Building Construction Technology

Building construction Technology
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Table of content

Acknowledgement. 02
Introduction 03
Site selection.. 04 07
Stages in site investigations. 08 11
Soil classification.. 12 13
Available Boring methods. 14 15
Available type of foundations. 16 17
Types of excavation 18
Associated temporary work for the construction of foundation.. 19 20
Construction method of Piled Raft foundation. 21
Formwork arrangements needed for the construction.. 22 23
Reinforce arrangements in structural elements.. 24 29
Brick work. 30
Method for construction of first floor slab 31 33
Wall & floor finishes.. 34 39
Water proofing. 40
Timberwork needed in building construction. 41 42
The ongoing construction site chose to study 43 48
Conclusion 49
References.. 50

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Acknowledgement

Thanking my parents, without whom, I wouldnt survive a single day in my life.
Towards all my teachers at the British College of Applied studies, for teaching me
the first steps of Building Construction Technology & for guiding me.
Thank you.

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Introduction
In Task 01 previews how to select a suitable construction site considering the
borehole logs, the place the site is situated etc. Also in the 1
st
Task it shows
what are the investigation methods should carry on before starting any
construction & how the construction method changes due to different type of
soil types.
2
nd
Task is mainly focused on the foundation. The type of foundations, the
excavation methods to construct the foundation & the method of building a
foundation.
The structure & the partitions of a construction is mainly focused in the 3
rd
Task.
The formwork, Reinforcement & the wet & dry partitions.
I have also attached the structural drawings & the pictures from the site I visited
as a proof to my visit to the site.

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Site Selection
Factors considered in site selection
Design & construction plans
Design & construction plans should be considered before starting the
construction to make sure the construction is suitable, the land has enough area
for the construction & the construction wont conflict with the surroundings.
General site conditions
Before the construction the land has to be observed for general site conditions
such as the slope of the land, whether its on a hill or on a low plain ground etc.
Geological futures
Geological features would be commonly looked at as landforms created through
geologic processes such as erosion, weathering, deposition, and plate tectonics.
The geomorphology
The study of the form and structure of the Earth as the size and shape of the
Earth's surface is known as geomorphology.
Access restrictions for equipment
Access for the heavy machinery, heavy vehicles etc. should be considered
before the construction.
Traffic control requirements during field investigations
Travelling through a construction site can be difficult & confusing for the drivers,
to guarantee the safety of the passing vehicles & people necessary
arrangements should be made.
Location of underground & overhead utilities
Underground pipe lines, Telephone cables etc. & utilities as power lines
overhead the construction site should be considered before the construction.
Type & condition of existing utilities
The condition of the existing utilities should be considered because if the utilities
are in a bad condition it will affect the building later on.
Restriction on working hours
If the site is situated in the middle of a busy town area, handling heavy vehicles &
machinery would cause major traffic problems & if the site is near a hospital or a
court the noise would be affect their activities so when constructing the work
should be done without disturbing the surrounding environment.
Environmental issues
Mainly pollution caused by noise, dust, the disposal of the wasted materials or
the wrappings of the materials .The construction should be done on a
environment friendly way.

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Flood levels
The construction should be done over the flood level & if any construction is
happening below the flood level the necessary actions has to be taken such as
water proofing .If the construction is having a underground car park the flood
level has to be highly considered.
Water traffic & access to water boring sites
Water is majorly used in constructions so access to water should be unlimited or
water has to supplied from tanks without pausing the construction work due to
lack of water supplement also access to underground water sources will give
unlimited supply of water.
Equipment & material storage areas
The storage of materials & equipments also has to considered, if the storage
area is far from the construction site it would waste more time & itll cost more for
transportation, if the storage can be done in the land or near the land it would
save more time & money.
Security
Security of the of Equipments & materials should be considered & necessary anti
theft procedures should be taken to protect the equipments & materials

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Advantages & the disadvantages of the sites

