr; nra; f.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
mjpf Nghrizj; jd;ik nfhz;lJk; fd;wPd;w gRf;fspd; kbapy;
Ruf;fg;gLtJkhd Rug;Ng ghy; MFk;.
ghypd; fl;likg;G> tpisr;ry; Mfpad gy;NtW fhuzq;fspdhy;
NtWgLfpd; wJ.
ghypd; fl;likg;ig mstpl gy;NtW tpjkhd Nrhjidfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
Efu;Tf;nfd jukhd ghy; njupT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gpd; tUk; ghy; fwj; jy; KiwfSs; cq; fs; FOTf; Ff; fpilf; fg; ngw; w
Kiw njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
ifahy; ghy; fwj;jy;
,ae;jpuj;jpd; %yk; fwj;jy;
tsE}iy crhTf.
cq; fs; FOTf; F jug; gl; l Kiwahy; fwf; fg; gLk; gRtpd; fl; likg; ig
jUf.
115
ghypd; juk; Fiwtiltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit
Ntiy epiyaj;Jf;F nry;f.
mq; F fhzg; gLfpd; w nghUl; fs; > cgfuzq; fisg; gad; gLj; jp gpd; tUk;
Nrhjidfis Nkw;nfhs;f.
nfhOg;Gr; rjtPjk;
rhulu;j;jp
nfhOg;gw;w jpz;kq;fspd; rjtPjk;
cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l ghypy; gpd;tUk; ,ay;Gfis Nrhjpf;f.
epwk;
kzk;
Rit
juj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf ghYld; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;s gjhu;j;jq;fs;
Ntiy epiyaj;ijj; jahugLj;Jtjw;;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gpd; tUk; cgfuzq; fs; > nghUl; fs; Mfpatw; iwg; gad; gLj; jp gRg; ghypd; ;
juk;> fl;likg;G Mfpatw;Wf;fhd Nrhjizfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd
Ntiy epiyaq;fis mikf;f.
nghJthd cs;sPLfs;
gRg;ghypd; khjpup
tpNrl cs;sPLfs; - 1
N`gu; Fohap gpA+w;Nwh khdp
ikaePf;fp ,wg;gu;j; jf;if
nyhf; fP H
2
SO
4
INrh Viky; mw;fNfhy;
tpNrl cs;sPLfs; - 2
,yf;Nuhkhdp ntg;gkhdp
msTr;rhb
tpNrl cs;sPLfs; - 3
10% nghl;lhrpak; il FNuhNkw;W nts; sp iej; jpNuw; W
maBd; fpsprupd;
116
gPq;fhd; jl;L nrwpe;j HCl
ngupf;FNshiul; Ijhd ry;G+upf; mkpyk;
<ju; gpndhg;jypd;
2% rpj;jpupf;fkpyk; nlhypfh nkhypNgh
ngh];gupf;fkpyk;
Nkw;nfhs;f.
Kiyr; Rug; gpfspypUe; J Ruf; fg; gLtJk; mjpf juKk; RitAk; nfhz; l
,aw;ifahd jputNk ghy; MFk;.
gpd;tUk; Nghrizg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; ghypy; fhzg;gLk;.
ePu;
Gujk;
nfhOg;G
yf;NuhR nty;yk;
tpw;wkpd;
fdpg;nghUl;fs;
ghypd; gpujhd $W ePu; MFk;.
ghypy; mlq;fpAs;s gpujhd Gujk; Nfrpd; MFk;.
,J nkhj;jg; Gujj;jpy; 80% MFk;.
Nkhupy; (Whey) Nfrpd; jtpu yf;Nuh my;gpa+kpd;> yf;Nuh FNshgpa+ypd;
Mfpa Gujq;fs; cs;sd.
KO Milg; ghypy; Vwj;jho 3% nfhOg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ghypy; nfhOg;G rpWNfhsq;fshf fhzg;gLk;.
ghypy; gpA+l;lupf;fkpyk;> fg;Nuhapf;fkpyk;> fg;upypf;fkpyk;;> fg;upf;fkpyk;
Nghd;w nfhOg;gkpyq;fs; rhu;g;gstpy; mjpfkhf cs;sd.
ghypy; nghRfg;Ngh ,ypg;gpl;LfSk; fhzg;gLk;.
yf;NuhR nty;yk; ghypy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd fhNghitjNuw;W MFk;.
gRg;ghypy; 5% mstpy; yf;NuhR mlq;fpAs;sJ.
ghyhdJ gy mj; jp ahtrp a tp w; wkp d; tiffisAk; mjp fsT
fdpg;nghUl;fisAk; nfhz;l Kf;fpakhd Rug;G MFk;.
ghypd; fl;likg;gpy; gpd;tUk; fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
tpyq;F tifAk; tu;f;fKk;
fwit epiy
toq;fg;gLk; czT
kbAld; njhlu;ghd Neha;fs;
117
ghy; tpisr;rypy; gpd;tUk; fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.
tpyq;F tifAk; tu;f;fKk;
tpyq;fpd; Rfhjhuk;
tpyq;fpd; taJ
fwit epiy
guhkupg; G
Nghriz kl;lKk; czTk;
ghy; fwf;Fk; ,ilntspAk; vz;zpf;ifAk;
ghy; fwf;Fk; Kiw
ghyp d; fl; likg; ig Nrhjp g; gjw; fhd gp d; tUk; gup Nrhjidfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
nfhOg;G rjtPjj;ij Jzpjy; - Nù;gu; Nrhjiz
rhulu;j;jpia Jzpjy; - yf;Nuhkhdp gupNrhjiz
nfhOg;gw;w jpz;kq;fspd; msit Jzpjy; (SNF)
Rit> kzk;> ntg;gepiy> Rj;jk; Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpj;J ghypd;
juj;ij Nrhjpf;fyhk;.
ePu;> cg;G> NfhJik kh> Njq;fha;g;ghy; Nghd;wd ghYld; fyg;glk;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
,t;thW fyg;glk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s ghypd; juj;ij Ma;$lr; Nrhjid
%yk; cWjpg;gLj;jyhk;.
118
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.18 ( tsu;g;G KiwfSf;Nfw;g khl;Lj; njhOt trjpiaj;
jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
khl;L tsu;g;G Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;.
khl;Lj; njhOtq;fspd; Njitiaf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
khl;Lj; njhOtj;jpd; tiffis xg;gpLthu;
khl; L njhOtj; ij mikf; fg; nghUj; jkhd ,lj; ij njupT nra; Ak; NghJ
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;glNtz;ba epiyikfis Ma;e;jwpthu;.
khl; Lj; njhOtj; jpDs; fhzg; gl Ntz; ba cgfuzq; fs; > epiyikfs;
Mfpatw;iw Ma;e;jwpthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
Rakhf Kd; tUk; ,uz; L khztu; fisf; nfhz; L gp d; tUk;
ciuahliy tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.
khkh ( Vd; kfNd ,e;j khiyg; nghOjpy; XLfpwha;
kfd; ( vd; khLfs; ,uz; il fhztpy; iy. mij Njbr; nry; fpNwd; .
khkh ( Vd; khLfis gpd;Nduk; njhOtj;jpy; milj;J
itf; ftpy; iyah
kfd; ( ,y;iy vk;Kila khLfSf;nfd njhOtk; ,y;iyNa
khkh ( ,yhgk; ngWk; Nehf; fpy; khL tsu; f; f tpUk; gpdhy; mtw; Wf; F
njhOt trjp toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ghu;j;jPu;fsh vdJ
khl;Lj; njhOtk; vt;thW mofhf cs;sJ.
kfd; ( Mk; Mk;. mJ gw;wpa jfty;fis ehd; mwpe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ehis ehd; cq;fs; tPl;Lf;F tUfpNwd;.
khkh ( ey;yJ ey;yJ.
,jdbg;gilapy; njhOt trjpia toq;Ftjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
khztuplk; tpdhTf.
elhj;Jf.
,yq;ifapy; gpd;tUk; Kiwfspy; khLfs; tsu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jpwe;jntsp tsu;g;G
jPtpuKiw tsu;g;G
119
jP tp uKiw tsu; g; gp d; NghJ khLfSf; F ep ue; ju njhOt trjp
toq;fg;gLk;.
njhOt trjpia toq; Ftjd; %ykhf cw; gj; jpia mjpfupf; f KbAk; .
gpd;tUk; gUt khLfspy; cq;fs; FOTf;F fpilf;Fk; tsu;r;rp epiy
tsUk; khLfs;
Kjpu;e;j khLfs;
cq; fs; FOTf; Fup a gUt khLfs; tsu; f; fg; gLk; Kiwfis
,dq; fhz; f.
mk;KiwfspYs;s mE$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fis fye;JiuahLf.
khl; Lj; njhOtj; ij mikf; Fk; NghJ ftdj; jpw; nfhs; sg; gl Ntz; ba
tplaq;fis gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; fye;JiuahLf.
mtrpak;
,lj; njupT
tPl;bd; tif
fhzg;glNtz;ba cgfuzq;fs;
,ltrjp
cq;fs; FOtpy; Ma;e;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;gpf;f
Maj;jkhFf.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
khLfs; gfw;fhyj;jpy; cyhtp Nka;e;Jz;L tsUk; Kiw jpwe;jKiw
tsu;g;G vdg;gLk;.
mjpfsT ,lg; gug; Gs; s cyu; tyaq; fspy; ,k; Kiw gad; gLj; jg; gLfpwJ.
,e; jp a> RNjr khl; L tu; f; fq; fs; ,k; Kiwap y; tsu; f; f
nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.
jpwe; j Kiw tsu; g; gpy; gy; NtW mE$yq; fSk; gpujp$yq; fSk; cs; sd.
mE$yk; - czT> njhOtk; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd nryT FiwT
gpujp$yk; - xl;Lz;zp Neha;fs; njhw;Wjy;
KOf;fhyKk; njhOtj;jpDs; itj;J tsu;f;fg;gLk; Kiw jPtpuKiw
vdg;gLk;.
,k;Kiwapy; mjpf cw;gj;jp nfhz;l tpyq;Ffs; tsu;f;fg;gLk;.
,k; Kiwapd; mE$yq;fSk; gpujp$yq;fSk; cs;sd.
mE$yk; - guhkupg;G ,yFthFk;.
gp ujp $yk; - czT> njhop yhsu; Mfp atw; Wf; F mjp f nryT
Vw; gly; .
tsu; g; GKiwf; fika njhOtj; jp d; jd; ikAk; czTtiffSk;
NtWgLk; .
120
jPtuKiwapy; khLfis tsu;f;Fk;NghNj Kiwahd njhOtq;fs;
mikf;fg;gLk;.
jPtpuKiwapy; ,Utiffspy; njhOtk; mikf;fg;gLk;.
jpwe;j epiyapyhd njhOtq;fs; (Loose houses)
Kba epiyapyhd njhOtq; fs; (Conventional houses)
ghy; fwf; Fk; NghJk; rp fp r; irasp f; Fk; NghJk; kl; LNk jp we; j
njhOtq; fsp y; khLfs; fl; b itf; fg; gLtJld; kw; nwy; yh
re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; Rje;jpukhf njhOtj;jpDs; elkhl mDkjpf;fg;gLk;.
Kba njhOtq; fspy; ve; NeuKk; khL fl; lg; gl; l epiyapNyNa
tsu;f;fg;gLk;.
Kba njhOtq; fspy; gy; NtW tsu; r; rp epiyfs; nfhz; l tpyq; FfSf; F
ntt;Ntwhf njhOtq;fs; mikf;fg;gLk;.
fd;Wf; Fl;bfSf;;fhd njhOtk;
fwitg; gRf;fSf;fhd njhOtk;
tsUk;; gRf;fSf;fhd njhOtk;
fhis khLfSf;fhd njhOtk;
,j; njhOtq;fspy; khLfs; ,uz;L Kiwfspy; fl;bitf;fg;gLk;.
jdptupir Kiw - Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifahd khLfSf;F
,Utupir Kiw - 10-20 tiuahd khLfSf;F
,Utupir Kiw NkYk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
jiyf;F jiy Kiw
thYf;F thy; Kiw
khLfSf; fhd njhOtj; ij mikf; Fk; NghJ gy; NtW fhuzpfs;
njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,lj; njupT - ePu; tbe;J nry;tjw;fhd ,lkhf ,Uj;jy;
,lj; Njit - fd;WfSf;F 0.75 - 1.5m
2
,ltrjp
cgfuzq;fs; - czTg;ghj;jpuk;
njhOt mikg;G Kiw - jiyf;F jiy Kiw
,t;thW khLfSf;F nghUj;jkhd njhOtq;fis mikg;gjd; %yk;
mjpf cw;gj;jpiag; ngwKbAk;.
121
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.19 ( Kfhikj; Jt Kiwfis mwpe; J rpwg; ghd cw; gj; jpf; fhd
Maj;jepiyia ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs;
tp yq; Fr; Rfhjhu Kfhikj; Jtj; jp d; Kf; fp aj; Jtq; fisf;
fye;JiuahLthu;.
tpyq;Ffspw;F Vw;gLk; NehawpFwpfisf; $Wthu;.
Neha;f;fhuzpfis tifg;gLj;jpf; $Wthu;.
Neha; Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tplaq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
Neha;f;fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw
ghlg;gpuNtrk;
ciuahliy tFg;gpy; rku;gpf;f.
Nùj; : vd;d uz; gz;lh fg;gy; ftpo;e;jJNghy; epw;fpwha;.
uz; gz;lh: Mk; Nùj; Nfhopg; gz;iz KbQ;RJ vdJ
NfhopfSf;F Neha; te;jpUf;F
Nùj; : uz; gz; lh vg; gb cq; fSf; Fj; njupAk; . NfhopfSf; F
Neha; te;jpUf;nfd;W
uz; gz;lh: kw;iwa ehl;fs; Nghy; Nfhopfs; RWRWg;ghf czT
cz; ztpy; iy. ,wf; iffis njhq; ftplg; gl; l tz; zk; xNu
,lj;jpy; epw;fpd;wd. ,d;W Kl;ilfSk; FiwthfNt
,l; ld.
Nùj; : mg;g rup jhd;. VNjh xU Neha; jhd; gpbj;Js;sJ.
Neha; cs; sjhy; jhd; Nfhopfs; toikNghy; ,y; iy.
kw;iwa ehl;fs; Nghd;W rhg;gpLtJk; FiwT
rhjhuz epiyikfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wNk Neha; vd khztuplk;
Fwpg;gpl;L gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW fye;JiuahLf.
cau;juk; nfhz;l tpyq;F cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fisg; ngWtjw;F
tpyq;Fr; Rfhjhuk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Neha; Vw;gl gy fhuzq;fs; cs;sd.
Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gpd;tUk; Kiwfs; iff;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
epu;gPldkhf;fy;
jLg;G Kiwfs;
NehNaw;gl;l tpyq;FfSf;Fr; rpfpr;iraspj;jy;
122
gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w jiyg;G
Nfhop
khLfs;
tsE}iy crhTf.
cq; fs; FOTf; Fup a tp yq; F tiff; F Neha; Vw; gl VJthd
fhuzq;fis tpsf;Ff.
,t; tpyq;FfSf;F Neha; Vw;gl;lJk; ntspf;fhl;lg;gLk; nghJthd
mwpFwpfs; ahit?
fhy;eilr; Rfhjhu Kfhikj;Jtj;jp;d; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupf;Ff.
tpyq; F Neha; fisf; fl; Lg; gLj; Jk; Kiwfisg; gpd; tUk; jiyg; Gfspy;
Muha;f.
epu;gPldkhf;fy;
jLg;G Kiwfs;
NehNaw;gl;l tpyq;FfSf;Ffhd rpfpr;irfs;;
gz; iz tpyq; Ffspd; cw; gj; jpahdJ gy; NtW fhuzpfspd; mbg; gilapy;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
gpwg;Gupik epiyg;gz;G
Nghriz epiyik
,dg;ngUf;f tpidj;jpwd;
Rfhjhu epiyik
ghjfkhd Rfhjhu epiyikfs; gz;iz tpyq;Ffspy; gpd;tUk;
Kiwfspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
tsu;r;rp Fiwjy;
cw;gj;jp Fiwjy;
,dg;ngUf;fj; jpwd; Fiwjy;
tpyq;Ffspy; ,wg;G Vw;gly;
,jdhy; gz;izapypUe;J cr;r nghUshjhu gaidg; ngw Rfhjhu
Kfhikj;Jtk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
NehNaw;gl;l tpyq;Ffis NehawpFwpfspypUe;J ,dq;fhzyhk;.
ntspthupahf mtjhdpf;ff; $ba NehawpFwpfs;
fz;fspd; gpufhrk; Fiwjy;
czT Efu;T Fiwjy;
mrhjhuz elj;ij
cw;gj;jp Fiwjy;
123
ntspg;gilahf mtjhdpf;f Kbahj NehawpFwpfs;
cly; ntg;gepiy NtWgly;
ehbj;Jbg;G NtWgly;
Rthr tPjk; NtWgly;
Neha;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfis gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;
njhw;W Neha;fs;
gw; wP upah
ituR
xl; Lz; zp
njhw;Wjyilahj Neha;fs;
mDNrgf; NfhshWfs;
rkepiyaw;w Nghriz
gpwg;Gupikf; fhuzp
ghjfkhd #oy; epiyikfs;
eQ;#l;lk;
tp yq; F Neha; fisf; fl; Lg; gLj; j gp d; tUk; Kiwfs;
iff; nfhs; sg; gLfpd; wd.
epu;gPldkhf;fy;
jLg;G Kiwfs;
NehNaw;gl;l tpyq;FfSf;F rpfpr;iraspj;jy;
Neha; fisf; fl; Lg; gLj; Jtjd; %ykhf cau; cw; gj; jpiag; ngwKbAk; .
124
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.20 ( gy;NtW tpyq;F Neha;fis ,dq;fz;L fl;Lg;ghl;L
fw;ww;NgWfs;
Nfhopfs; > khLfs; Mfpatw; Wf; F Vw; gLk; Neha; fisj; jdpj; jdpNa ngaupLthu; .
Neha; Vw;glf; fhuzkhd Neha;f;fhuzpfisg; ngaupLthu;.
NehawpFwpf;fika khL> Nfhop Neha;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
gz; iz tpyq; FfspypUe; J kdpjDf; Fg; guTk; Neha; fisg; ngaupLthu; .
Neha; fisf; fl; Lg; gLj; j Nkw; nfhs; s Ntz; ba eltbf; iffis tptupg; ghu; .
ghlg;gpuNtrk; (
NehAw; w tpyq; Ffs; > MNuhf; fpakhd tpyq; Ffs; Mfpatw; iwf; fhl; Lk;
gpd;tUk; glq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;gpf;f.
,e;j glq;fSf;Ff;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfis khztuplk;
tpdTf.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspnfhzug;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy
Nkw;nfhs;f.
khL> Nfhop Mfpatw;wpd; guhkupg;gpd;NghJ me;j tpyq;FfSf;F
gy;NtW Neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd
,tw;wpy;; rpy Neha;fs; kdpjDf;Fk; gutf; $bad.
Neha; Vw;gl;lhy; cw;gj;jp FiwtilAk;.
,jdhy; Neha; Vw;gLtijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kpf Kf;fpakhFk;.
gpd; tUk; tpyq; F tiffSs; cq; fs; FOTf; Ff; fpilf; fg; ngw; w tpyq; F
tif gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
Gnuhapyu;f; NfhopfSk; INuhg;gpa khLfSk;
Ngl;Lf; NfhopfSk;> ,e;jpa khLfSk;
cq;fs; FOTf;Fj; jug;gl;l tpyq;F tiffSf;F mjpfk; Vw;gLk;
Neha; fisg; gl; baw; gLj; Jf.
125
mt; xt;nthU NehapdJk;
Neha;f;fhuzp / guTk;; Kiw
NehawpFwpfs;
jLg; G kw; Wk; rpfpr; ir Kiw
gz; iz tpyq; FfspypUe; J kdpjDf; Fj; njhw; Wjyilaf; $ba Neha; fis
,dq; fhz; f.
me; j Neha; fs; kdpjDf; F njhw; Wjyilaf; $ba Kiwfisf; Fwpg; gpLf.
tplaq; fis tpsf; Ftjw; fhd topfhl; ly;
gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs; ntspf; nfhzug; gLkhW fye; Jiuahliy Nkw; nfhs; f.
khL> Nfhop Mfpatw;wpd; tsu;g;gpd;NghJ mtw;Wf;F gy;NtW Neha;fs;
Vw; gLfpd; wd.
GONeha; fs; > ghw; fha; r; ry; > kbaow; rp> fhy; tha; Neha; > njhz; il milg; ghd; >
cz; zpf; fha; r; ry; > tapW}jy; Mfpad khLfSf; F Vw; gLk; Neha; fshFk; .
me; Neha; fSf; fhd Neha; f; fuzpfs; tUkhW
Neha; Neha; f; fhuzp
GONeha; fs; Flw; GOf; fs;
ghw; fha; r; ry; mDNrgf; NfhshW
kbaow; rp Streptococcus tif gw; wP upah
fhy; tha; Neha; Aptho Virus tif ituR
njhz; il milg; ghd; gw; wP upah
cz; zpf; fha; r; ry; Babesia bigemia
Babesia bovis Mfpa GNuhl; lNrthf; fs;
tapW}jy; rkepiyaw; w czT
cl; nfhs; sy; my; yJ
gpwNeha; fs; fhuzkhf
GONeha; > Gy; Nyhuk; > nfhf; rpbNahrp]; > fk; Nghuh> Nfhopak; ik>
uzpf;fw; Mfpad NfhopfSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; MFk;.
me;j Neha;fSf;fhd Neha;f; fhuzpfs; tUkhW
Neha; Neha; f; fhuzpfs;
GONeha; tl; lg; GO> ehlhg; GO
Gy;Nyhuk; Salmonella pullorumvdg;gLk; gw;wPupah
nfhf; rpbNahrp]; Imeria tenella
Imeria necatrix Mfpa
GNuhw; NwhNrhtd; fs
Nfhopak; ik Avipox vDk; ituR
uzpf;fw; Avian paramixo virus
126
NehawpFwpfspypUe;J Nfhop> khL Mfpatw;Wf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;fis
mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
rpy Neha;fs; tpyq;FfspypUe;J kdpju;fSf;Fg; guTfpd;wd.
khl; L tpru; Neha; > gwitf; fha; r; ry; > GUnrNyhrp]; Mfpad mt; thwhd
Neha;fshFk;.
,e; j Neha; fisf; fl; Lg; gLj; Jtjw; Fg; gp d; tUtdtw; iw
Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
gz;izr; Rfhjhuj;ijg; NgZjy;
cupa fhyj;jpy; jLg;G+rp Vw;wy;
NehAw;w tpyq;FfSf;Fr; rpfpr;iraspj;jy;
Neha;f; fl;Lg;ghL %yk; tpisr;riy mjpfupf;f KbAk;.
127
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.21 ( rp wp a mstp yhd tp yq; Fg; gz; iz xd; wp idj;
jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
gz; iznahd; iw mikf; Fk; NghJ ftdj; jp w; nfhs; sNtz; ba
fhuzpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
Njit> Mw;wy; Mfpatw;Wf;fika Muk;gpf;ff; $ba gz;iz kw;Wk;
tpyq;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if Mfpadtw;iw jPu;khdpg;ghu;.
tp yq; Fg; gz; izia jp l; lkp Lk; NghJ Njitahd cs; sP Lfs; >
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Nritfs; Mfpatw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kiwfisf;
fye;JiuahLthu;.
tpyq;F gz;izia Muk;gpf;f Njitahd jpl;lq;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
gz;izapd; ,yhgj;ij cr;rsthf;Fk; tpjj;ijf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;
Rakhf Kd; tUk; ,uz; L khztiuf; nfhz; L gpd; tUk; ciuahliy
tFg;gpy; rku;g;;gpf;f.
f.nghj cau; j; ju tFg; gpy; fy; tp fw; W ntspNawpa khztu; f.nghj cau; j; ju tFg; gpy; fy; tp fw; W ntspNawpa khztu; f.nghj cau; j; ju tFg; gpy; fy; tp fw; W ntspNawpa khztu; f.nghj cau; j; ju tFg; gpy; fy; tp fw; W ntspNawpa khztu; f.nghj cau; j; ju tFg; gpy; fy; tp fw; W ntspNawpa khztu;
xUtUf; Fk; mtuJ tptrha MrpupaUf; Fk; ,ilapyhd ciuahly; xUtUf; Fk; mtuJ tptrha MrpupaUf; Fk; ,ilapyhd ciuahly; xUtUf; Fk; mtuJ tptrha MrpupaUf; Fk; ,ilapyhd ciuahly; xUtUf; Fk; mtuJ tptrha MrpupaUf; Fk; ,ilapyhd ciuahly; xUtUf; Fk; mtuJ tptrha MrpupaUf; Fk; ,ilapyhd ciuahly;
jpay; ( Nru; vq;F Ngha;nfhz;bUf;fPwPu;fs;.
Mrpupau; ( M jpay;> ehd; uTZf;Fg; NghfpNwd;. guPl;irf;Fg;
gpd;du; ,g;NghJ vd;d nra;fpwPu;fs;? VjhtJ njhopy;
nra;fpwPu;fsh?
jpay; ( ,d;Dk; njhopYf;Fr; nry;ytpy;iy. Mdhy;> tPl;bd;
gp d; gf; fk; cs; s fhzp j; Jz; by; gz; iz xd; W
Muk; gpf; fTs; Nsd; . mjw; fhd jpl; lq; fs; vy; yhk;
jw; rkak; nra; Jtpl; Nld; . ,g; NghJ me; j NtiyahfNt
nry; fpNwd; .
Mrpupau; ( ey; yJ jhd; . mg; gbnad; why; eP q; fs; tpiutpy; tpyq; Fg;
gz;izahsu; Mfg; NghfpwPu;fs; vd;W nrhy;Yq;fs;.
fw;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; ,t;thwhd njhopy;fis
Muk; gp g; gJ vt; tsT ey; yJ. cq; fsJ Kaw; rp
ntw;wpahfl;Lk; vd gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.
jpay; ( ed;wp Nru;
128
,jdbg; gilapy; fhy; eilg; gz; iznahd; iwj; jpl; lkpLk; NghJ
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
gpd;tUk; tpyq;Ffis gz;izapy; tsu;f;f KbAk;.
Nfhop gd;wp
fwit khL ML
gy;NtW Njitfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L tsu;g;gjw;fhd tpyq;F
tifiaj; njupTnra;a Ntz;Lk;.
fhy;eilg; gz;iziaj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ gy;NtW fhuzpfs;
njhlu;ghf ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
cjh :( Njitahd cs;sPLfs;
Vw;gLk; nryT
fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk;
gpd;tUk; tpyq;Fg; gz;izapy;; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w
jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
ehd;F fwitg; gRf;fs; nfhz;l gz;iz
50 GNuhapyu;f; Nfhop nfhz;l gz;iz
tsE}iy crhTf.
cq;fs; jiyg;gpy; jug;gl;l tpyq;Ffis jPtpu Kiwapy; tsu;g;gjw;F
gz;iznahd;iw jpl;lkpLk;NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba
fhuzpfis gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; Muha;f.
Vw;gLk; nryT
fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk;
Njitahd cs;sPLfs;
Nritfs;
,yhgj;ijg; ngUf;Fk; toptiffs;
fopTfis mfw;Wk; Kiw
,jw;nfd cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; mikf;fj;jf;f gz;iznahd;iwj;
jpl; lkpLf.
cq; fs; FOtpy; jpullg; gl; l tplaq; fis tFg; gpy; rku; g; gpf; f Maj; jkhFf.
elhj;Jf.
rpw; wstpyhdjhfNth NgustpyhdjhfNth tpyq; Fg; gz; iznahd; iw
Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ rupahd jpl;lkply; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
,jd;%yk; cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;f KbAk;.
Kjypy; mt; cw; gj; jpf; Fr; re; ijtha; g; G cs; sjh vd mwpe; J nfhs; s
Ntz; Lk; .
129
Kl;ilapLk; / GNuhapyu;f; Nfhopfs; 50 my;yJ 4 fwit gRf;fis
jPtpuKiwapy; tsu;g;gjw;fhd jpl;lk; ,q;F Muhag;gLfpd;wJ.
,g; gz; iziaj; jpl; lkpLk; NghJ gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs; njhlu; ghf tpNrl
Vw;gLk; nryT
fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk;
Njitahd cs;sPLfs;
,yhgj;ij mjpfupf;Fk; cj;jpfs;
gz;izf; fopTfis mfw;Wjy;
gz;iziaj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ gy;NtW $Wfs; mjpy; cs;slf;fg;gl
Ntz; Lk; .
%yjdr; nryT - cjh:- tpyq;F kid> cgfuzq;fs;
kPz;nlOk; nrytpdk; - czT> kUe;Jf;fhd nryTfs;
,jw; nfdg; gy; NtW nrytp d kjp g; gP Lfs; nra; ag; gLtJ
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
tpyq;Fg; gz;izapypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba cw;gj;jpfisAk;
jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;.
khl;Lg; gz;iz - ghy;> gris
Nfhopg;gz;iz - Kl;il> ,iwr;rp> gris
tpyq; Fg; gz; izapypUe; J ngwf; $ba tUkhdj; ij kjpg; gply; Ntz; Lk; .
,t;thW tUkhdk;> nryT fzpj;jy;fs; %yk; ,yhgj;ij kjpg;gpl
KbAk;.
gy; NtW cj; jpfspd; %yk; tpyq; Fg; gz; izapd; ,yhgj; ij mjpfupj; Jf;
nfhs;s KbAk;.
cjh - Gnuhapyu;f; Nfhopfis 30 ehl;fspy; re;ijg;gLj;jy;.
ghiy ew;fhg;G nra;jy;.
gz;izf;Fj; Njitahd cs;sPLfisAk; gy;NtW NritfisAk;
gy;NtW topfspy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
cjh - fhy;eil itj;jpa Nrit
tq;fpfs; %ykhf flidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;;
fhy; eilg; gz; izf; fopTfis mfw; Wtjw; Fg; nghUj; jkhd Kiwfs;
iff;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;nfd gy;NtW Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;snfhs;s KbAk;.
cjh: capu;thA jahupg;G
grisahf tpw;wy;
gp uNjrq; fsp y; ep yTk; Nfs; tp > gz; iznahd; wp d; cs; sP Lfs; >
Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba nryTfs; Mfpa fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy;
gz; izapy; tsu; f; ff; $ba tpyq; Ffspd; vz; zpf; if jP u; khdpf; fg; gLk; .
tpyq; FfSf; F kidapDs; Njitahd ,ltrjp> czTg; ghj; jpuq; fs; >
ePu;g;ghj;jpuq;fs; Mfpad fzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
130
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.22 ( ntw;wpfukhd tpyq;Fg; gz;izia elhj;Jtjw;F
gz;iz mwpf;iffis jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs:;
fhy;eilg; gz;iz mwpf;iffisg; NgZtjd; ,d;wpaikahikia
tptupg;ghu;.
gz;iz mwpf;if tiffisg; ngaupLthu;
gy;NtW gz;iz mwpf;if tiffis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
tsu; f; fg; gLk; gz; iz tpyq; FfSf; fika Njitahd mwpf; iffisj;
njupT nra;thu;.
gz;iz mwpf;iffisj; jahupg;ghu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk:;
Rakhf Kd; tUk; khztu; xUtiu gpd; tUk; epfo; it cuj; J tFg; gpy;
thrpf;fr; nra;f.
epfo;Tf; fw;if
ehFfd;nwhd; iw tpiynfhLj; J thq; fntd te; j tptrhapnahUtu;
muypa fNy gz;iz Kfhikahsiur; re;jpj;jhu;. jhd; N[u;rp
tif ehF fd;nwhd;iw thq;ftpUg;gjhf mtu; Kfhikahsuplk;
$wpdhu;. Kfhikahsu; khl;Lg; gl;bf;Fg; nghWg;ghfTs;s gpaNrhkh
mtu;fis mioj;jhu;. tptrhapd; Njit gw;wp gpaNrhkh mtu;fSf;F
tpsf; fp gz; iz mwpf; iffisg; guprpypj; J mt; thwhd ehF khnlhd; W
cs; sjh vd jdf; F njuptpf; FkhW $wpdhu; . jd; dplKs; s gpwg; G mwpf; ifiag;
guprpypj; j gpaNrhkh N[u; rp fyg; gpd ehF khnlhd; W gw; wpa jfty; fis
mwpe;J nfhz;lhu;. re;jjp mwpf;ifiag; guprpypj;J mk;khl;bdJ jha;
je; ij Mfpatw; wpd; tpguq; fis ngw; w mtu; cw; gj; jp mwpf; ifapypUe; J
mtw; wpd; cw; gj; jp gw; wpa jfty; fis rpy epkplq; fspy; Kfhikahsupk;
nfhLj; jhu; . fhye; jho; j; jhJ jkJ Ntiyia Nkw; nfhs; s Kbe; jijapl; L
tptrhap kpfTk; kfpo;r;rpAw;whu;.
me;j epfo;tpd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLk; tpjkhf
gz;izfspy; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l mwpf;iffs; Ngzg;gLfpd;wd.
me;j mwpf;iffspypUe;J gy;NtW mE$yq;fs; fpilfpd;wd.
gpd;tUk; fhy;eil tiffis tsu;f;Fk; gz;izfSs; cq;fs;
FOTf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w tpyq;Fg; gz;iz njhlu;ghf ftdk;
nrYj;Jf.
gRf;fis tsu;f;Fk; gz;iz
Ngl;Lf; Nfhopfs;> GNuhapyu;fs; Mfpatw;iw tsu;f;Fk; gz;iz
tsE}iyg; guprPypf;Ff.
131
cq; fSf; Fupa tpyq; F tifia tsu; f; Fk; NghJ gz; izapy; Ngzg; gl
Ntz;ba mwpf;if tiffis tpgupf;Ff.
mt; mwpf; iffisg; NgZtjd; ,d; wpaikahik kw; Wk; mE$yq; fs;
Mfpatw;iwf; fye;JiuahLf.
elhj;Jf.
gz;iz mwpf;iffisg; NgZtjd; %yk; gz;izahsUf;F gy
mE$yq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
cjh: tsu;g;G eltbf;iffs; ,yFthjy;
,yhgj;ij ,yFthf mwpaKbjy;
gz;iz mwpf;iffs; gpujhdkhf ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
ngsjpf mwpf;iffs;
epjp mwpf;iffs;
ngsjpf mwpf;iffisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;
mbg;gil mwpf;iffs;
RUf;f mwpf;iffs;
gz;izapd; ehshe;j eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa mwpf;iffs; mbg;gil
mwpf;iffs; vdg;gLk;.
cjh: ehshe;j czT mwpf;if
kuz mwpf;if
rpfpr;ir mwpf;if
mbg; gil mwpf; ifapypUe; J ngwg; gl; l jfty; fspy; ,Ue; J RUf; fkhd
mwpf;iffs; jahu; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
gz;izapy; gpujhdkhf gpd;tUk; mwpf;iffs; Ngzg;gLfpd;wd.
cw;gj;jp mwpf;if
re;jjp mwpf;if
gpwg;G VL
rpidg;gLj;jy; mwpf;if
fopj;jy; mwpf;if
cw; gj; jpawpf; iffs; mbg; gil mwpf; iffshfTk; RUf; f mwpf; iffshfTk;
Ngzg;gLk;.
mbg;gil cw;gj;jp mwpf;iffs; nghJthf xUkhj fhyk; tiu
Ngzg;gLfpd;wd.
mk; khjj; jpd; ,Wjpapy; ,tw; wpd; RUf; fk; RUf; f mwpf; ifapy; Fwpj; Jf;
nfhs;sg;gLk;.
RUf;fkhd cw;gj;jp mwpf;if %ykhf Kl;ilapLk; Nfhopfs; cs;s
gz;izapy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; toq;fg;gLk; cztpd; msTf;F
rhu; ghf ,lg; gLk; Kl; ilfspd; vz; zpf; if> Kl; ilnahd; wpd; cw; gj; jpr;
nryT Mfpad fzpf;fg;glyhk;.
GNuhapyu; f; Nfhopg; gz; izapYs; s Nfhopfspd; capu; epiw> kuz E}w; W
132
tPjk; Mfpad mbg;gil mwpf;if MfTk; nkhj;j kuz rjtPjk;> xU
tpyq;F ehnshd;wpy; cl;nfhs;Sk; cztpd; msT> czT khw;wPl;L
jpwd; Mfpad RUf;f mwpf;iffshfTk; Ngzg;gLk;.
nkhj;j fwitf; fhyj;jpw;Fkhd cw;gj;jpr; RUf;f mwpf;iffspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.
,e;j juTfspd; %ykhf xUyPw;wu; ghy; cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd
nrwpT cztpd; msit mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbjy;.
re; jjp mwpf; ifapy; tpyq; Ffspd; gpwg; G epiw> taJ> cly; ntg; gepiy>
cw;gj;jpf; nfhs;ssT> rpwg;ghd cw;gj;jpia toq;Fk; tanjy;iy>
tpyq;Ffspd; ngw;Nwhu; gw;wpa tpguk; Mfpad Fwpf;fg;gLk;.
fyg;Gg; gpwg;ghf;fj;jpd;NghJ re;jjp mwpf;if kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
tpyq;F gpwe;j Neuk;> ehs; Mfpad Fwpj;J itf;fg;gLk; VL gpwg;G
VL vdg;gLk;.
jLg; G+rp Ntiyjpl; lk; mKy; gLj; jy; > kUe; J toq; fy; > rpidg; gLj; jYnfd
gad;gLj;jy; Mfpadtw;Wf;F ,t; VL Kf;fpakhdjhf mikAk;.
gRf;fis rpidg;gLj;jpa ehs;> rpidg;gLj;jYf;nfd gad;gLj;jpa
Rf; fpyk; ngwg; gl; l fhis khL Mfpad njhlu; ghd jfty; fs; nfhz; l
mwpf;if rpidg;gLj;jy; mwpf;if vdg;gLk;.
khl;Lj; njhFjpapypUe;J fopj;jy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,J gw;wpa
mwpf;if fopj;jy; mwpf;if vdg;gLk;.
133
Nju; r; rp 15 ( MNuhf; fp akhd tho; f; ifia Nkw; nfhs; tjw; fhf
jukhd czT tiffis EfUk; Kiwfisj;
jpl;lkpLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 15.1 ( Nghrizg; gjhu;jq;fs; gw;wpf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L
Efu; Tf; Fg; nghUj; jkhd czTfisj; njupT nra; thu; .
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
cztpy; mlq;fpAs;s Nghrizf; $Wfisg; ngaupLthu;.
Ez;> kh Nghriz $Wfspw;F cjhuzq;fisj; jUthu;.
kdpj Nghrizapy; Kf; fpaj; Jtk; tha; e; j gy; NtW Nghrizf; $Wfspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fhl;Lthu;.
Nghrizf; $Wfs; rpwg; ghd mstpy; cs; s tifapy; czT
Ntisf;fhd czTg; gl;baiy jahupg;ghu;.
rkdpiy Ntis cztpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;wy;- fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
Nghrizf; $Wfs; mlq; fpa czT tiffisf; fhl; Lk; glk; my; yJ
Rtnuhl;bia tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapy; fye;JiuahLf.
MNuhf;fpakhd tho;Tf;F Nghriz kpf mtrpakhdJ.
fhNghitjNuw; W> Gujk; > nfhOg; G> eP u; Mfpad cztpy;
fhzg;gLk; kh Nghrizf; $Wfs; MFk;.
Ez; Nghrizf; $Wfshf fzpg; nghUl; fSk; tpw; wkpd; fSk;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
rkdpiy czit cl;nfhs;tjd; %yk; rPuhd Nghriziag;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
gpd;tUk; Nghrizj; njhFjp tiffSs; cq;fs; FOTf;F fpilf;fg;
ngw;w njhFjp gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
fhNghitjNuw;W> ,ypg;gpl;L> fdpg;nghUl;fs;
Gujk;> ePu;> tpw;wkpd;fs;
"khDl Nghriz" vd;why; vd;d vd tiuaWf;f.
cq;fSf;F jug;gl;Ls;s Nghrizj; njhFjpapy; cs;s $Wfis
khNghriz> Ez;Nghriz vd tifg;gLj;Jf.
mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
cq; fs; FOTf; Fupa Nghrizf; $Wfspd; Kf; fpaj; Jtj; ij tpsf; Ff.
134
xt; nthU Nghrizf; $Wk; mjpfstpy; nfhz; Ls; s czT tiffis
ngaupLf.
ehu;g;gjhu;j;jq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis tpsf;Ff.
czTf; $k; gfj; jp d; mbg; gilap y; czitj; njup Tnra; Ak;
epajpf;fika Ntis czTf;fhd czTfisj; njupT nra;Ak;
tpjj;ij tptupf;Ff.
cupa Nghrizg; ngWkhdk;> msT Mfpad fpilf;f $ba tifapy;
Ntis czT jahupg; Gf; Fg; nghUj; jkhd czTfs; mlq; fpa czTg;
gl;baiyj; jahu;nra;f.
cq;fshy; Mae;;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis rku;g;gpf;f Maj;jkhFf.
cztpYs; s Nghrizf; $WfSs; fhNghitjNuw; W Kf; fpakhdjhFk; .
mJ xUrf;iul;L> ,Urf;iul;L> gy;rf;iul;L vd gy tifg;gLk;.
fhNghitjNuw;W clypy; gy;NtW njhopw;ghLfis Mw;WfpwJ.
cjh- rf;jpia toq;Fjy;> fl;likg;Gg; gjhu;j;jq;fis Mf;Fjy;.
,ypg;gpl;lhdJ nfhOg;G> vz;nza; vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
nfhOg; ghdJ epuk; gpa nfhOg; gkpyk; epuk; ghj nfhOg; gkpyk; vd ,uz; L
tifg;gLk;.
kdpj clypDs; njhFf;fg;glhj nfhOg;gkpyq;fs;> mj;jpahtrpa
nfhOg;gkpyq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
,ypg;gpl;Lfs; kdpj clypy; gy;NtW njhopw;ghLfis Mw;Wfpd;wd.
cjh- nfhy];jpNuhy; cw;gj;jp> %is tsu;r;rp
,ypg;gpl;L gy;NtW czT tiffspypUe;J fpilf;fg;ngWfpwJ.
mkpNdhtkpyq;fspypUe;J Gujq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLk;.
mkpNdhtkpyq;fs; mj;jpahtrpakhdit> mj;jpahtrpa kw;wit vd
,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
Gujq;fspd; njhopw;ghLfs; gy;NtWgl;ldthFk;.
cjh- clw; fyq; fspd; tsu; r; rp> fyq; fs; > ,ioaq; fs; Mfpad
GJg;gpf;fg;gly;.
tpw;wkpd;fis ePupy; fiutd> nfhOg;gpy; fiutd vd ,uz;lhf
tifg; gLj; jyhk; .
tpw;wkpd; A gy;NtW Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
cjh: fz; ghu;itf;F cjTjy;.
tpw;wkpd; B rpf;fyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
tp w; wkp d; B rp f; fyp Ys; s gy; NtW tiffs; Kf; fp aj; Jtk;
tha;e;jitahFk;.
cjh: jakpd; - mDNrgr; nraw; ghLfisj; J}z; Ljy; > iwNghgpNstpd; >
nehjpaq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; $whf fhzg;gly;.
tp w; wkp d; C vd; G> gy; Mfp atw; wp d; tsu; r; rp f; Fk; mDNrg
,af;fq;fSf;Fk; mtrpakhFk;.
135
tpw; wkpd; D vd; G fdpg; nghUshf; fj; Jf; Fk; cly; tsu; r; rpf; Fk;
mtrpakhFk;.
fdpAg;Gfs; Ez;> kh %yfq;fs; vd clypd; ehshe;j Njitf;fika
tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
fy;rpak;> nghRguR Mfpad vd;G> gy; tsu;r;rpf;F mtrpakhFk;.
kfdP rp ak; > nehjp ak; > Gujq; fs; Mfp atw; wp d; njhop w; ghl; Lf; F
mtrpakhFk;.
Nrhbak; > nghl; lhrpak; Mfpad clypd; ePu; r; rkepiyf; F mtrpakhFk; .
fe; jfk; jirfs; > jiyKb> efq; fs; Mfpatw; wpd; tsu; r; rpf; F
mtrpakhFk;.
maBd; ijNuhapl;L xNkhd; jahupg;Gf;F mtrpakhFk;.
,Uk;G <NkhFNshgpd; cw;gj;jpf;F mtrpakhFk;.
ehfk; mDNrgr; nrad;Kiwf;F mtrpakhFk;.
nrNydpak; > GNshupd; > nrg; G> kq; fdP R> FNuhkpak; > nkhypg; bdk; Mfpad
clypd; gy;NtW NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLk;.
fdpg;nghUl;fs; capu; fpilg;Gj; jd;ikf;F mtrpakhdjhFk;.
cjh: czitg; gjg;gLj;jy;> czTfspy; Nghriz epNuhjpfs;
fhzg;gly;
ehnshd;Wf;F 2-3 yPw;wu; ePu; Fbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ePupdhy; clYf;F gy gad;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
cjh: mDNrgr; nraw;ghLfs;> foptfw;wy;
ehu;g;gjhu;j;jq;fs; Nghrizg; ngWkhdj;ijf; nfhz;buhj NghjpYk;
cztpy; fl;lhak; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ehu;g;gjhu;j;jq;fs; gy gad;fs; nfhz;litahFk;.
cztpy; fhzg; gl Ntz; ba Nghrizg; gjhu; j; jq; fspd; msT czTf;
$k;gfj;jpd; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLk;.
cztpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; gy;NtW Nghrizfspd; msTf;F mika
Ntis czTfs; jpl;lkplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
136
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 15.2 ( czT gOjiljypy; nry; thf; Fr; nrYj; Jk; fhuzpfis
,dq;fz;L jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
gOjile;j cztpd; ,ay;Gfis tptupg;ghu;.
czT gOjiltjw;F fhuzkhd gy;NtW fhuzpfis ngaupLthu;.
,urhadf; fhuzpfs; %ykhf czT gOjilar; nra; ag; gLk; tpjj; ij
tptupg;ghu;.
czT gOjiltjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; capupaw; fhuzpfis
ngaupLthu;.
gOjile;j czTfis cl;nfhs;tjdhy; Vw;glf; $ba epyikfis
tpsf; Fthu; .
ghlg;gpuNtrk; :
nghypjP d; jhspdhy; %lg; gl; l G+Q; rzk; gpbj; j ghz; Jz; L> gOjile; j
NrhW rpwpjsT> gOjile;j ghy;> tpyq;Ffshy; ghjpg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l
cUisf;fpoq;F kw;Wk; khk;gok; Mfpatw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;Lf.
,t; czTtiffs; cl; nfhs; sg; gl Kbahjit vd ,dq; fhz cjTk;
,ay;Gfis khztuplk; tpdhTf.
cztpd; Njhw;wk;> epwk;> Rit> ,ioaikg;G Mfpatw;wpy;
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;bUg;gpd; mJ gOjile;j czT vdg;gLk;.
gOjile; j czit ,zq; fhzf; $ba ,ay; Gfs; gy cs; sd.
czT gOjiltjp y; ngsjp f> ,urhad fhuzp fSk;
capuq;fpfSk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.
rup ahd Nghrizf; nfd ,f; fhuzp fs; njhlu; ghf ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gpd; tUk; jiyg; GfSs; cq; fs; FOTf; Ff; fpilf; Fk; jiyg; G njhlu; ghf
ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
czT gOjiltjpy; nry; thf; Fr; nrYj; Jk; ngsjpff; fhuzpfs;
czT gOjiltjpy; nry; thf; Fr; nrYj; Jk; ,urhadf; fhuzpfs;
czT gOjiltjpy; nry; thf; Fr; nrYj; Jk; capupaw; fhuzpfs;
czT gOjiljy; vz;zf;fUit ,dq;fhz;f.
gOjile;j cztpd; ,ay;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf
cq;fSf;F fpilf;Fk; jiyg;G njhlu;ghf gpd;tUkhW Ma;e;jwpjypy;
<Lg; gLtu; .
137
jiyg;gpd; mwpKfk;
mf; fhuzpfspd; nry; thf; Ff; fhuzkhf czT gOjilAk; Kiw
czT gOjiltjdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd tpisTfis tptupf;Ff.
cq;fshy; Ma;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis tFg;gpy; rkug;;gpf;f
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLk; tifapy; fye;JiuahLf.
cztpd; Rit> ,ioaikg; G> Njhw; wk; > kzk; > epwk; Nghd; wtw; wpy;
khw;wk; Vw;gl;L mjid cz;z Kbahj epiy Vw;gl;bUg;gpd;;
mt; czT gOjile;j czT vdg;gLk;.
gOjile;j czTfis mtw;Wf;NfAupa jdpj;Jtkhd tpNrl
,ay;GfspypUe;J ,dq;fhz KbAk;.
gOjile;j cztpy; Rit> kzk;> ,ioaikg;G Mfpatw;wpy;
khw;wk; Vw;gLtJld; mjpy; gpRgpRg;Gj;jd;ikAk; Vw;gLk;.
czT gOjiljyp y; gp d; tUk; fhuzp fs; nry; thf; Fr;
nrYj; Jfpd; wd.
ngsjpff; fhuzpfs;> ,urhadf; fhuzpfs;> capupaw; fhuzpfs;
(Ez;zq;fpfs;)
ngsjpf fhuzpahd ntg;gepiy fhuzkhf czT NeubahfTk;
kiwKfkhfTk; gOjilfpd;wJ.
czitg; gOjilar; nra; Ak; Ez; zq; fpfspd; tsu; r; rp> nehjpaj;
jhf; fq; fs; > cztpy; cs; s Gujq; fs; jpul; rpailjy; Mfpatw; wpy;
ntg;gepiy nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.
czT gOjiltjpy; ngsjpff; fhuzpahd ePu; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;JfpwJ.
cztpy; mlq; fpAs; s <uypg; G Ez; zq; fpfspd; tsu; r; rpapy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp czitg; gOjilar; nra;fpwJ.
,urhadf; fhuzpahd cztpd; pH ngWkhdk; > nehjpaj;
jhf; fq; fs; > xl; rpNaw; wk; Mfpatw; wpd; %ykhf czit gOjilar;
nra; ; fpd; wd.
cztpy; eilngWk; fgpyepw ,ilj;jhf;fk;> nehjpaj;jhf;fk;
Mfpad %yk; czT gOjilAk;.
nfhOg; gpd; xl; rpNaw; wk; fhuzkhf Vw; gLk; ghz; lyiljy;
fhuzkhfTk; czT gOjilfpwJ.
Ez;zq;fpfs; (gq;fR> gw;wPupah> kJtk;) czitg; gOjilar;
nra;Ak; gpujhd fhuzpfs; MFk;.
rpwg;ghd epiyikfs; fpilf;Fkplj;J cztpy; Ez;zq;fpfspd;
tsu;r;rp kpf tpiuthf eilngWk;.
czTtiffs; gOjiltjw;F gy;NtW Ez;zq;fp tiffs;
fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd.
138
Nguq;fpfshd vypfs;> G+r;rpfs;> FUtpfs; czitg; gOjilar;
nra; fpd; wd.
gOjile;j czTfis cl;nfhs;tjdhy; czT eQ;#l;lk;>
xt;thik Vw;gly;> Neha;g;ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gly; kw;Wk; kuzk;
Vw;gly; Mfpad Vw;gLk;.
czitg; gOjilar; nra;Ak; fhuzpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd;
%yk; czitg; NgzKbAk;.
139
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 15.3 ( czit ew;fhg;Gr; nra;tjw;fhf gy;NtW njhopDl;g
Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jtijj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
czT ew; fhg; G Kiwfs; vLj; Jf; fhl; lg; glj; jf; fthwhd tupg; glq; fis
Mf; Fthu; .
czT ew;fhg;G mbg;gil Nfhl;ghLfis $Wthu;.
czT ew; fhg; Gf; nfd gy; NtW njhopEl; g Kiwfisg; gad; gLj; Jthu; .
tpuaq;fisf; Fiwj;J nghUshhu mE$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
jahu;epiyia ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
fw;wy;-fw;ww; mZFKiw
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
ew;fhg;Gr; nra;ag;;gl;l czTfs; rpytw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
,t; czTfs; jahu; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Kiwiag; gw;wp khztUld;
fye;JiuahLf.
mNdf tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; gUtfhyj;Jf;FupaitahFk;.
,jdhy; tpuak; Vw;gLk;.
czT gOjila VJthd fhuzq; fisf; fl; Lg; gLj; Jtjd; %yk;
czit Ngz KbAk;.
,jw;fhd Kiwfs; tUkhW
ntg;gepiyf; fl;Lg;ghL
cyu; j; Jjy;
nrwpthf; fy;
fw;wYf;fhdcj;Njr mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
"
'
,
g
;N
g
h
J