Land on Williamcopallawa road Land on Colombo street

The land can be used to construct a supermarket The land can be used to construct a super market
The land is flat land The land is a slope land but the slope isnt a large
slope to be considered.
The land has limited space so all the heavy
machineries & equipments cannot be kept within
the land, only some can access the land others
have to be kept outside the land.
The land has limited space so all the heavy
machineries & equipments cannot be kept within
the land, only some can access the land others
have to be kept outside the land.
The land is far from the city but the land is on the
main road from Kandy to Colombo there will be
more vehicles passing than on Colombo street so
itll cause traffic problems & safety issues.
The land is in the middle of the city but because
there are alternative routes & because the road
can be blocked from either sides without causing
traffic problems the number of public vehicles can
be controlled. The construction can be carried out
safely.
Williamcopallawa road is a busy road so there can
be some restrictions when moving heavy
machinery & vehicles.
Colombo street is not a busy road mostly its used
for parking & when the road is blocked from either
sides there will be no moving vehicles & there will
be enough space for the heavy vehicles &
machineries.
The water level is 1.8m so access to underground
water source can be gained easily
The water level is 4.8m have to more further deep
for the water source.
Because the water level is 1.8m, the basement car
park go below the water level when constructing
so itll require more machinery to dewater & other
equipments, tools & methods to water seal the
basement.
The water level is 4.8m, the basement car park
wouldnt go below the water level so there will be
no need for the extra machinery as on the other
land & itll save time & money.
The storage has to be done outside the land
because the entire land will be used for the
construction. The materials & equipments have to
be brought to the site.
If the client or the contractor can get permission to
keep the certain section of the Colombo street
closed till the construction is over the storage can
be done near the constructing site or else the
storage has to be done outside the land & brought
to the site when needed
The security status of the land can be low because
its away from the city & not much people walking
around & it can be opened to theft.
The land is in the middle of the city so the security
level is high because there are lot o people moving
around & there are other shops, offices etc.
around the construction site.
There is another old supermarket next to the land
so the income will be divided after completing the
construction.
There are no any supermarkets on Colombo street
so itll be wiser to build the supermarket in this
land because the competition is low.

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Recommended site for the construction for a super market

Recommended site considering the general facts
Considering the advantages & the disadvantages of the both sites generally the most
suitable site for the construction is the land in the Colombo street, when considering the
safety, security, storage, the easiness to work & specially the constructions can be
carried out with less disturbance to the surrounding day to day work the most suitable
place is the land in the Colombo street. Even after the construction is over & the super
market is open for the public itll also give more income than the land on
Williamcopallawa road because there the new super market has to compete with Keels
super which is also a super market, but if the super market is built on the Colombo
street there is no any other super markets to compete the new one.

Recommended site - No.110, Colombo street, Kandy.

Recommended site considering the borehole log
Considering the borehole logs given of the two lands the soil is loose on the land in the
Williamcopalla road comparing to the soil on the land in the Colombo street so there
can be a threat of sinking the land also the water level comes at 1.8m which will also
cause more problems when excavating for the foundation & for the basement car park,
even after the construction is done the whole basement has to be water sealed which
will increasing the expenses to construct the building.
The soil in the land on the Colombo street is well compacted so the building is more
firm on this land also another advantage of using the land on Colombo street is the
water level is at 4.8m the basement can be done without water sealing itll save a lot of
money & time so still the most suitable land for the construction is the land on the
Colombo street.

Recommended site - No.110, Colombo street, Kandy.

Considering the general conditions & considering the borehole logs the most suitable land to
construct a 4 storey super market is the land in No.110, Colombo Street, Kandy.

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Stages in site investigation
Site investigation is a process carried out to determine whether the land is suitable for the construction
also the weaknesses in the land, the improvements has to be done & various tests have to done to
ensure the quality of the land to maintain the quality of the building.
Investigating using existing data sources
Reviewing existing data on a site can be helpful to determine boring locations, boring depths &
to provide valuable geological & historical information which will be useful in the geotechnical
report also reviewing existing data sources minimizes the surprises on the field.

Subsurface investigation

Subsurface investigation means, investigating the soil conditions below
& near the ground surface.