v
d
J

N
j
h
l
;l
k
;
k
pf
m
o
f
h
d
J
.

g
h
f
y
; >

f
j
; j
u
p
M
f
pa
t
w
; w
py
;
e
d
; F

t
pi
s
r
; r
y
;
f
pi
l
j
; J
s
; s
d
.

t
pw
; f

K
b
a
h
J
N
g
h
d
h
y
;
t
Pz
h
F
k
;.
"
'vkJ khl; by; fwf; fg; gLk; ghiy Nghj; jypy; Cw; wp
%b itj; jhYk; gOjilfpd; wJ. Mdhy; filfspy;
cs; s Nghj; jypy; milf; fg; gl; l ghy; > Nahfl; > japu;
Mfpad eP z; l fhyk; gOjilahJ ,Uf; Fk; . vkJ
khl; by; fwf; fg; gLk; ghiyAk; gOjilahJ
Ngz Kbahjh.
'
,
k
;K
i
w

k
h
q
;f
h
a
;
m
j
pf
s
t
py
;
c
s
; s
J
.

k
h
q
; f
h
a
; f
s
;
t
p
w
; f
K
b
a
h
j

m
s
T
f
; F

F
t
pe
; J
s
; s
d
.
t
pi
y
A
k
;
F
i
w
A
k
;.
"
Etd;
Wtd;
gtd;
140
NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s tupg;glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;l gpur;ridfSs; cq;fs;
FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gpur;rpid gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
gtdpd; gpur;rpid
Wtdpd; gpur;rpid
Etdpd; gpur;rpid
tsE}iy crhtp cq; fs; FOTf; Fj; jug; gl; l gpur; rpidia jP u; g; gjw; fhd
czT ew;fhg;G Kiwfis mjw;Fupa Nfhl;ghLfSld; ,dq;fhz;f.
xt;nthU ew;fhg;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; %yKk; ew;fhg;Gr; nra;af; $ba
czT tiffis cjhuzk; %yk; fhl;Lf.
Ntiy epiyaq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W cupa Ntiyfspy; <LgLf.
xt; nthU czT ew; fhg; G KiwiaAk; Nkw; nfhs; Sk; tpjj; ij Muha; f.
Ntiy epiyaj;ijj; jahupg;Gf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
jug; gl; l cgfuzq; fs; > nghUl; fisg; gad; gLj; jp gpd; tUk; jiyg; Gfspy;
Ntiy epiyaq;fs; %d;iw jahu;nra;f.
Nahfl; jahupg;G
kha;fha;r; rl;dp
kuf;fwpfis cyu;j;Jjy;.
vy;yh Ntiy epiyaq;fSf;Fkhd nghJthd cs;;sPLfs;
Rj;jkhd ePu;
kuf;fwpfs;> goq;fisf; fOtjw;fhd gpshj;jpf;F ghj;jpuk;
ntl;Lg; gyif
thA mLg;G
ntg;gkhdp
vdhky; ghj;jpuk;
fj; jp
Ntiy epiyak; - I f;fhd cs;sPLfs;
Rj;jkhd cld; ghy;
ciw vLg;gjw;fhd Nahf;fl;
Nahf;fl; jahupf;fg; nghUj;jkhd ghj;jpuk;
40W/60W kpd;Fkpo;
ngl;b (nw[pghk;)
Fsp&l; b
kuf; fuz;b
Ntiy epiyak; - II f;fhd cs;sPLfs;
Kw;wpg;gOj;j khq;fha;fs; rpy
tpdhfpup
rPdp
141
fiwglhj cUf;fpyhd fuz;b
ePz;l gpb nfhz;l mfg;ig
Nghj;jiy njhw;WePf;f cfe;j ghj;jpuk;
nfhs; fyd; fs;
Ntiy epiyak; - III f;fhd cs;sPLfs;
cld; kuf;fwp (ful;> ghfy;> gPu;f;F)
1% Nrhbankw;wh ig ry;igw;Wf; fiury; (1% SMS)
Rj;jkhd gUj;jpg; Glitj; Jz;L
#upa cyu;j;jp
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspnfhzug;gLkhW fye;JiuahLf.
gOjile; j czT tiffis cl; nfhs; tjdhy; Neha; epiyik
Vw; gLtijj; jLg; gjw; F tpuaq; fis Fiwj; J cztpd; Nghrizg;
ngWkhdk; > Rit> ,ioaikg; G> Njhw; wk; Mfpatw; iw ,aYkhd
tiu Ngzp fhg; gjw; fhf czitg; gOjilar; nra; Ak;
fhuzpfisf; fl; Lg; gLj; jp czit eP z; lfhyk; NgZtNj czT
ehw;fhg;G vdg;gLk;.
czT tpuaj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;
re;ij tpiyj; jsk;giy Fiwj;jy;
kf;fspd; Nghrizj; Njitia <Lnra;jy;
Efu;Nthupd; tpUg;ig mjpfupj;jy;
czT ghJfhg;gpy; rpy Nfhl;ghLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd
nehjpaq;fisr; nraypof;fr; nra;jy;
Ez;zq;fpfspd; nraw;ghl;ilj; jtpu;j;jy;
Nguq;fpfspd; ghjpg;Gfisf; Fiwj;jy;
,urhadr; nraw;ghl;ilf; Fiwj;jy;
ngsjpf Nrjq;fisf; Fiwj;jy;
Nkw;$wg;gl;l Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
ew;fhg;G Kiwfs; rpy cs;sd.
ntg;gepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp ,U topfspy; czT ew;fhg;G
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
ntg; gepiyia mjpfupg; gjd; %yk; czit ew; fhg; G
nra; jy; .
ntg;gepiyiaf; Fiwj;J czit ew;fhg;Gr; nra;jy;.
mjpf ntg; gepiyg; gpuNahfj; jpd; %ykhf Ez; zq; fp tsu; r; rpf; Fj;
rhjfkd #oy; fpilf;fhik fhuzkhf Ez;zq;fpfs; ,wf;Fk;
my;yJ nraypof;Fk;
mjpf ntg;gepiyg; gad;ghl;Lld; njhlu;ghd ew;fhg;G Kiwfs;
rpy cs;sd.
142
fpUkpaopj;jy;
gha;r;ru; Kiw
gpshd;rpq; Kiw
nkd;ikahf;fy; Kiw
fpUkpaopj;jypd; NghJ mjpf ntg;gepiy gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;L
Ez;zq;fpfis mopg;gjw;F eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
fp Ukp aop f; fg; gl; l czT tiffis Ez; zq; fp fs;
cl;GfhjthW nghjpnra;tjd; %yk; ePz;l fhyk; Ngz
KbAk;.
cjh: Nghj;jypy; milf;fg;gl;l ghy;> fpUkpaopf;fg;gl;l
gor;rhW
fp Ukp aop f; fg; gl; l czT tiffsp y; rp y Nghrizg;
gjhu; j; jq; fs; mopf; fg; gLtJld; cztpd; RitapYk; khw; wk;
Vw;gLk;.
fpUkpaopj; jypd; NghJ czT tiffs; mjpf ntg; gepiyf; F
cl; gLj; jg; gLtJld; gha; r; ruhf; fj; jp d; NghJ mjp f
ntg;gepiyf;F czT cl;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.
gha; r; ruhf; fj; jpd; NghJ czT gOjila fhuzkhd Neha;
tpistpf;Fk; Ez;zq;fpfs; kl;Lk; mopf;fg;gLk;.
gha; r; ruhf; fj; jp d; %yk; midj; J Ez; zq; fp fSk;
mopf;fg;glhJ.
gha;r;ruhf;fk; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjpf ntg;gepiy FWfpafhy Kiw
cr;r ntg;gepiy Kiw
Fiwe;j ntg;gepiy ePz;l fhy Kiw
gha; r; ruhf; fj; jp d; %ykhf gp d; tUk; Neha; f; fhuzp fs;
mopf;fg;gLk;.
fhrNeha;
bg;jpupah
NghypNah
tapw;Nwhl;lk;
fha;r;ry; gpbRuk;
gha;r;ruhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l czTfspy; Nghriz ,og;Gk;
Ritapy; khw;wk; Vw;glYk; FiwthFk;.
gpshd;rpq;fpd; NghJ cztpd; Rit> ,ioaikg;G Mfpad
khwhj tifapy; ew;fhg;Gr; nra;ag;glyhk;.
gpshd;rpq; vdg;gLtJ xU Kw;rpfpr;ir KiwahFk;.
gp shd; rp q; nra; ag; gl; l gp d; du; Mo; Fsp Nuw; wy; >
jfuj; jpyilj; jy; > cyu; j; jy; Nghd; w nrad; Kiwfis
Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
gpshd;rpq; %d;W Kiwfspy; nra;ag;gLk;.
#lhd ePupy; (100
0
C) 2-3 epkplk; mkpo;j;jp itj;jy;
ePuhtp glr; nra;jy;
Ez;ziy mLg;gpy; xU epkpl Neuk; itj;jy;
143
gpshd;rpq;fpd; %yk; cztpy; fhzg;gLk; nehjpaq;fs;
nrayp og; gJld; cztp d; Nkw; gug; gp y; fhzg; gLk;
Ez;zq;fpfSk; mopf;fg;gLk;.
kuf;fwpfis gpshd;rpq; nra;Ak;NghJ gr;ir epwk; kq;fpg;
Nghtij jLf; f RLeP Uld; rpwpjsT Nrhbak; ,U fhgNdw; W
Nru;f;fg;gLk;.
upz;luhf;fj;jpd;NghJ ntg;gepiyia Fiwj;Jk; $l;bAk;
czT ew;fhg;Gr; nra;ag;gLjyhFk;.
Fiwe; j ntg; gep iyf; F cl; gLj; jp Ak; czT ew; fhg; Gr;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
mjw;nfd %d;W Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Fsp&l; ly;
Mo; Fsp&l;ly;
Fspuj;jp cyu;j;Jjy;
Fiwe; j ntg; gep iy fhuzkhf cztp y; fhzg; gLk;
Ez;zq;fpfspd; tsu;r;rpAk; njhopw;ghLk; Fiwtiltjdhy;
ew;fhg;G nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
Fspu;j;Jk;NghJ10
0
C apYk; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyf;F czT
cs;shf;fg;gLk;.
,q;F Ez;zq;fpr; nraw;ghL> nehjpar; nraw;ghL Fd;wy;
Mfpad xusTf;F Vw;gLk;.
ePz;l fhy fsQ;rpag;gLj;jYf;F ,k;Kiw rpwe;jjhFk;.
czit ciwepiyapYk; Fiwe; j ntg; gepiy ^-1'5
0
C-2
0
C& Mfpad
%yKk; czitg; ghJfhg;gJ Mo;FspUl;ly; Kiw vdg;gLk;.
,jw;nfd kpf nghUj;jkhd ntg;gepiy -18
0
C MFk;.
Mo;Fsp&l;lypd; mE$yq;fs; gy cs;sd.
czitf; nfhz;L nry;yy; ,yFthjy;
cztpd; Nghrizj; jd;ik ghjpf;fg;glhJ
Mo;Fsp&l;lypy; gpujp$yq;fSk; cs;sd.
fyq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gly;
Gujq;fs; mikg;gopTf;Fl;gly;
Fiwe;j cyu;j;jy;> ePufw;wy; Mfpad %yk; czT ew;fhg;G
eilngWk;.
jp Bu; Nfhg; gp jahup g; gp y; Fiwe; j cyu; j; jy; Kiw
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
cyu;j;Jk;NghJ czTfspYs;s ePupd; njhopw;ghL ^water activity&
Fiwf;fg;gLtjdhy; Ez;zq;fpj; njhopw;ghL jLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jd; NghJ mNdf gw; wP upahf; fs; mopffg; gLtJlhf fhw; W
cl;Gfhj nfhs;fyd;fspy; ,J milj;J itf;fg;gLk;.
cyu; j; Jk; NghJ cztpd; Rit> ,ioaikg; G> epwk; Mfpatw; wpy;
khw; wk; Vw; gLk; . rp y re; ju; g; gq; fsp y; cyu; j; jp a
czTg;nghUl;fis kf;fs; mjpfk; tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;.
144
cyu;j;Jjy; %yk; gpd;tUk; czTfs; ew;fhg;Gr; nra;ag;gLk;.
kuf;fwpfs;
goq; fs;
,iwr;rp
kPd;
,uz;L Kiwfspy; cyu;j;Jjy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
#upa ntg;gj;jpy; cyu;j;Jjy;
tprpwp cyu;j;Jjy;
#upa cyu; j; jp %yk; tpidj; jpwdhf czT tiffis cyu; j; j
KbAk;.
tprpwp cyu;j;Jjy; %yk; ghy; ew;fhg;G nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
ntapypy; cyu;j;Jk;NghJ czTg;nghUl;fSld; fopTfs; Nru
tha;g;G cs;sJld; gpuhzpfspdhy; cl;nfhs;sg;glTk; $Lk;.
nrwp thf; fyp d; NghJ nrwp e; j jp utj; jp y; czT ,l; L
itf;fg;gLtjd; %yk; Ez;zq;fpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
,jidg; gy Kiwfspy; nra;ayhk;.
cg;gply;
rPdpaply;
ghzpaply;
nehjpf; fr; nra; jypd; NghJ kdpjDf; Fg; gaDila Ez; zq; fpfisg;
gad;gLj;jp czT ew;fhg;G nra;ayhk;.
rhjfkhd Ez; zq; fpfis mwpKfk; nra; tjd; %ykhf cUthFk;
Nru;itapd; fhuzkhf ghjfkhd Ez;zq;fpfspd; tsu;r;rpAk;
njhopw; ghLk; Fiwf; fg; gl; L cztpd; Ngz; jF fhyj; ij mjpfupf; f
$ba #oy; cUthFk; . ,jd; %yk; Efu; Nthu; tpUg; ig mjpfupf; f
KbtJld; rkpghl;ilAk; ,yFgLj;j KbAk;.
nehjpj;jy; %d;W Kiwfspy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
,yf;upf;fkpy nehjpj;jy;
mnrw;wpf;fkpy nehjpj;jy;
mw;fNfhy; nehjpj;jy;
GifA+ l; b czitg; ghJfhf; Fk; NghJ czTf; F Rit
Nru;f;fg;gLtJld; czTg; ghJfhg;Gk; eilngWfpwJ.
GifA+l;ly; ,U Kiwfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
#lhd GifA+l;ly; ^Hot smoking&
Fspu; GifA+l;ly; ^Cold smoking&
etPd njhopEl;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp czitg; ghJfhf;Fk;
KiwNa fjpubj;jy; MFk;.
,jd;NghJ X fjpu;fs; Nghd;wd Ez;zq;fpfSf;F ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;Jk;. fjpu;fs; cztpD}L gha;r;rg;gl;L Ez;zq;fpfs;
mopf;fg;gLk;.
145
,q; F cztpd; ,ioaikg; G> fl; likg; G> Nghriz Mfpatw; Wf; F
ghjpg;G Vw;glhJ.
,aw; ifahd czT tiffis Neubahf ngw Kbahj
re; ju; g; gq; fspy; mt; czT tiffs; jfuj; jpyilj; Jg; Ngzg; gLk;
KiwNa jfuj;jpyilj;jy; MFk;.
czTfspYs;s Ez;zq;fpfs; midj;Jk; mopf;fg;gl;l gpd;dNu
jfu j; jp yilj; jy; Nkw; nfh s; sg; gLk; . ,y; iyNay;
jfuj;jpyilf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; fjpubf;fg;gLk;.
146
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 15.4 ( gy; tifikahf; fk; nra; ag; gl; l czTfisg;
gFj;jha;e;J njupTnra;thu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
czTg; gy;tifikahf;fj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
czit tsg;gLj;jy;> Nghrhf;$l;ly; nra;af;$ba Kiwfisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
tPl;L Efu;Tf;nfd gd;tifikahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l czTfisg;
ngaupLthu;.
czitg; gy;tifikahf;fk; nra;Ak;NghJ kdpjDf;F Vw;glj;jf;f
ghjpg;Gfisf; Fiwg;gjw;F Vw;w eltbf;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
czitg; gy; NtW tiffspy; jahu; nra; tJ gw; wpa khztuJ
fUj;Jf;fis tpdtp fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf.
mjw;nfd gpd;tUk; ciuahliy tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f.
kfs; ( nfhuf; fhg; goq; fis vt; thW cyu; j; jP dP u; fs; ? ,f; fhyq; fspy;
xt;nthU ehSk; kioahf cs;sNj.
mk; kh ( ehd; mjw;fhf Gjpa Ntiynahd;iw nra;Njd;. kio
fhuzkhf cyu;j;j Kbahjy;yth.
kfs; ( mk;kh cz;ikapy; nfhuf;fhTf;F vd;d nra;jPu;fs;?
mk; kh ( vq;fSila ghl;b gOj;j nfhuf;fha;fSf;F cg;G ,l;L
gy ehl; fs; ntg; gkhf; Fthu; . ,jd; NghJ Rj; jkhd jbapdhy;
mtw; iw mbf; fb fpswp tpLthu; . mg; NghJ nfhuf; fh
girNghy; tUk;. ehDk; mt;thNw nra;Njd;. nfhQ;rk;
GifA+l;bNdd;.
kfs; ( ey; y Ntiyahf cs; sJ. ,g; NghJ miuf; fhkNyNa
,tw;iw fwpf;F ,l KbAk;.
,jdbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;glkhW
xNu czit gy;NtW Kiwfspy; rku;g;gpf;f KbAk;.
,jd; NghJ cztp d; juj; ij Nkk; glj; JtJ njhlu; ghf
eltbf;if vlf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
147
czTg; gy;tifikahf;fj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpd;tUk; njhopEl;g
cj; jpfspy; cq; fs; FOTf; Ff; fpilf; Fk; jiyg; G gw; wp ftdk; nrYj; Jf.
ts%l; ly; Ênrichment&
Nghrhf; F Cl; ly; ^Fortification&
czT gy;tifikahf;f vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Ff.
czT gy;tifikahf;fj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cq;fs; FOTf;Fupa
njhopEl;g cj;jpfis tpsf;Ff.
cq; fs; jiyg; Gld; njhlu; ghf czT rhu; e; jjhf juf; $ba
cjhuzq;fisf; (czT cw;gj;jpfspd;) Fwpg;gpLf.
gy; tifikahf; fk; nra; ag; gl; l czTfisg; gad; gLj; Jtjd;
mE$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fs;> vy;iyfs; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Ff.
czTg; gy;tifikahf;fj;jpd; %yk; gy;NtW Nghriz> Rfhjhug;
gp ur; rp idfis ntw; wp f; nfhs; s KbAk; . ,J gw; wp a cq; fsJ
fUj;Jf;fis $Wf.
tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;l czTg;nghUnshd;iw gy;NtW gupkhzq;fspy; re;ijf;F
rku;g;gpj;jy; czTg; gy;tifikahf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
gy; tifikahf; fj; jpd; NghJ Efu; Nthu; tpUg; G> gad; gLj; Jtjw; fhd trjp>
re; ij Nkk; ghL> tpuaj; ijf; Fiwj; jy; > cztpd; fpilg; Gj; jd; ikia
mjpfupj;jy;> Rfhjhug; gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhZjy;> gy;NtW
Ritfs; > Nghrhf; Ffs; Mfp atw; iwr; Nru; j; jy; Mfp ad
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
czT gy; tifikahf; fj; jpd; NghJ tsg; gLj; jy; (Enrichment), Nghrhf; F
Cl; ly; (Fortification) Nghd; w ngWkjp Nru; f; Fk; eltbf; iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
,jd; NghJ ntg; gepiyf; fl; Lg; ghL> nehjpf; fr; nra; jy; > nrwpthf; Fjy; >
jfuj; jpyilj; jy; Nghd; w eP z; l fhyk; NgZk; cj; jpfs; gad; gLj; jg; gLk; .
cztpy; cs;s Nghriznahd;iw my;yJ gytw;iw mjpfupg;gjd;
%yk; Nghrizg; ngWkhdj; ij mjp fup j; jy; tsg; gLj; jy;
vdg;gLk;.
cztp y; ,ay; ghfNt mlq; fp As; s Nghriz xd; W my; yJ
gytw;wpidr; Nru;j;J czTf;F Nkyjpf Nghrizia toq;Fjy;
rj;J}l;ly; vdg;gLk;.
Fwpg; gpl; l czTg; gjhu; j; jnkhd; wpd; nghUshjhug; ngWkjpia
mjpfupg;gij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L ngWkjpia mjpfupf;fyhk;.
xU czTld; ,d; ndhU czit Nru; j; jy; czTg; gd; tifikahf; fk;
MFk; .
148
Ntiyg; gS nfhz; l ,y; yj; jurpfSf; F czitj; jahu; nra; a czTg;
gy;tifikahf;fk; cjTk;.
r%fj;jpy; epyTk; rpy Rfhjhug; gpur;ridfSf;F jPu;thf czTg;
gy;tifikahf;fk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
czTg; gy;tifikahf;fj;jpd; %yk; tptrha cw;gj;jpfSf;F mjpf
tpiy fpilf;fpwJ.
gy; tifikahf; fj; jpd; %yk; cztpd; ngWkjpia mjpfupg; gjd; %yk;
cw; gj; jpahsUf; F mjpf ,yhgk; fpilg; gJld; Efu; NthUf; F Rfhjhug;
ghJfhg;Gk; fpilf;Fk;.
czTg; gy; tifikahf; fj; jpd; mE$yq; fSk; > gpujp$yq; fSk;
cs; sd.
149
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 15.5 ( ju epu;zaq;fisAk; rl;ljpl;lq;fisAk; ftdj;jpw;
nfhz; L gjg; gLj; jp jahupf; fg; gl; l czTfisj; njupT
nra;thu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
czitj; jahu; nra; tjp y; cup a juq; fs; > rl; lq; fs; Mfp ad
filg;gpbf;fg;gl Ntz;bajd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fisf; $Wthu;.
Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j rl;lq;fs;>
epWtdq;fs;> juq;fs; Mfpad gw;wpa juq;fisf; $Wthu;.
nghjpaply;> ngau;r;Rl;baply; Mfpad czTf; fhg;gpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
rpwe;j juk; nfhz;l czTfisj; Nju;e;njLg;ghu;.
czitj; juepu;zak; nra;tjpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tplaq;fisr;
rku; g; gpg; ghu; .
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
SLS (Srilanka standards) rpd;dk; nfhz;l> nfhz;buhj czT khjpupfs;>
ISO (International orrganization for standarderdization) rp d; dk; nfhz; l>
nfhz;buhj czT khjpupfs; Mfpatw;iw tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f.
,t; czT khjpupfspd; ghJfhg; G njhlu; ghf fUj; Jf; fisf; Nfl; lwpf.
ghJfhg;gw;w czT khjpupfis ,dq;fhZk; tpjj;ij Nfl;lwpjy;.
czT ghJfhg;gw;wjhf mikAk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis
tpdTf.
ngau;r;Rl;bapy; mlq;fpAs;s tplaq;fs; gw;wp mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
Efu;Nthu; gz;lq;fis EfUk;NghJ mtw;wpd; juk; njhlu;ghf
ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;.
re;ijapYs;s rpy czTg;nghUl;fs; Efu;Nthiu gpioahf
topfhl; LtJld; egu; fspd; Rfhjhuj; Jf; Fk; ghJfhg; gw; wjhf
mikAk; .
gjg; gLj; jg; gl; l czTg; nghUl; fspd; jahupg; gpd; NghJk; re; ijapy;
eilngWk; rP u; NfLfisj; jtpu; j; J Efu; Nthiug; ghJfhf; f
juq;fSk; rl;lq;fSk; mtrpakhFk;.
cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> nghjpaply;> ew;fhg;gply;> ngau;;r;Rl;baply;>
Nru;khdg; nghUl;fis Nru;j;jy;; Mfpad Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
rl; lq; fSf; F mika Nkw; nfhs; sg; glNtz; Lk; . czitj; njupT
nra;Ak;NghJ ,e;j tplaq;fs; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
150
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; cq;fs; FOTf;Fupa jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghf ftdk;
nrYj;Jf.
juk;> jur;rhd;wpjo;> rl;lq;fs;
nghjpaplYk; ngau;r;Rl;baplYk;
czTr; Nru;khdq;fs;
czT rhu;e;j Jiwapy; Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghff; ftdk;
nrYj;jp cq;fsJ jiyg;ig mwpKfQ; nra;f.
czTr; re; ijapy; Efu; Nthu; ghJfhg; ig cWjpg; gLj; j ,j; jiyg; gpd;
mtrpak;> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iwf; fye;JiuahLf.
cq;fs; jiyg;Gld; njhlu;ghd Jiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;
Kiwfs; > gad; gLj; jg; gLk; gjhu; j; jq; fs; Mfp ad mlq; fp a
vz;zf;fUit cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.
Ntiy epiyaj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLf.
,t; czTg;nghUisr; re;ijf;Fr; rku;g;gpf;Fk;NghJ Efu;Nthupd;
ghJfhg;G cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpwjh ,y;iyah vd cjhuzq;fSld;
tpsf; Ff.
mt; thwpy; yhj re; ju; g; gq; fspy; mjw; fhf Nkw; nfhs; s Ntz; ba
eilKiwfs; ahit?
cq;fshy; Ma;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis KO tFg;Gf;Fk; rku;g;gpf;f
Maj;jkhFf.
Ntiy epiyak; I
Njitahd nghUl;fs; - fP iuf; fl; L> ghz; /gzp]; (NkYiw ,lg; glhj)
Ntiy epiyak; II
Njitahd nghUl;fs; - NkYiwap lg; gl; l gp ]; fw; igf; fw; >
jfuj;jpyilf;fg;gl;l kPd; upd; -1
Ntiy epiyak; III
Nahfl; / japu;> cOj;jk; kh igf;fw;W
tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfl;ly;
gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs; typAWj; jg; gLk; tifapy; fye; Jiuahliy Nkw; nfhs; f.
gjg; gLj; jg; gl; l czT tiffisj; njupT nra; Ak; NghJ ghJfhg; Gf; fUjp
jukhd czT tiffisNa njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
,Wjp cw;gj;jpg;nghUl;fs;> nghjpapL gjhu;j;jq;fs; Mfpad tpQ;Qhd
G+u; tkhd gFg; gha; Tf; F mika cs; sjh vd Nrhjpj; jNy ju epu; zak;
MFk; .
G+uzkhd cw; gj; jpr; nrad; Kiwapd; NghJ fhzg; gl Ntz; ba juq; fs;
kw;Wk; cau; cw;gj;jp Kiwfs;> %yg;nghUl;fspd; juf;fl;Lg;ghL
cw; gj; jp r; nrad; Kiwap d; xt; nth U gbap Yk; rP u h f
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;Dk; tplaq;fs; juf;fl;Lg;ghl;bd;NghJ
guprPypf;fg;gLk;.
151
,q;F rupahd cw;gj;jpg; gof;fq;fs; / HACCP (Hazard analysis critical
contrpol point) Mfpad Kf; fpakhFk; .
ju epu; zak; %yk; czT cw; gj; jpapy; nghUspd; kP J Efu; NthUf; Fs; s
ek; gpf; if tYg; ngwy; > czT khriljy; Fiwtiljy; > Gfo; Mfpad
mjpfupf;Fk;.
cztpy; mlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba ,ay;Gfs; cupathW cs;sdth
vd cWjpg;gLj;jy; ju epu;zak; MFk;.
Efu;NthUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhff; fhzg;gly;> fhzg;gl Ntz;ba
gjhu;j;jq;fs; ,opthd kl;lj;jpNyDk; fhzg;gly;> Efu;NthUf;Fg;
ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jf; $ba nghUl;fs;> juj;ijf; Fiwf;ff; $ba
gjhu; j; jq; fs; Mfp ad ,Uf; ff; $ba cr; r msT Mfp atw; iw
kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Fwpg;;gpl;l cztpy; Ngzg;gLk; ,ay;Gfs;
juk; vdg;gLk;.
jw; Nghija r%ff; Nfhyk; > kdp jdp d; tho; f; ifg; gq; F
Mfpatw;Wf;fika kdpjupd; czTf;Nfhyk; khWgLk;.
,jw; fika Gjpa czTfs; > ghdq; fs; Mfpatw; wpd; cw; gj; jp>
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> gjg;gLj;jy; Mfpa Kiwfs; cUthfpAs;sd.
kdpj Nghriz> Rfhjhuk; Mfpatw; wpy; czT Neubahfr; nry; thf; F
nrYj;Jtjdhy; juf;fl;Lg;ghL kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
,jd; fhuzkhf tpahghu xOf; fhw; WfSf; F khwhf cztpy; fyg; glk;
nra; jy; cztpd; juk; ; njhlu; ghd Nghypahd tplaq; fisr; rku; g; gpj; jy;
Mfpatw;wpypUe;J Efu;Nthiug; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,t; tplaq;fspypUe;J Efu;Nthiug; ghJfhg;gNj juf; fl;Lg;ghL
vdg;gLk;.
Efu;NthuJ Njit <Lnra;ag;gLkhW czT tiffis cw;gj;jp
nra;tJ cw;gj;jpahsupd; nghWg;ghf miktJld; kf;fSf;F jukhd
czT tiffis toq;Fk; nghWg;G muRf;FupajhFk;.
juk; kw;Wk; rl;lq;fs; Mfpad gpd;tUkhW Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jd
MFk; .
Efu;Nthiug; ghJfhj;jy;
Efu;Nthd; ghJfhg;Gg; ngwy;.
cau; juk; nfhz; l czT tiffSf; F mjpf Nfs; tp ,Ug; gjdhy;
cw;gj;jpahsUf;F mE$yk; fpilf;fg;ngwy;.
cztpd; jdpj;Jtk;> fhg;G Mfpad cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly;.
MNuhf;fpakhd kf;fs; $l;lk; cUthjy;.
Neha;fSf;Fr; rpfpr;iraspg;gjw;;nfd gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gzj;ij
NtW NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;j Kbjy;.
tsg;gad;ghl;L tpidj;jpwd; mjpfupj;jy;.
czT gOjiljy; Fiwjy;.
cau; juk; nfhz; l gz; lq; fis cw; gj; jp nra; tjd; %yk;
epWtdj;jpd; tpidj;jpwid mjpfupf;fyhk;.
152
cau;juk; nfhz;l czT tiffis Vw;Wkjp nra;tjd; %yk;
mjpf ntspehl;L nryhtzpia <l;l Kbjy;.
cztpd; juepu; zak; njhlu; ghf gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs; fUj; jpw;
nfhs;sg;gLk;.
Nghrizg; ngWkhdk; > ,urhadg; gjhu; j; jq; fs; > Rj; jk; > fopTfis
mfw;Wk; Kiw> cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ njhopyhsUf;F
Vw;glf;$ba Mgj;Jf;fs;> nghjpapL gjhu;j;jq;fs;
,yq;ifapy; Efu;Nthupd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fSk;
juq;fSk; gpd;tUkhW.
epWtdq; fs; - ,yq; if ju epu; za epWtdk; (SLSI - Srilanka standads
institute))
Rfhjhu ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Nghriz mikr;R
Efu;Nthu; tptfhu mjpfhu rig
mstPLfs;> juq;fs;> Nritfs; toq;Fk;
jpizf;fsq;fs;
juq; fs; - ,yq;ifj; juk;
ru;tNjrj; juk;
$l;Lj;jhgdj; juk;
epWtdj; juk;
tyaj; juk;
,yq; ifap Ds; fhzg; gl Ntz; ba juq; fs; gw; wp ,yq; if
juf;fl;lisfs; epWtdj;jhy; mwpKfQ;; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
ISO, SLS Mfp a jur; rhd; wp jo; fs; ,yq; ifap y; eilKiwg;
gLj; jg; gLfpd; wd.
,yq;if juf;fl;lisfs; epWtdj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; jukhdJ SLS
vDk; FwpaPL %ykhf Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;.
SLS rpd;dj;jpd; %ykhf GHP, (Good Harvesting Practices, GMP (Good
Manufacutring Practices, HACCP) Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
rhd;W czTf; ifj;njhopYf;nfd toq;fg;gLk;.
juepu; zak; njhlu; ghd ru; tNjr epWtdj; Jf; F toq; fg; gLk; RUf; fkhd
ngaNu ISO MFk;. ,J ru;tNjr jur;rhd;W vdg;gLk;.
,r; rhd; wpjo; ,yq; if ju epu; za epWtdj; jpD}lhf toq; fg; gLfpd; wJ.
epWtdj;jpd; tpidj;jpwd;> gad;gL jd;ik Mfpad Nkk;ghliljy;>
tpuak; Fiwtiljy;> Efu;Nthu; jpUg;jp mjpfupj;jy;> Efu;Nthupd;
ek; gp f; if mjp fup j; jy; > nghUl; fs; NritfSf; fhd nrytp dk;
Fiwtiljy; Mfpad ,e;j jur; rhd;wpjo; %ykhf Vw;gLfpwJ.
,jw;Fupa rl;lq;fs; 1980 Mk; Mz;by; 26 tJ czT rl;lj;jpd;
%ykhfg; gpufldr; nra; ag; gl; Ls; sd. ,jd; gpujhd mjpfhuk; ngw; wtu;
Rfhjhu Nritfs; gzpg;ghsu; Mtu;.
czTr; rl;lj;jpd; %ykhf ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s juq;fs;> fl;lisfs;
Mfpad tu;j;jkhdp %ykhf ntspaplg;gLk;.
153
kf; fsp d; Rfhjuj; jp y; ghjp g; ig Vw; gLj; j $baJk; Efu; Tf; Fg;
nghUj; jkw; w czTg; gjhu; jq; fis cw; gj; jp nra; jy; > Vw; Wkjp nra; jy; >
tpepNahfpj;jy;> tpw;gid nra;jy; Mfpad jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
,r; rl; lkhdJ Rfhjug; ghJfhg; G Nghriz mikr; rp d; %yk;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fq;fs; tUkhW
czTg;nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp> tpdpNahfk;> ,wf;Fkjp> tpw;gid
Mfpatw;iwr; rPuhf;fy;
Kd; ida czT> kUe; Jfs; rl; lj; ij tYtpof; fr; nra; jy;
czT kjpAiu FOit epakpj;jy;
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; 32 tJ cWg;Giuapd;fPo; czTw;gj;jp> Vw;Wkjp>
tpw;gid> Nrkpj;jy;> fhl;rpg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd xOq;F tpjpfs;
fhzg;gly;;.
Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;Gf;nfd 2003 Mk; Mz;bd; 9Mk; ,yf;f Efu;Nthu;
ghJfhg;G mjpfhur; rl;lk; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; %ykhf gpd;tUk; Nehf;fq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
Efu;Nthiug; ghJfhj;jy; (Efu;NthUf;Fk; mtu;fsJ
nrhj;JfSf;Fk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fis tpw;gid
nra;tjpypUe;J)
mepahakhd re;ij KiwfSf;F vjpuhf eltbf;if vLj;jYk;
Efu;Nthu; cupikfis cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLj;jYk;.
Efu;NthUf;Fg; Nghl;b tpiyapy; nghUl;fs; Nritfs; ngw
topNaw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;.
mepahakhd re;ij eilKiwfSf;F vjpuhf cjTjy;
nghUl;fspd; tpepNahfk;> tpw;gid> cr;r tpiy> juq;fSk;
juep akq; fSk; > nghUl; fisj; jahup j; jy; > ,wf; Fkjp >
fsQ; rpag; gLj; jy; > gfpu; T> nfhz; L nry; yy; > re; ijg; gLj; jy; > Rl; L
Jz;bly;; Nghd;wd njhlu;ghf tzpf rq;fq;fSf;F cjTjYk;
,t; thwhd epiyikfspy; Efu; Nthupd; ghJfhg; Gf; F cupa
toptiffisg; gpufldk; nra;jYk;.
cjh : tpiyg;gl;baiyf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;> gw;Wr;rPl;L toq;Fjy;
czTfspy; mlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba Nghrizg; ngWkhdk;>
nghjpfspd; nghUj;jg;ghL> cw;gj;jp juq;fs; Nghd;w midj;Jk;
epWtd ju epakq;fSf;F mikthf cs;sdth vd rupahd
Kiwapy; guP l; rpj; J cupa epakq; fs; ,Uf; Fkhapd; jur; rhd; wpjio
toq; Fjy; .
jur; rhd;wpjo; ngwg;gl;bUg;gpd; nfhs;fydpd; kPJ jur; rpd;dj;ij
nghwpf;f KbAk;.
juj; Jf; fhd ,yf; fk; ep ak Kiwap d; mbg; gilap y;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
cjh : SLS 183
154
,jd;%yk; Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
czthdJ kdp j Efu; Tf; Fg; nghUj; jkhf miktjw; F mJ
ghJfhg; ghdjhf mika Ntz; Lk; . mjw; nfd nghjpaply; Kf; fpakhdjhf
mikAk; .
cw; gj; jpfis tpepNahfpj; jy; > re; ijg; gLj; jy; Mfpatw; Wf; nfd
gad; gLj; jg; gLk; njhopEl; gtpay; rhjdkhf nghjpfisf; Fwpg; gpl KbAk; .
czTg; nghUl;fis NkYiwahy; Rw;wpNah my;yJ nfhs;fydpy;
milf;fg;gl;Nlh Efu;NthUf;Fr; rku;g;g;pj;jy; nghjpaply; vdg;gLk;.
Efu;Nthupd; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd nghjpaply; njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fs;
czTr; rl; lk; > Efu; Nthu; mjp fhurigr; rl; lk; Mfp atw; wp y;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghjp ap ly; njhlu; ghd juq; fs; ju ep u; za ep Wtfj; jp dhy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghjpaply; gpd;tUkhW Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ.
czitg; ghJfhj;jy;
nfhz;Lnry;yy;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; Mfpad ,yFthjy;
cztpd; juj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;
rPuhd tpepNahfj;ij ,yFthf;fy;
,yFthfg; gad;gLj;j Kbjy;
cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd; Njhw;wk;> Efu;Nthu; tpUg;gk; Mfpatw;iw
mjpfupj;jy;.
ntw;wpfukhd njhlu;ghly; Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gly;.
gy; NtW tifg; gl; l nghjptiffs; cs; sd. ,tw; Ws; Rw; whly; Neakpf; f
nghjpfNa kpfr; rpwe;jdthFk;.
Kjw; nghjpfs; - Muk; gg; nghjpfs; (czTld; Neubahf njhlu; GWk;
nghjpfs; MFk;.)
,uz; lhk; epiyg; nghjpfs; - nfhz; L nry; yy; > ifahsy;
Mfpatw;Wf;F ,yFthf mikAk; nghjpfs;
Efu;Nthu; nghjpfs; - Efu;Nthu; iffisr; nrd;wilAk;NghJ
cw;gj;jpfs; ,lg;gl;Ls;s nghjpfs;
nfhz; Lnry; yy; nghjpfs; - jdpahf my; yJ $l; lhf nghUl; fisf;
nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhd nghjpfs;
ntw; wplg; nghjpfs; - cyu; j; jg; gl; l goq; fs; > nrhNr[]; > kP w; Nghy;
Mfpad milf;fg;gLk; nghjpfs;
nghjpapL gjhu;j;jq;fspy; gpd;tUk; ,ay;Gfs; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
er;Rj;jd;ik mw;wpUj;jYk; Fwpg;gpl;l czTf;Fg; nghUj;jkhff;
fhzg;glYk;.
Rfhjukhd jd;ik
<uypg;G> nfhOg;G Mfpatw;iw cl;nry;y tplhjdthf ,Uj;jy;.
eWkzq;fs;> thAf;fs; Mfpatw;iw cl;nry;y tplhjpUj;jy;.
NkhJiff;Fj; jhf;Fg;gpbf;f $bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
CLfhl;Lk; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUj;jYk; jpwg;gjw;F ,yFthf
mikjYk;.
ntspNa vLf;fTk; kPz;Lk; ,lTk; ,yFthf ,Uj;jy;.
155
ntg;gj;Jf;F jhf;Fgpbf;ff; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;
mr;rpliy Nkw;nfhs;s $ba jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
ftu;r;rpAk; Fiwthd nryTk;
fljhrp> gpshj;jpf;F> cNyhfg; ghj;jpuq;fs;> Nghj;jy;> kug;ngl;b>
fhl;Nghl; ngl;b Mfpatw;iwg; nghjpaplYf;Fg; gad;gLj;j Kbjy;.
,ay; Gfsp d; mbg; gilap y; nghjp ap L gjhu; j; jq; fs; gp d; tUkhW
tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
td; nghjpfs; - fz;zhb
miu td; nghjpfs; - mYkpdpak;> rpy gpshj;jpf;F tiffs;
fhl;Nghl;
nefpo; Tj; jd; ik nfhz; l nghjpfs; - mYkpdpaj; jhs; > gpshj; jpf; F
ciw> nghypj;jPd;> nghypg;Gnuhg;gypd;
Efu;NthUf;F czT njhlu;ghd rupahd tpsf;fj;ij toq;Ftjw;F
ngau;r;Rl;baply; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
tpw;gidf;nfd czTg;nghUl;fisr; rku;gpf;Fk;NghJk; mtw;Wf;fhd
tpsk; guj; jpd; NghJk; czTr; rl; lq; fSf; F mikar; nraw; gl
Ntz;baJ fl;lhakhdjhFk;.
nghjpapy; my; yJ nfhs; fydpy; mlq; fpAs; s czT ,t; Vw; ghLfSf; F
mika ngau;r;Rl;bj;Jz;L ,lg;gl;bUf;fh tpl;lhy; mjid tpw;gid
nra;tJ> tpw;gidf;nfd rku;g;gpj;jy;> tpw;gidf;nfd fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;
Mfpad Nkw;nfhs;sg;glf; $lhJ.
ngau;r;Rl;bj;Jz;by;; mlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; tUkhW
gpujhd fl;lj;jpy;
nghJg;ngau;
tpahghug; ngau;
Njwpa mlf;fk;
jpz;kkhapd; - g/kg
jputkhapd; - ml/l
jput Clfj;jpy; nghjpaplg;gl;bUe;jhy; jputj;ij mfw;wpa
gpd;dhuhd epiw - g/kg
gpd;tUk; tpguq;fSk; mjpy; mlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mDkjpf;fg;l;l Nru;khdq;fs; ,lg;gl;bUg;gpd; mjd; ngau;
my;yJ ru;tNjr ,yf;fk; Fwpg;gPl;L Kiw (INS- Interna-
tional numbering system)
fsQ; rp ag; gLj; jy; > gad; gLj; jy; Mfp ad njhlu; ghd
mwpTWj; jy; fs;
cw;gj;jpahsupd; ngaUk; KftupAk;
,yq; ifapy; tpepNahfj; ij Nkw; nfhs; gtupd; ngaUk;
KftupAk;.
nghUspd; ,yf; fk; > FwpaP l; L ,yf; fk; my; yJ ,ufrpa gl; ilf;
FwpaPl;L Kiw
156
cw;gj;jpj; jpfjp> fhyhtjpahFk; jpfjp Mfpad gpd;tUk;
xOq;fpy; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jpfjp> khjk;> tUlk; / tUlk;> khjk;> jpfjp (DD/MM/YY, YY/
MM/DD)
czT nkhj;jkhf ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;L gpd;du; kPz;Lk;
milf;fg;gl;bUf;Fnkdpd; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l jpfjp> kPs;
nghjpaplg;gl;l jpfjp
cztpYs;s $WfSk; msTk; ,wq;F tupirapy;
,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l czntdpd; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l
ehL
fl;lisapd; %yk; gzpf;fg;gl;l NtW $w;Wf;fs;
juk; ntsp ap lg; gl; bUg; gp d; mjp y; cs; s $WfSf; F
Nkyjpfkhf NtW $Wfs; Nru;f;fg;glf; $lhJ.
fjpu; g; Gf; Fl; gLj; jg; gl; l czntdpd; mJ njhlu; ghd thrfKk;
ru;tNjr FwpaPLk; ,lg;gl;bUj;jy;.
gpwg;Gupik khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gpd; mJ gw;wp
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUj;jy;.
,wf;Fkjpf;nfd czTf; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsupd; mDkjpiag;
ngw;wpUj;jy;.
cw; gj; jp iag; gad; gLj; jNtz; ba KiwAk;
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba KiwAk;.
ngau;r;Rl;baply; %yk; gpd;tUk; mE$yq;fs; fpilf;Fk;.
fhyhtjpahd juk; Fiwe;j czTfis ,dq;fhz Kbjy;.
Efu;Nthu; tpUg;gj;Jf;F Vw;w czTfis ,dq;fhzy;.
Efu; NthUf; Fg; nghUj; jkw; w czT tiffs; re; ijf; F
rku;g;gpf;fg;gliyj; jLj;jy;.
cztpYs;s Fwpg;gpl;l ,ay;Gfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf czT
gjg; gLj; jy; nrad; Kiwapd; NghJ czTld; Nru; f; fg; gLk; gjhu; j; jq; fNs
czTr; Nru;khdq;fs; Vw;gLk;.
gpd;tUk; gjhu;j;jq;fs; czTr; Nru;khdq;fs; MfhJ.
tpw;wkpd;fSk; fdpAg;GfSk;
czTf;F RitA+l;l gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jhtu tiffSk; Ritr;
ruf;F tiffSk;.
G+f;fspd; ghfq;fSk; cg;Gk;
kJtKk; kJt cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSk;
ePu;g;gFg;G Ragpupif Mfpatw;Wf;F cl;gl;l midj;Jg; Gujf;
$WfSk;.
njhlf;f ciw
Nkhy;w;Wk; Nkhy;w; cw;gj;jpfSk;
czTr; Nru;khdq;fis gpd;tUk; njhFjpfspd; fPo; tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
epw%l;bfs;
ew;fhg;gpL gjhu;j;jq;fs;
157
xl;rpNaw;w epNuhjpfs;
Fok;ghf;fpfs;
n[yw; wpdhf; fpfs;
RitA+l;bfSk; Rit Nkk;gLj;jpfSk;
mkpyq;fSk; mkpyntjpupfSk;
kPs;fl;likg;Gf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;l khg;nghUs;
n[yw;wpdhf;f epNuhjpfs;
,dpg;G+l;bfs;
Eiu cUthtijj; jLf;Fk; gjhu;j;jq;fs;
epiyg; gLj; jpfs;
nehjpaq;fs;
czT epw%l;bfs; Efu;Nthd; tpUg;ig jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzp MFk;.
Vwj; jho 2000 nraw; if epwKl; bfspy; mDkjpf; fg; gl; l czT
epwKl;bfs; 10 kl;LNk cs;sd. mitahtd>
fhu;Nkhrpd;
gh];l; nel; E
NghrpA+ 4R
,d;bNfhfhkrpd;;
gpwpad;l; GS
l;uhlhrPd;
mkud;j;
rd;nrw; naNyh
fpwPd; V];
fpwPd; FCF
epwKl;bfs; Gw;WNehahf;fpahf ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. Mifahy; rpy czT
tiffl;F epwKl;bfs; Nru;g;gJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
cjh : kPd;> goq;fs;> Nfhg;gp> Njapiy> gl;lu;
mDjpf; fg; gl; l epw%l; bfs; mtw; Wf; nfd Fwpg; gplg; gl; Ls; s E jutupir
,yf;fq;fspdhy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLk;.
eg. E
100
FFkpd; khfupd;
E
22
carmoisine [hk;
cztpd; kP J tsUk; gw; wP upahf; fs; > kJtq; fs; kwWk; Vida
gq;fRf;fspd; tsu;r;rpiaj; jLf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;ld ew;fhg;gpL
gjhu;j;jq;fs; vd mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghJthd ew; fhg; gp L gjhu; j; jq; fis 7 njhFjp fsp d; fP o;
tifg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. mit tUkhW
NrhNgw; W> ngd; NrhNtw; W> ilgP idy; mikd; iej; jp iul; L /
iej;jpiuw;W> Gnuhg;gpANdw;W
RitA+l; bfs; > epw%l; bfs; Mfpad nraw; ifahd gjhu; j; jq; fs;
Mifahy; mjp fstp y; ,tw; iwg; gad; gLj; Jk; NghJ Rfhjhug;
gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLk;. (Rthrg;igg; Gw;WNeha;> Rthrf; NfhshWfs;)
rptg;G
ePyk;
kQ;rs;
gr;ir
158
,tw;iw gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa vy;iyfs;> juq;fs; Mfpadtw;iw
mwpKfk; nra;tjd; %yk; ,g; gpur;rpidfis xusT Fiwf;f KbAk;.
,J ehLfSf;Fk; fhyj;Jf;Fk; Vw;g khWglf; $bajhFk;.
gy;NtW czT tiffSf;F Vw;g mtw;Wf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
ehw;fhg;Gg; ghju;j;jq;fSk; NtWgLk;.
cjh : gor;rhW - ngd;Nrhapf;fkpyk;
vz; nza; > nfhOg; G Mfpad mlq; fpa czTfs; tspkz; ly xl; rprDld;
Nru;e;J xl;rpNaw;wkilfpd;wd.
xl;rpNaw;w epNuhjpfs; %yk; xl;rpNaw;w nrad;Kiw jtpu;f;fg;gLk;.
rpy czT tiffspy; ,aw;ifahd epu;g;gPldkhf;fpfs; cs;sd.
cjh : tpw;wkpd; C, E" fe;jfk; nfhz;l mkpNdhtkpyq;fs;
czT xl; rpNaw; wkiltjhy; tpUk; gjfhj Rit Vw; gLtJld; Nghrizj;
jd;ikAk; FiwtilAk;.
cjh : ,ioaikg;G> nkd;ikailjy;> fgpy epwkhjy;
xl;rpNaw;wj;ijj; jLf;ff;$ba jd;ik nfhz;ld vdpDk; xl;rpNaw;w
vjpup; my;yhj gjhu;j;jq;fs; cs;sd.
cjh : rpj;jpupf;fkpyk;> nghRNghupf;fkpyk;
Rit czu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jf;$ba $Wfisf; nfhz;l gjhu;j;jq;fs;
RitA+l;bfs; vdg;gLk;.
,tw;wpd; %yk; cztpd; RitAk; tpUg;Gk;; mjpfupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
7 tifg; gl; l RitA+l; bfs; cs; sJld; mtw; wpy; mlq; fpAs; s
,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fSk; NtWgl;ld.
midj; J RitA+l; bfSk; mNuhkw; wpf; F Nru; itfshFk; . ,it cztpd;
Ritapy; my;yJ kzj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.
ngwg; gLk; %yq; fSf; F mika ,it ehd; F tiffshfg;
ghFgLj;jg;gLk;.
,aw;ifahd jhtug; ghfq;fs;
,aw;ifahd jhtug; ghfq;fspd; fha;r;rp tbg;Gfs; / gpope;J
vLf;fg;gl;l RitA+l;b
,aw;ifr; RitA+l;bfSf;F xg;ghd tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
,urhadr; Nru;itfs;
,aw; if Clfq; fs; %yk; gpupj; njLf; fg; gLk; my; yJ J}a; ikahd
,urhad gjhu;j;jq;fs; %yk; gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk; Nru;it
,it jtp u cztp d; Ritap y; Neubahf khw; wj; ij
Vw;gLj;jhjJk; cztpd; ,ay;ghd Ritapd; nrwpit mjpfupf;f
$baJkhd gjhu; j; jq; fs; Rit Nkk; gLj; jp fs; vdg; gLk; .
nkhNdnNrhbak; FSw;whNkw;w - MSG
,it Gw; WNehahf; fp fshFk; . Fwp j; j msTf; F Nky;
gad; gLj; Jk; NghJ er; Rj; jd; ik kw; Wk; clw; NfhshWfs; Vw; gLk; .
,j; ju epakq; fs; czT cw; gj; jpg; nghUl; fs; > cw; gj; jpr; nrad; Kiw
Mfpad njhlu;ghdjhFk;. ,tw;wpd;%yk; ,yq;ifap;d; re;ijf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd czTg;nghUl;fs; juk;> fhg;G> fl;likg;G> nghjpaply;
159
Mfpad njhlu;ghf ,dq;fhzg;gl kl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Rl;Lj;Jz;bly;;
njhlu;ghd tpjpKiwfs; Mfpad tifg;gLj;jg;gLfp;dwd.
,yq; ifapDs; Nkw; nfhs; sg; gLk; czT cw; gj; jpg; nghUl; fs; > ,wf; Fkjp>
tpepNahfk;> re;ijg;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk; vtUk;; ,r;
rl;ltpjpfSf;F mika XOf Ntz;Lk;.
160
Nju;r;rp kl;lk 15.6 ( Nghrizg; gpur; rpidfisj; jtpu; g; gjw; Fg; nghUj; jkhd
toptiffisj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
Kiwaw; w Nghriz %ykhf vw; glf; $ba gp ur; rp idf; Fup a
epiyikfis tpsf;Fthu;.
,yq; ifapy; mjpfstpy; fhzg; gLk; Nghrizf; Fiwghl; L epyikfisg;
ngaupLthu;.
Nghrizg; gpur; ridfisf; Fiwg; gjw; fhd jpl; lq; fisj; jahu; nra; thu; .
Nghrizg; gpur; rpidfisf; Fiwf; f$ba czTtiffis njupT
nra; thu; .
gy Neha; epyikfis rupahd Nghriz %yk; jtpu;j;J nfhs;s
KbAk; vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;
nghUj;jkhdthW ghlg;gpuNtrj;ij Nkw;nfhs;f.
nghUj; jkhd> nghUj; jkw; w Nghriz kw; Wk; mJ njhlu; ghd
fUj;Jf;fis tpdhTf.
Fiwthd my; yJ kpifahd Nghriz %yk; Nghrizg;
gpur;ridfs; Vw;gLk;.
rP uhd Nghriz %yk; Rfhjhug; gpur; ridfisf; Fiwf; f KbAk; .
cauj;Jf;F nghUj;jkhd epiw nfhz;l cly; epiyf; fhl;bNa
clw;jpzpTf; Fwpfhl;b (B.M.I - Body mass index) MFk;.
Nghrizg; gpur;rid njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; jiyg;GfSs; cq;fs;
FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;G njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
Fiw Nghriz
kpif Nghriz
Nghrizg; gpur;rpid vd;why; vd;dntd mwpKfQ;nra;J egu;fspd;
MNuhf;fpaj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisg; ngaupLf.
jiyg; Gld; njhlu; ghd Nghrizg; gpur; rpid epiyikia ,dq; fhz; f.
me; epiyikfSf;F Ml;glf;$ba egu;fis ,dq;fhz;f.
jiyg;Gld; njhlu;ghf ,yq;ifapy; fhzf;$ba Nghrizg; gpur;rid
epiyikfis ,dq;fhz;f.
eP q; fs; ,dq; fz; l Nghrizg; gp ur; rp id ep iyikfs; cly;
MNuhf;fpaj;jpy; vt;thW ghjpg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jk; vd tpsf;Ff.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l Nghrizg; gpur;rpid epiyikfis vt;thW jtpu;j;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;.
161
cq; fs; FOtpYs; s mq; fj; jtu; fsJ clw; wpdpTf; Fwpf; fhl; biaj; Jzpf.
rPuhd Nghrizapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; ahit?
eP q; fs; mlq; Fk; taJj; njhFjpf; Fupa Nghrizf; $Wfs; mlq; fpAs; s
msit RDI (Recomended diatry intake) ml;ltizapypUe;J mwpe;J
nfhs; Sq; fs; .
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;jgLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf.
egnuhUtupd; ghy;> taJ> cly; epiyik> cz;Zk; czTfs;
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; mtuJ MNuhf;fpak; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
Kiwaw; w tifahd NghrizNa Nghrizg; gpur; ridf; Ff; fhuzkhf
mikfpwJ.
egnuhUtu; cl; nfhs; Sk; cztpy; cupa Nghrizfs; Njitf; fika
,y; yhik my; yJ msTf; fjp fkhff; fhzg; gly; ; Nghrizg;
gpur;ridfSf;F fhuzkhf mikayhk;.
Nghrizg; gpur;ridfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
Fiw Nghriz
kpif Nghriz
Foe; ijfs; > gps; isfs; > fu; g; gpzpj; jha; khu; fs; > ghY}l; Lk; jha; khu; fs; >
Nehahspfs; Nghd; Nwhu; ,yFtpy; Nghrizg; gpur; rpidfSf; F Mshtu; .
mjpf nfhOg; Gj; jd; ik nfhz; l czTfs; > cld; czTfs;
Mfpatw; iw cz; Nghu; > Fiwthd clw; gapw; rp nfhz; Nlhu; > MfpNahu;
,yFtpy; kpif Nghriz epiyikf;F cl;gLtu;.
xd; W my; yJ gy Nghrizf; $Wfs; Njitahd mstpy; fpilf; fhik
fhuzkhf clYf;Fg; ghjfkhd tpisTfs; Vw;gly; FiwNghriz
epiyik vdg;gLk;;.
msTf; F mjpfkhf Nghriz nfhz; l czTfis cl; nfhs; tjdhy;
kpif Nghriz epiyik Vw;gLk;.
GujfNyhup ke;jNghriz> tpw;wkpd; A FiwghL> maBd; FiwghL>
,Uk; Gr; rj; Jf; FiwghL> GNshiul; L FiwghL Mfpad FiwNghriz
epiyikfshFk;. ,e; epiyik ,yq;ifapy; cs;sJ.
ePz;lfhykhf egnuhUtUf;F Njitahd fhNghitjNuw;W> Gujk;
Mfpad fpilf;fhik fhuzkhf cly; mjw;F ,izthfp cly;
Nja;tile;J> epiw Fiwtile;J> Fwshjy; Vw;gly; Guj-fNyhup
Nghrizr; Fiwghl;L epiyik (ku];k];) vdg;gLk;.
Gujf; FiwghL fhuzkhf Fth\pNahf;fu; epiyik Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
rupahd Nghriz %ykhf ,t;thwhd epiyikfisr; fl;Lg;gLj;j
KbAk;.
cly; tsu; r; rp Fd; Wjy; clnkypjy; tapW tP q; Fjy; Nghd; wd ku]; k];
Nehapd; mwpFwpfshFk;.
162
cly; tsu;r;rp Fiwjy;> epiw Fiwjy;> cly; tPq;Fjy; Mfpad
Fth\pNahf;fu; Fiwghl;L Nehapd; mwpFwpahFk;.
gy;NtW clw; njhopw;ghLfSf;F mtrpakhd Ez;Nghrizahf
tpw; wkpd; A mike; Js; sJ. ,f; FiwghL fhuzkhf khiyf; fz; Neha; >
nrnuhg;;jy;kpah> Njhy; NfhshWfs; Nghd;wd Vw;glyhk;.
tpw; wkpd; A mjpfk; nfhz; l czTtiffis cl; nfhs; tjd; %yKk;
mt; czTtiffis rupahf jahu; nra;tjd; %yKk; tpw;wkpd; A
Fiwghl;il eptu;j;jp nra;ayhk;.
maBd; mj; jpahtrpa Ez; Nghriz MFk; . ,jd; FiwghL fhuzkhf
fUr; rpijT> rpRf; fs; ,we; J gpwj; jy; > fz; lf; foiy Mfpad Vw; glyhk; .
GNshuPd; FiwghL fhuzkhfTk; kpifahf fpilg;gjdhYk; clw;
Rfhjhuj;Jf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;glyhk;.
,Uk;Gf; FiwghL fhuzkhf FUjpr;Nrhif Vw;gLtJld; fisg;G
Nrhk;gy; Nghd;w mwpFwpfSk; Vw;gLk;.
ehshe; j Njitia <Lnra; af; $ba msthf ,Uk; Gr; rj; ij
cl;nfhs;tjd; %yKk; ,Uk;G rj;jpd; mfj;JwpQ;riy mjpfupf;f$ba
tifapYk; czitj; jahu; nra;tjd; %yKk; ,f; Fiwghl;il
jtpuj;;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
kpifNghriz fhuzkhf mjpf clw; gUkd>; eP upopT Neha>; khuilg; G>
cau;FUjpaKf;fk; Nghd;wit Vw;glyhk.;
rPuhd Nghrizia toq;Fjy;> clw;gapw;rp Mfpad%yk; ,e;
epiyikiaj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
,yq; ifaUf; ; nfd rpghu; R nra; ag; gl; Ls; s Nghriz msTfs; nfhz; l
ml; ltiz (Required Daily Intake - RDI) cs; sJ.
rP uhd cly; MNuhf; fpak; cs; snjd; gij cWjpg; gLj; j clw; jpzpTf;
Fwpfhl; b gad; gLk; . clw; jpzpTf; Fwpfhl;b(BMI) rpwg;ghd tPr;ir
tp l FiwAk; NghJk; Nghrizf; FiwghLk; mjp fup f; Fk; NghJ
kpifNghriz epiyikAk; Vw;gLk;.
163
Nju; r; rp 16 ( #oYf;F Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs; ,optsthFk; tifapy;
tptrha eltbf; iffspy; <LgLk; jahu; epiyia ntspf;
fhl;Lthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk 16.1 ( #oYf; Fg; ghjpg; ig Vw; gLj; Jk; tptrha eltbf;
iffspy; <LgLtijj; jtpu;f;Fk; Kiwfisj; jpl;l
kpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
tptrhaj; jpd; gy; NtW re; ju; g; gq; fspy; #oy; khrilfpd; wJ vdf; $Wthu; .
#oYf; Fg; ghjpg; ig Vw; gLj; Jk; tptrha eltbf; iffisg; ngaupLthu; .
nghUj;jkw;w Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; tptrhaj;jpdhy; #ow;
ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
#oYf; F ctg; ghd Kiwapy; gapu; r; nra; ifia Nkw; nfhs; Sk; Kiwia
tpsf; Fthu; .
tptrha eltbf; iffs; fhuzkhf Vw; gLk; #ow; ghjpg; Gfisf;
Fiwg;gjw;fhd toptiffisg; gpNuupg;ghu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk; :
#ow; ghjpg; Gfis Vw; gLj; Jk; tptrha eltbf; ifnahd; iwr; rpj; jupf; Fk;
glnkhd;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
,g;glj;jpd; JizAld; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLkhW
fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.
tu;j;jfkakhjy;> efukakhjy; Mfpadtw;wpd;NghJ gy;NtW
ghjfkhd tptrha eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
ghjfkhd tptrha eltbf;iffs; #oYf;Fg; ghupa ghjpg;Gfis
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
mg; ghjp g; Gfisj; jtp u; f; ff; $ba gy; NtW Kiwfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
gpd; tUk; ghjfkhd tptrha eltbf; iffs; fhuzkhf Vw; gLk;
ghjfkhd tpisTfSs; cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngWk; tpisT
gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
164
FO I FO II
nghUj;jkw;w Kiwapy; nghUj; jkw; w eP u; Kfhikj; Jtk;
epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;jy; Kiwaw;w foptfw;wy;
rPuw;w grisg; gad;ghL rupahd gapu;r;nra;iff;
Kiwaw; w gP ilehrpdpg; Nfhyq;fs;> gapu;r;nra;if
gad; ghL Kiwfisf; iff;nfhs;shik.
cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghf FOtpy;
fye;JiuahLf.
cq;fs; FOTf;Fupa ghjfkhd tpisT Vw;gLk; tpjj;ij tptupf;Ff.
mg; ghjpg; Gf; fisj; jtpu; g; gjw; fhff; iff; nfhs; sf; $ba eilKiwfis
tpsf; Ff.
#oYf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;glf; $ba nraw;ghLfisj; jtpu;j;jy; vDk;
jiyg; gpy; tptrhapfSf; F mwpT+l; lg; nghUj; jkhd Rtnuhl; bnahd; iw
Mf; Ff.
Maj;jkhFf.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
Kiwaw; w tptrha eltbf; iffspy; <LgLtjdhy; tspkhriljy; >
capupay; khriljy; > epyf; fP o; eP u; khriljy; > Nkw; gug; GeP u;
khriljy; Mfpad eilngWk;.
Gtpapd; %Lgilia mfw;wp nghUj;jkw;w cgfuzq;fis
gad; gLj; jp nra; if gz; zg; gLk; gapu; fSf; F nghUj; jkw; w
tifapy; epyk; gz;gLj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;tjdhy; kz;zupg;G
eilngWk;.
epyj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;w gapu;fisj; njupTnra;tjd; %yk;
kz;zupg;G Vw;gLk;.
cjh : mjpfsT rha;thd ,lk;
Fiwghl; il ,dq; fz; L mjw; Nfw; w tifapy; gris ,lg; glhik
fhuzkhf gpd;tUk; ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLk;.
Nkyjpf iejurd; > nghRguR> fe; jfk; Mfpad eP u; epiyfspy;
NrUjy; .
tpyq;FfSf;Fk; kdpjDf;Fk; Neha; Vw;gly;.
ePu;> xl;rprd;> fhgd; tl;lq;fSf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;gly;.
Kiwaw; w tifapy; msTf; fjpfkhf G+r; rpehrpdpfs; > fis
ehrpdpfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; gpd;tUk; ghjpg;Gfs;
Vw;gLk;.
165
mq;fpfspd; Rthrk;> jir tsu;r;rp Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; ghjpg;G
Vw;gly;.
ed;ik gaf;Fk; tpyq;FfSf;F Neha; Vw;glYk; ,wg;Gk;
jhtuq;fspy; tpfhuk; Vw;gly;