Structural performance problems

Various problems as pile length, drivability problems, rock slides,
excessive seepage, unpredicted settlement & other related problems.

Geological survey maps & reports

Geological map is a special map created made to show geological
features using different symbols & colors.

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Flood zone maps

Maps showing areas prone to flooding.

Soil maps

Soil map is a map showing distribution of soil types and/or soil
properties using different colors.

Aerial photographs

Aerial photography is the taking photographs of f the ground from an
elevated position

Site plans

A site plan is an architectural plan, and a detailed engineering drawing
of proposed construction. Usually a site plan shows a building footprint,
travel ways, parking, drainage facilities, sanitary sewer lines, water lines,
trails, lighting, and landscaping.

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Investigation by site visit/plan in hand
By visiting the site, the surveyor can gain knowledge about geotechnical, topographic &
geological features of the site which will allow the surveyor to decide about access, restrictions
& about the working conditions.
A plan in hand visit allows the surveyor to know about the below mentioned features &
situations:
Design & construction plans
General site conditions
Geological features
The geomorphology
Access restriction for equipments
Traffic control requirements
Location of utilities
Type & condition of existing facilities
Adjacent land use
Restriction on working hours
Environmental issues
Outcrops, erosion features & subsurface settlement
Flood levels
Water traffic & access to water boring sites
Benchmarks & other reference points
Equipment storage areas/security

Sub surface exploration planning
Exploration methods on the field. Requirements of sampling & project design, types &
frequency of field test to be performed which can be determined based on the subsurface
information. The availability of equipments & local practice also has to be considered.
Mostly, the investigation program has to be modified after initiating the field work because of
site access constraints or to the variations in subsurface conditions.

Frequency & dept of Borings
The type & the critical nature of the structure, the soil & the rock formation, the known
variability in stratification & the foundation loads decides the location & the frequency of the
borings. Mostly it may require to extend the depths of the borings beyond the minimum dept
due to geological settings, condition or the characteristics of the underlying soil strata, or to
assure that required information is obtained for cases when the structure requirements are not
clearly defined at the time of drilling. When the drilling is done to the bedrock a minimum of
1.5m depth of rock core has to be obtained to verify that the boring has reached the bedrock &
not on the surface of a boulder.
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Boring locations & elevations
Establishing all planned drilling locations & elevations should be carried out by a licensed
surveyor, if a licensed surveyor is unavailable the field inspector is responsible for establishing
the boring locations & the elevations. A G.P.S. device (Global Positioning System) also can be
used to find the accurate locations however the accuracy is m for most projects.

Types of investigation
Remote sensing
The information collected to recognize the condition of the physical futures on the land,
geological information & general soil & rock formations.
Geophysical information
Detecting underground cavities, sudden changes in subsurface etc. is known as
geophysical information which can be collected by doing several tests such as SR(Sound
Resistivity) test, EM(Electro Magnetic conductivity) test & GPR(Ground Penetrating
Radar) test.
Disturbed sampling
A disturbed sample is one in which the structure of the soil has been changed
adequately that tests of structural properties of the soil will not be envoy of in-situ
conditions, the sample is collected from excavated area in a disturbed condition. The
sampling process modifies their natural structure.
In-situ testing
In-situ testing is done in the construction site using raw materials which will give the
results in the same time such as Cone Penetration Test.
Undisturbed sampling
The condition of the soil in the sample is much similar to the conditions of the soil in-situ
to allow tests of structural properties of the soil to be used to approximate the
properties of the soil in-situ. Tests such as place strength, compressibility, plate bearing
& tests for moisture are undisturbed tests.

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Soil classification
Soil is a particular kind of earth or ground consisting of rock & mineral particles mixed with organic
matter or any unconsolidated material that is the product of weathering & mechanical disintegration of
rocks, composed of discrete particles with gases & liquids interspersed between them is known as soil.
Available type of soils
Residual soil

After the soluble elements have been dissolved the remaining is
Residual soil. Residual soils can be formed from igneous, Sedimentary &
Metamorphic rocks. Weathering might be partial; structure may be
meta-stable, exhibiting strength loss on disturbance.