czTr; rq;fpyp Fog;gkiljy;
Kiwaw; w tifapy; fopTg; nghUl; fis mfw; Wtjdhy; eP u;
mjpfstpy; khrilAk;.
cjh : tpyq;Ffspd; kyk;> rpWePu; Mfpad Nru;jy;
Kiwaw; w eP u; g; ghrdk; > eP u; tbg; Gj; njhFjp fs; rup ahf
guhkupf;fg;glhik Mfpad ghupa #oy; gpur;rpidfshFk;.
gapu; r; nra; if Kiwfs; > gapu; r; nra; iff; Nfhyq; fs; Mfpad rupahff;
iff;nfhs;sg;glhik Mfpad fhuzkhf #oy; khriljy;.
ghjfkhd tptrha eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf #oYf;F Vw;gLk;
ghjpg; Gfisj; jtpu; g; gjw; F gpd; tUk; eltbf; iffs; Nkw; nfhs; sg; gLk; .
tpUj;jpaile;j kl;fhg;G Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gly;.
cjh : Nrhy; w; Ntypfs; > rkTauf; Nfhl; L tuk; Gfs; >
fy; Ntypfs;
gy;ypdg; gapu;r;nra;if
tdr; nra;ifAld; Nghfg; gapu;fs; kw;Wk; gy;yhz;Lg;
gapu;fis ,izj;Jg; gapu;nra;jy;.
gapu;r;nra;ifiaAk; tpyq;F tsu;g;igAk; xd;wpizj;jy;.
gRe;jhl; grisaply;
mtiug; gapu;fs; %ykhf iejurid gjpf;fr; nra;jy;.
gapu;kPjpfis %Lgilahf gad;gLj;jy;.
$l;nlUj; jahupg;Gk; gad;ghLk;
cs; @u; gapu;tiffisj; njupT nra;jYk; ,dtpUj;jp
nra;jYk;
Nehnajpu; g; Gj; jd; ik nfhz; lJk; gpuNjrj; Jf; F cfe; jJkhd
gapu;fisr; nra;if gz;Zjy;.
Fiwe;j nryTila> Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l> Fiwe;j ciog;G
Njitahd cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
cs;@upy; cs;s capupay; Kiwfs; %yk; gq;fRf;fs;>
fisfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
xd;wpize;j gPilf;fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
166
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 16.2 ( Rw;whlYf;F ctg;ghd gapu;r;nra;if KiwfisAk;>
gapu;r;nra;iff; Nfhyq;fisAk; jpl;lkpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
gy;NtW gapu;r;nra;if Kiwfs; kw;Wk; gapu;r;nra;iff; Nfhyq;fs;
Mfpatw;iw tptupg;ghu;.
gapu; r; nra; if KiwfisAk; > gapu; r; nra; iff; Nfhyq; fisAk; #oYf; F
ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jhjthW Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk; vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
xt; nthU gap u; r; ; nra; if Kiwap dJk; mE$yq; fisAk; >
gpujp$yq;fisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlrhiyg; gz; iz> maw; gpuNjrq; fs; Mfpatw; wpy; Nkw; nfhs; sg; gLk;
gapu;r;nra;if Kiwfs; gapu;r;nra;iff; Nfhyq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf;
fz;lwpe;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
gy;NtW gapu;r;nra;iff; Nfhyq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gapu;nra; epyj;jpd;
myFg;gug;gpy; fpilf;;Fk; tpisr;riy mjpfupf;ff;$ba Kiwfis
tpgupg;ghu;.
ghlg;gpNtrk; :
Nridg; gapu;nra;ifia rpj;jupf;Fk; glj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
mg;glj;ij khztiu ,dq;fhzr; nra;f.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspgLkhW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf.
Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if ,yq;ifapd; ghuk;gupa gapu;r;nra;if
KiwahFk;.
Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if jtpu ,yq;ifapy; gy;NtW gapu;r;nra;if
Kiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
cyu; gapu;r;nra;if
xd;wpize;j gapu;r;nra;if
gapu;r;nra;if Kiwapy; gy;NtW gapu;r;nra;iff; Nfhyq;fs;
fhzg;glyhk;.
gapu;r;Row;rp
,ilg; gapu;r;nra;if
fhg;Gg; gapu;r;nra;if
mQ;rw; gapu;r;nra;if
tpyq;F - gapu; Row;rp
gapu; r; nra; if Kiwfs; kw; Wk; gapu; r; nra; iff; Nfhyq; fs; Mfpad
%yk; myF epyg; gug; gpy; fpilf; Fk; tpisr; riy mjpfupf; f KbAk; .
167
gpd; tUk; gapu; r; nra; if Kiwfs; > gapu; r; nra; iff; Nfhyq; fs; Mfpatw; Ws;
cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;Gg; gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
FO I FO II FO III
Nridg; xd;wpize;j fhg;Gg; gapu;r;nra;if
gapu;r;nra;if gapu;r;nra;if
cyu; tpyq;F-gapu; Row;rp ,ilg; gapu;r;nra;if
gapu;r;nra;if
Row;rp Kiwg; mQ;rw; gapu;r;nra;if fyg;Gg; gapu;r;nra;if
gapu;r;nra;if
tsE}iy crhTf.
cq;fs; FOTf;Fupa gapu;r;nra;if Kiw> gapu;nra;iff; Nfhyk;
Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz;f.
,tw;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kiwfis tpsf;Ff.
,g; gapu; r; nra; if Kiwfs; > gapu; r; nra; iff; Nfhyq; fs; Mfpatw; Wf; nfd
gad;gLj;jf; $ba gapu;fs; / gapu;j;njhFjpfisg; ngaupLf.
mtw; iwf; iff; nfhs; tjdhy; fpilf; ff; $ba mE$yq; fs; /
gpujp$yq;fs; ahit?
ckJ gpuNjrj;jpy; my;yJ ghlrhiyg; gz;izapy; ,g; gapu;r;nra;if
KiwfisAk; gapu;r;nra;iff; Nfhyq;fisAk; fhzf;$ba ,lq;fs;
gw;wpa tptuq;fisr; Nrfupf;f.
cq; fSf; Ff; fp ilf; fg; ngw; w jfty; fis tFg; gp y; rku; g; gp f; f
Maj;jkhFf.
gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs; typAWj; jg; gLk; tifapy; fye; Jiuahliy Nkw; nfhs; f.
Nridg; gapu; r; nra; if cyu; tyaj; jpy; kioia ek; gp kl; LNk nra; if
gz;zg;gLfpd;w kuGuPjpahd gapu;r;nra;if Kiw MFk;.
,q;F ,lj;ij khw;wp gapu;r;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
Nridg; gapu;r;nra;ifapy; gy;NtW gbKiwfs; cs;sd.
fhlopj;jy;
vupj;jy;
Ntypailj; jy;
tpj;J ely;
Nridfspy; Fuf;fd;> Nkl;Lepy ney;> Nrhsk; Mfpa FWfpa fhyg;
gapu;fs; nra;if gz;zg;gLfpd;wd.
Nridg; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; %yk; gy;NtW mE$yq;fs; fpilf;Fk;.
500mm ,Yk; Fiwthd kiotP o; r; rp fpilf; Fk; ,lq; fspy; mk; kioia
tp idj; jp wdhfg; gad; gLj; jp nra; ag; gLk; gap u; r; nra; if cyu;
gapu;r;nra;if vdg;gLk;.
Nrudg;gapu;r;nra;if cyu
168
,yq; ifap y; cyu; gap u; r; nra; iff; Nfhl; ghL gad; gLj; jg; gl; L
gapu;r;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jw;nfd gpd;tUk; Kiwfs; iff;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
kz;Zf;F Nrjdg; grisfs; ,ly;.
kz;zpy; %Lgilaply;
cyu; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; NghJ epyk; gz;gLj;jy; njhlf;fk; mWtil
tiu cs; s vy; yh gbKiwfspd; NghJk; eP u; f; fhg; G Kiwfs;
gpd;gw;wg;gLk;.
cyu; gapu; nra; ifapy; gy; NtW mE$yq; fSk; gpujp$yq; fSk; cs; sd.
xU Kaw;rpapd; gf;f tpisnghUl;fs; kw;nwhU Kaw;rpapd; cs;sPlhf
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs; nfhz;l Kiwapy; gapu;r;nra;if>
tpyq; F tsu; g; G> rf; jp cw; gj; jp (capu; thA) Nghd; w tptrha Kaw; rpfis
xNu epyj; jpy; xNu jlitapy; Nkw; nfhs; sNy xd; wpize; j tptrhakhFk; .
,jpy; cs;s njhFjpfshtd>
gapu;r;nra;if
tpyq;F tsu;g;G
rf;jp cw;gj;jp myF
Gw;nra;if
xd; wpize; j gapu; r; nra; ifapy; gy; NtW mE$yq; fSk; gpujp$yq; fSk;
cs; sd.
Fwpj;j xU ,lj;jpy; cs;s kz;> ePu;> Nghrizg;nghUl;fs; Mfpad
ghJfhf; f $ba tifapyhd cw; gj; jpfis gad; gLj; jp capu; g;
gy; tifikiag; ghJfhf; fj; jf; f tifap y; gap u; r; nra; ifia
Nkw;nfhs;sy; fhg;Gg; gapu;r;nra;if vdg;gLk;.
,q;F mq;fpfs;> ePu;> kz; Mfpadtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjw;nfd gy;NtW
eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gLk;.
fhg; Gg; gapu; r; nra; ifapy; eilKiwg; gLj; jg; gLk; cgnjhFjpfs;
tUkhW.
tptrha tdr;nra;if
gapu; mbf;fl;ilfSk; %LgilfSk;
,J fhl; bYs; s rkep iyahd jd; ikiag; Ngzf; $bathW
nghUshjhu uPjpahfTk;> tptrha uPjpahfTk; mjpf ed;ik gaf;ff;
$baJk; epiyahd epyg; gad; ghl; ilf; nfhz; lJkhd gy; NtW capu; r;
Nru;khdq;fisf; nfhz;l gapu; Kfhikj;Jt njhFjpahFk;.
tptrha tdr;nra;if gy tifg;gLk;.
tPjpg; gapu;r;nra;if
gy;gilg; gapu;r;nra;if
tptrha tdr;nra;ifapy; gy;NtW mE$yq;fSk; gpujp$yq;fSk;
cs; sd.
tP jpg; gapu; r; nra; ifapy; td kuq; fspd; tupirfSf; F ,ilapy; gapu; fs;
nra;if gz;zg;gLk;.
169
tPjpg; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; %yk; gy;NtW gad;fs; fpilf;Fk;.
tp trha tdr; nra; ifia gy; tifikahf; fk; nra; J gy; gilg;
gapu;r;nra;if njhFjp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
Nky;ehl;L tPl;Lj;Njhl;lr; nra;if (Kandiyan home garden) xU tif
gy;gilg; gapu;r;nra;ifj; njhFjp MFk;.
gapu; mbf;fl;ilfs;> %Lgil Mfpad %yk; kz; %lg;gLtjdhy;
ePu;f;fhg;G> kl;fhg;G Mfpad eilngWk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l epynkhd;wpy; Kiwahfg; gapuplg;gLk; Fwpj;j gapnuhd;Wf;F
Nkyjpfkhd mg; gapUd; Nghl; b Vw; glhj tpjkhf NtW gapu; / gapu; fis
nra;if gz;ZjNy ,ilg; gapu;r;nra;if vdg;gLk;.
mjpy; mE$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fs; Mfpad cs;sd.
epyj; jpy; xuhz; L> <uhz; L> gy; yhz; L gapu; fis mtw; wpilNa Nghl; b
Vw;glhj tifapy; rkkhd guhkupg;Gld; $bajhf epyj;jpy; ,Ue;J
mjpf gaidg; ngwf;$ba tifapy; xd;whf nra;if gz;Zjy;
fyg;Gg; gapu;r;nra;if vdg;gLk;.
Nridg; gapu; r; nra; if> Nky; ehl; L tP l; Lj; Njhl; lr; nra; if Mfpatw; wpy;
fyg;Gg; gapu;r;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
fyg;Gg; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; NghJ gy;NtW fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy;
gapu;fs; njupT nra;ag;gLk;.
,jdhy; gy;NtW mE$yq;fSk; gpujp$yq;fSk; fpilf;fpd;wd.
Fwpg;gpl;l epyj;jpy; nra;if gz;zg;gl;Ls;s gapnuhd;wpd; tsu;r;rp
gUtk; G+u;j;jpaile;J ,dg;ngUf;fg; gUtk; Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ NtW
gapnuhd;iw mt; ,lj;jpy; ehl;Ljy; mQ;rw; gapu;r;nra;if vdg;gLk;.
,jpy; mE$yq;fSk; gpujp$yq;fSk; cs;sd.
njupT nra; ag; gl; l gapu; fis xNu ,lj; jpy; Fwpg; gpl; l xOq; F
Kiwf;fika Nghfj;Jf;Fg; Nghfk; khwpkhwpg; gapu; nra;jy; Row;rp
Kiwg; gapu;r;nra;if vdg;gLk;.
gapu;r;Row;rpapy;; mE$yq;fs; gy cs;sd.
Row; rpKiwg; gapu; r; nra; iff; fhd gapu; fs; gy; NtW fhuzpfspd;
mbg;gilapy; njupT nra;ag;gLk;.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l epyj;jpy; gapu;fs;> fhy;eilfs; Mfpatw;iw khw;wp
khw;wp tsu;j;jy; tpyq;F - gapu;r; Row;rp (xd;Wtpl;l Ntshz;ik)
vdg;gLk;.
,jd; NghJ epyk; %d; W gFjpfshfg; gpupf; fg; gl; L mq; F gapu; r; nra; if>
tpyq;F tsu;g;G> Gw;nra;if Mfpad Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
tpyq;F gapu; Row;rpapd; gy mE$yq;fSk; gpujp$yq;fSk; cs;sd.
170
Nju; r; rp 17.0 ( tp trha Kaw; rp fsp d; gad; jU jd; ikia
mjpfupg; gjw; F nghUspaw; Nfhl; ghLfisg; gad; gLj; Jk;
toptiffisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 17.1 ( cw; gj; jp f; fhuzp fis Kfhikj; Jtk; nra; Ak;
Kiwia Ma;e;jwpthu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs:;
cw; gj; jpf; fhuzpfisg; ngaupl; L mtw; iw ,ay; Gfspd; mbg; gilapy;
tiutpyf;fzk; nra;thu;.
cw; gj; jpf; fhuzpfis Kfhikj; Jtk; nra; Ak; Kiwfis tpidj; jpwd; >
gad;gLjd;ik Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tpsf;Fthu;.
NkNy $wg;gl;l Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba fhuzpfis
nghUj;jkhf gad;gLj;Jthu;.
vz; zf; fUf; fs; kw; Wk; mtw; wp d; ,ay; Gfis typ AWj; jp
tiutpyf;fzj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
tp idj; jp wd; > gad; jUjd; ik Mfp atw; Wf; fika jp l; lkp liy
Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
ghlg;gpNtrk; :
khztu; rpyiuf; nfhz; L gpd; tUk; ciuahliy tFg; gpy; rku; g; gpf; f.
fky; ( ehk; ,g;NghJ ghlrhiyg; gz;izia mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Kjypy; fhzpiaf; njupT nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vkJ
ghlrhiyap y; vy; yh ,lKk; fl; llkhfNt cs; sJ.
gapu;nra;a epyk; ,y;iyNa
gpay; ( mjw;F ehk; E}y; epiyaj;Jf;F gpd;Gwk; cs;s rpwpa
epyj;ijg; gad;gLj;JNthk;.
epky; ( ,g;NghJ epyk; fpilj;Jtpl;lJ vd epidg;Nghk;. mjpy;
Ntiynra; a kz; ntl; b> Ks; S> Fg; igthup Mfpad
NtZk; jhNd mit vq;Nf?
gpay; ( Vd; ghlrhiy tptrha myfpy; cs;sJ jhNd.
epky; ( ,g; NghJ mitAk; fpilj; Jtpl; ljhf nfhs; Nthk; . tpj; Jf; fs; >
gris> tptrha ,urhadq;fs; Mfpad vkf;F vg;gb
fpilf;Fk;.
171
fky; ( Vd; ehk; re;ijia elhj;jp Nrfupj;j gzk; ,Uf;Fj;jhNd.
ehk; Nruplk; nrhy;yp mg; gzj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Nthk;.
gpay; ( ,g;NghJ vkf;F midj;Jk; cs;sd. Ntiy nra;a ehKk;
jahu;. mwpTiu toq;f Nru; cs;shu;.
epky; ( ehisNa Ntiyiaj; njhlq;FNthk;.
,jdbg; gilap y; gp d; tUk; tp laq; fs; ntsp f; nfhzug; gLkhW
ve; jnthU cw; gj; jpr; nrad; Kiwf; Fk; gy; NtW nghUl; fs;
Njitg;gLk;.
cw; gj; jpr; nrad; Kiwapd; NghJ gad; gLj; jg; gLk; vitAk;
cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; vdg;gLk;.
,t;thwhd cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; ehd;F cs;sd.
ep yk; > ciog; G> %yjdk; > Kaw; rp ahz; ik Mfp adNt
mitahFk;.
cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s tsE}iy crhTf.
cq; fs; FOTf; F jug; gl; l cw; gj; jpf; fhuzp njhlu; ghf ftdk; nrYj; Jf.
A FO - epyk;> %yjdk;
B FO - ciog;G> Kaw;rpahz;ik
cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfis tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf.
mt;tt; cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfspd; ,ay;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
mt;tt; cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfis rPuhf Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;a Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;ba eilKiwfis tptupf;f.
ghlrhiyg; gz; iziaj; jahu; nra; Ak; NghJk; elhj; Jk; NghJk; cq; fSf; F
jug;gl;Ls;s cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfis cr;r gad;jU jd;ik nfhz;ljhf
Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;Ak; Kiwfis tptupf;Ff.
ve; jnthU cw; gj; jpr; nray; Kiwf; Fk; epyk; > ciog; G> %yjdk; >
Kaw; rpahz; ik Mfpa cw; gj; jpf; fhuzpfs; ehd; Fk; mtrpakhFk; .
,t; cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfis gha;r;ry; jd;ik nfhz;l tsq;fs;>
fsQ; rpag; gLj; jf; $ba tsq; fs; vd ,uz; lhf tifg; gLj; jyhk; .
Fwpg; gpl; l re; ju; g; gnkhd; wpy; gad; gLj; j KbahJ Nghdhy; ,d; ndhU
re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gad;gLj;j KbahJ NghFk; tsk; gha;r;ry; jd;ik
nfhz;l tsq;fs; vdg;gLk;. cjh : ciog;G
172
Fwpg; gpl; l re; ju; g; gnkhd; wpy; gad; gLj; j KbahJ Nghdhy; mtw; iw
fsQ; rpag; gLj; jp itj; J NtnwhU re; ju; g; gj; jpy; gad; gLj; jf; $ba
tsq; fs;
cjh : %yjdk;
cw; gj; jp nrad; Kiwiaf; ifahsf; $ba gp ujhd fhy
tiuaiwfs; ,uz;L cs;sd.
ePz;lfhyk;> FWq;fhyk; MfpadNt mt;thwhd ,uz;L fhy
tiuaiwfSkhFk;.
cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ FWfpa fhyj;jpy; khw;wf;$ba
fhuzpfs; khWq;fhuzpfs; vdg;gLk;.
cjh: gapw;wg;glhj njhopyhsu;fs;
FWfpa fhyj; jpy; khw; wkilar; nra; a Kbahj fhuzpfs;
epiyahd fhuzpfs; vdg;gLk;.
cjh: gapw;wg;gl;l njhopyhsu;> epyk;
,aw;ifahf fpilf;fg;ngWtJk;; kdpjdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;a
KbahjJk; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpr; nra;Kiwapy; ,izj;;Jf;
nfhs;s $baJkhd tsNk epyk; MFk;.
ehl; bd; nkhj; j nghUshjhu eltbf; iffSk; epyk; vDk;
fhuzpapNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ.
epyk; gy;NtW rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
cjh : mJ ,aw;ifapd; nfhilahFk;. mjw;F mbg;gil
nryT fpilahJ. ,jid ,lk;ngaur; nra;a KbahJ.
epyk; vDk; fhuzpapd; tpidj; jpwdpy; gy; NtW fhuzpfs;
gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp epyj;jpd; gad;jF jd;ikia
mjpfupf;f KbAk;.
cjh : epyj; jpd; mikTf; Nfw; g cw; gj; jpr; nrad; Kiwiaj; njupT
nra; jy; .
epyj;jpd; kz; fl;likg;G> fhyepiyf; fhuzp Mfpa
tsq;fs; gw;wpf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
nghUl;fs; my;yJ Nritfis cw;gj;jp nra;a nrytplg;gLk;
cly; my;yJ csk; rhu;e;j gzpNa ciog;G vdg;gLk;.
ciog;G gy;NtW rpwg;gpay;Gfs; nfhz;ljhFk;.
cjh : ciog;ig njhopyhopaplkpUe;J gpupj;njLf;f Kbahik>
mJ ghr;rw;jd;ik nfhz;l tskhf fhzg;gly;> Vftpdj;
jd;ikia nfhz;buhik.
ciog;gpd; gpuNjr uPjpahd rpwg;Gj; jd;ik vdg;gLtJ rpy
njhopy;fSf;F cupa njhopyhsu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrq;fspy;
fhzg;gly;.
juk; $ba ciog;G khDl %yjdk; vd fUjg;gLfpwJ.
173
gy;NtW Kiwfspy; %ykhf ciog;gpd; gad;jF jd;ikia
njuptpf;f KbAk;.
cjh : ciog;gpd; juk; gw;wpf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sy;.
mjpf ciog;igg; ngwf;$ba ehLfspy; mjpf ciog;G
Njitg;gLk; njhopy;fis Muk;gpj;jy;> gapw;rpngw;w
njhopyhsUf;F mjpf rk;gsk; toq;Fjy;> gapw;rp ngwhj
njhopyhsu;fis Njitf;Nfw;g gad;gLj;jy;> njhopw;gq;fPL.
cw; gj; jpr; nrad; Kiwapd; gy; NtW gpupTfis njhopyhsu; fSf; F
nghWg;gspj;jNy njhopw; gq;fPL vdg;gLk;.
cw; gj; jpd; NghJ mtrpag; gLfpd; w kdpjdhy; jahupf; fg; gl; l
nghUNs %yjdk; vdg;gLk;.
cw;gj;jpr; nray;Kiwapy; %yjdk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
%yjdj; ijg; gad; gLj; jp Na ,ae; jp uq; fs; > cgfuzq; fs; >
%yg;nghUl;fs; Mfpad ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
gy; NtW Kiwfisf; ifahz; L %yjdj; jpd; gad; jU jd; ikia
mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
cjh : cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia rupahf jpl;lkply;> cw;gj;jpf;
fhuzpfis rupahf Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;.
cw; gj; jpr; nrad; Kiwia xOq; fikj; jNy Kaw; rpahz; ik
vdg;gLk;.
Kaw;rpahsu; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; gytw;iwf; nfhz;bUg;gu;.
cjh : ,lu;fSf;F Kfk;; nfhLj;jy;> vjpu;T$wy;
gy; NtW Kiwfsp y; Kaw; rp ahz; ikia tp idj; jp wd;
kpf;fjhf;fyhk;.
cjh : Kaw;rpahsUf;F cs;s mwpit tpUj;jp nra;a cjTjy;.
Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nraw;ghLfSf;F nghUj;jkhd ,yhgj;ijg;
ngWjy; .
Nkw;$wg;gl;l cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfis rupahf Kfhikj;Jtk;
nra;tjd; %yk; tptrha Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; gad;jF jd;iia
Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
174
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 17.2 ( gad;tpjpf;fika tptrha cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fspw;F
Nfs;tp Vw;gLk; Kiwiag; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
Efu; tpd; msT> nkhj; jg; gad; ghL> vy; iyg; gad; ghL Mfpatw; Wf; Ff;
fpilapyhd njhlu;ig tiuG %yk; fhl;Lthu;.
vy;iyg; gad;> vy;iyg; gad;tpjp Mfpatw;iw tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp
Nfs;tp ml;ltiziaj; jahupg;ghu;.
gy nghUl; fis EfUk; Efu; Nthu; vdpd; tUkhdj; Jf; Fg; nghUj; jkhd
cr;r jpUg;jpiag; ngw;wf;nfhs;s G+uzg;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njitfisg;
ngaupLthu;.
tUkhdj; Jf; Nfw; wthW nryitg; nghUj; jg; ghL cilajhf; fp
Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;thu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;
gpd;tUk; epfo;Tfis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f.
epfo;T I - rpWtdhd rkPu; I];fpwPk; rhg;gpl kpf tpUg;gKilatuhtu;.
xU ehs; je;ij mtDf;F 100/= gzk; nfhLj;jhu;. mtd;
I];fpwPk; gpupad; Mifahy; 100/= Tf;FNk I];fPwpk; rhg;gpl
Ntz; Lnkd epidj; jhd; . 20/= itf; nfhLj; J xU I]; fP wpik
thq;fp cz;lhd;. mJ cz;L Kbe;jJk; NkYk; 20/=
nfhLj;J ,d;ndhU I];fPwpik mtd; cz;lhd;. mjid
cz;l gpd;du; ,d;DnkhU I];fPwpik thq;fp cz;z
Ntz;Lk; vd vz;z mtDf;F Njhd;wtpy;iy. Kjypy;
I]; fpwP k; kP J jpuhj Mir nfhz; l NghJk; ,g; NghJ mtdhy;
I];fpwPk; rhg;gpl Kbatpy;iy.
epfo;T II - mky;> epky; MfpNahu; Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiynahd;wpy; <Lgl;Lf;
nfhz; bUe; jdu; . 10.00 kzp astp y; mtDf; F jhfk;
Vw; gl; ljhy; NjeP u; Fbf; fntd rpw; Wz; br; rhiyf; Fr; nrd; whd; .
mtdp d; ifap y; 20/= kl; LNk ,Ue; jJ. gzp ];
cz; zNtz; Lk; vDk; MirAld; te; j mtd;
tpiyg; gl; baiyg; ghu; itapl; lJk; ,uz; L tilfis;
rhg;gpl;L NjePUk; mUe;jpdhd;.
175
nghUl;fis EfUk;NghJ Vw;gLk; jpUg;jpNa gad; vdg;gLk;.
njhlu;r;rpahf xU nghUis EfUk;NghJ mjpypUe;J fpilf;Fk;
gad; gbg;gbahff; FiwtilAk;.
gz;lq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;a Mir kl;LNk Nghjpajhf
mikahJ.
ifapy; ,Uf; Fk; gzj; Jf; F Vw; g egu; fs; gy; NtW tifg; gl; l
Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
gpd; tUk; ,uz; L ml; ltizfSs; cq; fs; FOTf; Ff; fpilf; fg; ngw; w
ml;ltiziaj; njupT nra;f.
ml;ltiz - I ml;ltiz - 2
tsE}iy crhTf.
cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l ml;ltizapd; cjtpAld; Efu;T> gad;
Mfpatw;Wf;fpilahd njhlu;igf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd tiuig tiuf.
vy;iyg; gaidf; fzpf;fTk;.
Efug;gLk; nghUl;fspd; msT> nkhj;jg; gad; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd
njhlu;ig tiugpd; cjtpAld; fhz;f.
vy;iyg; gad;> vy;iyg;gad; tpjp Mfpatw;iw tiuaWf;f.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tpjpf;fika cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s Efu;T
ml; ltizf; Nfw; g Nfs; tp ml; ltiziaj; jahupj; J Nfs; tp tisapapid
tiuf.
gy nghUl;fis EfUk; Efu;Nthu; Mapd; gaid cr;r msthf;fpf;
nfhs;s G+uzg;gLj;j Ntz;ba epge;jidfs; ahit?
1 20
2 34
3 46
4 54
5 58
6 58
7 54
cl; nfhz; l
gzp]; fspd;
vz; zpf; if;
vy; iyg;
gad;
nkhj; jg;
gad;
1 18
2 34
3 44
4 52
5 58
6 58
7 52
cl; nfhz; l
gzp]; fspd;
vz; zpf; if;
vy; iyg;
gad;
nkhj; jg;
gad;
176
tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;;
nghUl; fs; > Nritfs; Mfp atw; iwg; gup khwp f; nfhs; tjw; fhf
nfhs; tdthsu; fs; > tpw; gidahsu; fs; MfpNahu; $Lk; ,lNk re; ij MFk; .
re;ijapy; fhzg;gLk; Efu;Nthupd; elj;ijfSf;F mika mq;Fs;s
nghUl;fs; Nritfs; Mfpatw;Wf;F Nfs;tp Vw;gLk;.
nfhs; tdT rf; jpia mbg; gilahff; nfhz; l NjitNa Nfs; tp MFk; .
Efu; Nthup d; elj; ijfis tp tup g; gjw; F gy; NtW fUj; Jf; fs;
nghUspypaypy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk;.
mit vz; zstp yhd gad; ghL> Nfhl; ghL kw; Wk; Kiw
Mfpatw;Wf;fikthd gad;ghL vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
vz; zstp yhd gad; ghl; L tp jp Kiwrhu; gad; tp jp vdTk;
miof;fg;gLk;.
nghUl; fis EfUk; NghJ Efu; NthUf; F fp ilf; Fk; jp Ug; jp ia
vz;zstpy; mstpl KbAk;.
nghUl;fs; Nritfis EfUk; NghJ fpilf;Fk; nkhj;j jpUg;jpNa
nkhj;jg; gad; vdg;gLk;.
Nkyjpfkhf Efug; gLk; xt; nthU myfpd; fhuzkhf nkhj; jg; gaDld;
NrUk; msT vy;iyg; gad; vdg;gLk;.
gz; lq; fs; Nritfs; Mfpatw; iw EfUk; NghJ nkhj; j gad; gbg; gbahf
mjpfupg;gJld; vy;iyg; gad; gbg;gbahff; FiwtilAk;.
vy;iyg; gad;ghl;L tpjpf;fika nghUspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; vy;iyg;
gadhdJ nghUsp d; tp iyf; Fr; rkkhFk; NghJ Efu; Nthu;
rkepiyailthu;.
,jw; fika Efu; Nthupd; Nfs; tp tisapAk; vy; iy cw; gj; jp tisapAk;
ru;trkdhdjhFk;.
gad; gbg;gbahff; FiwtilAk; NghJ Efu;Nthu; Nfs;tp tisap
ePo;Nehf;fpr; rhAk;.
gy nghUl; fis EfUk; kl; Lg; gl; l mstpyhd tUkhdj; ijf; nfhz; l
Efu;Nthu; vdpd; tUkhdj;jf;F Vw;wthW jpUg;jpia cr;rsthf;fp
nfhs;s gpd;tUk; epge;jidfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
xt; nthU nghUspdJk; vy; iyg; gad; > tpiy Mfpatw; Wf; fpilapyhd
tpfpjk; rkdhff; fhzg;gly;.
mg;nghUSf;nfd Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba nrythdJ
tUkhdj; Jf; F rkkhfNth my; yJ FiwthfNth fhzg; gl Ntz; Lk; .
177
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 17.3 ( tptrha Kaw; rpfspy; Vw; gLk; Nfs; tpapd; jd; ikf; Fg;
nghUj; jkhd tifapy; jP u; khdq; fis Nkw; nfhs; thu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
Efu;Nthu; Nfs;tp vd;why; vd;dntd tiuaWg;ghu;.
tpiy jtpu gz; lnkhd; wpd; Nfs; tpap; y; nry; thf; Fr; nrYj; Jk;
fhuzpfisg; ngaupLthu;.
nghUnshd;wpd; Nfs;tpia mjpfupg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy;NtW
cj;jpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
Nfs;tp tisap ngau;r;rpailtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis $Wthu;.
tptrhag; nghUl;fspd; Nfs;tpapd; jd;ikia tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk; :
Efu;Tg; nghUl;fs; rpytw;wpd; tpiyfs; kw;Wk; mt; tpiyfspd; fPo;
mg; nghUSf; fhd Nfs; tp ap d; msT Mfp ad gw; wp a gp d; tUk;
ml;ltizia tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f.
muprpapd; re;ij tpiy muprpapd; Nfs;tp msT
(&gh) (kg)
40 1000
50 900
60 800
70 700
80 600
90 500
100 400
,t; ml; ltizf; fika mg; nghUspd; Nfs; tpahdJ tpiyAld; vt; thW
khw;wkilfpwJ vd tpdTf.
nghUspd; tpiyiaj; jtpu Nfs; tpapy; nry; thf; Fr; nrYj; jk; fhuzpfs;
vitnad Muha;f.
gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs; ntspg; glf; $bathW fye; Jiuahliy Nkw; nfhs; f.
nghUspd; Efu;Tf; Nfs;tpapy; mg; nghUspd; tpiy gpujhdkhf
nghUspd; tpiy jtpu gpd; tUk; fhuzpfSk; nghUspd; Nfs; tpapy;
gpujpaPl;L> khw;W nghUl;fspd; tpiy Efu;Nthu; tpUg;G
mf; fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;Ff;fika Fwpg;gpl;l nghUspd; Nfs;tp
FiwaNth $lNth KbAk;.
178
fw;wYf;fhd cj;Njr mwptWj;jy;fs;
ntt;NtW nghUl;fSf;F ntt;NtW tpiyfspd; fPo; cs;s Nfs;tp
Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLk; ml;ltizfs; ,uz;il ,uz;L khztu;fs;
FOf;fpilapy; toq;Ff. ,q;F njupT nra;ag;gLk; nghUs; vg;NghJk;
Nfs;tp tpjpf;fika nraw;gLtjhf mika Ntz;Lk;.
Nfs;tp ml;liz -1 Nfs;tp ml;liz -2
cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s Nfs;tp ml;ltiz njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ
ftdj;ijr; nrYj;Jf.
tsE}iy crhTf.
cq; fSf; Fj; jug; gl; Ls; s Nfs; tp ml; ltizf; F mika
nghUl; fspw; fhd Nfs; tp vd; why; vd; dntd tiutpyf; fzg; gLj; Jq; fs; .
jug;gl;Ls;s Nfs;tp ml;ltizfisg; gad;gLj;jp nghUspd; tpiy>
Nfs;tpd; msT Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd tiuig tiuf. (Nfs;tp
tisapia tiuf.)
nghUspd; tpiy $bf; FiwAk;NghJ tisapd; elj;ijia Muha;f.
nghUspd; tpiyiaj; jtpu nghUspd; tpiyapy; nry; thf; Fr; nrYj; Jk;
Gwf; fhuzpfs; cs;sdth vdf; fz;lwpe;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jf.
mf; fhuzpfs; Nfs;tp tisap ,lJ Gwkhf my;yJ tyJ Gwkhf
ngau;r;rpailtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij tptupf;Ff.
cq;fsJ FOtpy; jul;lg;gl;l jfty;fis KO tFg;Gf;Fk; rku;gpf;f
Maj;jkhFf.
gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs; ntspf; nfhzug; gLk; tifapy; ffye; Jiuahliy
Nkw;nfhs;f.
Fwpj; jnthU nghUSf; fhd fpua rf; jpapd; mbg; gilapy; mike; j
tpUg;Ng mg; nghUSf;fhd Nfs;tp vdg;gLk;.
Nfs;tpapd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fika mJ ,U tifg;gLk;.
Neubf; Nfs;tp
ngWjpf; Nfs;tp
Neub> ngWjp Nfs;tpfis tpl NkYk; gy gpupTfshf Nfs;tpia
gpupf;f KbAk;.
,ize;j Nfs;tp
tpiyf; Nfs;tp
tUkhdf; Nfs;tp
FWf;Ff; Nfs;tp
179
gy;NtW fhuzpfs; Nfs;tpapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;JJk;.
gpujpaPl;L> khw;W gz;lq;fspd; tpiy
Efu;Nthupd; tUkhdk;
Efu;Nthu; tpUg;G
re;ijapy; gy;NtW tpiyfspd; fPo; Nfs;tp Vw;gLk; nghUl;fspd;
msitf; fhl;Lk; ml;ltiz Nfs;tp ml;ltiz MFk;.
nghUSf; fhd tpiy> Nfs; tpapd; msT Mfpatw; Wf; F ,ilapyhd
njhlu;igf; fhl;Lk; Nfj;jpu fzpj KiwNa Nfs;tp tisap
MFk; .
Nfs;tp tisap rha;T nfhz;ljhFk;.
nghUspd; tpiy khwptUk; NghJ Nfs; tp tisap RUq; Fjy; my; yJ
jsu;jYf;F cs;shfpwJ.
tpiy jtpu;e;j gpw fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;Ff; fhuzkhf Nfs;tp
tisap ,lg;Gwkhf my;yJ tyg;Gwkhfg; ngau;r;rp milAk;.
tptrhag; nghUl;fSf;F epiwNghl;b epyTk;.
180
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 17.4 ( tptrha Kaw; rpfspd; epuk; gypd; jd; ikf; Fg; nghUj; jkhdthW
jP u; khdq; fis Nkw; nfhs; sj; jpl; lkpLthu; .
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
re;ij epuk;giy tiuaWg;ghu;.
epuk;gypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisg; ngaupLthu;.
epuk;gy; ml;ltiz> epuk;gy; tisap Mfpatw;iw tptupg;ghu;.
epuk;gy; tisap ngau;r;rpailaf; fhuzk; $Wthu;.
tptrhag; nghUl;fspd; epuk;gypd; jd;ikia tptupg;ghu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
gpd;tUk; ehlfj;ij tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f
ghj;jpuNkw;W ebg;G
je; ij ( ,e;j Kiw kpsFf; nfhbfs; ed;F fha;e;Js;sd. ,g;NghJ
kpsF gwpf;ff;$ba fhyk; neUq;fp tpl;lNj.
kfd; ( mJjhNd. Rdpypd; Njhl; lj; jpYk; kpsF ed; F tpise; Js; sJ.
je; ij ( ,k; Kiw cukhdpak; nfhLj;jhu;fs; jhNd. tpiy kypAk;
Nghy ,Uf; fp wJ. ,k; Kiw Fiwe; j tp iyf; F jhd;
tpw;fNtz;ba tUk; Nghy; cs;sJ.
kfd; ( ,g;NghJ nfhQ;rj;ij tpw;Nghk;. gpd;du; tpiy VWk;NghJ
kpFjpia tpw;Nghk;.
Rakhf Kd;tUk; khztu;fs; ,Utiuf; nfhz;L Nkw;$wg;gl;l
ciuahliy ehlf tbtpy; rku;g;gpf;f nra;f.
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntsptUkhW fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.
tptrhapfs; jkJ Nkyjpf tpisr;riy re;ijf;F mDg;Gtu;.
,t; thW tpisnghUs; fis re; ijf; F mDg; GjNy epuk; gy;
vd;Nghk;.
cu khdpak; toq;fg;gLtjdhy; re;ij epuk;gy; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
re;ij tpiyf;fika epuk;gy; khw;wkilAk;.
181
cUisf;fpoq;F> jf;fhsp Mfpatw;Wf;fhd tpiyfSk; epuk;gypd;
msTk; fP No jug; gl; Ls; sd. cq; fs; FOTf; Fup a ep uk; gy;
ml;ltiziaj; njupT nra;f.
FO A FO B
fpNyh epuk;gypd; fpNyh epuk;gypd;
fpuhKf;fhd msT (Kg) fpuhKf;fhd msT
tpiy tpiy (Kg)
100 1000 10 1
90 900 20 2
80 800 30 3
70 700 40 4
60 600 50 5
50 500 60 6
40 400 70 7
30 300 80 8
20 200 90 9
10 100 100 10
tsE}iy crhTq;;fs;.
nghUspd; re;ij epuk;giy tiuaWf;f.
nghUspd; tpiy> epuk;gypd; msT Mfpatw;Wf;F vjpuhf epuk;gy;
tisapia mikf;fTk;.
re;ij tpiy $bf;FiwAk; NghJ epuk;gy; tisap khWgLk; tpjj;ij
tptupf; Ff.
re;ijtpiy jtpu ,t; ,uz;L nghUl;fspdJk; re;ij epuk;gypy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
,f; fhuzpfSf; fika epuk; gy; tisapy; Vw; gLk; khw; wq; fis tptupf; f.
tptrha nghUl; fSf; F G+uz epuk; gy; Vw; gLtjw; fhd fhuzj; ij tpsf; Ff.
Ma;j;jkhFf.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
Fwpg; gpl; l fhyg; gFjpapy; Fwpj; j tpiyapd; fP o; re; ijf; F
rku; g; gpf; fg; gl; l nghUl; fspd; msT mg; nghUspd; epuk; gy; vdg; gLk; .
Fwpg;gpl;l re;ijapYs;s tpepNahfj;jw;fhf toq;fg;gLk; nkhj;j
nghUl;fspd; msNt re;ij epuk;gy; vdg;gLk;.
182
epuk;gy; ml;ltiz> epuk;gy; rhu;G> epuk;gy; tisap Mfpa
Kiwfspy; epuk;giy tifFwpj;Jf; fhl;lKbAk;.
gy;NtW tpiyfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l nghUnshd;iw toq;Feu;fs;
re; ijg; gLj; j Maj; jkhf cs; sdu; vd; gij Fwp f; Fk;
ml;ltizNa epuk;gy; ml;ltiz vdg;gLk;.
gy;NtW tpiyfspd; fP o; toq;Feu;> jufu;> re;ijg;gLj;j
Maj; jkh f cs; s ngh Ul; fsp d; msitf; fh l; l
gad;gLj;jg;gLtNj epuk;gy; tisap MFk;.
nghUspd; epuk;gy; kw;Wk; me; epuk;gypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
Vida fhuzpfspw;fpilapyhd fzpjj; njhlu;G epuk;gw;; rhu;G
vdg;gLk;.
epuk;gypy; gy;NtW fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.
cjh: fUjg;gLk; nghUspd; tpiy
fhyepiyf; fhuzpfs;
nghUl;fis jahupg;gjw;fhd El;gq;fs;
Nghf;Ftuj;J> re;ijg;gLj;jy; trjp
tup> khdpaq;fs;
khw;Wg; nghUl;fspd; tpiy
cs;sPLfspd; tpiy
fUjg;gLk; nghUspd; tpiyapy; khw;wk; Vw;gLtjdhy; epuk;gy;
tisapapy; tpupT my;yJ RUf;fk; Vw;gLk;.
nghUspd; tpiyiaj; jtpu mjpy; nry; thf; Fr; nrYj; Jk; Vida
fhuzpfspd; khw; wk; fhuzkhf epuk; gy; tisap ngau; r; rp milAk; .
nghUis cw; gj; jp nra; ag; gad; gLj; jg; gLk; cw; gj; jpf; fhuzpfspd;
tpiy FiwtilAk;NghJ> cw;gj;jpf;fhd El;gKiw my;yJ
nghUs; Nkk; ghL milAk; NghJ tptrha nghUl; fSf; fhd
fhyepiy cfe; jjhf mikjy; > khdpaq; fs; toq; fg; gly; Mfpad
fhuzkhf epuk; gy; tisap tyg; gf; fkhfg; ngau; r; rpailAk; .
cw; gj; jpf; fhuzpfspd; tpiy mjpfupj; jy; > cw; gj; jpf; nfd
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; El;gKiwfspd; juk; FiwAk;NghJ> tul;rp>
nts;sk; Nghd;w ghjfkhd fhyepiy epiyikfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ
cw; gj; jpapd; kP J tuptpjpg; G Nkw; nfhs; sg; gLk; NghJ epuk; gy; tisap
,lg;gf;fkhfg; ngau;r;rpailAk;.
tptrhaf; nghUl;fSf;F G+uz epuk;gy; Vw;gLk;.
183
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 17.5 ( gy; NtW re; ij ep iyikfSf; Nfw; g tp trha
eltbf; iffs; njh lu ; gh d jP u ; kh dq; fis
Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
re;ij vd;why; vd;dntd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.
re; ijf; fl; likg; Gfs; midj; Jk; ,yhgj; ij cr; rsthf; f
eltbf;ifnaLf;Fk; tpjj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
gy; NtW ,ay; GfSf; fika re; ijf; fl; likg; Gf; fis tifg; gLj; Jthu; .
epiwNghl; br; re; ijapy; Nfs; tp epuk; gYf; fika tpiy jP u; khdpf; fg; gLk;
Kiwia tpsf;Fthu;.
epiwNghl; br; re; ij> VfNghf cupikr; re; ij Mfpatw; wpd; ,ay; Gfis
tpsf; Fthu; .
ghlg;gpuNtrk; :
gy; NtW re; ij epiyikfs; gw; wpa tpsf; fk; fpilf; ff; $ba tifapy;
ciuahlnyhd;iw tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f.
,jw; Fupa gpujpiaj; jahupf; Fk; NghJ epiwNghl; br; re; ijapd; ,ay; Gfs;
mlq;fpa tz;zk; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
re;ijapy; gy;NtW epiyikfs; cs;sd.
re; ijapd; epiyikfis epiwNghl; b epiyik> VfNghf cupik
epyik vd ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
tpw; gidahsu; fSk; nfhs; tdthsu; fSk; re; ijapy; re; jpf; fpd; wdu; .
,yhgj; ij cr; rsthf; Fk; tiuapy; re; ijapy; eltbf; ; if
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
gpd; tUk; jiyg; GfSs; cq; fSf; Ff; fpilf; fg; ngw; w jiyg; G njhlu; ghf
ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
epiwNghl;br; re;ij
jdpAupikr; re;ij
tsE}iy crhTf.
re;ijapd; ,ay;Gfis tptupf;Ff.
tpiy jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; Kiwia tptupf;Ff.
epuk;gy; tisapapd; jd;ik vt;thwhjhdhf ,Uf;Fk;.
gpd;tUk; Gw tpirfs; %yk; re;ijapy; rkdpiy tpiy khw;wkilAk;
Kiwia tpgupf;Ff.
mur jiyaPL
gy;NtW re;ijr; nry;thf;Ffs;.
184
gpd; tUk; tplaq; fs; ntspf; nfhzug; gLkhW fye; Jiuahliy Nkw; nfhs; f.
nghUl; fs; my; yJ Nritfisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs; tjw; fhf
tpw;gidahsUk; nfhs;tdthsUk; $Lk; ,lNk re;ij MFk;.
gy;NtW ,ay;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; epiwNghl;br; re;ij VfNghf
re;ij vd re;ijfis ,uz;L tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
epiwNghl; br; re; ijapy; rkepiy tpiy kw; Wk; KbTg; nghUl; fs; >
Nfs;tp epuk;gy; Mfpad rkdhFk;.
VfNghfr; re; ; ijap y; tp w; gidahsup dhNyNa tp iy
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
epiwNghl;br; re;ijapy; tpiy jPu;khdpj;jy; Gwf; fhuzpfspdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg; gLfpd;wikahy; mJ khw;wkilaf; $bajhFk;.
ep iwNghl; br; re; ijap y; mNdf nfhs; tdthsu; fSk;
tp w; gidahsu; fSk; cs; sJld; ; VfNghfr; re; ijap y; xU
tpw;gidahsUk; gy nfhs;tdthsu;fSk; ,Ug;gu;.
epiwNghl;br; re;ijapy; Vftpdkhd nghUl;fisj; jahupf;Fk;
epWtdq;fs; gy cs;sd. Mdhy;@ jdpAupikr; re;ijapy; mg;
nghUl;fSf;fhd gpujpaPl;Lg; nghUl;fs; fhzg;glhJ.
epiwNghl;br; re;ijapy; Njitahd re;ju;g;gj;jpy; EioaNth
my;yJ ntspNawNth Rje;jpuk; cs;sJ. VfNghfr; re;ijapy;
xU epWtdk; kl;LNk fhzg;gLk;.
ep iwNghl; br; re; ijap y; FWfp a fhyj; Jf; F kl; LNk
msTf; fjpfkhd ,yhgj; ijg; ngw; Wf; nfhs; s KbtJld; VfNghf
re; ijapy; FWfpa fhyj; jpYk; eP z; l fhyj; jpYk; msTf; fjpfkhd
,yhgj;ijg; ngwKbAk;.
epiwNghl; br; re; ijapy; Nfs; tp msTf; fjpfkhf nefpo; r; rpf; Fl; gLk; .
VfNghfr; re;ijapy; tpiyahdJ xt;thU KbTg;nghUspd;
kl;lj;Jf;Fk; mika NtWgLk;.
ep iwNghl; br; re; ijap y; nghUsp d; tp iyahdJ ruhrup
tUkhdj;Jf;Fk; (AR - Average revenue) vy;iy tUkhdj;Jf;Fk;
(MR - Marginal revenue) rkkhFk; .
re;ijg; gupkhw;w eltbf;iffspd; rpwg;ghd re;ju;g;gNk re;ijr;
rkdpiyr; re;ju;g;gk; vdg;gLk;.
tpahghunkhd; wpd; nkhj; j fpuak; (TC - Total cost ) nkhj; j tUkhdk;
(TR) Mfpatw; Wf; fpilapy; mjpf ,ilntsp fhzg; gLk; re; ju; g; gk;
mjhtJ cr; r ,yhgk; fp ilf; Fk; re; ju; g; gk; rkdp iyr;
re;ju;g;gkhFk;.
epiwNghl;br; re;ij> VfNghfr; re;ij Mfpatw;wpd; vy;iy
tUkhdk; (MR) vy;iyf; fpuaj;Jf;Fr; rkdhFk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
,yhgk; cr; rkhf fpilg; gJld; mg; NghJ re; ijr; rkepiy
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
185
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 17.6 ( tptrha Kaw; rpahz; ikfspd; nrytpdj; ijf; Fiwj; J
,yhgj; ij cr; rtsthf; Ftjw; Fupa Maj; j epiyia
ntspf; fhl; Lthu; .
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
cw;gj;jpf; fpuak; vd;why; vd;dntd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.
cw; gj; jpf; fpuaj; ij ,opthf; fp tptrha Kaw; rpapd; ,yhgj; ij
cr;rsthf;Fk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;ij Fiwg;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba cgha
Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;.
fpua tisapia tiuthu;.
rpwg;Gf; fpuak; ngwg;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;ijf; fz;lwpthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
Rakhf Kd;tUk; khztu; xUtiu tFg;gpd; Kw;gFjpf;F mioj;J
tptrhaf; fpua mwpf;ifnahd;iw rku;g;gpf;f nra;f.
mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gpl;l fpua tiffs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;Ff.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;ij tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
Kaw;rpfspy; gy;NtW fpua tiffs; cs;sd.
epiyahd fpuak;> khWk; fpuak; vd mtw;iw tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;ijf; Fiwj;J ,yhgj;ij cr;rsthf;fyhk;.
fw; wYf; fhd cj; Njr mwpTWj; jy; fs;
cq; fs; FOTf; F jug; gl; Ls; s tptrha Kaw; rpapd; cw; gj; jpfSk; mwpf; if
gw;wp cq;fsJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jp gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo;
Ma; e; jwpjiy Nkw; nfhs; f.
tsE}iy thrpj; J ml; ltizapYs; s ,ilntspfisg; G+u; j; jp nra; f.
cq; fSf; Fj; jug; gl; Ls; s mwpf; iff; F mika khWk; fpuak; > epiyahd
fpuak; Mfpatw; iw NtWgLj; jp ,dq; fhz; f.
nkhj; j fpuak; vd; why; vz; zntd ,dq; fhz; f.
epiyahd fpuak; (FC - Fixed cosst) khWq; fpuak; (VC - Variable cost) nkhj; jf;
fpuak; (TC - Total cost) Mfpatw; Wf; fhd cw; gj; jpf; fpua tisapia tiuf.
jug; gl; l fpua mwpf; ifj; juTfspd; mbg; gilapy; ruhrup epiyahd
fpuak; (AFC - Average fixed cosst) ruhrup khWk; fpuak; (AVC) Mfpatw; iwf;
fzpf; f.
,e; j fpua mwpf; iff;F mika ruhrup nkhj;jf; fpuaj;ij (ATC -
Average total cost) fzpf; ; f.
186
ruhrup epiyahd fpuak; (AFC) ruhrup khWk; fpuak; (AVC) ruhrup
nkhj;jf; fpuak; Mfpatw;iw tisapapy; fhl;Lf.
nkhj; jf; fpuak; ^TC& my; yJ nkhj; j khWk; fpuak; ^TVC& Mfpatw; iw
gad;gLj;jp my;yJ MFnkd epWTf.
gpuNjrj; jpy; rP uhf elhj; jg; gLk; NtWgl; l ,uz; L tptrha Kaw; rpfspy;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; cw;gj;jp myFfSf;F rhu;ghf Vw;gLk; khWk;
fpuak; > epiyahd fpuak; Mfpad njhlu; ghd juTfs; nfhz; l gj; jpuk; .
tptrha Kaw; rp - 01 tptrha Kaw; rp - 01 tptrha Kaw; rp - 01 tptrha Kaw; rp - 01 tptrha Kaw; rp - 01
Kl;il cw;gj;jpg; gz;iz
cw; gj; jp nkh.ep. nkh.kh. nkhj; j ruhrup r. ep. r.nkh v.nr
myFf nryT nryT khWk; nryT nryT nryT
spd; TFC TVC T.C. nryT AFC ATC MC
msT (&gh) (&gh) (&gh) AVC (&gh) (&gh) (&gh) (&gh)
0 100 -
1 100 130
2 100 164
3 100 201
4 100 280
5 100 470
6 100 822
187
tptrha Kaw; rp - 02 tptrha Kaw; rp - 02 tptrha Kaw; rp - 02 tptrha Kaw; rp - 02 tptrha Kaw; rp - 02
ghy; cw;gj;jp gz;iz
cw; gj; jp nkh.ep. nkh.kh. nkhj; j ruhrup r. ep. r.nkh v.nr
myF nryT nryT khWk; nryT nryT nryT
spd; TFC TVC T.C. nryT AFC ATC MC
msT (&gh) (&gh) (&gh) AVC (&gh) (&gh) (&gh) (&gh)
0 150 -
1 150 180
2 150 220
3 150 264
4 150 364
5 150 590
6 150 1032
tptrha Kaw; rpapd; gUkl; lhd nryT mwpf; if rpw; wstpyhd tpij
ney; cw; gj; jp gz; izf; fhd nrytpd mwpf; if
,uz; L n`f; uau; gug; gsT
epiyahd fpuak; ^Fixed cost&
Kaw;rpapy; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; khw;wkilahj cw;gj;jp fhuzpfs;
epiyahd cw;gj;jp fhuzpfs; Mf mikAk;. ,f;fhuzpfSf;nfd
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nryT epiyahd nryT vdg;gLk;
cjh : tpj;J cw;gj;jp gz;izf;fhd
fhzp nfhs;tdT - &' 250"000'00
,uz;L rpy;Y jpuhf;uu; nfhs;tdT - &' 300"000'00
epiyahd fl;llk; mikg;gjw;F - &' 200"000'00
njspfUtp nfhs;tdT - &' 6"000'00
khWk; fpuak; ^Variable cost&
FWfpa fhyj;jpy; mjpfupf;fg;gLk; KbTg; nghUl;fspd; msTf;fika
khWgLk; nryT khWk; fpuak; vdg;gLk;
cjh : tpj;J cw;gj;jpg; gz;izf;F
188
eLifg; nghUl;fs; - &' 4"500'00
,urhadg; grisfs; - &' 12"000'00
fisehrpdpf;F - &' 8"000'00
njhopyhsu;fSf;fhd $yp - &' 34"800'00
ehw;W eLif ,ae;jpuj;Jf;fhd thlif- &' 5"000'00
mWtil nra;Ak; ,ae;jpuj;Jf;fhd
thlif - &' 8"000'00
tpj;J gupNrhjidf;fhd nryT - &' 2"500'00
Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nryT - &' 2"000'00
NtW nryTfs; - &' 3"000'00
elhj;Jf.
VNjDnkhU nghUs; my;yJ Nritia cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ
Vw;gLk; fpuak; cw;gj;jpf; fpuak; vdg;gLk;.
cw;gj;jpf; fpuak; FWq;fhyf; fpuak;> ePz;lfhyf; fpuak; vd
,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
FWfpa fhyj;jpy; Fiwe;jJ xU fhuzpiaNaDk; epiyahfg;
NgzpathW khWq; fhuzpia kl; Lk; khw; wp cw; gj; jp khw; wkilar;
nra; ag; gLk; . tp trha Kaw; rp fsp y; ,j; jd; ik mjp fstp y;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ePz;l fhyg;gFjpapy; khWk; fpuaj;ij kl;Lkd;wp epiyahd
fpuaj;ijAk; khw;wpaikj;J cw;gj;jp mjpfupf;fg;gLk;.
FWq;fhy fpuak; epiyahd fpuak;> khWk; fpuak; vd ,uz;L
gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gLk;.
KbTg; nghUl;fspd; msT (y) cld; khw;wkilahj fpuak;
epiyahd fpuak; vdg;gLk;.
KbTg; nghUl; fspd; msTld; khWgLk; fpuak; khWk; fpuak;
vdg;gLk;.
Kaw; rpnahd; wpd; epiyahd> khWk; fpuaj; jpd; nkhj; jg; ngWkjpNa
nkhj;jf; fpuak; vdg;gLk;.
mjhtJ cw; gj; jp r; nrad; Kiwap d; Fwp g; gp l; l
re;ju;g;gnkhd;W tiu cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl vy;yh cw;gj;jp
myFfSf; Fnkd nrytplg; gl; l njhifNa nkhj; jf; fpuak;
vdg;gLk;.
xU myif cw;gj;jp nra;a Vw;gLk; khWk; fpuak; ruhrup khWk;
fpuak; (AVC) vdg;gLk;.
xU myF cw;gj;jp nra;a Vw;gLk; epiyahd fpuak; ruhrup
epiyahd fpuak; (AFC) vdg;gLk;.
xU myF cw;gj;jp nra;a Vw;gLk; khWk; fpuak;> epiyahd
fpuak; Mfpad xd;whf ruhrup nkhj;j fpuak; (ATC) vdg;gLk;.
189
Fwpg; gpl; l cw; gj; jpr; nray; Kiwnahd; wpd; %yk; ,Jtiu cw; gj; jp
nra;ag;gLk; nghUs; my;yJ Nritapd; msit xU myfpdhy;
khw; Wk; NghJ nkhj; jr; nrytpy; Vw; gLk; Nkyjpf khw; wk; vy; iyf;
fpuak; (MC) vdg;gLk;.
cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd cghaKiwfs; cs;sd.
ruhrup nkhj;jf; fpuak; (ATC) vy;iyf; fpuak; (MC) Mfpad
rkdhFk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; rpwg;Gf; fpuak; fpilf;fg;ngWfpwJ.
190
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 17.7 ( tptrha eltbf;iffspy; ,yhgj;ij cr;rmstpy;
ngwf;$ba tifapy; cs;sPLfisg; gad;gLj;jf;jf;f
thwhd jPu;khdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia mwpKfQ;nra;thu;.
fhuzp-tpisT njhlu; gpd; IItJ tyaj; jpy; jkJ cw; gj; jpfisf;
ifahStjd; %yk; cr;r ,yhgj;ijg; ngWk; tpjj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
ePz;lfhy epiyahd fhuzpfisAk; khWq;fhuzpfshf Mf;fp cau;
cw;gj;jpiag; ngWtjw;Fj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
fhuzp - fhuzp njhlu;gpd;NghJ tpidj;jpwd; Gs;spiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;
tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lthu;.
tpisT - tpisT njhlu; gpd; NghJ tpidj; jpwd; Gs; spiaj; jP u; khdpf; Fk;
tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
gpd; tUk; gj; jpupif mwpf; ifia khztiuf; nfhz; L tFg; gpy; rku; g; gpf; fr;
nra; f.
gj; jp up f; if mwp f; ifap d; gFjp fs; gj; jp up f; if mwp f; ifap d; gFjp fs; gj; jp up f; if mwp f; ifap d; gFjp fs; gj; jp up f; if mwp f; ifap d; gFjp fs; gj; jp up f; if mwp f; ifap d; gFjp fs;
,k; Kiw new; nra; iff; fhf toq; fg; gl; l gris khdpak; fhuzkhf
FWfpa fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;lsT tpisr;riy mjpfupf;f Kbe;j
NghjpYk; mJ Efu;Nthu; Njitia <Lnra;ag; NghJkhdjhf
,y;iy. ,jdhy; mLj;j Nghfj;jpy; new;nra;ifg; gug;gsit
mjpfupj;J NkYk; ney; tpisr;riy mjpfupj;J ehl;bd; KO
muprpj;NjitiaAk; <Lnra;a KbAk; vd tptrha mikr;ru;
$wpdhu;.
njhlu; r; rpahf khLfSf; F toq; Fk; Gy; ypd; msit mjpfupg; gjd;
%yk; ghYw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;f KbahJ. Mifahy; mtw;Wf;F
toq;fg;gLk; czTld; nrwpTzT Nru;f;fg;gly;> Neha; jLg;G>
Neha;fSf;fhd rupahd rpfpr;ir> mtw;wpd; kidapy; Rfhjhu
epiyikfis NgZjy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L
rupahd guhkupg;ig toq;fp ghYw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;f KbAk;
vd fhy; eil cw; gj; jp Rfhjhu jpizf; fsj; jpd; Ngr; rhsu; $wpdhu; .
191
,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLk; tifapy;
cs; sP Lfis KbTg; nghUl; fshf khw; Wk; nrad; KiwNa cw; gj; jp
vdg;gLk;.
FWq;fhy cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapy; jpBu; jPu;khdq;fs; %yk;
khw;wpaikf;ff; $ba cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; cs;sd.
mit khWq;fhuzpfs; vdg;gLk;.
,t; thW FWq; fhyj; jpy; khw; wpaikf; f Kbahj fhuzpfs;
epiyahd fhuzpfs; vdg;gLk;.
,f; fhuzpfis ePz;l fhyj;jpy; khw;wpaikj;J cw;gj;jpia
mjpfupf;fyhk;.
cq; fSf; Fj; jug; gl; l tsE}iy thrpj; J cq; fSf; Fupa tpdhf; fSf; F
tpil vOJf.
FO FO FO FO FO A
cs;sPL - ntspaPL njhlu;G
FO FO FO FO FO B
cs;sPL - cs;sPL njhlu;G
FO FO FO FO FO C
ntspaPL - ntspaPL njhlu;G
1' cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l njhlu;ig ,dq;fhz;f.
2' mj;njhlu;ig tptupg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Nfhl;ghl;il
tpgupf;Ff.
3' mj;njhlu;gpd; rpwg;ghd Nru;khd kl;lj;ijj; njupT nra;Ak;
tpjj;ij tpgupf;Ff.
cq; fshy; fz; lwpag; gl; l tplaq; fis tFg; gpy; rku; gpf; f Maj; jkhFf.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
epyk;> ciog;G> %yjdk;> Kaw;rpahz;ik Mfpa cw;gj;jpf;
fhuzpfis my; yJ tsq; fis nghUl; fs; Nritfshf mjhtJ
ntspaP Lfshf khw; Wk; nray; KiwNa cw; gj; jpnad miof; fg; gLk; .
,t; cw; gj; jpr; nray; Kiwf; Fj; Njitahd cs; sP Lfs; epiyahd
cs;sPLfs;> khWk; cs;sPLfs; vd ,uz;lhf tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Fwpg; gpl; l cw; gj; jpr; nrad; Kiwapd; NghJ jpBu; jP u; khdq; fs; %yk;
mjpfupf;f my;yJ Fiwf;fj;jf;f cs;sPLfs; khWk; cs;sPLfs;
vdg;gLk;.
cjh : gapu;nra;;; epyj;Jf;Fg; grisaply;
192
,t;thW jpBu; jPu;khdq;fspw;fika khw;wp mikf;f Kbahj
cs;sPLfs; epiyahd cs;sPLfs; vdg;gLk;.
cjh : gapu;nra; epyk;
cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwfs; ePz;l fhyk; nfhz;ljhfNth my;yJ
FWfpa fhyk; nfhz;ljhfNth mike;jpUf;fyhk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l Kaw;rpnahd;wpy; epiyahd cs;sPLfis khwhJ
NgzpathW khWk; cs;sPLfis mjpfupj;J cw;gj;jpapy; <LgLk;
fhyk; FWq;fhyk; vdg;gLk;.
epiyahd> khWk; cs;sPLfs; ,uz;ilAk; khw;wp mikj;J
cw;gj;jpr; nray;Kiwapy; <LgLk; fhyk; ePz;l fhyk; vdg;gLk;.
tptrhag; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapy; cs;sPLfs;
kw;Wk; ntspaPLfSf;F ,ilapy; gy;NtW njhlu;Gfs; cs;sd.
,it gpd;tUkhW %d;W tifg;gLk;.
cs;sPL - ntspaPL njhlu;G
cs;sPL - cs;sPL njhlu;G
ntspaPL - ntspaPL njhlu;G