Transported soil

Transported soil is formed in three stages, as in order first stage is
Weathering or breakdown in materials then the second stage is erosion
or the transportation from its original location & the final stage is
deposition.

Alluvial soil

Alluvial soil is a fine grained fertile soil deposited in lakes or in flood
plains by water flowing over them. Alluvial soil contains clay, silt, gravel
& similar materials)

Marine soil

Marine soil is heaped upon the beaches in coastal areas, materials
eroded from the beaches by tidal action of the waves & the materials
carried out to the sea from streams forms Marine soil. These type of soil
have a structure reflecting the saline condition during deposition. In this
soil shell fragments & micro organisms are prevalent.

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Glacial soil

The composition of this type of soil exceedingly non uniform structure
formed by the particles carried out by the Glaciers

Aeolian soils

This kind of soil is so porous its formed from sand & silt particles carried
by wind.

Organic soils

If the soil contains a large percent of organic matter it is known as
organic soil.

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Available boring methods
Bore holes are usually used to classify & to identify the soil purposes or to take samples, also bore holes
are used determine the ground below 6m depth.
Rotary Boring

Most rock formations can be drilled, the drilling can be done above &
below the water table. The drilling depth is over 40m, water & mud
supports unstable formations. A cutting bit attached to the bottom is
used to drill.

Light Percussion Drilling

Simple to operate & maintain comparing to other drilling methods, can
be used on variety of rocks. The drilling dept is considerable but a
relatively slow method.

Auger Boring

A simple & a economical boring method, the method is a dry method &
can be used only on soft soils. Handling should be done carefully when
taking the auger out because it may generate suction in the borehole
which can disturb the soil to be sampled

Hand Auger Boring

This boring method is suitable for soil research & its an inexpensive
method, also its easy to operate & maintain but this method is also a
slow method relatively.

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Wash Boring

In this method soil remains undisturbed, the equipment is light &
inexpensive also an advantage is it can be used for small & large holes.

Water Jetting

This boring method makes the hole by jetting high pressured water to
the soil below the casing. This method is fast, cheap & requires only a
little skill to handle. Disadvantage of using this method is a volume of
soil gets contaminated with water & the soil gets highly disturbed.
Not a suitable method for soil sampling.

Proposed boring method
The chosen site is in the middle of the city so itll cause many problems if heavy machinery is
used during the day time so the most suitable method for the construction in Colombo Street
is Light percussion drilling
In light percussion drilling method, the equipments can be moved easily comparing to like
rotary drilling system other drilling systems also can be used but because its for the soil
exploration & because we dont know the state beneath the ground level this method is much
more suitable.

Proposed boring method Light Percussion Drilling.

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Available types of foundation

Shallow foundations
Spread footing

Spread footing foundations are commonly used in residential
constructions; these are strips or pads of concrete which takes the load
from the walls & columns of the structure.

Pad footing

Pad footing is also known as isolated footing. The footing is provided
under a column, the shape of the footing usually is circular, square &
rectangular.

Strip footing

Usually used to support a line of loads , either due to load from walls or
pad footings are closer. Strip foundations can also be constructed from
unreinforced concrete.

Combined footing

Combined foundations are in rectangular or in trapezoidal shape to
provide a uniform pressure to the ground. Two foundations are
connected using a strap beam.

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Mat or Raft foundation

Raft foundations are used when the load is needed to spread to a large
area, often used in soft soils with a low bearing capacity, Using raft
foundations are more economical & convenient than using number of
excavations.

Deep foundations
Piled foundation

Deep foundations are the ones usually depths go to below 3m, piling is
used to ensure the safety & the required load bearing of the foundation.
The cost is high relatively high comparing to shallow foundation
methods but the safety & the durability is also high comparing to
shallow foundations. Using deep foundations depends on the load of
the structure.

Proposed foundation for the selected site
The proposed Supermarket is a 4 storey building with a basement car park. A supermarket is a place
where lot of people move around & a considerable amount of load will be on the foundation, also
because of the basement car park the ground has to excavated at least 4m depth. According to the
borehole log provided to the construction site at Colombo Street after excavating for the car park if a
Shallow foundation method is used the foundation has to be done on the Brownish fine sand or on
Fine medium sand which are materials hardly can be relied for a strong foundation so as I think
because of its a commercial building a Deep foundation has to be used to ensure the safety which
means the suitable foundation method is Piled Raft foundation .The piling should go at least 9m
deep till the Blackish grey very highly weathered rock.

Proposed foundation Piled Raft foundation

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Types of excavations
Bulk Excavation

Bulk excavation is the process of excavating the required area & moving
the excavated materials to another place.

Rock Excavation

Breaking rocks using hammers or other machineries widely used in road
construction but if there are rocks disturbing to the construction of the
building rock excavation is used to clear the area.

Trench Excavation

Trench excavation is used for as strip foundations or in raft foundation
to excavate the required trench

Hole/Pit Excavation

Hole excavation is used for piling purposes, pit excavation is to cover a
large area of foundation as in raft foundation. To dig hole there are
various type of drillings as in boring methods for pit excavation there
are certain types of machineries to use.

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Associated temporary works for the construction of foundation
Shoring
Shoring is a method most commonly used to ensure the safety of the workers & to prevent the
excavation from caving in. Shoring is also light weight, portable & easy to install.
Vertical Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring (Spot bracing)

Trench Slide rail system

Trench Lite shield

Extruded Aluminum trench shield

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Hydraulic shields

Trench Waler systems

Man hole shores

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Construction method of Piled Raft foundation
Testing the nature of the soil
The weight resistance of soil & the weight bearing of the soil should be checked before
any type of construction commenced. Types of Soil acts differently due to the load its
bearing soil is classified as Practically incompressible soil, Compressible soil & Soils
which escapes laterally. The type of the foundation depends on which kind of soil the
land has.
Piled foundation
Because of the construction is a commercial building the load will be high during the life
span of the structure, also because of the underground car parks weight & considering
the borehole log the construction requires piling.
There are 3 types of piles; Bored piles, Driven piles & Steel or H piles. Within these three
types the type of piling I choose is bored piling.
To construct the pile first the required depth should be bored using a suitable boring
method, after reaching the required depth the reinforcement for the pile has to be
inserted then finally the bored hole is filled with the special concrete mixture which
dont face aggregation, then let it harden naturally.

Raft foundation (footing)
After completing the piled foundation the construction requires a raft foundation to
distribute the load to the piles.
The method of distributing load is using a Raft foundation.
To construct a Raft foundation first of all the formwork should be arranged after its
done the bottom of the foundation should be water proofed including the pile heads.
After water proofing the reinforcement is done up to standard qualities & with required
spacing, suitable type of bars etc.
Finally the concrete mixture is filled to the required area using vibrates & other
necessary equipments & machineries to maintain the quality

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Formwork arrangements needed for construction

Formwork arrangement needed for the construction of Slab

The Slab formwork previewed in this image is a Aluminum panel
form work with metal beams to support the panels. The
advantage of using this type of form work is it can be reused &
comparing with timber form work this form work method is
cheaper because it doesnt require replacing or buying a new
formwork set for a considerable period.

Formwork arrangement needed for the construction of Beam

To construction of beam form work also steel panels can be
used with metal supports. Using Metal supports & steel panels
can increase the speed of the construction & it also helps to
maintain the quality because of its adjustable heights.

Formwork arrangement needed for the construction of Column

Steel form work is also available for column formwork; its also
re usable & can construct any column with any height.

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Formwork arrangement needed for the construction of Staircase

For the formwork of staircase the materials
used is timber, metal bars & to support the
structure & ply wood as showed in the image.

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Reinforce arrangement in structural elements
Reinforce arrangement for Beam

Method of construction Beam reinforcement
Before placing reinforcement in beam footings you need to make a cage out of rods and stirrups as they
form a cage. Place the reinforcement cage in the trench, making sure it does not touch the trench sides
& has the required cover. Support the bottom bars or rods on bar chairs, or hang them from a timber
support across the top of the trench also when one beam meets another beam, overlap the rods by the
full width of the cage.

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Beam reinforced arrangement of the visited site

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Reinforce arrangement for Column

Method of construction Column reinforcement
As same as Beam reinforcement steel cages are made with steel & usually columns are made with the
slab reinforcement so the slab reinforcement & the column reinforcements are connected. Unlike Beam
reinforcement column reinforcement doesnt require a trench because its built vertical form work is
required only when concreting when preparing the reinforcement no formwork is needed. As in beam
reinforcement when the reinforcement of one column connects to another column reinforcement the
two reinforcement should overlap for at least for 1m. The links, number of bars the space between them
has to be up to standards to maintain the quality.

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Column Reinforce arrangement of the visited site

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Reinforce arrangement for Slab

Method of construction Slab reinforcement
First the formwork should be arranged after completing the formwork the reinforced has to be laid with
the required steel bars. After laying the reinforcement concrete cover blocks should be kept under the
reinforcement to lift the reinforcement for the required cover to obtain the fire resistance & the
moisture resistance as structure requires. Overlapping also should be done when joining the
reinforcement.

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Brick work
Brick walls are known as wet partition its because it requires a mortar mixed with water to construct
using this material. Bricks are made by molding good clay into a block & let it dry then burnt. Hand
molding & drying out in the sun was the first method use to make bricks but now with the technological
development machineries are used to cut & burn the bricks.
Uses of brick work in construction
As building blocks
Before bricks are used in construction work first it has
to be tested for its quality, there can be cracks,
deformations , not in standard shape etc. after testing
bricks are laid using a mortar as a bonding agent. When
bricks are used to build walls there is a special
arrangement of laying bricks its known as English
bond (shown in the image). In bricklaying, an
arrangement of bricks such that one course has the
short sides of the bricks (headers) facing outwards, and
the next course has the long sides of the bricks
(stretchers) facing outwards is known as English bond.
Building brick walls as to English bond gives the wall its
required strength & characteristics of a wall.

Fire protection

Bricks have a good fire resistance capability. Using this
advantage of bricks when a building needs extra fire
protection (as emergency fire exits) a layer of brick is
added to cover the structure. Which will give the
construction extra protection against fire. Construction
method is same as brick walls

Foot paths/Pavements

Because of bricks appearance & strength its also used
in foot paths & pavements.

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Method for construction of first floor concrete slab

Formwork arrangement
The formwork of slabs should be started after completing the columns up to the bottom level of slab
beams. Plywood sheets can be arranged for the form work & it has to be water proofed by applying
grease or covering it from a polythene layer. GI pipes, Acro(T) jack and 2"x4" timber arrangements are
used to supports the formwork.

Slab formwork arrangements

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Plywood sheets used for formwork.

Arrangements to support the form work.

Reinforce arrangement
The Reinforcement is arranged according to the design provided & the arrangement depends on the
load the slab will be carrying. The bars, spacing everything will be decided by the structural engineer
& the reinforcement has to be laid according to him. After laying the reinforcement concrete cover
blocks are kept under the reinforcement to protect the reinforcement from moisture & for the fire
resistance required by the building.

Rein force arrangement Concrete cover block
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Concreting
After the formwork & reinforcement arrangements are done the final step is to fill it with the concrete
mixture. While filling the concrete a vibrator is used to allow concrete to touch every surface & to make
sure there will be no cavities after hardened. After concreting the surface is smoothed before getting
hardened.

Using the vibrator smoothing the surface

Curing
After concreting a good care has to be taken of the concrete to ensure that the concrete will gain its full
strength after hardening. The concrete starts to harden from outside after around 2, 3 days. If there is
no sufficient water the slab will start to crack & the slab will be a failure. To avoid this from happening
the surface of the concrete should always be in a wet condition. To keep the surface wet a brick wall can
be made around the concrete from cement or clay, then fill water to the surface. It has to be checked
from time to time until the concrete gains its full strength & when the surface looks dry it has to be filled
again. Also the concrete can be covered by polythene to stop water evaporating from the surface

A brick wall made around the concrete Covered from polythene

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Wall & Floor finishes
The site I selected for the exploration is a General hospital so wall & floor finishes are considered for
The front reception, Bathrooms & for the hospital wards.
Available materials for the floor finishing
Material for the floor finishing of the showrooms should provide a pleasant look to the customer
& also it should give a luxurious look to the showroom. Because of lot of people are moving so
the material should be easy to clean & in the same time the material shouldnt require often
cleaning.

Laminated wood flooring

Laminate flooring is a multi layer synthetic flooring product
fused together using a lamination process. Laminated floor is
attractive as same as natural floor materials but it costs less
than natural floor materials & also much durable than using
carpet

Hardwood flooring

Hardwood flooring is a material rich in its appearance also it
gives more strength and overall long life. using hardwood
flooring costs more but its a durable material for flooring.

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Lime stone tile

Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the
minerals calcite and/or aragonite. Limestone flooring is durable
& gives a luxurious appearance but using limestone tiles are
highly expensive.

Terrazzo

Terrazzo is made up of small marble chips or stone chips that
are set hard in a binding material and then ground over until
completely level. Using terrazzo is less expensive & durable also
the appearance of the floor increases as the usage of the floor
increases.

Ceramic tile

Ceramic tiles are made with clay base & glazed ceramic material
top. Ceramic tiles are relatively cheap & only the top surface
can be exposed, if the top ceramic layer is chipped off the tile
cannot be used. Advantage of using this type of tile is wide
range of colors & textures are available.

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Granite tile

Granite is made by cutting & polishing the granite stone.
Granite doesnt under go any manufacturing process, variety of
textures is available & the appearance can be improved into a
glossy, grand look by polishing. The cost for granite is high as
same as marble & granite doesnt have to be polished
continuously.

Glass tiles & Mosaics

Glass tiles are pieces of glass formed into consistent shapes&
artistic figures. Because of glass tiles are more rigid it can break
easily & glass tiles are highly expensive.

Homogeneous tiles

Homogeneous tiles are made with the same material unlike
ceramic or porcelain tiles any side of the tile can be exposed.
Homogeneous tiles are more expensive than ceramic tiles but it
is durable & if the tile gets damaged the visibility of the damage
is low with this type of tiles.

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Carpet tiles

Carpet tiles are square sections of carpeting that are sometimes
used in place of rolled carpeting, user can choose the carpet
from a wide range of colors. Installation of carpet tiles is much
easier than any other flooring material & another advantage of
using carpet tiles is if a carpet gets stained only the particular
section has to be replaced. The cost for carpet tiles is expensive
than a normal carpet.

Carpet

Common types available are fabric & wool loops carpets
because carpets are synthetic materials a wide range of colors
are available & wide range of textures are available. The cost is
low comparing to other materials, the durability of a carpet is
also low comparatively.

Vinyl plank flooring

Vinyl is easy to install quickly & it also gives a looking surface
.Because of its an artificial material a wide range of textures &
colors are available also vinyl flooring is relatively cheap but the
price may differ from the vinyl chosen. The durability is same as
carpets, advantage of using this material is its hygienic.

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Floor finishing material for the front reception
The front of a hospital should be attractive & it should give the patient a pleasant feeling that this
hospital is hygienic & it certainly can cure the illness he has, so it has to be a material easy to clean,
Hygienic & with some luxury look so between these materials the most suitable material for the front
reception is Granite flooring.
Floor finishing recommended for the front reception Granite tiles.

Floor finishing material for the bathrooms
The bathroom is a place that used by lot of people, so it has to be a material so easy to clean, less
slippery, easy to clean & a material doesnt absorb water. So considering the above materials the most
suitable material for the bathroom floor finish is Ceramic tiles.
Floor finishing recommended for bathroom Ceramic tiles.

Floor finishing material for the Hospital wards
The hospital ward also has to be hygienic & clean as any other place in a hospital. Also patients can
vomit or drop liquids or blood can drop on the wards floor so again it has to be a material doesnt
absorb water, easy to clean & not stains so again the suitable material for flooring of the hospital ward is
Ceramic tiles.
Floor finishing recommended for the hospital ward Ceramic tiles.

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Available materials for the wall finishes
Material chose for the outer wall finish is as much as important as any other finishing because its the
first thing the customer sees & from the outer finish people decides how inside of the shopping
complex is. If the shopping complex has a poor outer wall finish people wouldnt even care much to take
a look inside but if it has a rich outer wall finish people would come in even its an empty shopping
complex. An outer wall increases the income of a commercial building so it has to be luxurious,
attractive & something unique to grab peoples attention.

Plastering & paint

Plastering is commonly used in brick & block walls, Gypsum plastering,
Lime plastering & Cement plastering are the available plastering
methods. The surface remains smooth & soft after plastering. Usually
after plastering paint is applied on the wall to improve the appearance.

PVC Cladding

Covering one material from another material is called cladding.
Aluminum sheet, stone, brick, granite, wood etc. can be used for
cladding. The appearance of any kind of partition can be improved using
cladding.

Wall finishing material for the front reception, Hospital wards &
bathrooms.
For all three places the most suitable material is PVC cladding because it is water proof, hygienic & its
easy to keep clean. Also it has a good luxury look.
Wall finishing recommended for the hospital ward, Front reception & bathrooms PVC cladding.

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Water proofing
Elements to be water proofed in a building
Basement
Foundation
Roof
Bathroom floors/walls

Method of water proofing the bathroom

Fiber flex
Fiber flex is a material can be applied on top of joints & places possible of having a leakage. When it is
applied it seals the place & water proof the place this product can be applied on bathroom walls & floors
for water proofing.

Poly cloth reinforcing fabric
This is product can be pated on top for water proofing for bathroom floors this material can be pasted
from the bottom & then tile the surface from the top. Also can be used in the same way on walls, the
plastering or the painting can be done top of this product.

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Timberwork used in building construction

Formwork
Timber is used in formwork because of its a easy material to
find & a material with a reasonable durability. Timber is used in
form work for slabs, beams, columns, foundation Almost in
every concrete work mostly timber is used as a material for the
form work.

Doors

Timber doors are mostly used in residential construction
because of its durability & for the strength.

Windows

Timber is used in windows to increase the appearance of a
house or a building. Mostly timber windows are also used in
residential construction because of its expensiveness timber
dont get used usually in large scales

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Timber joints
Mortise & Tenon joints

This is the most commonly used type of joints this joint is much
stronger & the joint is less likely to crack. A mortise is basically a
slot cut in a piece of stock & a Tenon is a reduced tongue.

Mortise & Tenon joints with pin

This is the most common of all conventional joints, The pining
offers the opportunity to accent the corners.

Haunch Mortise & Tenon joints

The haunch piece should extend beyond no more than one
quarter along the tenon

Haunched Mortise & Tenon

This is built into the tenon to fill the grooves in the stiles

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The ongoing construction site chose to study
Elevations of the proposed construction

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Slab & Beam layout of the proposed construction

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Wall foundation & retaining wall detail of the proposed construction

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Column foundation detail of the proposed construction

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Foundation & tie beam layout of the proposed construction

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Pictures of the visited site

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Conclusion

This is the final page of the assignment & it was really difficult to find
information on some topics even on the internet so I referred the
tutorials I was given regarding this subject. Most of my conclusions on
the topics are mentioned in the assignment.
I hope Ive done the assignment according to the proper criteria & I
Thank you for spending your valuable time to take a look at this
assignment

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Reference

http://www.itc.nl/~rossiter/Docs/FM5-410/FM5-410_Ch5.pdf
http://www.realmagick.com/alluvial-soil/
http://www.tpub.com/content/engineering/14069/css/14069_516.htm
http://www.scribd.com/doc/38415788/Boring-Methods-Presentation
http://jamesmkc.blogspot.com/2006_08_01_archive.html
http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/foundations/Fountype.htm
http://www.gme-shields.com/products

Building Construction Technology - Assignment 01 (Semester 01)

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