xU khWq;fhuzpf;F xU cw;gj;jpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G
cs;sPL - ntspaPL njhlu;igf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
Fwpg; gpl; l fhyg; gFjpapy; jug; gl; l njhopEl; g kl; lj; jpd; fP o; gy; NtW
cs;sPLfspd; Nru;khdq;fspd; %ykhf cw;gj;jp nra;af; $ba
nghUl; fspd; msitf; fhl; Lk; tiuG cw; gj; jp tisap vdg; gLk; .
,t; thwhd cs; sP L - ntspaP L njhlu; ig tpsf; Ftjw; fhf
nghUspayhsu;fshy; Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iyg; gad; tpjp
rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
gy cs;sPLfs; nfhz;l cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapy; mjpYs;s
gy cs;sPLfis khwhJ NgzpathW xU cs;sPl;il kl;Lk;
mjpfupj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;Yk;NghJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
mjpfupf;Fk; cs;sPl;L myFf;F rhu;ghf nkhj;j cw;gj;jpAld;
NrUk; ntspaP Lfspd; msT mjhtJ vy; iy cw; gj; jp gbg; gbahf
Fiwtiljy; Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iyg; gad; tpjp vdg;gLk;.
cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapy; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapd; mbg;gilapy;
ruhrup cw; gj; jp> vy; iy cw; gj; jp Mfpadtw; iwg; ngw; Wf; nfhs; s
KbAk;.
nkhj;j cw;gj;jp> ruhrup cw;gj;jp> vy;iy cw;gj;jp Mfpatw;iw
nkhj;j cw;gj;jp tisap> ruhrup cw;gj;jp tisap> vy;iy
cw;gj;jp tisap Mfpad %yk; fhl;lyhk;.
nkhj;j cw;gj;jp tisapahdJ Muk;gj;jpy; mjpfupf;Fk; tPjj;jpy;
mjpfupj;J gpd;du; gbg;gbahff; FiwtilAk;.
epiyahd cs;sPLfs; rpwg;ghd tifapy; khWk; cs;sPLfs;
nghUj;jg;ghL cilajhf mikAk; tiu nkhj;j cw;gj;jp
mjpfupf;Fk;.
193
,t; thwd nghUj; jkhd kl; lj; ij tpl NkYk; khWk; cs; sP Lfis
mjpfupj;j NghJk; cw;gj;jpapy; mjpfupg;G Vw;glhJ.
vy;iy cw;gj;jp tisap Muk;gj;jpy; mjpfupj;J ruhrup cw;gj;jp
tisap f; F Kd; djhf cr; r ep iyia mile; J gp d; du;
gbg;gbahff; FiwtilAk;.
nkhj;j cw;gj;jp> cr;r kl;lj;ij milAk;NghJ vy;iy cw;gj;jp
G+r;rpaj;ij milAk;.
vy;iy cw;gj;jp tisapapy; fPo;g;gf;fkhfr; rha;e;Js;s gFjpapy;
Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iyg; gad;tpjp vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
,t; cw; gj; jp tisap ap y; FWq; fh y cw; gj; jp r;
nrad; Kiwapd; NghJ cw; gj; jpahsdpdhy; ifahsf; $ba %d; W
tyaq;fisf; fhl;l KbAk;.
Kjyhk; cw;gj;jp tyak;
cw;gj;jp myF G+r;rpaj;jpypUe;J vy;iy cw;gj;jp ruhrup
cw;gj;jp Mfpad rkdhFk; tiuahd fl;lk;.
,f;fl;lj;jpy; cs;sPLfis mjpfupj;J NkYk; cw;gj;jpia
mjp fup f; ff; $ba trjp cs; sjdhy; ,t; tyaj; Js;
cw; gj; jpahsdpdhy; cw; gj; jpr; nrad; Kiw epWj; jg; gl khl; lhJ.
,uz;lhk; cw;gj;jp tyak;
ruhrup cw; gj; jp> vy; iy cw; gj; jp Mfpad rkdhFk;
fl;lj;jpypUe;J nkhj;j cw;gj;jp cr;rkilAk; re;ju;g;gk;
tiuahd fl;lNk ,JthFk;.
,t; tyaj;jpd; gpd;du; nkhj;j cw;gj;jp FiwtilAk;.
ruhrup cw;gj;jp FiwtilAk;.
MfNt@ ,t; tyaj;jpNyNa cw;gj;jpapypUe;J ,yhgj;ij
cr;r msthf;f KbAk;.
%d;whk; cw;gj;jp tyak;
nkhj;j cw;gj;jp FiwtiltJld; vy;iy cw;gj;jp kiwg;
ngWkhdj;ij vLf;Fk;.
nkhj; j cw; gj; jp Fiwtiltjdhy; ,t; tyaj; jpy; xUNghJk;
cw;gj;jpahsUf;F ,yhgk; fpilf;fhJ.
,yhgj; ij cr; r msthf; Ftjw; nfd cw; gj; jpahsu; khWk; kw; Wk;
epiyahd cs;sPLfis ifahSk; tpjNk cs;sPL - cs;sPL
njhlu;G %yk; fhl;lg;gLk;.
,jid tpsf; Ftjw; nfd rk cw; gj; jpf; NfhL my; yJ rk cw; gj; jp
tisap gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
xNu cw;gj;jp kl;lj;ijg; ngwj;jf;f gy;NtW cs;sPLfspd;
Nru;khdj;ijf; fhl;Lk; tiuNg rk cw;gj;jp tisap vdg;gLk;.
rk cw;gj;jp tisapapd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfs; gy cs;sd.
cjh : cw;gj;jpg; Gs;spf;F Fopthff; fhzg;gLk;.
xd;iwnahd;W ntl;br; nry;yhJ.
,lkpUe;J tykhf rha;e;J fhzg;gLk;.
194
rkcw;gj;jp tisapapd; rha;T vy;iy rl;l gpujpaPl;L tpfpjk;
vdg;gLk;.
,jd; %ykhf ,uz; L cw; gj; jpf; fhuzpfisg; gpujpaP L nra; af; $ba
tpfpj Mw;wy; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLk;.
cw; gj; jpahsupd; nkhj; j tUkhdj; ij xU cs; sP l; ilf; nfhs; tdT
nra; a gad; gLj; jpdhy; mg; NghJ nfhs; tdT nra; af; $ba msT
me; j msit kw; iwa cs; sP l; il nfhs; tdT nra; a
gad;gLj;jpdhy; nfhs;tdT nra;af; $ba msTfis Y, X
mr; Rfspy; Fwpj; J ,izf; Fk; NghJ rkcw; gj; jp tisap fpilf; Fk; .
Fwpj;jnthU rkcw;gj;jp tisap rknryTf;Nfhl;il njhLk;
Gs;spapy; ,yhgj;ij cr;r msthf;ff; $ba cs;sPl;L kl;lk;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
cw; gj; jpahsnuhUtu; jd; dplKs; s cw; gj; jp nghUl; fSf; F
gy;NtW Kiwfspy; Kjypl KbAk;.
,q; F cr; r ,yhgk; fpilf; fj; jf; fjhf rpwg; gsthd Nru; khdj; ij
njupT nraa;Ak; Kiw ntspaPL - ntspaPL njhlu;G vdg;gLk;.
cw; gj; jpahsnuhUtuplKs; s cs; sP Lfis fpilf; Fk; El; g
Kiwfisf; nfhz;L cw;gj;jp nra;af; $ba cr;r ntspaPl;Lr;
Nru;khdq;fisf; fhl;Lk; tisap cw;gj;jpr; rhj;jpa tisap
vd miof;fg;gLk;.
cjh : cw;gj;jpg; Gs;spf;Ff; Fopthd
cw;gj;jpg; Gs;spf;Ff; Ftpthd
Neu;NfhL
Fwpg;gpl;l cw;gj;jpahsnuhUtupdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;glf; $ba
nghUl;fspypUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;af; $ba cr;r nghUl;fspd;
Nru;khdj;ijf; fhl;Lk; tisap tUkhd tisap vdg;gLk;.
rk tUkhd tisap> cw;gj;jpr; rhj;jpa tisapiaj; njhLk;
Gs; sp cr; r ,yhgj; ijg; ngWtjw; fhd rp wg; G ntsp aP l; L
Nru;khdq;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
195
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 17.8 ( tptrha Kaw;rpahz;ikfis rPuhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
Njitahd mwpf;iffisj; jahupg;ghu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
gz;iz mwpf;iffs; vd;why; vd;dntd mwpKfQ;;nra;thu;.
gz; iz mwpf; iffis gpujhd njhFjpfshf tifg; gLj; jpf; fhl; Lthu; .
gz;iz mwpf;iffisg;; NgZtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jthu;.
epjp mwpf;iffis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
rup ahd Kiwap y; gz; iz mwp f; iffisg; gad; gLj; Jtjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fisf; $Wthu;.
ghlg;gpNtrk;;:
gz; iz mwpf; ifapd; khjpupg; gbtnkhd; iw khztuplk; toq; fp
mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.
,g; gz;iz mwpf;ifapd; khjpupg;gbtk; mjpYs;s gFjpfs; Mfpad
gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
tptrha Kaw; rpfspd; NghJ gy; NtW mwpf; iffs; Ngzg; gl
Ntz; Lk; .
mit epjp mwpf;iffs;> ngsjpf mwpf;iffs; vd ,uz;L
tifg;gLk;.
tpidj; jpwdhd Kfhikj; Jtj; Jf; F gz; iz mwpf; iffs;
Kf;fpakhf mikfpd;wd.
tptrhag; gz;iz mwpf;if tiffs; ,uz;Lk; tUkhW
epjp mwpf;iffs;
ngsjpf mwpf;iffs;
cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w gz;iz mwpf;if gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;jp
gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; Ma;e;jwpjypy; <LgLf.
gpujhd epjp mwpf;if
rpW fhNrL
fhNrL
,yhg el;lf; fzf;F
gpujhd ngsjpf mwpf;iffs;
epue;jug; nghUl; gjpNtL
fhyepiy mwpf;if
njhopyhsu; mwpf;if
cw;gj;jp mwpf;if
196
Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;;fspy; tsE}iy crhTf.
cq; fSf; Fj; ; jug; gl; l gz; iz mwpf; iffspd; khjpupg; gbtj; ij Muha; f.
cupa khjpupg;gbtj;jpy; gjpTfis rupahf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xOq;F
Kiwia mtjhdpf;fTk;.
cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l mwpf;iff;F mika tptrha Kaw;rpfspd;
NghJ mwpf;if NgZjypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jf.
cq;fis tptrha Kaw;rpnahd;wpd; Kfhikahsuhff; fUjp mjid
Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;Ak;NghJ cupa gz;iz mwpf;iffs; vt;thW
cjtpahf mikAnkdf; fye;JiuahLf.
Maj;jkhFf.
elhj;Jf.
tptrha Kaw; rpfspd; NghJ rupahd jP u; khdq; fis Nkw; nfhs; sntd
rupahd jfty;fisg; gjpe;J itf;Fk; mwpf;iffs; gz;iz
mwpf;iffs; vdg;gLk;.
gz; iz mwp f; iffs; gp ujhdkhf ,uz; L tifg; gLk; .
mitahtd
ngsjpf mwpf;iffs;
epjp mwpf;iffs;
gz;iz mwpf;iffisg; NgZtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; tUkhW
gy; NtW gpupTfSf; Fupa gy; NtW cw; gj; jpr; nryT> tUkhdk;
Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
gy;NtW gpupTfspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; ,yhgk;> el;lk;
Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
fpuag; gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhz;L cs;sPl;Lg; gad;ghl;il
tpidj; jpwdhf; fy; .
rkfhy cs;sPl;Lj; Njitia mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;.
fpilf;Fk; ngsjpf> epjp tsq;fis kjpg;gpL nra;tjw;F
(nrhj;Jfs;)
elhj;jpr; nry;yj; Njitahd fldpd; msT> kw;Wk; fld;
Njitg;gLk; fhyk; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
gz;izapd; tUkhdj;Jf;Fupa tupia nrYj;Jtjw;F
fopTfis Fiwg;gjw;F
gz;izia tpidj;jpwdhf ePz;l fhyk; elhj;Jjy;
gz;iz Kfhikj;Jtj;Jf;F gpd;tUk; gz;iz mwpf;iffs;
cjTfpd; wd.
gz; izapd; vjpu; fhyj; jpl; lkply; juTfisg; ngw; Wf; nfhs; sy; .
FWq;fhy> ePz;l fhyj; jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
tsq; fisg; gfpu; jy; njhlu; ghd jP u; khdq; fis Nkw; nfhs; sy; .
197
Gjpa gapu; r; nra; if njhlu; ghd jP u; khdq; fis Nkw; nfhs; sy; .
njhopyhsu;fspd; Ml;Nru;g;G njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fis
Nkw; nfhs; sy; .
re;ij njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
tptrha Kaw;rp njhlu;ghd epue;ju jfty;fs; epjp mwpf;ifapy;
cl; gLj; jg; gLtJld; ep jp mwp f; iffis gp d; tUkhW
tifg; gLj; jyhk; .
fhNrL
rpW fhNrL
,yhg el;l fzf;fwpf;if
epjp tifapyd;wp vz;zpf;if rhu;e;jjhf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;
mwpf;iffs; ngsjpf mwpf;iffs; vdg;gLk;. gpujhd ngsjpf
mwpf;iffs; tUkhW.
nghUl; gjpNtL
fhyepiy mwpf;if
njhopyhsu; mwpf;if
cw;gj;jp mwpf;if
cupa khjpupg; gbtj; ij gad; gLj; jpAk; rupahd gjpTfis
Nkw; nfh z; Lk; gz; iz mwp f; iffisg; NgZtJ
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
198
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 17.9 ( rpw;wstpyhd Kaw;rpfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tzpfj;
jpl;lj;ijj; jahupg;ghu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
tptrha Kaw;rp vd;why; vd;dntd mwpKfQ; nra;thu;.
rpw; wstpyhd tpahghu Kaw; rpia Muk; gpf; Fk; Kaw; rpahz; ikr; #oiy
tpsf; Fthu; .
tptrha Kaw; rpf; fhd tpahghu Kaw; rp tsq; fis mwpKfQ; nra; thu; .
Kaw;rpAld; njhlu;ghd Gw> mf xOfyhWfisg; ngaupLthu;.
Kaw;rpf;fhd nraw;wpl;lj;ijj; jahupg;ghu;.
fw;wy;-fw;gp;j;jw; nrad;Kiw
ghlg;gpuNtrk;:
epfo;Tf; fw;if
Ranjhopyhf rkd; fhshd; tsu;g;ig Nkw;nfhs;s vz;zpAs;shu;.
,r; rpw; wstpyhd tptrha Kaw; ; rpia Muk; gpf; fj; Njitahd gzj; ij
mtu; je; ijaplkpUe; Nj ngw; whu; . fhshdpypUe; J fpilj; j mWtilia
mtu; 100g igf; fw; Wf; fshf nghjpnra; J mz; ikapypUe; j filfSf; F
mtu; tpw;f nfhz;L nrd;whu;. Mdhy;@ mf;fil cupikahsu; mjid
tpw;gid nra;a Kd;tutpy;iy. NtW gy fhshd; tsu;g;ghsu;fs;
jkJ fhshd; igf;fw;Wf;fis mtu;fsJ filfspy; tpw;gidf;nfd
itj; jpUg; gNj mjw; fhd fhuznkdj; njuptpf; fg; gl; lJ. ,jdhy; rkdhy;
mWtil nra;ag;gl;l Kjy; tpisr;ry; gOjile;jjdhy; mtw;iw
tPr Ntz;ba Ju;ghf;fpa epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf jd;dhy;
mWtil nra;ag;gLk; fhshd;fis tpw;gid nra;a Gjpa re;ij
tha;g;Gfisj; Njl Ntz;ba ,f;fl;lhd #oy; rkDf;F Vw;gl;lJ.
,jdbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapy;
fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.
fhshd; tsu;g;G xU rpw;wstpyhd tptrha Kaw;rpahFk;.
,t;thwhd Kaw;rpnahd;iw Muk;gpf;f gzk; mtrpakhFk;.
rupahd jpl;lkplYld; Kaw;rpia Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW jpl;lkplg;glhJ Muk;gpg;gjhy; gy;NtW rpf;fy;fSf;F
Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gLk;.
199
gpd;tUk; jiyg;GfSs; cq;fs; FOTf;F fpilf;fg;ngw;w jiyg;G
njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
tpyq;F tsu;g;G njhlu;ghd rpw;wstpyhd Kaw;rp
gapu;r;nra;if njhlu;ghd rpw;wstpyhd Kaw;rp
cq;fsJ jiyg;Gf;Fupa Kaw;rpiaj; njhlq;Fk; NghJk; elhj;jpr;
nry; Yk; NghJk; ftdpf; f Ntz; ba tplaq; fis gpd; tUk; JiwfspD}lhf
tptupf; Ff.
tzpf #oy;
tzpf tsq;fs;
tzpf xOfyhWfs;
cq;fsJ tzpf Kaw;rpf;fhd tzpfj; jpl;lkpliy tpgupf;Ff.
cq;fspd; jiyg;Gf;Fupa jpl;lnkhd;iw jahu;nra;f.
cq;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;e;jwpjy;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f
Maj;jkhFf.
tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;f.
nghUl; fs; > Nritfis toq; Ftjw; fhd nrad; Kiwfspd;
xOq;fikg;Ng Kaw;rp MFk;.
tptrhag; gz;lfs;> Nritfs; Mfpatw;iw toq;Ftjw;fhd
Kaw;rpfs; tptrha Kaw;rpfs; vdg;gLk;.
cjh : fhshd; tsu;g;G
Nahfl; jahupg;G
,t; thwhd tptrha Kaw; rpfspdhy; gy; NtW Nehf; fq; fs;
<Lnra;ag;gLk;.
cjh : Ntiytha; g; G> gz; lq; fs; Nritfs; Mfp ad
fpilf; fg; ngWjy; .
Kaw;rp njhlu;ghf nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gpujhd Jiwfs;
%d;W cs;sd.
mit tzpfr; #oy;> tzpf tsq;fs;> tzpf xOfyhWfs;
vdg;gLk;.
tzpfnkhd; wpd; mf> Gw eltbf; iffspy; Neubahfr; nry; thf; Fr;
nrYj;Jk; midj;J tiffSk; tpahghur; #oyhFk;.
,J Gwr;#oy;> mfr;#oy; vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
tzp fnkhd; W ntw; wp ngw mjid Nkw; nfhs; NthUk;
gzpahsu;fSk; mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tzpfnkhd;wpd; Gwr;#oy; VO gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
tzpfj; jpd; cs; sP Lfshfg; gad; gLj; jg; gLk; ,aw; if tsq; fs;
midj;Jk; ,aw;ifr; #oy; vdg;gLk;.
tzpfj; jpy; Neubahf murpay; > ngsjpf #oy; fs; nry; thf; F
nrYj; Jfpd; wd.
200
ehl;bd; rdj;njhif njhlu;ghd juTfs; r%fr; #oy;
vdg;gLk;.
rKf tskhd njhFjpfs; > gof; f tof; fq; fs; Mfpad rKf
fyhr;rhu #oy; vdg;gLk;.
tpahghu eltbf; iffspy; nghUshjhu uP jpahfr; nry; thf; Fr;
nrYj; Jk; vy; yhf; fhuzp fSk; nghUshjhur; #oy;
vdg;gLk;.
tzpfj; Jld; njhlu; ghd vy; yh njhopEl; gf; fz; Lgpbg; GfSk;
njhopEl;gr; #oy; vdg;gLk;.
tzpfj;jpdhy; Kfq;nfhLf;f NeupLk; jpwe;j nghUshjhuk;
G+Nfhsr; #oy; vdg;gLk;.
,e; j tzpfr; #oy; tpjq; fs; VOk; gy; NtW topfspy; rpw; wstpthd
tptrha #oypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
tzpfnkhd; ; iw Muk; gpf; fTk; elhj; jpr; nry; yTk; Njitahdit
tpahghu tsq;fs; MFk;.
re; ij> Rajp wd; > Cop au; fp ilg; Gj; jd; ik> %yjdk; >
%yg;nghUl;fs;> El;gKiwfs;> xOq;fikg;G Kiwfs; Mfpad
tpahghu tsq;fs; MFk;.
,t;tpahghu tsq;fs; njhlu;ghd rupahd tpsf;fk; rpw;wstpyhd
tptrha Kaw;rpahsUf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpujhd ,uz; L El; gKiwfspy; ,k; Kaw; rpia epu; tfpf; f KbAk; .
cjh : %yjd mbg;gilapyhd El;gKiw
Copau; mbg;gilapyhd El;gKiw
cw;gj;jpr; nraw;ghl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd %yjdk; rhu;e;j %yjd
mbg; gil El; gKiw> Copau; fis mbg; gilahf nfhz; l Copau;
El;g Kiw ,yq;iff;F rpwe;jjhFk;.
mNdf rpw;wstpyhd tptrha Kaw;rpfs; FLk;g ciog;gpd;
mbg;gilapNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jdpegu; Kaw;rpahfNth
gq;Flik Kaw;rpahfNth cs;sd.
Kaw; rpAld; njhlu; ghd xOf; fq; fs; > nghWg; Gfs; Mfpad
xOfyhW vdg;gLk;.
,it Gw> mf xOf;fhW vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
rpw;wstpyhd tptrha Kaw;rpfspd; Nghjhd gzpahl;fspdJk;>
KfhikahsupdJk; elj;ij> Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs;> Neu;ik Mfpad
mf xOfyhW vdg;gLk;.
Kaw;rpAld; njhlu;ghd Gwr;rhuhUld; njhlu;ghd xOfyhW
Gw xOfyhW vdg;gLk;.
cjh : NtW gz;izapYs;s Copau;;fsJ kdij khw;wp jdJ
gz;izf;F Copau;fis Ml;Nru;j;jy;.
,yhgj; ij kl; Lk; Nehf; fhJ jukhd nghUl; fis cw; gj; jp nra; J
ghtidahsu;fSf;F toq;Fjy; cw;gj;jpahsupd; nghWg;ghFk;.
201
Gjpjhf Muk; gpf; f my; yJ tpupthf; fTs; s tzpfj; Jf; fhd epjpia
ngWtjw;F cjTk; epjpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwiaf; nfhz;l
MtzNk tzpf Kaw;rpj; jpl;lk; vdg;gLk;.
ve;jnthU Kaw;rpf;fhfTk; va;jg;glTs;s Nehf;fq;fSf;fika
tzpfj; jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gLk;.
tzpfj; jpl; lkply; %ykhf Kaw; rpahsDf; Fk; tzpf Kaw; rpf; Fk;
gy;NtW gad;fs; fpilf;Fk;.
cjh : Kaw;rp ruptu xOq;fikf;fg;gly;.
tzpfj; jpl;lk; ehd;F gpujhd ghfq;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
re; ijj; jpl; lkply; > cw; gj; jpj; jpl; lkply; > kdpj ts Kfhikj; Jtj;
jpl;lkply;> epjpj; jpl;lkply; vd;gdNt mitahFk;.
Gjpa cw;gj;jpg;nghUspd; re;ijg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd jpl;lq;fs;
re;ijg;gLj;jw; jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.
cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; njhopEl;gj; jpl;lj;jpy; cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw
njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.
Kaw; rpapy; <LgLk; cjtpahsu; fs; > njhopyhsu; fs; gw; wpa
jfty;fs; kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtj; jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.
Kaw;rpapd; nryT> tUkhdk; Mfpad gw;wpa jfty;fs; epjpj;
jpl;lkplypy; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.
epjpiag; ngw; Wf; nfhs; sntd tq; fpf; F toq; fntdj; jahupf; fg; Lk;
jpl;lj;jpy; gy tplaq;fs; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.
cjh : tzpf tptuq;fs;
re;ij tptuq;fs;
202
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 17.10 ( tptrha cw; gj; jpfspd; re; ijg; gLj; jiy tpidj; jpwdhf
Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
fw; ww; NgWfs; :
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;why; vd;dntd mwpKfQ;nra;thu;.
re;ijg;gLj;jw; gbKiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
re; ijg; gLj; jiy tp idj; jp wdhf Nkw; nfhs; tjd; Njitiaf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
re; ijg; gLj; jiy tp idj; jp wd; kp f; f jhf; ff; $ba Kiwfisf;
Fwpg; gpLthu; .
tptrhar; re;ijg;gLj;jiy ntw;wpfukhf;fj; Njitahd jpl;lj;ijj;
jahupg; ghu; .
ghlg;gpuNtrk;
gpd; tUk; gj; jpupiff; Fwpg; ig khztiuf; nfhz; L tFg; gpy; rku; gpf; fr;
nra; f.
gj; jp up f; if mwp f; ifap d; gFjp gj; jp up f; if mwp f; ifap d; gFjp gj; jp up f; if mwp f; ifap d; gFjp gj; jp up f; if mwp f; ifap d; gFjp gj; jp up f; if mwp f; ifap d; gFjp
murpdhy; jk; Gs; s> kP nfhl> ntaq; nfhl Mfpa ,lq; fspy; nghUshjhu
kj; jpa epiyaq; fs; Vw; gLj; jg; gl; Ls; sd. ,jdhy; goq; fs; > jhdpaq; fs; >
kuf; fwp fs; Mfp atw; iw cw; gj; jp nra; Ak; tp trhap fs; ; jkJ
cw; gj; jpg; nghUl; ; fisg; gpuNjr re; ijg; gLj; jy; kj; jpa epiyaj; jpDlhf
Neubahf tpw; gid nra; a KbAk; . ,jdhy; tptrhapfSf; F epahakhd
tpiy fpilg; gLtJld; Efu; NthUk; mt; cw; gj; jpg; nghUl; fis epaha
tpiyapy; ngw; Wf; nfhs; s $bajhf ,Uf; Fk; . ,t; thwhd mur jiyaP L
fhuzkhf re;ijg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiw tpidj;jpwdhf khw;wkilAk;.
Nkw;nfhs;f.
cw; gj; jpahsupdhy; (tptrhapfs; ) cw; gj; jp nra; ag; gLk; nghUl; fis
Efu; Nthu; tiu nfhz; L nry; Yk; nrad; KiwNa re; ijg; gLj; jy;
vdg;gLk;.
,r; nrad;Kiwapd; ,ilNa jufu;fs; nraw;gLfpd;wdu;.
,t;thW jufu;fspdhy; ngwg;gLk; ,yhgk; fhuzkhf Efu;Nthu;>
cw;gj;jpahsUf;F fpilf;Fk; ,yhgk; FiwtilfpwJ.
mur jiyaP L fhuzkhf re; ijg; gLj; jy; nrad; Kiw tpidj; jpwd;
kpf;fjhf khw;;wkilAk;.
cq;fSf;F jug;gl;l tsE}iy crhtp gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil
jUf.
203
cq;fshy; Ma;e;jwpag;gl;l tplaq;fis KOtFg;Gf;Fk; rkug;;gpf;f
Maj;jkhFf.
FO - A
,iwr;rp rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfs;
FO - B
kuf;fwp rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfs;
FO - C
goq;fs; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfs;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;why; vd;dntd mwpKfQ;nra;f.
cq; fSf; Ff; fpilf; fg; ngw; w cw; gj; jpapd; re; ijg; gLj; jy; nrad; Kiw
kpfTk; tpNrlkhf mika fhuzk; ahJ.
mt; cw; gj; jp g; nghUl; fsp d; re; ijg; gLj; jw; nrad; Kiwap d;
gbKiwfis tpgupf;Ff.
mt; cw;gj;jpg;nghUl;fspd; re;ijg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ
ngsjpf nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
tptrha cw; gj; jpg; nghUl; fspd; re; ijg; gLj; jy; tpidj; jpwid mjfupf; f
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba eltbf;iffis tptupf;Ff.
cq; fshy; Mae; jwp ag; gl; l tp laq; fis tFg; gp y; rku; g; gp f; f
Maj;jkhFf.
tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;
kdpj Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fs; Mfpatw;iw jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjd;
%yk; tzpf Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; xd;wpize;j
nrad;KiwNa re;ijg;gLj;jy; MFk;.
tptrha cw;gj;;jpr; nrad;Kiwfspy; re;ijg;gLj;jy; tpNrl
nrad;KiwahFk;.
,jw;F gy fhuzq;fs; VJthfpd;wd.
cjh : tptrha nghUl;fSs; mNdfkhdit mj;jpathrpag;
nghUl; fshf mikjy; > tptrhapfis tpl jufu; fspdhy; mtw; wpd;
tpiy epu;zapf;fg;gly;.
tptrha tpisnghUl; fspd; re; ijg; gLj; jy; gz; izapy; njhlq; fp
Efu;Nthu; tiu ePz;L nry;Yk;.
re; ijg; gLj; jy; nrad; KiwapYs; s gbKiwfspd; vz; zpf; iff; F
mika mtw;iw gy;NtW tiffshf gpupj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;.
cjh : Neubahf tptrhapfsplkpUe;J Efu;NthUf;F fpilj;jy;>
cw; gj; jp ahsup lkp Ue; J fp uhkp a kl; lj; jp y; Nrfup g; Nghdhy;
Nrfupf;fg;gl;L Efu;NthUf;F fpilf;fg;ngwy;.
me; j re; ijg; gLj; jy; nrad; Kiwfspy; mjpfsT jufu; fs;
cs;sdu;.
jufu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ re;ijg;gLj;jy; fpuak;
mjpfupj;J rpy;yiw tpiy mjpfstpy;; cau;fpwJ.
204
,e;j epiyia khw;wpaikj;J Efu;Nthu;> cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;
MfpNahiug; ghJfhf;f mur jiyaPL mtrpakhFk;.
gpuNjr nghUshjhu re;ijg;gLj;jy; kj;jpa epiyaq;fis muR
epWtpAs;sJ.
tptrha re;ijg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwfspy; gy re;ijg;gLj;jy;
nraw;ghLfs; eilngWfpd;wd.
mtw; wpd; gupkhw; wr; nraw; ghLfs; > ngsjpfr; nraw; ghLfs;
mjw;fhd trjpfs; Nghd;wd gpuNjr re;ijg;gLj;jy; kj;jpa
epiyaj;jpy; cs;sd.
nfhs;;;tdT> tpw;gid Mfpad gupkhw;w nraw;ghLfshFk;.
fsQ; rpag; gLj; jy; > nfhz; L nry; yy; > re; ijj; juTfisj; jpul; Ljy;
Mfpad ngsjpfr; nraw;ghLfshFk;.
jug; gLj; jy; > epjp trjpfisg; ngWjy; > ,lu; fSf; F Kfq; nfhLj; jy;
Mfpad re;ijj; jfty;fis ,yFgLj;Jk; nraw;ghLfs; MFk;.
nfhs;;tdT> tpw;gid Mfpad re;ijg;gLj;jy; nraw;ghLfspd;
gpujhd fUkq;fshFk;.
gUtfhy tptrha cw; gj; jpfs; mNdfkhdtw; iw fsQ; rpag; gLj; jp
itj;J jl;Lg;ghlhd fhyq;fspy; re;ijf;F mDg;Gtjd; %yk;
tpiyia rPuhfg; Ngz KbAk;.
tp idjp wdhd nfhz; L nry; yy; nrad; Kiw %ykhf
re;ijg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiw kpfTk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhFk;.
tp trha cw; gj; jp g; nghUl; fisr; rup ahf nghjp nra; jy;
tifg;gLj;jy;> gjg;gLj;jy; Mfpad %yk; mjpf tpiyiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
tptrha cw;gj;jpg;nghUl;fis re;ijg;gLj;Jk;NghJ gupkhw;w
nrad; Kiwfis tpidj; jpwdhf Nkw; nfhs; sntd trjp nra; Ak;
nraw;ghLfs; cjTfpd;wd.
nghUl; fspd; ,Ug; ig NgZtjd; %yKk; nghUj; jkhd nfhz; L
nry;yy; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yKk; nghUj;jkhd
nghjpapL gjhu; j; jq; fisg; gad; gLj; Jtjd; %yKk; mWtilf; F
Ke;jpa> gpe;jpa Nrjq;fisf; Fiwg;gjd; %yKk;> tpsk;guq;fs;
%yKk; tptrha re; ijg; gLj; jiy tpidj; jpwd; kpf; fjhf; f KbAk; .
205
ghlrhiy kl; lf; fzpg; gP L - mwpKfk; ghlrhiy kl; lf; fzpg; gP L - mwpKfk; ghlrhiy kl; lf; fzpg; gP L - mwpKfk; ghlrhiy kl; lf; fzpg; gP L - mwpKfk; ghlrhiy kl; lf; fzpg; gP L - mwpKfk;
fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jw; nraw; nwhlupd; %ykhf vjpu; ghu; f; fg; gLk; fw; ww; NgWfis
khztu; fs; mile; Js; sduh vd cWjpg; gLj; jpf; nfhs; tjw; Fk; khztu; mile;
Js; s ghz; bj; jpa kl; lj; ij ,dq; fhz; gjw; Fk; tFg; giwapy; ,yFthf mKy;
gLj; jf; $ba> ,ilj; njhlu; igf; nfhz; Ls; s ,U epfo; r; rpj; jpl; lq; fNs fzpg; gP Lk; >
kjpg; gP Lk; MFk; . fzpg; gP L rupahd Kiwapy; eilngWkhapd; tFg; gpy; fw; Fk;
midj; J khztu; fisAk; ghz; bj; jpa kl; lj; ij mz; kpf; fr; nra; tJ fbdkhf
mikahJ. kWjiyahf kjpg; gP L %ykhf khztu; ve; jg; ghz; bj; jpa kl; lj; ij
mile; Js; sdu; vd ,dq; fhzyhk; .
fzpg; gP l; by; <LgLk; Mrpupau; fs; jkJ khztu; fs; gw; wp ,Utifg; gl; l
topfhl; ly; fis Nkw; nfhs; s KbAk; . Kd; D}l; ly; (Feed forward), gpd; D}l; ly; (Feed
back) MfpadNt mitahFk; . khztu; fsJ FiwghLfisAk; ,ayhikfisAk;
,dq; fhZk; NghJ fw; wypy; <Lglf; $ba ,lu; fis eP f; Ftjw; fhf gpd; D}l; lYk;
mtu; fsJ Mw; wy; fs; > jpwd; fs; Mfpatw; iw ,dq; fhZk; NghJ mtw; iw NkYk;
tsu; g; gjw; fhf Kd; D}l; liyAk; toq; f Ntz; baJ Mrpupaupd; nghWg; ghFk; .
fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; nraw; nwhlupd; ntw; wpf; F ghlj; Nju; r; rpfSs; vj; Nju; r; rp
ve; j kl; lj; jpy; milag; gl; Ls; sJ vd; gij khztu; ,dq; fhz; gJ mtrpakhFk; .
kjpg; gP l; L Ntiyj; jpl; lj; jpd; %yk; khztu; ngw; w ghz; bj; jpa kl; lj; ij mwpe; J
nfhs; tJ Mrpupaupd; flikahFk; . mt; thNw khztuJ Kd; Ndw; wk; gw; wp ngw; Nwhu;
gps; isfs; Vida jug; gpdu; Nghd; NwhUf; Fk; ,e; j milTkl; lk; gw; wpj;
njupag; gLj; JtJ MrpupauJ flikahFk; .
,J khztu; ika (Student Centered) Nju; r; rpfis mbg; gilahff; nfhz; l
(Competency Based) nraw; ghl; L mZFKiw rhu; e; j (Activity Oriented) fiyj; jpl; l
khFk; . MrpupauJ khw; W tfpghfj; jpd; fUthf tho; f; ifia mu; j; jkpf; fjhf; f
ty; y nra; J fw; wy; mike; Js; sJ.
Vw; fdNt tbtikf; fg; gl; l nraw; ghLfis eilKiwg; gLj; Jk; ,f; fiyj;
jpl; lj; jpd; fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; fzpg; gP L> kjpg; gP L Mfpad xd; wpizf; fg; gl; Ls; sd.
xt; nthU nraw; ghl; bdJk; ,uz; lhtJ gbKiwapy; khztu; fs; FOthf Njlypy;
<LgLk; NghJ fzpg; gP Lk; nraw; ghl; bd; %d; whtJ gbKiwapy; khztu; fs; jhk;
njhFj; jtw; iw Kd; itf; Fk; NghJk; kjpg; gP Lk; Mrpupauhy; Nkw; nfhs; sg; gLk; .
khztu; fs; Njlypy; <LgLk; NghJ khztu; fNshL khztu; fshf ,Ue; J mtu; fs;
Nkw; nfhs; Sk; fUkq; fis mtjhdpj; J mtu; fs; vjpu; nfhs; Sk; gpur; rpidfSf; F
jP u; Tfis toq; fp topfhl; LtNj MrpupauJ gzpahf mikfpwJ.
fzpg; gP l; ilAk; kjpg; gP l; ilAk; ,yFthf Nkw; nfhs; sj; jf; fjhf nghJepajpfs;
Ie; J jug; gl; Ls; sd. ,tw; Ws; Kjy; %d; W epajpfSk; mt; tj; Nju; r; rpia
fl; bnaOg; Gtjw; F mbg; gilahf mike; j mwpT> kdg; ghq; F> jpwd; fs; Mfpatw; iw
ikakhff; nfhz; L jahupf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ. ,Wjp ,uz;L epajpfSk; tho; f; iff; F
,d; wpaikahj ,uz;L Mw; wy; fis Nkk; gLj; Jtjw; F cjTtdthf mikAk; .
,e; epajpfSld; njhlu; ghd elj; ij khw; wq; fs; tFg; giwapy; khztu; fs;
njhopw; gLk; NghJ Mrpupauhy; ,dq; fz; lwpag; gLk; .
206
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPL njhlu;ghd Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;njhliu NkYk; tpupthf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. ,t;thW
fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jiy tpupthf; fpf; nfhs; tjw; fhf Kjypy; gy nraw; ghLfs; gytw; iw
rpy njhFjpfshfg; gpupj;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mLj;jjhf> khztu; fw;wiyj;
J}z; lf; $ba fw; gpj; jy; Kiwfs; rpytw; iw mt; tg; ghlg; gug; GfSf; Fg; ; nghUj; jkhf
njupTnra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. njupT nra;ag;gl;l fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis
mbg; gilahff; nfhz; L MrpupaUf; Fk; khztUf; Fkhd mwpTWj; jy; fs; mlq; fpa
fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; nraw; nwhliuf; nfhz; l cgfuzj; ijj; jahu; nra; tNj mLj; j
gbahf mikAk;. mt;thNw ,r;nraw;ghl;L njhFjpapd; Muk;gj;jpy; me;j
cgfuzq;fis khztu;fSf;F mwpKfQ; nra;tJ Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;.
,jw;nfd gpd;tUk; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
vz;zf;fUg; glk; (Concept Maps)
Rtu;r;nra;jpg; gyif (Wall news papers)
tpdhtpil epfo;r;rp (Quizes)
tpdhtpilg; Gj; jfq; fs; (Question and Answer Books)
khztu; nrayhw;Wiff; Nfhit (Portfolios)
khztu; Mf; fq; fis fhl; rpg; gLj; Jjy; (Exhibition)
tpthjk; (Debates)
mzpf; fye; Jiuahly; (Panel Discussions)
fUj; juq; F (Seminars)
jpBu; Ngr;R (Impromptu Speeches)
ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy; (Role Plays)
E}yha; Tr; rku; g; gpj; jy; fs; (Presentation of Literature Reviews)
fsf;Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfk; / ,aw;if mtjhdpg;G (Field Books / Nature Diaries)
nray;Kiwg; guPl;ir (Practical Tests)
,e; jg; ghlVw; ghl; bd; %d; whk; gFjpapy; fhl; lg; gl; Ls; s fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jiy
tpupTgLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gk; kw;Wk; mjw;nfdj; njupT nra;af;$ba cgfuzq;fs;
Mfpad vjpu; fhyj; jpy; mwpKfQ; nra; aj; jpl; lkplg; gl; Ls; sJ. ,t; thwhd nraw; ghL
fspYk; $l fzpg; gP L> kjpg; gP L Mfpatw; iw ,uz; L tpjq; fspy; Nkw; nfhs; tjdhy;
fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; nraw; nwhlu; NkYk; tpupthf; fg; gLtJld; Mu; tj; JlDk;
Gj;J}f;fj;JlDk; khztu;fs; fw;fTk; topgpwf;Fk;.
207
fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; kjpg; gP l; Lj; jpl; lk; jahupg; gjw; fhd khjpup fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; kjpg; gP l; Lj; jpl; lk; jahupg; gjw; fhd khjpup fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; kjpg; gP l; Lj; jpl; lk; jahupg; gjw; fhd khjpup fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; kjpg; gP l; Lj; jpl; lk; jahupg; gjw; fhd khjpup fw; wy; - fw; gpj; jy; kjpg; gP l; Lj; jpl; lk; jahupg; gjw; fhd khjpup
1. 1. 1. 1. 1. kjp g; gP l; Lj; jtiz kjp g; gP l; Lj; jtiz kjp g; gP l; Lj; jtiz kjp g; gP l; Lj; jtiz kjp g; gP l; Lj; jtiz : 01
2. 2. 2. 2. 2. cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; : 11.1 njhlf;fk; 11.13 tiu
3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . cs; slf; fg; gLk; ghlg; gug; Gfs; cs; slf; fg; gLk; ghlg; gug; Gfs; cs; slf; fg; gLk; ghlg; gug; Gfs; cs; slf; fg; gLk; ghlg; gug; Gfs; cs; slf; fg; gLk; ghlg; gug; Gfs; :
gPilf; Fbj;njhif kl;lq;fs;
gapu;r;nra;ifapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j gPilfs;
G+r; rp kw; Wk; G+r; rpfd; my; yhj gPilfs; Mfpatw; iw fl; Lg; gLj; jy;
fisfspd; mwpKfKk; tifg;gLj;jYk;
G+r;rpg;gPil
fisf;fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs;
jhtu Neha;f;fhuzpfSk; gy;NtW jhtu Neha;fSk;
jhtu Neha; mwpFwpfs;
jhtu Neha;f;fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs;
gPilf;fl;Lghl;L cgfuzq;fs;
ghJfhg;ghd gPilehrpdpg; gpuNahfk;
4. 4. 4. 4. 4. fUtp ap d; jd; ik fUtp ap d; jd; ik fUtp ap d; jd; ik fUtp ap d; jd; ik fUtp ap d; jd; ik
gapu; r; nra; ifapy; fhzg; gLk; gP ilfspd; jd; ikfs; > Vw; gLj; jg; gLk;
Nrjq; fs; > fl; Lg; ghl; L Kiwfs; Mfpad gw; wp ghlrhiy r%fj; jpw; F
tpsf;fkspf;Fk; nghUl;fhl;rp
5. 5. 5. 5. 5. fUtp ap d; Fwp f; Nfhs; fUtp ap d; Fwp f; Nfhs; fUtp ap d; Fwp f; Nfhs; fUtp ap d; Fwp f; Nfhs; fUtp ap d; Fwp f; Nfhs;
gapu;r;nra;ifapy; mjpfstpy; ghjpg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jk; gPilfspd;
khjpupfis ,dq;fhzy;
gapu; r; nra; ifapy; gP ilfspdhy; Vw; gLj; jg; gLk; Nrjq; fspd; jd; ik
gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
gP ilf; fl; Lg; ghlL Kiwfs; Mf; fj; jpwd; kpf; f tifapy; rku; g; gpj; jy;
6. 6. 6. 6. 6. jp l; lj; ij eilKiwg; gLj; Jtjw; Fup a mwp TWj; jy; fs; jp l; lj; ij eilKiwg; gLj; Jtjw; Fup a mwp TWj; jy; fs; jp l; lj; ij eilKiwg; gLj; Jtjw; Fup a mwp TWj; jy; fs; jp l; lj; ij eilKiwg; gLj; Jtjw; Fup a mwp TWj; jy; fs; jp l; lj; ij eilKiwg; gLj; Jtjw; Fup a mwp TWj; jy; fs;
Mrp up aUf; Fup ait : Mrp up aUf; Fup ait : Mrp up aUf; Fup ait : Mrp up aUf; Fup ait : Mrp up aUf; Fup ait :
Nju; r; rp kl; lk; 11.1 ia Muk; gpf; Fk; NghJ kjpg; gPl; L cgfuzj; ij
mwpKfQ;nra;f
tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fis %d;W FOf;fshf gpupj;Jf; nfhs;f.
FOf;fsplk; gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfis toq;Ff
G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; G+r;rpfs; my;yhj gPilfs;
jhtu Neha;fs;
fisfs;
kjpg;gPl;L cgfuzj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; fhytiuaiw gw;wp
khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jf.
208
Kjyhk; thuk; - nghUl; fhl; rpf; Fupa fhl; rpg; nghUl; fs; khjpupfs;
Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhzy;
,uz;lhk; thuk; - nghUl;fhl;rpf;F Maj;jkhjy;
%d;whk; thuk; - nghUl;fhl;rpf;F Maj;jkhjy;
ehd;fhk; thuk; - nghUl;fhl;rpia elhj;Jjy;
khztUf; Fup ait khztUf; Fup ait khztUf; Fup ait khztUf; Fup ait khztUf; Fup ait
%d; W FOf; fSk; ,ize; J nghUl; fhl; rpf; fhd jpl; lj; ij jP l; Lf.
cq;fs; FOTf;Fupa jfty;fs;> khjpupfs; Mfpatw;iw Nrfupf;f
Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs;> khjpupfs; Mfpatw;Wf;fika nghUl;
fhl;rpf;fhd Mf;fq;fisj; jahu;nra;f
fhl;rpg; nghUl;fis cupa ,lj;jpy; itf;fTk;
cupa ehspy; nghUl;fhl;rpia elhj;Jf
kjP g; gp l; L ep ajp fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep ajp fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep ajp fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep ajp fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep ajp fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk;
kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; Gs;sp toq;fy;
1. vjpu;fhy nraw;ghLfis ntw;wpfu
khf;f Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jpl;lj;jpd;
jd;ik
2. Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; kw;Wk;
khjpupfspd; msT
3. FO mq;fj;jtu;fspy; KOikahd
gq;Nfw;G
4. rku;g;gpj;jypd; $l;lhd jd;ikAk;
Mf;fj;jpwdpd; jd;ikAk;
5. xl;Lnkhj;jkhf nghUl;fhl;rpf;
$lq;fspd; G+uzj;Jtk;
209
2. 2. 2. 2. 2. cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; : 12.2> 12.3
mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa njhopDl;gj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;
mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa NrjKk; tpjKk;
mWtilf;F gpe;jpa Nrjk; Vw;gLk; gy;NtW re;ju;;g;gq;fs;
tpisr;ry; ,og;Gfisf; Fiwf;Fk; cj;jpfs;
re;ij Ma;tpd; %ykhf mWtilf;F gpe;jpa ,og;Gfs; Vw;gLk;
Kiw> mt; ghjpg; Gfspy; nry; thf; F nrYj; Jk; fhuzpfs; > tpisr; ry;
,og;Gfs; Vw;gLk; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fis ,dq;fhzy;> tpisr;ry;
,og;Gf;fis Fiwg;gjw;fhd cj;jpfs; gw;wpa gpNuuizfis
rku;g;gpj;jy;
mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;
mWtilf; F gpe; jpa ,og; Gf; fspd; tiffis tifg; gLj; jp fhl; ly;
mWtilf; F gpe; jpa Nrjq; fspy; nry; thf; F nrYj; Jk; fhuzpfis
tptupj;jy;
mr;re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Vw;gly; ,og;Gfis tptukhff; fhl;Ljy;
tpisr; ry; ,og; Gfis Fiwf; Fk; cj; jpfs; gw; wpa gpNuuizfisr; ;
rku;g;gpj;jy;
mwpKfQ;nra;f
tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fis %d;W FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jf; nfhs;f.
mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfs;
mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfs; Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
kjpg;gPl;L cgfuzj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd fhy
tiuaiwia khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jf
Kjyhk; thuk; - Ma;it jpl;lkply;
,uz;lhk; thuk; - re;ij Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;sy;
%d;whk; thuk; - mwpf;if rku;g;gpj;jy;
re;ij Ma;T gw;wp jpl;lkpLf
210
FOepiyapy; re;ij Ma;T gw;wp jpl;lkpLf.
cupa ehspy; Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;f
Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis FOepiyapy; Muha;f.
,j; juTfspd; mbg; gilapy; fz; lwpag; gl; l tpisr; ry; ,og; Gfis
Fiwg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd cj;jpfis rku;g;gpf;f
mwpf;ifia jahu; nra;J cupa fhyj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;f
kjP g; gp l; L ep ajp ; fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep ajp ; fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep ajp ; fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep ajp ; fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep ajp ; fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk;
1. rupahd jpl;lkply;
2. jfty; Nrfupj;jy;
3. Mu;tj;Jld; gq;Nfw;wy;
4. rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l gpNuuizfspd;
jd;ik
5. cupa fhyj;jpDs; G+u;j;jp nra;jy;
211
2. 2. 2. 2. 2. cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; : 13.7
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;Jf;F nghUj;jkhd epyj;ij njupT nra;jy;
tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;ij jpl;lkply;
kuGuPjpahd tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk; epyk; gz;gLj;jy; Kiw
efu;Gw tptrhak;> efu;Gw gapu;r;nra;if fl;likg;Gfs;
gapu;fis njupT nra;jy;
eLifg; nghUs;fis jahu; nra;jy;
eLif Clfj;ij fpUkpaspj;jy;
gapu; eLif
gapu; guhkupg;G
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpypUe;J cld; rkepiy Ngz czit ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs;
5. 5. 5. 5. 5. fUtp ap d; Fwp f; Nfhs; fs; ; fUtp ap d; Fwp f; Nfhs; fs; ; fUtp ap d; Fwp f; Nfhs; fs; ; fUtp ap d; Fwp f; Nfhs; fs; ; fUtp ap d; Fwp f; Nfhs; fs; ;
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk; gw;wpa vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fjy;
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;Jf;F nghUj;jkhd epyj;ijj; njupT nra;jy;
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;Jf;fhd jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;
epyk; > ,ltrjp Mfpatw; Wf; Nfw; g gapu; r; nra; if Kiwiaj; njupT
nra;jy;
tptrha cgfuzq; fs; > fUtpfs; Mfpatw; iw rupahf gad; gLj; Jtu;
rupahd gapu;r;nra;if El;gKiwfis iff;nfhs;tu;
nraw;ghL gw;wpa Fwpg;ig NgZjy;
mwpKfQ;nra;f
tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fis ,uz;L FOf;fshf gpupj;Jf; nfhs;f.
efu;Gw tptrhak;
kuGuPjpahd tptrhak;
kjpg;gPl;L cgfuzj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd fhy
tiuaiwia khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jf
212
Kjyhk; thuk; - epyj; ij njupT nra; jy; > jpl; lkply; > gapu; j;
njupT> epyk; gz;gLj;jy;> fl;likg;G
Mfpatw; iw mikg; gjw; fhd nghUl; fis
njupT nra;jy;> eLif nghUl;fis
ngw; Wf; nfhs; sy; > ehw; WNkil Clfj; ij
jahupj; jy; > njhw; W eP f; fy; > Clfj; ij ,l; L
epug;Gjy;
eLif - ehw;WNkilfspy;
- Neubahf taypy;
%Lgilaply;> ePu;g;ghrdk;
,uz;lhk; thuk; - guhkupg;G> ePu;g;ghrdk;> xsp> epoy;
toq;Fjy;> Neha;gPil jhf;fj;ij
,dq;fhzy;.jtpu;g;gjw;F eltbf;if
naLj; jy;
ehw; Wf; fis fsj; jp; y; / rhbapy; / fl; likg; Gfspy;
eLjy; / guhkupj;jy;
(mWtil tiu gapu; fis guhkupg; gJ kpf ed; W)
jdJ FOTf;F fpilf;fg;ngw;w jiyg;ig gw;wpa jfty;fis
Nrfupg;gu;
ghlrhiy tstpy; cs;s nghUj;jkhd epyj;ij njupT nra;tu;
me; epyj; ij tsq; fs; cr; rkhf gad; gLj; j jf; f tpjkhf jpl; lkpLf
Mrpupa mwpTWj;jYf;fika nraw;gLf.
1. jpl;lkply;
2. nraypy; <Lgly;
3. FOtpy; xj;Jioj;J nraw;gly;
jiyikj;Jtk;> gpd;gw;Wjy;
4. Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;
5. fsg;Gj;jfk;
213
2. 2. 2. 2. 2. cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; : 14.4> 14.5> 14.11> 14.18
tpyq;Fg; Nghriz
rkPghl;Lj; njhFjpapd; mikg;G
tpyq;F tsu;;g;G Kiwfs;
tpyq; Fg; Nghriz> rkpghl; L njhFjpapd; mikg; G tpyq; F tsu; g; G
Kiwfs; gw;wp juk; 12> 13 khztu;fSf;F mwpTl;Ltjw;fhd
rku;g;gpj;jnyhd;iw ^Presentation & Nkw;nfhs;f.
tpyq; F czTfspy; mjpfstpy; mlq; fpAs; s Nghrizfs; gw; wpa
tplaq;fis rku;g;gpj;jy;
tpyq;F czTfis tifg;gLj;jy;
gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLk; czTf; $Wfs; mtw;wpd;
fl;likg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz;f.
Gy;iy ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwfis ifahz;L ghu;j;jy;
Nfhop> khL Mfpatw;wpd; rkpghl;L njhFjpfspd; mikg;G>
njhopw;ghL Mfpatw;iw tpgupj;jy;
khL> Nfhop Mfpatw;Wf;fhd kidfis jpl;lkpLtu;
khL. Nfhop Mfpatw;iw tsu;f;Fk; Kiwfis tpgupg;gu;
mwpKfQ;nra;f
tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fis ,uz;L FOf;fshf gpupj;Jf; nfhs;f.
Nfhopfspd; czT+l;lYk;> Nfhop tsu;g;G KiwfSk;
khLfspw;fhd czT+l;lYk;> khl;L tsu;g;G KiwfSk;
kjpg;gPl;L cgfuzj;Jf;fhd fhy tiuaiw gw;wp khztUf;F
mwpTWj;Jf.
Kjyhk; thuk; - jfty; Nrfupj;jy;
,Wjp thuj;jpd; Kjy; %d;W ehl;fSk; jfty;fis
xOq;fikj;J rku;g;gpj;jiy jahupj;jy;
,Wjp thuj;jpy; ,Wjp ,uz;L ehl;fSk; 9 epkplq;fSs;
rku;g;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;SkhW khztUf;F mwpTWj;jy;
214
jq; fs; FOTf; F fpilf; fg; ngw; w jiyg; ig vy; yh khztu; fSf; Fk;
toq;fp mJ njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Nrfupf;fTk;
gy;NtW Clfq;fspd; %ykhf jfty;fis Nrfupf;fTk;
Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis FOepiyapy; fye;JiuahLf
tplaq; fis xOq; fikj; J rku; g; gpj; jiy Nkw; nfhs; s Maj; jkhFf
cupa jpdj;jd;W rku;g;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;f
1. rupahf xOq;fikj;jy;
2. NghjpasT jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy;
3. ghu;j;jy;> Nfl;ly; cgfuzq;fis
gad;gLj;jy;
4. jiyg;Gf;fika tplaq;fis rku;g;
gpj;jy;
5. cupa fhyj;jpDs; rku;g;gpj;jiy
Nkw;nfhs;sy;
215
2. 2. 2. 2. 2. cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; : 14.7
Kl;ilapd; mikg;G
militj;jYf;fhf Kl;ilfisj; njupjy;
Kl;ilapd; mikg;ig ,dq;fhzYk; militf;f nghUj;jkhd
Kl;ilfisj; njupT nra;jYk; njhlu;ghd nrad;Kiw
Kl;ilapd; mikg;ig tptupj;jy;
militf;fg; nghUj;jkhd Kl;ilapy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba
,ay;Gfis tpsf;Fjy;
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.7 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nrad;Kiwia kjpg;gPl;L
cgfuzkhfg; gad;gLj;Jf.
nraw; ghL Muk; gpf; f Kd; du; kjpg; gP L gw; wp khztUf; F mwpTWj; Jf
khztu;fs; nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLk;NghJ epajpfSf;fika
khztiu kjpg;gPLf
MrpupauJ mwpTWj;jYf;fika nraw;gLf.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.7 ,w;Fupa nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLf.
NjitahdNghJ MrpupauJ cjtpia ehLf.
kjP g; gp l; L ep ajp fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep ajp fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep ajp fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep ajp fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep ajp fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk;
1. mwpTWj;jYf;fika <LgLjy;
2. fUkj;jpd; Jy;ypak;
3. rupahf Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;
4. Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;
5. FO xj;Jiog;G
216
2. 2. 2. 2. 2. cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp cs; slf; fg; gLk; Nju; r; rp kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; kl; lk; : 14.19> 14.20
fhy;eil Neha;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;
Neha;fs; Vw;glf; fhuzk;
nghJthd NehawpFwpfs;
khl;L Neha;fs;
Nfhop Neha;fs;
gz;iz tpyq;FfspypUe;J kdpjDf;Fg; guTk; Neha;fs;
Nfhop> khL Mfpatw;Wf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;fs;> Neha;fisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd jpwe;jE}w; Nrhjid
fhy; eilr; Rfhjhu Kfhikj; Jtj; jpd; Kf; fpaj; Jtj; ij tpsf; Fjy;
fhy;eil Neha;fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzj;ij mwpjy;
fhy;eil Neha;fSf;Fupa nghJthd NehawpFwpfis mwpjy;
mjpfstpy; ; Vw; gLk; Nfhop Neha; fs; > khl; L Neha; fs; Mfpatw; iwf;
Fwpg;gply;
xt;nthU Neha;fSf;Fkhd NehawpFwpfisf; Fwpg;gply;.
Neha;fSf;fSf;fhd rpfpr;ir Kiwfs; Neha;fis jtpu;f;Fk;
Kiwfs; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.
fhy;eil tpyq;FfspypUe;J kdpjDf;F guTk; Neha;fis
,dq;fhzy;
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; 14.19> 14.20 Mfpatw;wpd; ,Wjpapy; kjpg;gplYk;
eilKiwg;gLj;jYk;
tpdhf;nfhj;J jahupj;jy;
kjpg;gPl;L cgfuzj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ehisAk;
Neuj;ijAk; xJf;fpf; nfhs;sy;
khztu;fs; %d;W FOf;fshf;fp gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo;
fPo; jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;FkhW mwptpf;fTk;
fhy;eil Neha;fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzpfSk; nghJ
NehawpFwpfSk;
khl;L Neha;fs;
NfhopNeha;fs;
217
Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs; mr;R Mtzq;fs; Mfpatw;iwAk;
,iza trjpiaAk; khztUf;F toq;Ff.
kjpg;gPl;il Muk;gpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jf
cupa fhyj;jpy; kjpg;gPl;il G+uzg;gLj;jp xg;gilf;FkhW
mwpTWj;Jf
MrpupauJ mwpTWj;jYf;fika nraw;gLf.
cupa Neuj;jpy; kjpg;gPl;by; gq;Nfw;f.
FOepiyapy; fye;JiuahLf.
cupa fhyj;jpy; kjpg;gPl;il G+u;j;jpnra;J tpilg;gj;jpuj;ij
Mrpupauplk; xg;gilf;f.
kjP g; gp l; L ep akq; fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep akq; fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep akq; fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep akq; fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk; kjP g; gp l; L ep akq; fSk; Gs; sp ap Lk; KiwAk;
1. tpilfspd; nrk;ik
2. jfty;fspd; msT
3. FOtpy; gq;Nfw;wy;
4. Mrpupa mwpTWj;jiy gpd;gw;wy;
5. Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;
218
juk; juk; juk; juk; juk; 13
nrad; Kiwg; gl; bay; nrad; Kiwg; gl; bay; nrad; Kiwg; gl; bay; nrad; Kiwg; gl; bay; nrad; Kiwg; gl; bay;
nrad; Kiwap d; ngau; nrad; Kiwap d; ngau; nrad; Kiwap d; ngau; nrad; Kiwap d; ngau; nrad; Kiwap d; ngau; Nju;r;rp kl;lk Nju;r;rp kl;lk Nju;r;rp kl;lk Nju;r;rp kl;lk Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
1' gapu;r;nra;iff;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; G+r;rpfspd; tUzq;fSk;>
G+r;rpfsy;yhj NtW gPilfspd; ,ay;GfisAk; ,dq;fhzy; 11'2
2' gPilfis tifg;gLj;jy; 11'5
3' fisfis ,dq;fhzy; 11'7
4' fisfis tifg;gLj;jy; 11'10
5' Neha;j; jhtu khjpupfis ,dq;fhzy; 11'12
6' Njhspy; Rkf;Fk; njspfUtpapd; ghfq;fis ,dq;fhzy; 13'2
7' new;Ngjq;fis ,dq;fhzy; 13'3
8' new;nra;iff;fhd gy;NtW ehw;WNkilfisj; jahupj;jy; 14'4
9' fhy;eil czTtiffis ,dq;fhzy; 14'5
10' khl;bdJk; NfhopapdJk; czTf; fhy;tha;j; njhFjpia
xg;gpl;Lf; fw;wy; 14'7
11' militf;fg; nghUj;jkhd Kl;ilfisj; njupTnra;jYk;
Kl;ilapd; mikg;igg; gw;wp fw;wYk; 14'7
12' Kl;ilapd; Kisa tsu;r;rp epiyfisf; fw;wy; 14'17
13' ghypd; nfhOg;Gr; rjtPjj;ij Jzpjy; 14'17
14' ghypy; cs;s nfhOg;gw;w jpz;kq;fspd; rjtPjj;ijj; Jzpjy; 14'17
15' Nahf;fl; jahupg;ig Nkw;nfhs;sy; 15'3
16' khq;fha;r; rl;dp jahupj;jy; 15'3

Agriculture

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Agriculture

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu (cau;juk;)

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi