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Il ope Too xe o o yepoy Toopy aoy.
Hooe pltBo l{Jloo Ty ity. r.p llpela )eoI\,{ aoo oo)et|, oToo yyyo
ppII{ pIlo poBo PI o lX . I-{t a ooTey poyl'}o po ytr' To o aiLo tl
lloTye txe. ol popaT aol pa
.a, paTo po oo p PJIeT pIII
..l(l,t'',
o BogoBell ypa}loo Hoa _ eo
are ee p oao ooTB. o la Bper
Nlpa, o oa BpJI po ott oop. Be oolIoI oK P ITy poT Too PIII.
ooo eoo Io aee I,ttK paoo.
MoI oe pootu Pyo, Bpo,
oo, eo yeo oKpyax. Pao oPoo )KToo paPB,l ToB[la. I8 MpT l900 .21
o c.p yaTHKo Bape, tIl aB oeeIe a. oee p Tpt (Py.
opy), aa flypya (Bapc opy) oti
a oopeI Tex, ) ITPO oBI PzlTT
BeII\,l o'
Koeo, ooIe /{B P[IaTa oo)e paBTeJI. 25 p 1901 . epea aT epTIio eay Pao epoy, orxey epeoI a, p oTo.
p oJIa aa Poe pae Iopl Hapoo opa.
. Iopt e pe oooo T,IK .
ao oo ap. e>y orHI ypyaIrr ap aa epoopI o oo)t(oT opaoR oall.
P oae}1 ooxett IoTeo Baxo oBl'Ia
1'7

tlo ti}rJIa B aT aPTP. TDo aoo

lloo)e, paTyula Px}toT aa TrIyTI

o'oltl Po I p ypBe pyoo popo-pao [pa.teo Itrp..
oaoI aT o/] peaTo opaa KapaBoa Tao o ap 192 ., oa o errt
olK IIoaI BItIeo o pN{p oa oa}.
Hooe po [e Io oeo y) Too
ope.toB' BeIEoTlI oPtiTa o/JIl

Tp}l,) oepxBT TI B Po, p oot o.Iopo o paIa

oT Bo ooI ee22. Ta K
aot p!I Po/]o>a' Kae l oytIT RIoI a' B oeo eTe p ope Tpypa o
PT payr K, ooKy pa Po poo Toa oBl ooljI}l orp.

K ,[aa opo otll Toxea o yt

25-e ooox op oT ollKoo a' OBee

paa-aTIl e IBao I BTpaIlo oooeo oI Bo Be Topo Ca-Ceoo ooBopa pe]Iae Ca-eepypoo aBoo aoopeoo ao H'. t, oopt IKaa ysepeoT
opo oBH -:lKoo .
pao ,[a' pur K o.r)elrro o xe Be.fo , oopaoIo BoI Hlt]I}o ollTK oa.
po oa.. B l902 . pooI o ) aori oeo o > op Po. To
e epy pI tl, pp-Mt{Tp Boelri u.
p o' o pooxTl poBopoB
1 r l902 . TopoI o oey ot1t2. Oa aa o.eToM a Ko}o' aKIoy}o l900 . Apo-Bp
yte ..PaBBrxy py', apeTy ooule oaplt. B yae oeoo o PyI oa To pilo
pr{pT BoI Tpop}o r xy Bapo, t,
Py po. Tp oapa o]!'rT p rIe.t o Tl, o e e J]o pBJI Po}o otoy poB
ollooo oTBK Tpal _ Ty' Tpy o/Jo>r l]o]
oTy opae TTy-KBo Il a p lr oe' oTple o r o Po }1IIp!I
BoI TB a oyoTPoBe24.
oI o oyee erl)oo aa, po ltptsTJ]TBo t]Iy),o Io o Ha TyKy, Balo 8oPoo o epKoo eKoa a a oll<tloT
Tpoo]rT B yto (Coe) BMTo BII]) ptli:Koo .
eo)<e. Po o' a TBy o]IoBpro a Coro, pa, aToeo pooa oapoy PBTTBy pKpTT opoTe o To eKoT,.r18

o]!{y

ooy. Tp ) yTIl Ay-a Il, poo

oTo}I paK I]apoo Bo pl,l oTK ''pe.

BTBy'', aa pa TpoIIoIlTo oT e
KogaKo aTpa25.
,[pyoe yoe Po' oTopI o Co' Ktoo B pT ep PoT aKotl opa ts op.
..popo',
13e o peTpoBao paB.eBo
aa
oapo oeo' K ea I BItly>t<e KT oo opB.l. lI. o a <y .pa Klr .[a tlol] B a l903 ' oTTBKy' KoTop pa x la
B

IlI]T.

p po o ro ooxo a Hpoo-e-

l)ayl llpr. Ta o oao pBP)<I Caoo]l oT o y opa T' e a eI tIT T,

]lO a l908 . p, a To p oT I{.l.oB IIPTol}IRa TIpe aa: Bo aB o ooBaeo o Po
IIepo, [ o,,[p o p y.
B a l903 ' oppoBao IIPI]TTo poa. K
Py Ky oTaBT Bo ae aT Toa, o.topI
l]tuo.r'r' oel\,1 IKoM ao ]vly oKoltoo
(.]'].aooB'

o p'.ooo,' v Jl)Boe

!I-

]'pTBo ByTpe 'a .r.poT I BB,l B H)t('l'

lr /{1.aTpI' poTIioR 1.oo .|. /l |!| o KPaT] Ix
ll0l(o826' B op 1906 ' aoBl Kaao, Kot.opt o Py tipa Po poa, <Deptra t t]lyx a}IT o e.ol' HoyoI .
l}le Tor oHo BTTJI peoe OPoTe. Ha.I]l0 aToBoo /lB)Ke, ooeo rtpooxeJ]Ho Il xe|{o opoe. Bty o ap 1906 .' oo o 40 .
lJ .o )e oy oy lpo )yapor o oa IaTepo pK. Hooo TyoB poo 16 ap l907 . rlp oTp]T Hapooo p o oBTa '
l1oeoa aPTI TyTo, pots o lTy lrPoaB-

'rr. oyo .l'yeoB oBT l{llTpo apo K

..are
T ya ooe)'' po..loo ooI '' ..Ixoe oyopeee ooo'', per ..ITpIx Bpayer P''. B oTTo Il])I paBeTo aKlo Co yBepTT tl ooa
( aT _ a r) yoo ex poe2?'
..ooo''

pa

oo epol{o oorI-

oo o. B o Teert Toy ooTBoa o,l'lla oaTBa' oI po BIreHItt poo

apep. e 1905 . o tloBt ].aoxtiltlap, a|B oaKIo t{yTpIo oT KoKyp aopotiK ToBpo' a oorr oo p B I905_l906 . oap
larova eoBaBI]Il o 1912 . opor ooBopl JIHr
l9

eBpoe p>aa Po' pae, Bop,

pa e epI oa yTaoe Iox e oul a oro oPTPyI polleI ToBpoB. o ae ee t p B P
1905 . y y ot o o oope oIloT.
o o yBepoTI poro oToe Pyo
yTp 1I eo peptlT ooeIe
oTI pJI' B]1toa po Koe, T.' otloooo
po]]o'l.B oeo poe28.
ooxet pyTTI ae aT.
oo ro ap.rppoo 283 yTpaI pp, To
aae a Bo aTIBo y> 820. B o p
yB rIBeT B oIleo. p, l]yTp oxpaa o ooeI o, a oro
ppT ePePaaTIB poyr oaPKoo eJlee.
a pollttoT aa 42,o o oeo a po.
I]Ix pep' a TTI pooo aac 20'9o e p' . oy To llopoeo yp oap Poo oT Ty - py>a29. Hop a aTo yetlee oa]llt{,
olrpo e,e oTaBao o apoaI pll.
I. peBHa oxa o-pe)Nry pa, y ooBa oo B l87o oT]0. oao yxe 1905 . oap Ha epBoe eTo po o oBoTBy llII
yy tl.
o ao.t, HTIx B poIrrlo.l., Io eo. H
oo pep,l' PolJo B pe 13 eo' oap
y.t o.l.a:r lroypHo. ooo
o ao a eKTpoIJ]l. Pao aa etITeoe eTo B oao Tpyype oea.
pa..tr ..ooo'' Ioo aepyTyt .lpo-

Tylo tloPMllfy' poaI )eooo>I lI

TIpoo_.I.p opytlll1 Paop_roe_e rBo. Oe

NI TpaToe Kotloeo Hae _ pBa 'lIBaa CeBeyto >yl oapr' a BToP ox ra oTKpIT
y Maeolr' Cpeo ae yeo Tpo!I.i.eTBy
rrlol tloT)KHoT oopI po l899 o 19l1 ' opo
680 o 89ul5 . r ooyxlll TK pI yax
opoa Py, Cloe Be, peoTpypoI opt ype (l903) Bap (l906)2. B oaao yo paBTt,l
pe lr ere opoB. B 1905_1907 . opT Toao
lpo aoo, To BpBIe oe r opol aa. Ho oTBoy paTIII ettleooe pTTBoB oIlTe KTo _ BTe Baoo apaTea Kx oap p paa 1878 . papoTpa
Ha eo cTI{y Kay, yaoBy B Oao Mp.
20

oo paBBaa ype aoa

B a . op yopo|| 29 aHKoB,
too oo rJlee o oTo 61. a o <e B

pl.

oBo aoplx e y.fo - l9l2 . Io ye

l72. oe a epI oeTBa opaoBa yT l{oTpaoo aaa3.
..oot'' y oo lJH ooPyerN'I .
-lt. B oe l903 . I Pl]T raI o o yTpoe
BooPyxeI . Coa ap ye 25 "f|c' o 60 Tl' e.oBK. )eoo poBo ot{I ye.

Ta p paPa-

o oI Type, B ooTBTTBI{ KoToPl op

]UI pee o aoal a oo Io
'100-Ivyr apr oeI oopxllll]!{ ooToeHtllll op Kopyo. oe 30olo rxT TpaHl Ieo
lta xI . aao opeoe opyl, p) Bo B
Apo-Bep, pa ea. o opl pBJIltl,t oyv BoeI Bee Po, Ta, epa
pa]4. opr otlIr eal, pyToa
Ila pePl aep oKo , oTM'l loe o-

B o e oo TI,1 o.
|]op o oaa a o..a o py''.

]]le aa o.

pao Hpoo-po p peoppoao

y a oyapTeo-apaTBIll TpyKTypl
tlooe eo a. toT. o
1lopooI o opoa oT BBoe I{ oa l907 '
.1.500 e. Po aTPoyJla !I oaT oo oy)rra. paa ap Ta p oToPI la rIo oJ7la}o III oaoo Txoa. B 1905 . Hapooe oI)a po ao o aT )eoo eToo py. CeitI ao o aoypo IJI yo (1905) Ip
Il:ly po pBT op opoo e.
..aooI', oa aeI B pBT oPo yypI. Mp oHoo o t 1.tl
a ro aaB y o, or opoe opao|!Hlle Tao o ol]5. oaao oo oripaoaI poeoI tltKo, yylIIJIa aTe.
l)tI , y pl a opor,r, Jlo)ele
tr t>6. K o pBoo eTeT B. paTrIK B
.Ipaa Ia oea aaIlI loa, o oToI pIrltao 3500. Cpe a orp)aI{ BI oI oyp.
.ro. yopoa 26 . B ape l905 ' BIree y:Itte to ePeeoao oap ypTe N{' CB. Kta opoo. axre peopl oo)eo Kaa
ll;l oIle ypo paoo oaoo ae'
lr 1900 . aoTIe oa 23,9a o oo HIJ,
o 1910 . lo 33.Jo/a1.
21

 op ..ao Bopo''
oapKo paTeJ]To yerll{o ao oK
poa. eo, .ro o C-CeaKoy pt{oy ootsoy
Mao r lea o K> op. oo
eI Ie plro oaT o orrrpo ao oyapTo 1'pe poo aII. pK
TpaTT opaT or o/l'l.pKo ypaBe' B
pxaBl! oaBIiI TpTal.' oa OKyto l\,{ep poe']'a o peM peopI, vot pa pB xpa
yya' o To oTeTtso y e B][o.
1878 . o pp op ipaoo all poT porioo, oTlioo tlooo

epa.
Haa B. ao la Tepaolll{ aKooo tsoPoa. ypel'i poel Oo p otl IIBpaT poy eoa' TpatsBlUy IlTpl oJ]Il TPIr B p)Ka' BtIa oTopr Mo opo Bx<l eooT o>eJ8. Mo aerIrI oTzlo T.leKo poTo. o oot'tt o o.l'j]II ' T oToPi H oe ooBaa tsoto llIlol Pl1)oT' pya qT op e ..aeot{K opl''' o r opoo Topa lI opaa
Baa Kl.tea, oyoBa] l900 '' B Mao po)Bao: lap _ l l81 336' po . 499 204, eKoB 228 702, ac
l28 71l, pyl _60767' BpeB.67 840, I 54557, pY
4000 '.l opTa, BTIlo' poaa Bo O,l{Jlal{I B ooTBTTB lI BepooBea. Oo poy>l,l
oaoo ool{a Ta e a l'txr.' oo rt ootx op oo-ooooo Be
r ira oa a oeyro poB.
oe op l870 . oo ap a po HaTeo .t paooo ae ao' ooo p KoTtlTooKo [aTI'Iapl Ilo PlIK oapo pKIJ. B x o o poB ooa! o'lopl oae BT yN{a.tpB Bo olioBI poTIlBI]IlKoBl otl .aJI Opa. ao B PKoo
yoBI{1.Ba. B Py.f.l' Beo-aa aT oa opIro N{)y p op .r. T opao, B IIpBoaIioM pe rlpo a}looo ooPc{JllI a llo.

a aTpoB (..Koao', ..poao,')

KapxToR (''opoHo'')a0.
B l893 . o Bo Ta opair, tLlHa
a oT)e llpoKo oI,ITeo aoo KeoI.1 pai{x ooir tlpa]. ot olepyT o} aoToTJIo']. [ptlTtioT NlaKotlK oTa' y.BoaBlUIINI
22

Co, A p, oa Ta oa. Byplt

\JKoo-oprro PBolooo opae (BMoPo)42' oItoo opo eeoT Ba Boop) oa apI.tl oTpoB (e) poB oao aIII{HTPa xaaprtp!. B aeT yIueo oo yoo oplir BKope BItly o ,ee, e.rIII o aToo
rr

Mo B paKa pa py aa.
,[o BoPo ooTBeToa oT oKoo
IIaTTBa' KoToPo B oe I _ X B., y.IT]B ol(lllo BK p)<a oe TPH' Blyao a
|lPo po Mao K op' Co oaaa
lIpoTaBee oo T poBt{ll oao L{ep oao 2-y llapapy pIJoo TPaKTT PacaTpaa ally y a po)<yToIrI Ta y K po}lt{}o.
B oapo IITB a ooa a-TKo
op oy lPoKoe oeeoe ytl. ao
/ITBB IoI i\,{ao[iK Me, allale .o MTo B oo, yTyplro o ) x op44. I8q7 . opo P\'l o'la Hl
o|lpe oeT (..p''), Boeele oy /]oT
e aBToIlo Mo paK. x oa poBopro
,]ao Tal o yN{. o T oe.R
aDI opao a]Ilx opo. B l900 ' o KIa yxe
l ].I' eoK, o oTBo o ooy HtloT o-

po, oIlI a eo yx B oPKo ap.

'rp yx ,.pa'' Bxo TaPrx oepta5.

Bo .]1eao TBoBBIII oaI{, p oTo.

ptx o o a BpoBHI eoo-op KoTT

(BMOK). ooI ape 1895 ., o oKIB )y aTepay oN1o B]\4oPo' ooo p opo rIT a opy)< ea46. Pyool oeo oI
'(
oapo
p a TaTy oTaK e B aJIoI B

Apaoo (Op) Ba (BoToIry PKro)

r(-

JlI ooIlpoBT T oaIe BITyrI' oTople o l

]]raT ettlaTBo BlI ep)(B, oeB l]Be a

IIopy l p]e /]ooo Bopo oaTtlK yTe. a a poTBoPtla eoo TpaT

BoPo'

Pa To ,eB oJI o oTTJIRo

p oyl opoa o ooToB Beoeo oT B MK
/lo BoToIro P. Pyoo BMoK oo T aTTeI{ o Pae Ta l90l . p aa
oe aTaJ] tl l-te otloBoo TKTeoo
yp TppToP Kxa oap TeM I llol, opeTT
otxo BooPy)I PyoBoI oep T.
BOPO opaxa poTB o yeo ..pBo'' P
2

BoItI

yTBp)'

o BoTa o)Ho T

alo

ao, a Bo, oeBle oapo pllTop' o I lx BooTt ppa7.

po' aBrrIII To TI{ op, r oTKly pPy oPy ByM p]ia8.
t Bpooo KoTla BorxJI p p poopoI]a TaN{ oe 1902 ' opo)yaoe oe' - aoo oTolltl oTIo o TopoI pyoBollTBa BMoPo

oo ppoTpao a oe PoI to )KToo oao. Ho o oTaI{oBo BOK, oopI apoBa oBo

BoTa e 1903 '
oao l3 epa flaea pe eToT N'leori op opo TppTop II pTo
aTBl Tee. FloTp]e opt, Bate otI
Bx' I ytsoI, po)r< opy) Tpa [pa.
po T NIIN' eao poe]!'roTPpoBaT po
Typ oe TpN'I py' o p , pee eo,
ooB IlTpalI eoaoT TpIlI' a Pa oopo
aao opoToee oltK o. o Tpypa Ber ryy To)< po o yTy pr', o pe P t{ oBa' papoar Poe ABTpoBpe Bpa l90 . oyr popNfy pop eBoil.
fio Typa9.
Me)Ky T y Oao ep, ooTpl'ta B
opolyaKl{ BoTae' Ka. B pe 1903 .
aBII o alaer ..>rr''50 ae . oopt (Opt1) _ pya rooe, ToKo To oKollBIII oIo a) Caoax. O oa aoToTtlo Il .
ao o BMoPo, oT o(a flevBIM, oT Ko.
Topoo oy aoyr oJ{p)<y. o rre rtplrTx e a Pya op TaTy lI]]BIIyaoo TPPp.
..erlxlt,'
e Bp B pyTTo oo Bo.l'
l yoo y)I, .o oKo TppopTtl a'II pr,r]]IIyT l]Ia.]. BI{K pB pl{ ooo
ooa MKo.
O opa
apoo ..aBB'''

pay

aoIIB-

l Corro oPTy! T oBpl ePto tl x<o opo, o]]P ei{y o- ooa> o

oePe Bo Bo ae MTtloo oTe Oolroo aKa. o e yaT o pyl o eprpe
o )apa5l.
B o pl Io poo ltl 3 r' .ro. aTI{o apolltlI pTaBT eToo yyariKoo }Iae opITo oTot{ KP epa ..o'I', oTo PT' To taeTBo oTPaI,{Iloao
eoTBno aoBI oPoI. Bptr p o

poe paeTB. AB.po-Bp!r, pa

lla apa Cao BoIe op a] BoIr

llItI,tN'Ie

tlJlJIl52.

Cpe ee

BoPo

ouIe Kpe I o o

|l()opyro Bo aeo. H e opa, o'le Caoa Bp l90 ., l preo poBeT o

Lixtt olt'I, o..oKo B oooBlIt{I JI aoBoo ,ti poa''. B oTal Poao oPaT T|'ilI'1 TtI aK' eKoTopI le e BOPO,
Itt(IoaI,[a, rTy po TKo p. olr yla-

a oTaToo ooTo eaop.yto oaoKy

aa, o o erro ot, KaK Too TpLl()l]J] To a' apr B opa. o per|{li yolt{ pyoBoTBo BoK, par eo K oT1lvey5]. Haa oa Tao' opaaopa
l(]o- a oooBa K oTa'
pI Il BoTa a:..I-{ opI To, To( )I,l aNl
oe Typt, a o, .Iot oa e ]!{o o/1I'lT;
poo)e
opa, e BepoT' o oaxt poe'|Nl
( |(rI
yT
Iy)(I
eT. peoe poepxaBI
](())KTrJIo oa' oT oe ao, N't ' o paT|i()Bpeo' oKoy, yrxB BoTlt. TyP Booye.
( y a po, o opoK BoTalloBe
'. . ap
l)() o)Ka BeT TaK, ol to y BoaIIe Po\())o oT l o I''54. B ooe o TppTop
]vlKeo [IeT oBTaI oKpyo' B pp oI ('IoB oT yvao l TypK B
t 'l aa 4 a t y [ve55.
PoliK oa.I [PTo Jlea prl o|)()'y aKeoKM Bopoo' o op o]\1o.t ]lo.ta.
lloaK Co .' ae B poBop ao KaeT
l|rPoBI oepy' To! t Po << oooa ,
|'(),lpIe TBTeo eBtlo Taa, ..o pya e
r':ty', apo epHI{tlo oo; oyp, tI){
]|lI

||1l

il|)y BIle' BTIe eT; To o| NloyT T ||llr Too Tpll oTa oll ToKo }lo H9 Bo\|Y t' a ToKo op TyT o, To r)KI TK
yKoBo.

l|l,Iee oTe.oB, aK MIroBK, Po, I|.r, pao,

|]O po , oee' poBIo Bo aT pa)<oIlT BllloI P T Too ay)e oooe))56.
o poop o oc 2 aa 1903 ', e C. , oa
r Ma BIyo oTrl. Oo pooo o oytJol{
.('ooa
rt p!,, oaTo ToKyIo, Keyro, prrryro, opyro, oypyr pyro t57 attttlt58. oe el oa otloBl]olv{ B op' p(llxa ]pToo ae a Be aao ot5.

25

l9 y, a pa peopax, aa Boopy)<a
oa Apaoo e. o oao a rlr ,lBoo)I pepoopKe opo/Ia Blro Aoo. oi] aK Iae ..CTpa)aHa pya'', PoyleTi]oaa ooo 20 e' Oa oTpa Tpce TIJI /{ots

(. Maxapo, C' oooa . epxo) ToJIo paoBaT aollo oBooxrI, o p

PI oaI eopl, ooo B T ae.
Hop a xopolxy}o opIl aooe yTl }la' lto-peoP)o0 Bo to oo a.l.
oPeeo a yay. oex Be BoTaBuIe o
Pop)<aT, a paTTBo op oTKaao paB tl
oo Boa. o Io l oo o]l l,r
Tpa' a T)e Apo-Bpu Po. o TPoo Peyp o KT, To o e oyT Ilop>t<Ky, o)KT oo BoTaBrxy aee oaT ol KoT
Ty6|. BoeT )e ooKy por. OaoIi p oaI e P oJ] o)K peKo B o Typ l897 .
B oe op Typloe pBTeTBo ).[oo oI{ Boe' o 200 Io o)K)KrIo /lol'a' olJfl.ao t .
o eKoKIl TI. B ao Apooo ae olllo o y1' BeoB ep.,""o
pT opa Mayro Aro. ooo 30 I. eo .
ppo oapr62.

opa, o oK )a opo,
opeoTo o Boa oapo-po pa. .[yopotlH o}Ioe ooTP o Pea' olIKa oaoT Boopyll<t{oo oa6. oI ao y R}ta
K o IopoI Cep, a x PyI, o,1B yp

oaoo oTa Pye TppTopaoo oTeoo TT-Bo6a.

B yapoo llae oe B Meo p aao Por Apo-Bpro lpo .o,. o popa' oao 16 op 1903 . B opro oo Bolxo K IpIIITeKoe oa[I65. Coo ey lI KollTpo potsll peop aa a a>KaK arT _ po po-ep.,(eapo eoooT Popa TyPo )apep. o yHKo' oopI oo aeo
BopM op, oP>(a poae .. ,p.
Topo Papa aTlII )ltt D B oe
pao ppoBK ap,'. [ye poa IIpeoPaoBa aTPTBl yr a oyKa y
eI pTa.

Bop TBa /] BK epB pa

ropreyro Popay ooopo. oo oo

..T''
26

o e a,.yTaoe aTpo-pyKoo Kol{oy.

aeo,'. po

pTeTBo oTao oo
tlpo) oto y popi\{, popNr I]By p.
)KaI] a paKTe oKaxeT oTaToo''.
op o pa yTIloB Meo KoTB,l

..Bo

t po P)aB ..epoeKoo KopTa'''

tlo

J{p>I e

|]op)a Taoo peo)Ktl, pBo ylv{oTprB Il

KplTylo oT Mot o Oo ep o.

lllIT r KIolITeo oey Bt.

oe. aa l905 .' oooBl1Ilt TeJIlN{ Iroo)tt pooo aPa B B p8o pyKo-oo
trolio, oo oa oITa BT B o Py Prx jlOoo opo' ,[oyo ToMy BPe o.pKo
oalllee l904 . x p a oBo a.]IllN'I aT tl oep)y Tx B epxa' op o
Ilpeo) papo:tpT eopI APoo a66. [o po)<e ro pao K Toy, ot
A/Joolt -o KoTpoJl Caya aT a)ly oap
Il Boo)KoT o oe. ,o To, tlTo To BpeM
-lIoo ea aBy a oa ooPy oeo a ila, oaa, To o)o ooT ope po Po.
lipao PaTeTo poBo aoTy o orIo ooTo
Iiop, oKIa oo y oopy>. .[..ooe'' oapo ap B o I Kopoal p.

,lte oepI' pa ..ApgPo., Paaa oapoy

IlPTeT oopyoB ooxoBo 8o67.

o xe Po, o MuITa PoPa Ileo

ooTrTTBoB e oeKo . pyp )Kea oxp1II,IT Boe B a aa TptII peotspa ap.
ttlte y-o68. B ao oT o.eI NlaT o'I.l y> oe oI pea patIl al)rtTI pe[le aeooo Bopoa - oT IlPoee ao
tt op, opoa aooeoo aooo )TB o aea Mao )y oyapT.
(Jao po)}i ll oKa KKoo ll l{ oTy
ooo eppa69.
Ta oa o BIB yee poo t{Tpoe.
rr oap. pa, oTa aa ytrlToeI{
oI
1lo oe opoKoB l ]]oKo
.,potrl] oy op. Ta, p a oaa, T
Mao oap ooo I x oo p o
opoI ypo p[IT epoI Bopo, BoKllI - e](otlK ap''. o TppTop l p , o, o o , <o Io I yoBoT e
o poI70.
oee rpureo popI e Pu]o poNlI ao. T op IIPDeo poo
2'7

poBo Typr ae. eoe aee pypo apao <aoI pTaBT Po .K. ,[py Apo-Bep . Mry, oToPl to opyvo KoTPopoBa oyeTBJ]Il a pop7l.
oe pxe -peopxoo BoTa
oap ee ao Booo p peo oa.

Coo paBTTBo lTaJ]o opaBT Ty l{Tyro y

oattle o ao, KoTopoe :ao ooxtlI l\'lpTe
l904 . o TpyIlI poBopo. op oaa PTBopIlT B
x Mrprrr peopt, TK)<e 'r.poa e ape.
oal (oee 4 TI. eoBe, JIaBHl opao Rtelr
y), pIIIT opaTT poI e la exeeB D peoTaBT pTBa /I oo . Taxe ay

oo oT BeI B 1903 ' op.r a o opK ToBpoB. C, o Bo Tool, o po)T y, vor BoPTTBoBaT peoy pott l
Tp peoroepoB op' Corta] lo eo oo)I BIoo oTofo Kp B o po-TyP K oTtlol. o oop K p<I72.
K poa K o epe' B 1904 ' t oa o.rpo BeIrl oop, B KoTopo oa oyllpTa oop Mropey] poPay, oea oBMTo peToa toy Booy BrxTT Maeo otl
oaIBaT oey oeP)I(Ky Py py B yae aa}I oy opo7]. oao oa aeo opo e t pt, o.
a[Iee pae e BIoo. B l904_1905 . }rto
Tooe p opx T B aoe Kyoo, a B
1906 . ooo roa ery H pooIIIJIo o)eToeo p)eea' K 1906 ' po B y)K ppoTaJlo t)yt
a Bapapo o, BI Pee, T'e' oaT, oTopyr o l903 . oapa K3aP aa o75'
Te opo tl oTBo l' Hay x o ao Apaooo o |.7 op yI aBIl' B .rrao
79 857 yvo. B o > p op ap paoaaJ]
ll80 ePBaM, ea .7 ap B o (Op, olr,
Hepoo, B, , Cpy ap). opa epoa opa l pa B Py eap ao
pa76.
B l907 . opo P!]Teo y)<e e Kplao, To Boaoe a-a pa B.t BoIi lillloo ero. T aav o t opIl ToKo ao
ap, o He oTeI BaTITaI{. oo .tp,l'!I aBTT oTo B o)< eH,oTo Tya oTtlr po-pooo eo a toI p}rl .
aa. o eo o< poaao ooBT o.
2

]la oyapTB ypee ap, oot{o oT1.T

It.:lo>r<l lo77.

1I

epo yoo oeTo lt'l.poB o a.ra op I906 .,

lIoe ro o ti p ,.ooo'. o. Oao
tap 1907 . o Tpe a ye yBo] IloBIloM'

NoaI apaI oTeK ee oTt{llo ao|]llJI B oap ptlIl{ eo. oe Kopol. plloo
ttpae ao ya ae l908 ' o TKo oTlJIioo l}{e' oooI OTII apT aN'too Kl HaPoo-p o PT o olsy.
Cey e o opa.I Bo ae Ilotll' o po p peo' apaBeI]t tl }{e HlioToplx ypoBIx oo' oo e Ko Bpea ,ooIl' BoIloB yol yBpT.l.x poa. oo a ye paa MaoBa' poBorxo K.IlII]yt
I]llllolo oTy Tpttlro oyT op>y Po
R pIxe olloo opoa, B3tl oelt troo
lJaoT op.

por aBlr]rroTI{

oerle oP pTBo

ep aTT peyaTpIl8 ay aBlIoT

Kxa o oT Tyeoo yTaa' BIaTy )o/Jlx .

ll)I y oy p, a T) oTy aTIl oo oo oooao Pe) poP paBT oorII opa oPKo ooK, ao aIo a BT IlpotsO1.I pI' yeo TPI B BeII NrlyPotrt e. B ao yae p eT p)KIl Beo o eaBopaBl
'IopoI ooBopa, aeIJIll BK ep)Ka,I oap B o I . oI{TePeI l] . rr
ltlIljo peaa poTeKoTo oT op'l]a B
ol'o ] pe poIrxHo.l. pol{t,troo
.e, opae ..< Kylr'' ..

lIa.

[o 1908 ' pa eBIIr llpy oapl't tta.l'Ta pe}r

Pll ya otlD Toax lI

/]ePxa' BI o.olt]e Byoy ol]oIto

oape ao. Tae ot 1897. 1905
1907 .l BIr roe 1908 ' o.typKa pRo}o
epeo oa a pToBKy a \,1e)<yapoori apee,
KopI opao e a aa }1 ool
Oo eP o opotlI BeK l{pxaB' oTol P?lll B
oo ep TpKTa.o BII apaT ee 1.P.roo
eoToT TopoKa op)a TaTy-o'

29

KaeT ao pa eIU ooBT oDJIII

B oTtlolrr ota B P>t<B Ty o
Jrrl o ao Kxea oa oT oKo e.

epllr opy I oooBT JlHl]o oTaoB-

o pooT tlBo IK opK oa pea.]] Cay a C. ro. l y:a

l908 ' irTlloll TIio e IITpy oTaIx /J
aprtoy o KorlTpoa, To Ta pBoro eTa /] oPlI o.pllTel oIIT' Ta a xll o oT]l.
eT paKaoe eIlIti l\,IoKoo opoa' T.. pol{
.. t lo-To Tpe )]
eolr p op'
o'Pe BopoTo, _ oox uto. _ o M eyeT
oT ao-To olree' TaKoo lt{olT IT 8 lttl
Ill]!'r, po oo eaBoT oap' oopa>
PIII' oTop] o op I!I .Ioy' epTaIT yTBoaT, o p ]!rP B To' To aT aotlolii ov
plt. .trty I \l onooBT ox lIyallt|
ol\I p.l'I eTB]!'I H paOPBT p }lBa To) tI1.O
Il pL],lIBaT Typ, poo opt eBlll,ltr,lltr'I oypTBoN'I?',?9

Ho Co oa To o To

Po>e to pxe-

peNll. Coola o 7 ay.a aoBIlIy Apo-Bp pay, apKoB na: .. > .tr, .rTo ao ula Il{ T o PoaI o oaI' o p
l'tI t a ooo.toJlo. yT oo)e, oB/JI]o' ea To
lo t ev, oae''80. Ka eo BI)a' pa ot TB}lo oo oI B Ko .a
aIaI ..oy11oI Kyo''8 |.
r 19 yTa, Ko Ty oo tlp otIT
apo, apo a epay yee:
..Har >aru
r ox<l I aMoT oa

oxpa}' eoToPI ool p B yPaBR ao,

aPP aBTotlo , aoo veoo a P.,'82

Cy IloB TKx IiaPa Io o.oJIa, oTopo }lTaBa To' 1.o oI{T poBo[I .
I\roT ooTI ope8'

oo, oyoaI 1938 ., ao p 1907 . oe p/]r)K a.

KopeT[Io-paTeo oao opoa o aoo aBo oe oTaoB po84. [eo, o oye aoo a H BIBa pea Bo Bepo
yaorrr. T o P y Bopo o pooaul l{BoT oap.,[ay oo oooo Ta

)KI{a, .o o y

eoao oee ooo85. ep _ oopoxI xTpI o]!'IT, o yTIt oep(a l1e poBoa[I0

IllI eaoT' I]la B Tee oTopoo pe],I Blo-

JlllT a oTI,1yI BHey' ToI ya plBa ooToK

ll oe e ooo . ' eDoo. tl>tl

rl eo pe[tTJIHy HTKyt ol opo o

'i'aoB oIrKpTo aTI poBoIll BoT.

Bop prl aT paTeTBo ao.ypo aoBol)Jlo ocTaoBe ooo tl a e TPP.l]opx'
l)lc yTalr opa:ly}o Ba.. oap oyBTBoB ,l
lallTo, Koa 13 p l908 . oa.l pTe Caye eo o}Ll p p tir tot ir
lIp y eoo BPa o/] peoolt't' o op e o p To. opoe peTBo peapoBo a
J1.o oti op' oTo l5 eTp eoBa oro' epe t
]( Mao epapo apoy; .. errrol
)IBe oTlN'I oBoo To, ToI I o ort
|]opo o oc''E6. KpIr oTol!rt xily By oyllpTBl{ apeJ].

oy aToBK a )ooporo oo_

L.ea, oTo Ba oToTIo yp' oap

rta l9 ep l908 . y tlI{] o Bo o,lpo. p-

] e oe yyy e' To oo Ty oaa -

'poyI a epeI o t{l KoB, Ir)e eo

paK
KaTaI.

ap,

Bo)BItl

B )ey opoy o

B o ya oapo paBeTBo pepo o-

]\IaTKe oax o Booy pa aBoT Tp'

II x T Il ooTopoe apyee poo ooBopa'

(Dpa oooe ye ol'1 BI. o TP
K

Apo-Bep l yal. B 1908 . ca pet

epIrKIr Kollpeo poK oKa o peol
Apo-B. B Bee oo aPyIxT oop
l,t oKoliaeo epoaT oKKypoBarr e. oo
Co op Apo.Beplo K a )<yyt y PBaBlo Ktla Tpa ooBT ee yTe B e aK
tP)aI' o K

ooop.

oap oaao o cao payKoe BTBo' Koopoe' yBy B poTBop ea

. Mapoo, ao oo oaT e o alla.
ltT B oo o tl Boo. Po e opa)<aa
llpoB aMoo TTya oap, o TP ooB
Co poo aK o peot
oapoe paTeBo' Tpoo pellerlo' a:ro
lte, ToI yKo l . oa ep oe.
oyoarto oTaa Bee,29 ep 1908 .
oT TPo B oTyTTe o oTaoJl eo
lIoBo ItBoT. K. oa, yM oToT ]

o]l}llI Too pI]I1l' MHTpr aIa paa TPTeJI apyo

1IB

o.I.
e

T
oP

l )oli

oToB ]

ori.| Ty Tyy, 1]o aI{rI.r TBpo Tyt rloI.l.

!aHlloN| o|lo. il M]ol} e ypo Bofl o] irl"I.

Tlt opo, B'ITI]o IIKo BJIo a oe-

ol. ilHl|lt x l.
ao, pylirrrrr lo oe>o apoo epopa pa oa, Pa 3 op oo, alo opa N'IeT B oa pe Py. Tya ){< Oo apaBtl

a
Po.r.)(l'III
tlTl, eo aBlll o }Ip oa
o ll.t .tpoIe arlI oa. Hao, a T..a
Kpi, oo oBa. Op1 K J]a PaII.r.T'

..a, oltott Mo, ao oJIo)allii /]J1

Ba, JlJl o oapoo apoa a. ao
.l.o perxe, oooe NII Blr plrBNl'I IIpB.l1B tr]lHli
:

pa Belr..I.lpoo
Ba)Koo .rotlKoo aTa
a To.lori IIPI
oyp

llKtotlTeo

l aI{IN{ IIoBo.

Tt{

olapl(oll

tstl Ho l{.

MaoB aIiT ]'op).r.I N{T e ytl

fprra.
T oaprt o ouo og, e oy Ilp
,oNl oI Plil.Ba. Ho,p a yyo oNIaTrKIl, i]
oT]\{(IaIo e/JoT! aKTep To aT, o oTIBa yT
opltao-rprI(Ieol\{y

||
l

rl()T (opo Ka otlt ooat opoyPTBo troyTyl )llyI opoy). Ha po-o

l{]\'1

|.iPo Ipa oex opo aa ot{Ilppo o:

Jl81.oporie oTIloIIl11 lll B Ty. 14 oTp MaoB I,I

Il lIt{Tpto apo aeTr ..MaT'': .,t pooaIl aBtlN'lo.t e T.oo, rl.ol oKyT ee To rr eppo.

IlllNl e o.yT To-To aTT, I pTlll' .ro] o

IlPoltolllo lteT ae po, e aUIe KpoB',i]8. T l,trl't
t(a. tloKa, To

jlO Bol.

p oTTyaT' ) e o oeT

Prl B p)l{, paaTpI e o'p

rt

po-Bplt B Iio ' aT o 5 oD Tox oJlv

'I,l.1lt oo]'to il,t' Bosa. J7 op B p .
pr1lr Po, o]IPxle pari , pyv lap

Tooa I/]a r.po o o]\rlI o ]v yl'ly

(l50 r,r ppo' tl,l.o oT.aB,IJIo oee ll e)KoI r>'l.tltt
oprr. Co oa To ItoT' B Kap epoBopl IIpr, oaoa oa Ta plBooao.
B ri pl,leoli .yIl ao oap oa.
Jl:l oll ot'too pp. )e paBrrJ] I.pI
BIlp ..cpo[ol ot1pa'' aTa Htto II poo
IIpaB.r'eTBo pooT x IJptl epIly, a TK)<
peUJ apeP aTI HoHli| yTopo oTottlr.
oo p/I B. a yeypoae oa.yp11o.
'l
o oP' 2 pa l909 . epyp pJ]o). o opoa
Boe llop/JI,l(Io' I]eo aoo peo)Kl KIo B
, o Po Tao aB}II yTo ooo yPeypoBaH trl oalla MlIlal )(ePTBI Bo
o /loT){HII.
pyp P/Jo)tr tI1lo ytrty otloo o OoiI

KpeeI yx ooJreT!:i op-

aoToToo oyaPfl.Ba
ooo a. AT oT 5 oTp
aBT TPaI, o.rpoB oPNlaoT
oaoo ya. oa aa
oapl,U,l
to BoT
paBoPaBI pTpo l] IITe N'I)yapol oToI]!iI r,I
yKp[a or1 tIeuleo.I ay'
Oo Cay y >< op oT oapl oPoo e>o o alJ yo pa oToTe-

) o)Ka Ia BI.T poKo opo 82

pao.
Pa 43 tut a epao )p.o, oToy. o
oalaa T oe.ItI ooo ay opI,1 a
oBPIo yBeprroo oyap90.
By eI Io, oTopIr J]]Io To po> o
TooN'I, Co ye yro 71e pa o. o:opl oe ,a To Cay. .l6 ap 1909 . l lro-

2 oPo

]!{

a oo.tTTByro poToo Ko-Typeoo oate o

ol opoa, a 19 ape oal oap pTBllTJl, Tp TopoB Ap o
v y }Uo-op

pooo.
B o xe e eeyp I oa poo-oaptt

poTooJI, ]ly]\'IaTpa tay oae Polr 82 lt

pao I] Tll 75 . ,[a yN{Ma oTB]] ao ttl

|2,5va o poaao apeoao ayo oall'

C oopa aK a paT 4,7570 o/Iolx. o poHT tIT PaBHTo ollt. K oy >l< ooBoP l] oep>a a-o oTe yoli, peoa aoo, ap .., tITo ao a aIl\'t BIoI , opI o
ap aKIa o T op. ooopo yt opa o.
Poa BlIraT r l 1,3 pao, oKoy IIo O:poli por 1917 . oKoe npaTTBo aypoBao B
aote oaea Poo Ilp o(l]t{oTI,I'
pI,lTIUe o py p.
ot pa Br op yay e'r.epypoi\'I
\1oooolJ) llItl|l Ky o. l'o top ll,)o
Be a o yIr ooo B B Co, yo
va9l. Po po PlIa opr Bl{NlI oao' B o oa pe 1909 ' o ea pyllc
BKe ep<aBI I,l oa ep.

op;r<, oKa Po op, oooaa lrer By oaPTB. Btpaxe Too o)t( IIT r(p
eprta lrrroa 19l0 . eepyp, e B poopI o aIt{ ooo ooopa' ooy a pe.
a o po Typ, ep pt oppoBT tIpI{l.eTBo, KoToPo I tIoJIoBao e oo paoo(e]vl, Ho
o)<o eppa. 29 pTa l9l1 . o Iy a Ma.
o y oay. Ma oppoa oBoo Palll'Ta oy pyotsoTe Hapoo ap r' B or a olll opTI. 14 pa [a atl
PT]!'r Hapooo op.
oo pI aa ol]oo paBeTa Ta ot Beoo Hapooo opa. orr oy.re ltB]\'lo,l.ll l]ot{lla eoooT eT B TIpooli Ko.l.Tyl{tl oa
tdH''7lb
' It!1]{mo |iI rcH?fl Ha ap ' apmo rtpt . o
l91l ' lt oap aooaer op lr l7- papa oy a opo, o oTa BaT o-

ya paBo oBTo pN{ JIIT yPole ooBopI (P) ot KTI ti to oe e pap[It{!I ape). o Pe lIIa e ToKo o e
oo pe) ap, Koo o oy oap oMo(o.
T aoToTo p oo o prrrT ]]o N{e)yapoIe ea. Paee e}i o apeao Be epxaat92.

Il l\IljIlee B Ko,l.lIT p/JoTaBllo pyoolB TpaI oorv ;1iili oo el.o ,IPoBaT BuIeo]l.Iey]
I(',|1.oT' !l xe oaa pe)I{: o.r. peaJIa}lro

IliIl(l.lollao.oapTI yplt poIllt oIi||)IIII o.aBaBlI o oo ar pro M(.](0Io.

Hole pae KPy, tsepo yo oeotlJlo .te.
Nl]|e Bo KoB] opoe' x a-ea
ll]liloNl llaoaoo o. o B Trt _ a
ll )IIlIooI _ Il'ya a oy. Too ere oTlI
..eI', _
t ll,]lI _ o-oKpaT]
aTalI a plio]!1
l)il,]ptrtIl llaoa}Ioo Booa pax o paLlll.t' BIBa op l9l [ . llo-ypKa Bo oap(

t' tt:t o Olrao N{pt{ oy;l<a ooTlll

i{)JloN' >t oyllp' B o pall|| l.JlTBo ero yao BoooBllo ppBaI porlrl1ll eprt o oa aaoo o.

l ul
oa' .Io aN'Io.to'll.ea I'I N{o]T PBeT K 11oP)Ke
lIlIIO, PyKoBollTerI o.pK !IoN{aT TpN{rItI Boc
rr tloet o po'l. yp oar a toyap1'a'
I! o a, To ol PTH Pelt a p, t ]lJI'II allo opx ot,i A, a Cep _ Hooapl []l a)K' Ktoo lt N4e.Io!r), a] ooTTTtlo p.
r';tlt'r epa, o1.oyT T oypT rr pe[oIlil]llloo oa oap' Boprt e aKoo oro
LllllaaJlo' .o Colt oHa opr KoN'|llpoNItI, Ta
|.iL|( o.e op e ollll.Il{Ka o(lrla lr o/1a aoo
.L||ottoNl,.l.oa a Al p ooo ]T o.
rrrt' op K p,1y o, peBap.Ie}Io o Ll|'] B.

l3 pa l9]2 ' Ia oa pB ..o,' oo ola.

|()Ie oo)<,IcIx

ytlTrJII poBopoB pI] aKTBtIoNI

lcfirr po IroNITo pe-i{TpI oap tr

( prt orta ollii
]1ooop, oopI o) I e,:l.tBoLil' o Koa l920 . Coo elty oe opor aN{o apaTpo-

lil]lll'r'p11op}la.}ly JIoToT oNto I]poTB oyl]pTB

Iat popo. rr opo, oTP ooBop a[parl to porr Typll' BTpo.BHp Pyt. Tao plUIo\ll ooBopy ppao epI B:r Too B o.
r tttt. rap p/]}raa TpplITopI{, PoJIo)Ktt]
. |().I.oKy oT ttII)l(Ho TeH p pyt Poorr op, a Cpt]||lI _ l\'{ K Bv Il po-ay oT oprroo pa p a||(

' r pIl.Iop xe' paoJIoI

)KI{y T ByN'I N{'

peoaJro BtoT B aTol{ Mao!t.

Oo e BToo t olrpa t ooBal.o.

,[ooop o' To B ya Boo o:ra ep o.
Ta Tyo Mo o y p/IJIa. oap
olloTI pea]Ja K Ioy }oo-BoToy o Kp Op opo. IIpor tpptllop e
Bp eBepo.BoToKy oT ee oJ]x l op po
epTop. Te at B ooBop oop B oI: opl [PlillllJ])aa oap, llopa, iroe)Ka
..pTpD{<y','
o ooop Ta oeI yolvf eKo oT. Oa ta Cro oy oT p)llo pll t{ oyKaT pae TepP'l.opli PMyTBo opK
ee.

|2 a \912 .

oo ooopy peTaB.l.I{ p
o oa otly}o Kolo, papaoTay}o paI}{ ]Ta ap. ,[oy PaaTpBJ] KoIlKPTltl Bo.
pol, oTol oTo opJ lope.l.llt ol
e' Coao oPo oapo ropllopa oN{aoBae oaPlt pB}to oeo, To aBIiI TaTp oI
i1 ye o Il BoToo apBe' o B oIlIITl{eKo oyTo pyyro orKy, ol.aBB aeoro epe prt o'
ot xe xy oae pr oo
o.fp l911 '' o oo TRo -a KeoKx po.
Co a a peopa a aToo eorr, AI lTya a pa. Ta e pooeB poTBop,
29 a |9|2 ' oa pe aK}otl oopoTl ooBoP, KoTopIli yrroT o aTyI]aTI paKTp. Ha ToT
pa ool B TB opa po)a pT JIoa. Bopo o y a ppop Typ ooop o.
o NIoaIlN{' KoTopoe }Io yae e pa ao
o. o a ooopoT pa yye oapo-peeK poopuli. 5 op oyt{T ooll Bott.
t{ KoEBeIJ, oBlIIa oIe I oo ya Bol:
oapr oxr r l 300 r. oo' pe _ l20 Tr.
,[ooopI Iiop P p e ooBy .
KtIKoo oa' o ooop e)<y e a:a Koa tI roJI. oToy BI eTpo oloa Ta Co. H oo yo ooopoT Tp 19l2 . oar Ta)Ke TyIIa epoop. Ta opoa o aKaflK PTallx pooB poTB OL{ao p.
Po TP tloTpaI e C.[. Coo a ooa, .Io aKa or r o}l .. e o ot{y
pyoo aTBa, o o eo o''. PoK .
oaT tl oa oToT pLIo K .I)t aBI{6

\ |i

l| apoo'

(le

eaT o oetl oT)e}r CrP.

ri rt oap ',93. oo Coo }to pyBa

]l( ) l\{o)oT Po opooBT T Ka oI-

plJoTpaT TKoBI! e r o PoI{Bop poT opao, 'l.py opoa ( R()o oIa' poa
[oaTll opa BeT a oo n()l} ],l

l!ltNl l,ITee.

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P ToM aO oe-

|||'l l,t'

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('|'])tlI T, )ypoB Py a Tp PlB

..opaoo',

r. ttlli. apaeo
oeBoo t{ yr('lll{O [oBori oro-TrHe l,loooBK. peopali|](Il'I

ap' B a.tlo yKao ap oaBa oI Bo

|)()l)I!'Ipoarr, oKpIa ol yI aB,Itl. ITo

l x Booo JIolllTBa, I aT Btil]]li NtoB

a IloKyIlKy opy o.lpoy oopy oHI (|t.)]' B aae 1912 . oapa ap TIa 2366 orrt'1lo, 1.50 Bpaetl, 50 850 oa Bppoo 52 873 poo

1rr

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l llv)I95.

ooo Booy)Ktioo oa a aa oJly)a

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rr,t opa oTBoT po.ll oT PBTJ]TB a.

Ill'|' oeKo. B oro oP oK He pj]epI{

ll)rlKro aTTypeKIo ro' a aaoo otoa

Oao epe Bopo o poBr pop
|l pollell Bae}I, aTIloT o peoaBe TotlolttItl Mao Apaooo]!'I BeTy' Oa opt yo| BopT T Tpo opl yT K BooPyxoy oy.
30 p 1 op 1912 . ot o o oartItll Bo a B Tp oelly lloTy Tpoa]ri rl optltll op, pyNIoTI 23- aap p. l' lo ooopa. oT oTpa TpoBa T(e aa o|;I ll'1. ABTpo-BrlpK poK /]oMaT] o IT o]itIloIJ.l. lpt<ayt oy, o ro yx o,l{o. l6 op
|() l2 ' Typ oBa o ppIBe oe aaK Tparr
l8 oKp ]lK oy lK oT.
'rttl'
op oo 592 c', oltlK _ 350 l. o.
rr..ri. po opeoToa o'l. oa pea aplrttl' Koo oapo p]!{ B ap pl
rLlrrr' Oe Botlllo pyKoo/]TBo otl Boox< ..o]v{oK
r Illl}I]oKoyteo,' epaJra a CaBo aa rrr rita p paa aa a. oap o oTo
rrr tp p, I{By oTpoB' oo o.oTo llBIII4 | ('](()o-apaooJloo oo lt. ]. apN4 tlo Ko l1oBa.
I l

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3- ap o aBe epao P ,[pt, yTo oopo Type pa e opBaa. Oa oxa
Ia prp poPIB! oyeTl 1- ap, a.yT
oepa. 2- aNI o oaoBrN{ Pa . oa oPoTo B o pe MaI a aay oaxT peo APoo (op, p)' .t I oBa aBI
I{ a B.

III poTBt{a.

Hayee op o o 2I_24 op a.
tlI yTa Ceoy, oo' ea eve. 3- ap
oIrla ayto o eo Jloepa, a B oTaIle
B oo oaI Aplraoo. Typee I opeoo roypa_pap, e 28 op o 2 oP our Topa pya oea opa' op ofl
popB oopoer ll' poTB B tl oTTy
ypeel op ax, oe oopol 4
o C.

B o x

p ao Poo oTp] ooo

6ry NlBa Poo op Ilx Mpaopoy lulopt.7- P l]IIBlI' oara IIoJI Cpyt,

op BoPo yopI apre px Coa'

B ope 1912 ' epe eee Ta)< aJI
op)( Tyl,r o Aa, p, oli I,I xoii
aeo. p o KTllo oo el BoPo. B o x
Bpe epoopa p yeo aTya B Kooo Hooa-

po )a'
e aa oloo r ol. oap oaI opI PI pol]oB o pooTpnoa PrPI

ooo ya ooexo' Boa po Oao

\1p ooB to oypo.to
at'I pooB.

y -

B o xe elt IpI plI]TI ol o.

}oKo olrleo p' ep ep Be II y)e

..aeo oep aK )e, Il ca op oa:
. oor ooo ep po ooo!
ay o ypoo. oapI yy peoT Typo, o
o e.te 8_10 e oa ooo ya ]rr -

o... Typo ooTBo poe ayleo... Boo<o, I

oBe o oN'Ie, oa pa I e eao BaTI4? Bepot ao oo or?''96
po<ee ap Cyy opleo ooTBTToBao ala epypa' oI )eJIa IT ToT oo ..py.
'', ..oap''. B poo .o >e ll I8

||llIT JIaI aI Cya o oap yTM o oI

riopae IK aa aaa opoa o I Bp.

rtl oopa' o lo pooo pTTBa, ypoa o To-

1lill op I{o poBopoBaT p TaKoo JI

rr .ypeo oe' a o pBo I )yapooy BMIIl ,By oB ootlyo I a opeeHo p o.
lt'tlo Po pe]ee PoN{I eoop poo97.
B yox op a a oo peoTBPTT p.
||)o p' 13 op 1912 . ap ep oy TreP.
\lv Beoo pa K-ar poo T oBoI o
||l]p. o eto oTopI BoeI ToB' o|() ToKoB'

o t aI aopl oap o-

\IIIT, oa N{o<o lo apI{T ooHoy Bo .rtl. ror p. oao p, tla peaoTI,

l|Oooao op peoe peoe, a<e

ll ll Bo Io' oe poeeoo

BeT

15 op Ba

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Il() ToKo B To J]yae' e e ae . Co perrr
Ilil.Iya. Coe po eo peapTtlo o alro
rI|)lla o pooN{, o o oa a.

a oapo pe 17_18 op o aTa)K p

yTTB oTTotloo KeTB eo pp e(loL{I to poaa' Boa oo[I pe)Ke
()

K ol x o pe ap Blya oe.
ypo)alox N{po. Cox .y B ry
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p opeee epypa o aJI o o

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lill(JIIe I'l)y oot\'tttoo oale. o y
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t ).lyTT JIo ooo
o poo,eTBe pyl1|,l]tKoy BoP)KrrIo oP B JIya ya oPoa

39

Iley ypTo Co. o Bo tlTPeoB, pyIooapKoo x, a Boo)Kllo a)e o Ta oIlo

IIBa apo-BepK ePMI{ oaT. Ta tty.
e epe e ae oToaT oap oT op'l'pOB[Io ATaTy aaKoo o99. oa oI

tlaTl TaB IIP Ko eto Ttlo]!{ yo.

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o paa ]!{o.
o oo po,]o)Ka .tI peooI o ]!1p'
23 ap l913 . Cy poorrl or ep' MaoTyP, to l9]2 ' oT.alll oT BTI1, oB R '
]]
epoBopoB. ooy ol TypeK
KT l o tIT APaoo,
2
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proopo' Bpa o oIJIo oap a oto BoooB BoI . B epe oa oa, epI
oJ]y xo BoI Bol oappots, opBall o[ITK,I tlTy yp y Llaxr' po aooo oyol.poB Il otIIl1 tI]\'I BItIT oeo-opo a pe'
oe plllo a o o, opeI pK o, 26 ap poo. pee o
a peo y.
opa o arlpo epep. PI a ToT a aTao Cay, Co e a o.tBl,l poo rlo. T oea o opa oye pyO'l.Peo ooo l9l2 . eopo ot ( peyTaTe ol e.
rr TppTop oKa o p opo)' Te
Bpe Bo paK I,l >e ooo>eo op o
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poo]ia
9 N,I 19

pype

oo

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Bot{tiIx c y PIx )<eT. pl pK Bo.

px.

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40

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\lll,'ll a'l'.lH pT o oaI opo.
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('

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||().

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l| |lopa oI oTayT x. K ooy oy pya eprrtlt lp' B ope oape T p oyapTBa paTIB tl
Il()](/Ip>y pyl, KoToPl yl]oTBop CTpo npe|(.|]oB y)K H yro ,[opyx. oaI poTRrttttir op oa oaa ep, oTop' TeTlt.llllo' 1'per,1a PeB oooo oooa a)Kaa or'| I .Ial{o oTaoBT yTaaIIe o aa.
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ly peoe o poe PpTp!I]ll Koa ;o opyx, oo pe oyeo ptl02
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22 lo |913 . o ope oaoo ap oo ool
. o oo opa Po poo o pp.
oopeo Caoo opoa o eprr op .rrpeBl Po ooToBT Bo po)<tII{ o PP aP.
eoT a aaa' Te peee epe peeK oa

poopoa oape . B ao epI apla

oape poeTlITIIe yte ye)Ke, ot{
oapcx BIKoB.
l-{p plra o pl oo Co P oaaT
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cTyBI PooP' Ho o oao pyl po.lo, ooy pa AI oKo ) ooa' (lToI il.
T BoI . B o 28 29 ro p Co pa 2- p aya a Caorr, 4- _ a ee olI
o Baapa. aaa Me(ola , 2- aaa o. oao pBI <e oap o l ooBI' K fiaa peox a peooPI' oao

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Ill}t rr ) Apo-Bpe' Tep' pytx o.
](p)o epo, p 1.1 r oll pIIJI oay ,[.
lloITa aI{oBa oT oaol a yaa.
l'oa eP, a erNI pyoo BIo! pBa Ba
l|aBe TP eal p. Boa lloBo paB-

't'o PaooB' poolx eetlI Ile oeEoM py|(ooTB _ ap ae o eepaoM [pI.

ooe prtTo oeoe Kol{aoaIIe pt,l BaT,
l(oa Tpaa ) To a ooe Boo ooo ppoa.
l l r Pyr o o oyoo ap ax :la Bol e po oap, ap a oe
}.I,IT TpeoaNl oa oa lo xr [o1ll. oo pyi\'tl a pooxa aTylI, ppyIIItl'I MoTI Ir xooo)KIlI .

1,7-2| lo l913 . op oa oTtloB aTyee

po a KaN'IKo ao. 25 aoe oaoa aIIo PKTy o oTI{Ty B pario pI. Ho opy;tte p.Ieo p' Kopo Ko a KT Boo<o.rI oetrleo pep. B > oIoIIo ta PylIllri! pI{ oopo epTTeo p>a:ra oapo
,l.o. 31 ro oa o Bax o. Oo|)Nlo ts pye yorr oooo ,lpo ooopa oa Typrr al'I aTyIIaT aay oT lII{ e_e, a
20 lrro Apaoo oT ro Booyt PaKIo. o IyiltI'o oapo PBTeo Io epep' a T]!{ aliT IlIe epeoBopI yape.
10 ya 1913 ' l oa yTI oap y.
apeT pI ooop. x [opy>a peaaa PytttIl, Maeo' a KJIIo poo p, epoa
py Ilx oroo _ Cep p. Cpa o opattrI a oo ayro pro, aay Io el(oN'ly o. Oor xy oa Typ ypeypolla[ ooopo, ollaI y 29 cep 1913 r'
oo ey Booa pa Apaooelr BoB Bolll
tt pel Typ.
O o a o I oapoo ao TII{eI _ o 55 TI. ao 105 l. oe. 4

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I

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y ox lloTa-

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Ba I{a oKaBlI oTy(I TepP.op Ioll! oB-

BIII pa oape po yyo,

ra xoo''l08. Ta p KoIlJ] aTIo B

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Ba IlaoHa aaoa.

rllll lioTrIeo opeTa oap B yoB peRrxo

tla Nrxy B]!{ <aB. or oxI rroT aa e 1914 . oap ]Ia y Koopy]!{, KoTo..,[o aT'',
|)o fy}o po pa p a
5 IlpoeT}rl ae 500 ooTI pao o poo oltl

)0 |ln. B popl o't pBo Hir opo )t(]Ho

jlPol Ko.oa oxa l oeHT RTp TpH] paoHo air.lt aT o p oepe) eoo
lop' T, B ao, Kooy aMepeBa oopyT opT' aeIll.1 oTopoo yy oapo Koo TPyo o etITo o KIi Bo .rp oya
|)o']., 11y(IeT,
rt o llop)Ke oo ollll oPT 'aa' eMa ao
tlopyt. Kpoe oo, peTo] po Kol{ro
]Kya.aI{to Rr Tpe Ktloyolx o
IIep oo-[o' Ta eooNtr oHoelle tIoTe oIJIK II op' oap a e'Pt{e p)I.

/laP.

y TopoKo HC 37 _ y oIlToB. Paoo pllplr

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a K e o opoa rrpoTpa Be BeTeo rtoT. Copa apaT oe l]Ix eoI
|9 |4 .

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op KoIlr B oo oTa]]r paTa paTTBI aaa yao oyT 129 a e

po 1 l6 oootlI.
oe topo po oo p.Ta Poaoa Io a , ToI e pI' aere oo, poaoT aBe oBopoIx eppo. eo
l9l4 . opo o l eopBIlo a opoo o

ooBo J1 op Mt{o
'o)HI poe ot. BDt(Ilul oo l,
l|oMttl{o, oo alo TI,{a Kotlolleoo BT'
II yliT' o TPaa oaa pae o TapToBo ao'
()HaKo op po)IoJl)aa oTaB peyeTBeo Pprroii pao o oTaBaa o aTlx BPoe oy-

TK. aao

x ep KoI{o oTa

apxeI po-

()pal oIT BIlyPolIT(IeKo ), B)e

|(oTot o poote eaBI{oT. K BaT po
/lt.I Pl apT oa, oTeTBo BIpoIB
oTo

op
IrTPo
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l)O
B xapoo a B Tp a opo oy](TBa .l o aoal oPo' aIIaa o B a'lIctltlIx oapa rMe.,[ o pr Tp oTotto JIBI) e)y BeJ] P(Ba' oTBa peoTe Po,
IlPa yTe aot core Kax Boax' B Pey'a,l o oaa t]p/l IlePBo aoao aapoo' .
aaxo oap oola PBoI:i Poo BoIr.
opzu B ,Tpuoo C. cop ape 1878 1944oerrr Co. 1995' T. l' 1818 |912' ' l40-l41.
z ... do !.'ao ', ono P', uz B. ctopl,i a p
1

(6lt1-l960)' o, l995. C. 241.

Boo B'K' HoopI KyoriI ool pyo-oap
.ro // ap e : po-py ljayrilr y.
tl' Co, 2000. . 19.
1 '.. ono X. Hapooeaaa (aooa) Prr, ol|l, 1986.

pa llop oap

/]. I... l.aPI{'

M''

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1987' .2i]2.

pee /Jo aI ]] / o'

6 otr e
epo, popl'loR' lllopaoB' llpott.
o, ..eee'' lt e a ce orouo pLl' i r,]o uu,poou'
e t]PlIa/])o olIlIoB oil t.loli opoli llaP.
1 .zptt . JIpa (Paoaa)
ap1'[' TeNla II
p apaeap oa (oBplI l900 _ rolr J90,1)' Beo Tpoo, 1995 ' . 124-\9.
8 .: o
,Q. \el{oP p l,p. l 887_ l908 o

u' |981
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169.

partrr ap I906_l949' o,

oe e/lo]] o Corro

B. Koalt ooB otl

200 r.
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nlnteo .' |'oto-

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!t ptll]T

a ltlleo' o, l99,1.
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ll' Be

oa olta a I{oa t' lLap-

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l878_l944' o, 1990. C.7 52.

| o,l1. Poo llrtao'
]878 19]8: ao ll oa'o.
o, 1997' . ?0.
l4 op a ap Co, l998.
T' 8' ' 79 80.
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op I( p I-{ a K. o, l985. T. 54' .99_138; lotittoo T.

]t o p a

|6 B ' op e
or;ii oto ao'i pIr (1908_1919 .) // tuds histoiqs. Sofia, 197' T' Vl.

P' 305_l7.

l7 C., ap:

Ka6au .,,JIHI p)'' y)<oaa oaoo ' piroaT o oP a apa

)KpaTa. o, 1976' C. 81_85; mouu,4. Ko '
tlll px // Ta >e. C' ,103-405'
18 l . pxyaI
IlaPaeapM op: Tao.
l]e paIj (o oooe TpaI o oMalioo a o e ytl
e Dpyro poyto oy) // r.op lr ypa oaplt / O. p11.
rr // oPryo .,

A.A' yli. M''

19
20
opa

1981.

.2l7_218.

a To pI{' CoIi, \992' ' 211.

ePa a,a. Co, 1992; ae o'H'
o po[c no // eoe a
aa oy pB ooeKll oo ' / O.
pe' '' ap, P.' pr' ',2002' ' 50_58'
2l e
aI yaltl)l' o popaol'y aep)'
12 plno
'K. Pyo-olle ooIrI l 894 l902 ' KII,
196'7.

46

.2./4115'

z ... Ko
'IIo N{ oea uop a ap
l1t78_l925)' Co' 1925 T ' l. C. 2o_2|.

24

op ap. Co, l99l ' T' 7. . 58_6; po .a'

tl' C' 207'

25

1l.

\'

219
26

opztL B ' Tpuoo C. paa pKa oa B Ma.

.laoo a x e: o oylle. Co, l995'
Kp a

'

28J86' 288 292' 00'01' 05' 1l' 14_l5' 18_24.

ppo C' p a pa a Baoo olle: oTrI.

Co' 1986' .21_214'

tI ae.

27 C' rropo.. Pdeo . ep p oap

( l907_1908) eo o'pa)rtl B qtloM Pe // tuds h]storiques. sofia'
| 97l]. T' VIII. P' |9_28'
?8 ptutpz 11. pol]rrtri o oapoo p)yarroo
|()yllp l90G-19l2 ' // CaE r oc:l., | oT pr' .B. poe.
NI'. |912.

25'1_2'59

'

oto . ap .Iaoo
t il' l981. C.36'
29

//

apll 681_1981

'

oo K'' Coa ap p l9l 1: aeo aCo, l9l6. . 19.

] o ooeo oepa oapo o}iotl aae
' ': Todopoa Z,[. ypa pyyP}i po a|)ll pe paa el.oBa Bo // . l991' J\ 5' . 22-4.
2 pu6pz ..a. o' ' 26.
] Coa op i]a ap.68l_l98l' Colt, 1981 .2.78 2'79'
1 t'.' To , ap rBPo orrotlr ee
t |818_|9|2) l|.2000. N 5/6. . |9-204'
5
,Qtto ' a lNlr]o: Po a pa rraoa aY(a yTP. o, 1988. . |849; Pade,41. KyyPaa IIo.a
.) r.lapa P)oaa pxaa 1885_1908. Co, 1982. . l l5-l9l.
6 ono . Hapooaa ap p)Be }t,l.Ty
(l90 l908 .) // p l300: y pxaa a. o,
30

lrc.

|98. T- .

65.

] opzuo B', TptLoo . coptr a p.'. C. l.l2.

18 o O.l{. Mropr oI ..po'ope'' Mao //

\'lKo]lo: oJlel opI'i yyl. .' 1999. C' 96'

39 K . a po. , l970' T' 2' 590.
10 O
epoo ope eori,I,l |'\: umou K' jo1.a ir |()Iltla {pooja (1878_1912). Coj, 1968; ottLto B. aa

l|l)oRe Mao lr O Tpa l878.191. Co' 1982; a'

t ' pao ol(!la eo a apa p Mo
.pa
(l870 19l)' o' 1994; pjou . aPKaa eapJ Ir
rr
\|eJIolJo aoI]aJ1IlooBooo x (189_l908)' o]ljr'
|982 onoo . pa Kap rlaogooooenoo l1-

eo OPo' |878-|9|2 ll a pooop.I'eu

X.
ae Iiy. Co, 1985. T' . ' 26 5o',
l (po]]o.Iloa
op ao o 1870 o 19l ' // . 2000.
.N 2' C. 60'
al C.: Bpea Nlaol{o-op peo,Iolla op ltp
lIoa lra eEe ooar / a. e. T' po, . p' o.
'(9

'|

rpt't' 1995'

4'l

]2 Llae BMOPO io oao plltio ll Po

ooaatt l905 '
43 C': poa .I'' Haa prr a BoPo orl o.
prro ( l899_l908)' olI, l99
44 uo 1.1' K 'op K/looo o])oa // oP Po:
y/lo
.' yo' '' l996' . 0,
.
aj l' rto,lpo: .Dpoo . al.t oI1pll pa.a R .I,|)il].a pNlII ll ooo/lJIlre op tI Mae|lrt )Il!lo l897_19 l2'

Colt, t993-

Jllt'r'pa't.py o ]{e'co't.lt BOK Nj.: 100 orI BPoll MJloo-opIII!,t oNtlrl1.. |llloPa / C'l.. . Bri|t' ' IIr,po. o46

ep, l995'

Kpa oplt tt ll. o, l98. C.264.

]E C., atllltrlp: ozu ' Ol.p>tl lla Plt]a'a
17

I]

o1.()ltleIlll'I.

lt>y 13r;pttta'l.a Nliloo-orlr|a Pol(It()Ila oPtlltalI

B],Pol|u llleoo o/l|llt olttl'e D ,tttItKo (l900_l90) // Il.
2000' J\! 4' ' 5l_66.
a9 Poplll Jlorrrt (l903_l905):.'Illlolt1'lli| IlpcIt.
l, l906..1., |..21 3l' Cl'.t.><l o ' an,la
IIolllI a A,l1lo-tlap |878_l903' Cott' l99; Illo'r12oo II
r,.ltp Itll}tolla l]p() oJIll'l.tl PyII ADpo.ypIl
l894_190' Co, l994' C. 134_l.1'
50 O ltooIr Il ortpl.llil N!allll oo 'yP ]| tloo l'cpltIl.
a c': I]otLi<-I]ztt B. '.ltIJIl'' // oo'l'. l99' ]\! l/2.

' 57

5|

59.

,l,pzt,,,' B , puotto . oou 'l.P

l] opil a It()o]lil'|.a
K): Ho 71oyllclr. Co' l99.5. J\! l20'
125 |26', otto ' lIt , lI oI{'l'Klt alloprl ! l Illl ' CoIt, l995.
'
C.94_95' C. .|aK>K| Ll|tLl ' CoyIr r'l.il, l90. ollj, l985,
52 opztt B.,.puotl C. Mc71oIr TpIl... -i'l2l' |2' |24, |21'

(Kpa a [

eo: 1,oplt llo1.ll

|28' oo,4' ' o' C' 95_96; ..I'
' 26 264.
r'la / Pc. . po|t' Co, 1994.

5] oltca opa opop(ltr lIo'].lleo IIpeo/lotl'

lIN,ttc pl]e pcjly(,lritle, o |l ooIlt MJl BoK BoPo

o]!|llltPoilt| RlNi opo,\t llpo].rtBoptIlt. .'. otto ' e> ll.lo
Bc' !l'|.op'a Maeoo-Opt!o,lo u'.tl o l903 ' (PIIrl ttl
oo 95-orltttaT o, lryBco l'|) // . l999. J'l- l. C. 57 5li

ll1.' o: pOll ll ltle. l(pyo' |99. ' v' . 7'

55 Clt': .ptt oyl\lti.l.ll yllT|}o'to a o B / I)ll.
A' Cojaorl' oj, |992.
56 I
lrr' o: <l: fI aoot'o. 'oNl.tl / o l'l
o'. pe. .' yo' ', l997. . l4_l5' C' aK(: lLttt,[/' Pllj
ll crio'Io o't' // Mo-pyrr p o [ lloe.l'ooT a
e' oJ, 1996. . l67 1? l'
5] Ka
- aPatltto-,l.Pprll'opr'a crillIl ]] o ailc5.1

r'oll olroit IleptoI, IIo olaIt llp11ll3IITeo ooolIlll ooJIIleit optr'

j8 K aott1y Blv| oIlyrloaIJ orrlltplla
/loyNlll'l.a ila' oI,o!olll Jle]'Ilo o,l'at{o!}lt o oa}ilDl l} ol]'IlI.
ll ol]y Ct.' ltatrptp: ttl.I.II o/l I90 olr lla lllrl.c oIl
4u

]Ill' ]lllrpollolr l,lr el.op rro aojir / P,{' . Jlr.

(--ortj, l954; e o l903_1904 Ha l'l'!e p'aDltu llo Dournls
rioja / P. . opa. Coj, 1965: Austl.o ugaria.hess|oniki,
l{llltig to tlr edoIri Stuggle' l896.l9l2 / d. F'R' Bridg.
.yp
l976;
lloKIlfIl'[ a /\cot.o oac / Pc/l' A. ,oJallol]ll.
orrj, 1993; .rr o p!l llIlo\,t1,K lloyre' / Pe. I- Tooprt. oje, |991lp

' Ma)ja ry

JDolIoN!ltjc,il lt JI)o,l.'

(.orrje, l996'.I'' ||; Kontno ' Pyll oKyII LljleaTa poltja. [ioa' l9?0; Ooo'l.tt.it oP P Maoll
ll oDo 19o2_1904| ,[t t.t.l tle Jloyelt / o,t.t.. p71. H. To11tll.

(]o|l' l9?8; TolLu M., oiopodltl ' ono . Py' IIePIIoJ(ll

||tl.l. Ma(lll (|902-|904)' o, 200l; Tpjorttl ,,1. pr'tl, lr
lIo.IlJ(lr. o/l Ilo,l'o o'l.aI! Do lrlollo1. e ltopll oy-

rt'l.ja a Allo Ii)loPla t]o11'l'lta Pja // trlroPKlI P''. . 172_l80. C. a> paoHI oen n.
jlll: |leI|o-pop<oTo tiIl I903 ': poorlr /
],TaI]. ' aoo, ' uloo' Co, 198; lurcno -' ttu !,
\lJlo lr'l'optttll pitltj oltl' plrol(rlo oililrti (]]l,o) /{rio,lo o.l.a. Colt1c, l993'
59 C.: ttltJ(o-flpopaeo't.o
a o1. |(,)[) .j Ilo o,t|.o1.oll It ItPol]c)art' Corr, l992; ttl,(. lltlco-polp)11o'l.o l|1,ilI le. Co' L98; iiotoLl . Jlrtel lo I l1ro o,l.o '|.tt (). l90 . o]l, |98; dcu . I!oo Do'il-

llll llo MaK)lollja l903 olr' ollj, l978'

.,()a llltyttttt l00 ' rro ptl.tuaNt o],r,K.l'ytio-tIoJlltllltle()() .
l)]'Pa aBal] o,tI oapo oPoq)I oJIPaTo
Ilp],pro tt..l.a, Pet 40- o 60 o oBo|to o
]l o'I o.arI _ !leolt |r [lpeoPall.
6| tlttueott ,' pl,tt,tttpo C. 'o l;l'a' Corr, l999.
I.. IIl. .oplt a oB p (l878_l944). . l79.
6] rrlp tta r,ap' 1. 1. ' 580., ]ttdl. ,4/. /( r1lt o pllj o l903_l90.1 ro // KllI1 lt'(: op|l ,l'pyo'
Btl Ilo tIol]() 65-outtla't.a o]l (.oo o'l.Ite. Cotrje' l969'

.2|9.

6J Bod,?. olraa px

ll

o-poP)<eKo.l.o

lr.l.a l90 . // 90 oll o-popKoo .l,'l.tl.

olt, |99l ' ' 72 84
64 I!puttto . O' a 1. o D'l,ao B ,llo'l
|903 ' Il lrpo.Ipeopareoo .lte. Co' l99l ' C. l l4-l26;
opo P' O,lt]oo' pafltoo pr1j a aP)KaT Il.l.Pl'Prrrja t't BPO lt tltljloo o l'ac l| ue l903. Cojc, l970.
. l7-l48; Orr x' p.taa llo|l.Itt ttpea Maeoj Bo Bl.opT tlootr I oe1.oo t.t e. Cojc' 1973; ono ' Plt.t,
rpa0 ltoa aa IVlao // 90 ort o.IIeopx(o 1.t]. oI'r, 1994; lttl ).,,].l,ttu ,, odoolt llt.
Pl,II' ePolllI e.la' a l,lrrtt]lo.Ilpoa}'ctlo'l'o B.l,ail

rre 1903 . // ]vl. 2000. Nl 3. C' 75_9.+; Jottrltluh I3 p1a tr lt;1tt

ytt // Balia. l998' T. I' C. l89_207'
65 CopIt JloooPo Polr pv;rIlt oaPl\l. l856_l9t7. NI''

l952' . 29_0'

1t)

ao (|p)tue

6' A 'o

oLI PeoPeoo I1o

cl p 1903 l908 ' // . l984. N! 6. C. 24 ,1'

67 Bl'r'o.tt opo o BI]eIIIllil
IIoII Po' o vIII a''lo ' / O. p' H.C. Ktt' ., 1978. C' 297.
6n o H' a. co\|' ' 12_9().
9 o oorc Pa]]e ll
llp)aD u aa oJ(p,l.
popaN{ epo .x Typlr c : B,t !' Popll.r. poil Tp pyo-apK ooIl{l{ (aoo B) // Beo|r' l980' J\ 2. C 15-2; u ,.IJral' epoit p; .
oooi(,cllI /l]]xeN't Poo eoo Tylt. l9()5
] 9 l2 . M.
1960 p.llo C. Py ot t1elio ,l Porollotlo t'() l] lJ
'
)e aK;lo Oplto l89 l908' Co, 1992 ' |6|19l; tt '
a ,,u,p) ll Koll rro' Co, 200l ' : 1748; lo .I.
MaKeolI o pallo pye oo l907_1908: Ti,ta u peIIj.

Col, l994. . 9l ]55; ltlzpl 1' Py 1prt Nt I,1o.IIl ]t'llpo

(l894 ]904): Allt{ l'! o epa J((lloi!{arl. o' l997;
.to P. B].opoTo MoollKo

paT]]'o tr peopltrrr'e pottil-

aTyplr(.5r{ril903_16'l908)//r,apaIlrte.681 l981' Co-

ptt, l982. C' 415-430; ono P' cp<l p eopT poli

Typtr l90 1908. o, |914 Todopou . PeoPT tl olN1l e.
o o Moja ( 1829.1 909) ' Coje, 1984. T ' 3; l ' pl.1l ll
popl.l]. o aoj. oj' l98?. C. ]9 2; ttdocu . rrjl
lV1aeoj o pajo a I Bc o l909 t11a' oje, 1994. |-,71-148;
lltoj,1111,1''' 3- o'Ia a oMtI llII li a oe iitjlr tl M.r)1tl.
j o pte,o a pl.r'e peo // Bo a/{oo,l.o ]l.
lLIa. .lDo' ]995 ]75 l88; l)a,tl D. Bitish sours oll i{ th Glek
strl|ggl in Madot,tj, l90l l909 // N4xJoill: Pist ird PInt. T.:ssaloniki.
l992. . l2l |4 Djttov s. La dllomati rngaise et Is rlollls iJn .I\lrquie
d'uloe I90 l908 // tuds histoIlqus. Sotia' 1975. T. VII. P. .]4.5 70,
PdIlo| 14. |,aptopagal]d u]turlle et politiqu bulgar en ltli t i qusrio l-

donin ( l903_ l908) // Bulgrian Histojl Review 1992. ]\! 1/2' P. i25_l4l'
70 Cl' eepypoo aoo o't.opr.l.t'oo
oII(.a. .' l90. i 7. . 40 44'
1| l.: Illcpttoo ., ,.lo '
floyc]rl.'l a oo)eeo a .l,Jl
pe JIot (IIa.IJIo ]la .): ap olv1l o Apxa .r,rI
y a MaeoIIla op . o' er'' 200i'
1? ttl ,' Dorlo ' , o,IC' l8'
1

onor P. K 'poi oTlltle'l. o.l.o[Il]IJ'I Nle)Y ],]ll

]) ]I C],P Irpc l90,1 ' // stL|dla ba]arria

' Cotr' 1912' ' 2\5 !28'

T' 6'

i|

P() ' Ilril,'rl

11 ': ctpo ' Br,o.>aa oPir a BoPo aeolI

O
po (l904-19l2)' Co' 1991.
15 K1lt.ltttttt P. paK I,lpII a p. o,I,
l994' .7'
16 l . .
o' C' l38,
17 Kpn P o' ' 77'
'
78 Cr. tlpoee: Todopo (. Oa eMo.T t
l,ltt aprrrr
pe 1908 . lI olfl't{aa lpl{atITelIe lI.]ll.l' Co, l960'
. 11 52', Huod /]' O a Btsalt elI]vIoq'a a aplr Il
J[l97 ' // o a eoT'a a ap rrp l90S ' / o.. p'
N,1. yo' oIr' t989' ' 2 2.

50

79

l]rrt.' trl.,J{oyt't.I o oae II

l9(]I] oJllllla. o. 1968. C. l29.
80 't >'
' 24'

]]]l

8l Crrl' tlopoe:
^,
tlpttt l-|. Br,pelr'

'tat<Jloo o/lP,t1. pIrollJlori orill, Io'I,T IIa ],JIaP]l o.l'!l1.Ilolttt yo II

l l ao)loe/{l].r. pr, (apa rI) JIe oyPa Pc]]o
lrIrll(l.r // .l rt p)rl aptllr. Co, 198It. T. 56; o?u l}
'

'I'ttoo ' N,[71o t.t Tpatr''',Nt 25l,256_258,26(\; dau M o

|]|lt.l. ltp.l'llll rt oParia o aeol (1908 I9l2)' ollj. l965'

.lljI

204-235; atto . aae Cr,ta tta r,:lpll'I' oll1.l,t1.yllj,IoIll!

5 l6; a/Iolr: o-

oc (ro _ ' l908) // Beo' l9I]2. N! 6. C'

.l.'
l. .21t5 286
l]ll' t.l ollllea
82

c.26.

,[orrr o oII llalll,lNlo,l- r,aprr''

.M l5.

Oc lltrto.. - C. l5
ollrr l a HtlMo apri l908 / Cl,r.r
P' o, . oa. ott' l984. C' 5' 40_4l
E5 T >' C' 46 49.
E]

8]

3(,

3?

O aIrlo '. .6.

Ta

>'

C'

17'

88

.l.a

39

Cotrtlr ol]a t]a atlllNlo.a.'.

<.

C.

19

. 52_5,

j5

56.

plllto 'K. opx IioPl'I PoxLi o Ilpo.rll oaPltoo yeT oe oRoo}<,Il // l00 'r' orlo
olql oaptr o oN{alloo lla llJ78 l978' M'' 1978. C 219'
91 Todopott
. . o 15 ]75
92 c]ldio 11. r,ap lI opooa.
/1Nlopa po // lI.
,)a

2002'

J\

9J
.'q

l/2. .92.

Coo .. Boo[ll1' ' l99l' C' 60_6'

]]t,)L!,|oo Il '' oo
, ] L1po JI. pa apr (.o

^4
l1l! (l878 l9.l.t .) // pu
l300: yrlrt
198l'
T.
l'
'
74'
,

l't1.jt'l'

,l,Pj'l<aa ].pa/ll(l|. Co

opzu I', Tpuoo , orr a ap''' ' 304'

Die Grol3e Politik dr ulopaishn Kabirtlc: Sammlug d diplorn.rtish Akte des Auswiirtigen A1ts / Hrsg. vo L. Lpsis, ' Mnde]sohnBar'tholdy, Fl' Thimrn. B', l927 (ee - Di GoIJ Po]ilik' ') Bd. ' .]\! l2 297'
s' 25'
97 pa NllIPoa olil]: olt o o pt' ts'Jl. o/
a' .'l]' ll[y1a' '' 2002' ' 66'
98 Cirt. tto11poc: Mpto . KI' 'l'op'a Po-pyrl
tIop a > l{opy> a e KaH]<l. o (l9l2_l9l3) //
,l.op a llopy)a, Ta aott: II a tl1'
op,I PlI IiAl1, o, l990' T' 0' ' 4o_|12.
99 Di GoB Politik... d . N 12,178' s.4,18_449; l]d. 34/] r! 12 53l,
l2 546. S' 7' 55; ostereth.Ungars ussnpoLitik von del Bosnishe lse 190lJ
bis zum ngsusbluh 19l4: Diplonratish Aktnstiik ds osLihish
Ungishn Ministilns les Ausse / Hrsg. voll L Bitt ud H' Ubesbrge'
Win, l90 (a oUA) d. lv. JYc 4837' 502' s' 75 1'7,209_2\0'
l00 Clt' opoe: utuuo 'p 19l3: Kpa .r, nT'
Cop, 1998'
95

5l

oAP B OIII Bo
MPoBo BoI

|0l Dr Grol] Politik'.' -Bd. 3. N! 12 402' s' 7l.

lpztt B,, puot . lop pe'.. C' 30.
I0 oUA' Bd. Iv' J\! 4259, 4428, 4429, 462|' 41 |, 47 |4'
4929. s' 765, 879,
880' l013' l076_10?8, 1087_1088; Bd' V' ]\! 4825, Zl98, 500l' .5l l7 s' 66-6?,
175. r88 r89,2? l.
|04 pat p. 1926' T. (l6). J\! Zl4.
C' 14'
l05 oUA' Bd. . J\9 4.7'71,4825,49lt s. 35, 66-7, 175'
106 Kar aD. 1926. T' (l6). N! 44.
. 14.
lo7 po ' PoTo pyle l9l . o, 1991'
1lJ2

poln P. . o. C. 96'
Mpl . po.o pytee 191. C' 228'
l l0 t. opo.'
p upz C'II]' Btlclrcotlea op'r')t
oplt o pooil RoIrt (19|2_|9|1 ') // a,lri
oEIi. ', \94'7. . 1+'0.

o:rp Borrrro-oIt,fe Jrl!

Ilrir po BoI

|oa

\a9

IJa pa oapa a a, oool,l

lt oI1epTBo' Il )eJIa pT op>]{ TaIlI Bo

2-l:i ori

oilll. Co aIrlTK Koy B]pII

IleKJ]pa B B ooae BoI, aB,

.'pTlBeT
oTP]To

.lTo

a B O)KII yIr PeMIl''. oro apl

IIpaTo I ap o J]B PooBINl o!ao oK T, aopl aKTIIIl
rBaHlllT aTpo}i. Tol'r oo ooBo poy ).
lle Tppt'ITop xo [opyl, pat,t MaK]Io.
Oye o e p apoo NlptlO
oooP 1913 ' ro rBoo)o' PoK oIIl.IK oapo
JloaT l913_1914 ', ay eooli or' olt
Ropo o o peN{oTp oa epeyTT1' lao Boe.
oo o B Bpoe BToaT(I ealro opKyI pe!lltorITKto BeI IlolrTy ot1TKo eBTo' o B
rorvr, vo opK aoal Bopo ottollo lI
BoIIpoo,l.PpToptIl' op e PTIl pKTI,I aoy lI l]o TIpe o. oopaIlHoT e
PBo]!'Ia BIaJ] I aTIe Tpyr o rrKo eat oa oya.l.B' oTBBIIiII p oo a
ay e oap aeTB otoKa.
B operr oapo BerlloTlltleoir olt p] Po llpa a. ..B o.t )<t{ oap, ooo tslt]li oTKa' apBJ]T aPeM, _ oTJr
poK orl o A.A. Carr. _ MTpI B.
) I oy l] o ya''l. P opop yBoBaa TIIAHII o yv op po N{ol}o
oe .opoe eTpat p)a KIoI'eo yeI K.topo, .. ..eooo'' ..paoo,' Koypa. B PaoTa op oTx lopoB poaaa ov
pe' .l' ..IIoJlT paa r apaa a otI

llTpo oap RaTeKN{ a aTo.p]\'lIJoo

uepa''2, a o aIBaJI aBTpo-erlKM }{o B
op.

TiI oo TaBeT Py poI. K t

xol] o poBo oI ep op-

yI\'I ae'

o palITeTBo I{ oTttl It, I(o'opI B/]a oB]I]1lt' o/la tl p oTo oeo-olIT!1I,lN{ eNlaI{Ir ABTpo-BPI{II' To P,lBo.]1o K pI]!r o-

\{. H Too B oa,I, }lo ti B P/J ]Iyx Tpa

aI{rt ]!1opol]-]Jtlo1.pB o ooHoT} oapT
o ;<I,t. Bopo B pyo: Ka Ilollao oya.le
ll.l.PI .i.tl IPii oo.toI{Jltl aTertll IiTpaN'II,I
ll,f tI )ePoHI lvlollpoB /
H t , aoao-oy]]apTBle pl o.
p[II , a T' BeIIoT opI]Ta B oI
pol'l rrpool.i ot opeell Too cToo l-

aMIl tl

eN'IoIITKN{ MaII

Koypa, xBIlIo

BoTIloT Brtrrtlyr Pt.t o BoIII{ po. B ByI op, oIl l oyoBl plUHoTIo opoo
ltallooo opo. o opDt(Il l 9 l3 . l't oa lt or
t{ p[IIpoBoK ]l oJraPo o.rB ri pTatsaa y]llaT
o ot{JlItol,l otl[. ooy l885 ' B]llUH ot,l'rl opttt.l oyl,lpoaa a Koo]!I Bol]po, '].o aeo Ta pBtloIi oI] aIIo.o-TPprIToP-

l peorr. alre a (a tlta Bapp.

eo) o alt otit otl oa Cp, o.l.oPy}o l\Iolle oJrpl IIT BPoNI Ilop o[ll.
opa oo

p yl,lo ,Kll oo oaao'

24 to L9|4 .' yt{B opxe aBTo-Breoo yJlTI.ITylvlir pII, Paoo BoK: ..o oro ,I JI
oaptrrt''a. o l,t lre olrpaof{ rlapT ltltp lta.
o [. To,l, rrrrrit lolN{ III(oNf ll.r'eT, o'rlaan' tlTo aTpo-eePK o a pti Bpe.r. Il M/loIi}o e oPI. B ye ooa e(lT pBooa A]]T.
po BpII] l1 oIB' o ol{ oa I'II,IeIT oIIIlKoBl

lIl.epeI ga It o)KIII ]]e.l,l oBNlTtly oTKy' to To oI,I.I oTKpITo ol]o papo..oo Bpa-

', _ eptlIr II yTal{oee oapo i{o!I a aaa.

a ot'trr.t polla oIIa aopIli olr
P BIo aeo.
Co ltoIli y arepori rrpoaal prrl lr
ol eTa pyo pit poplBa' Plsa, Il o.t]Jl oT oBlI p, o ooeo lpa)ao
peotlo y)ee, vo yxperi ooop o)e IT
t{oTe' Mo oBpaI oap' K ta o}lIl B rp o 2 p 1914 . plfa oeI aTTl

B o apo I(. o p o, pe oap, o eo roi, y)K/] o' (ITo epoIi o /Jotl ep op aeo e y.Itr ot'1e'..O Ka e
oToT B 1.o' ToI o]IyaT, o IIeo BN{e ooo e -

a'',

o o5.

H, Palro-oparr.ro pTlllt, .aK

o.l oTpLr]U oy .Iro P[ll] aoaoo Booa, ITy a o Tpooo r'l ooBaTeoo TaTea. !{KoTopIe ToPKII yTp)Ka}o.l.! To IIo
Ty T aT eII aalay BoI oIIPoli BIleeoeo popl6.
B ooru HC al T tty)T ott. ON'IIe p Bo aoo apot Tao ToJ]Ko
oppoar BelerroTo o]I p KpeTHo alr A. Caoiroo. 19l ., o KrIe
xpoo Pa, o BIy o aoorr Mtl,
To' o o lI, Bo l ..aMIl\t p l]]ttl\| Ptx
pI

..tttpo',

Boo.loo opo ... NrI a;IN't pTo ypoTBopt{

aoo oyoTpoB ... al eootlvl yoBe]!'1 o aao eepa''l. y I Co parr
pv Haoo opa 3l r 1914 ' yJIoB aae
ol xy Apo.Bp Ceprr.
o ioB opo epo Telle' x
]\,1I o eol B p ep'< oa Beoro T yra, ato aa, o apoIlv{ )K l'Q'l'
lllo, o NI a e, ..or}i )oo,
oo a''. Oo, o o iv(IIIl l>t J]BIl ro oypTBo pooT lII Toa, o aN{lI

apol By pl{ Bo - epoopKyto, PKyIo

opyr, oTopI ..to tlTBIlI aN{l prrl
peTTlII\t Io)oBoo oe a,]lvloKa'ltrKx aaa,'8'

Ho opex yolt pa o 'o' Co o, To e r o o

oa aarx poo ol. B Te yoBx oll a.
ao eepa oaao oa oatteri o oo Ceplt eooprr' a J]l1pI HC Iya opa.
ep. otl tloa, o oli eo oralr ;rro.
>e orr ao1loo oerIlI, .' olr aKI{o' o e ao l' p) B ao poarr, pa
T pae pl,i. o oI'1 yrla oalao llcaTeTB oa alloao-oypTlll 'l.po'
ee paTPT Bopo o orrIeu aKa
TpaaN{Il PopTe .Io-o e oI' aB IlepI
IuIeoo ola' 1aK yTyKa aoroo ooa'
Be oIrt 1913 . o, aoI o,l'B aKI,1Nta
B aoJII eoa9' > o poo oirr' oa
e pBeK yy IIoKo ott ..artoat
KTaTpo'', o o yp;yl paBltTeTB B Tolvl, o'
TB ee oo aBel{oo BIoN{l BHlI]iJo].tle
aa: ..H oee (e oap. _ m.) yTNl O55

oj]oPoB l{ o B ao Io a.' a a BToot'{lteil a'JoI,1

Apaoo',l0.
Cr.oriti oa' 1.o oo oH o
poo apo e N{oxT pooT ay tloTol\t olI tIIIoao-Tpp.roPle TPoB oapa tloN'tii]. JJo(a tsIBI{a, JIBaTIlo paBB ol' O ra
pooPI o , o l opallla ooHIIl eo)(llNl _ lepat p)aa, Ao, O,]IIN'II'! .
t{KIllI 'pt{Nt, o Too a ae optr oaptr 'l'

pa

It

'

>t<e B Bl ll I Bporlelloit oI peKo pao tlo oJlIl']. p.t' o Bopo o porl Portlt tl o.
,l't{)K}ll{ oap aoaI lJoB. HC ltoo aJIa a'I B TolvI ol]po PaTylo rloro. ..Haott plto oe PMaoo, oKo Bp/lo lr o pyolr
Bo'', a aTa ..eeo e'' l2 ya 1914 . ..lt-

l'' oopl.rto BlD aT Porr' o B,to )t( l}p

oTN{e, To .I y. eoTaToo, tl'r.ol lIB o.] AHTa, Ta K To Il oBT Itll]vl Tpa oilpI(oo HaPO, o'lopt TpItT )KaT orl2.
o I o ap pa oaItrI.29 ByTa op.
a Hpo.paori p aT ..Bo,, yep;<a: ..Po U]a o1.eT a]!'1I Pplll po prr, o
oo oooBa apoy tll IIoJtT'l oIJ' ()
Bpe /]T N{erxaT x oyTBr,,. 4 ep ..Bo', a:
..HttolIl
TepI oatOT a p]\,1I.l' K tIoTIJ.
a pyo Ilol,IT''l.
o opoo Koypa ta oa Boa o
ae BIoer rr ao epao . oI. r
pya [ITpyK llpaBeoT. port oaPo Be pyll] ]]y Tpo-Brpr,r rrp
oTpI e . po, B o o,].Ir: ..Cp
p oltli Il BI{T K ep - BoT altt y o}oHrr
B oap''14.

oao a poJ]I{le I Ta ltpoa/J oalBaa JJl:IT' apo oaprr xa Pe oapo l]o9ll oBooe _ Porr. a.la a tlTlillll It
l paoo yoTBo aTo oaa/lpoBI,I
rlx Po. Clt oota i] Tpopa 22 op:
.....o

I,l o oJry R oTya IloTyIraT llelt.

|e !l yTI l] lle)<tl. pylIlI oTl l||( Blpa.

)t{l\' Ix op rIyBT oyap rpTo rr Polt,

t]Po)eN'I yy opoBoe. y PaoJ.rBol]y, tITo patsTTBo TaTe ol]B1'T T. 1.o NI

To

lJoKI'lTao IIBTIiO tI (tTo' TaM oPo, ot{ e. IloTIIKy

Bppe orl{eTr]tlHI]!{ ttI,IM''15.

t! TI1 yo p paTo t BIII)KJ BTII

Jll]oI{ py' l yT, o aBpo-p olr tla

PPTT BPo, a T J]ypo/It otrorrit

IjKaa' oa yp plt{, pa' Pao
Bt,]Ty B HPooNI op, T ,]arl} o Bltll,1 orIlt oap e oTIloI o. pooI| opllHlI
.l'pooo I.rTTa Bo Bp or' o ol]Kt/: ..t 1r olrt. .I- o ]I]Tl]!1l|, 6' npoo,*u."

iloTKy, oa oK pea'''
Ho o ae Io /lao, To I{IBT, y'
l{p PoaBoB B ToT )K .tBoB 8o altt lIoTeKI,I y' oaB /{e' K o o ot]MtlIl'
oPe TpeI. ep Nl B.Ipo-Bi}uDKoNlv N!()l|\ pHI(y otty : .. .tt-. o lJIlIlll
lor.i pal o|]a/IyT Tpe Ballo B.la''I6'""'.p..",
a .
ytlr:i 1lo, 2 aya, ozt a Poao llean PNlattrrrr Apo-Bp],I orle o Boo-o!1TIloi!{ OtO.
lIpTaBll oT ooTTTByIeo ooBop. .o o>lte
Io rtpoo eri paI B oTtIoIu Cp. Ball o.
po ItPaBTeo poao o l{patx ep;< p
flll

IIOt1()

N'll

Ba.I
,l.

a oo]]PKa, .ro op o]!{ yTNr B 1.o ny, lI PyI'I lil x ytI orie N,lT poTBllI olo]!'I, To op TK)K o,(orlr t'l Itplr y71yr
TppToplil ll pap1. o Ba/JtltI To.o

tltrll

aeI7'

l i\'lopHy B pBl aa ol'il o)e TepP.opl pe oap. e.tl li oye Bppo Mao optlo-lIJIoIItI ollI'o.l]o-

ReI otle Cep, ope pB'I py oTottllIr

a TopotI JI pp,op}ll pTaI or .
K],I oyJIapTB. BKIa Typr. o .t' .ro o o.Kir-

o o popI-N{ay B opo TeppToprla}roo

prI]Ip' a-C e pJI yNI a B]!1 llpoT.
) ol'IHl.

Ho, opo oo, oxr l9l3 .

]]TTBo IlyT o y a oy.

l{ ]vloo' P l,l lla-

[aa pI,rao o

yT B Bo poT Cp, at o o o.oBi ]JI

yoTBopllT t.to' HoKPTo,l

oo oooo pl TpTopaI opo|] /IpyN{ o e
rroo I{pal pxB. ope [opyxy Pl oya opy HI{o -a Bo otl oTollI TpaI p)Ba' xoT Bx op] .pI,IToP K p a
5'7

..opa-

yr [opx opIr a allle oooI

Topll p''. Tarr opolt, P ta e
Too o l{oaJllll, oo o TepPTopaI llTpa.
C oor1 cTopolll' oo.l. oatr po y]!{ptloT
prt optypoaI'I TppllTopr poi,I B .lal -

o oiit,

pyo

epu[o.I paTo oap

HolIo-oyapTI

IITepo.

Hat.I yKatloo ]!lopa']ya oBoo y oJrP

IITopIloB yTBp)T, To Boo o Po opr,l oy IJepar px< t PPlx y)K epBle rt tsolit.
o eer, o:ll(o oel }1 /-{l]oNlaTlialK ya!I Tpo-p}laoto o l9 l4 . p< opaoe KPetle
Too T' oo tu pT oseo op.
l oap e)Ky o o pylpo]!1 op
oaa pao.ry po oK p, pI BIatto
.' Ho.o, _ o To, o B aaJI lrrtpoo ofir ..oap
. .. Tpa BoT.t oTpl TrpP'l.oP oTo
t plrpoT oI Blt]II oIlTy a yl Ily
]]paBy I{ pyIIPoKy p)B. KoToP L]oNroeT il oyTBI,IT

Bo ToB''18.

Ca e PoaoB I{a ox B it{]!{yapa: ..Apo-Bp

la yepa B oll oap, o o or.rt
/]a ]!{o pT t{aTr oopo, t oo rp
o)<JI yoTopT oaptl pTe aeort''l9.
K]B a a Bo pr,ITrt Maeo oT /]oNlaTo ATaTI' 29 to 1914 ' o o aB Caoy'
o, ..o.lo, t ao o pyK['t''20' l.l a
oTBT a poy oarra plr ' aapoa o lrpyx
Ilo Be} peoBoo pJITaIIT]\r AI PoaoB

poy oT ooTa oa. [o o 1915 ', ]]e Tp

oo oeBBl1l o, pyoBolITe olapti tll
oJIl,rTI{ poo.]lI,1 ) T Hal3y)..otr.llr

paIl1-

roreri pli', oTopa y oII yaTIlKoL} lIePoBopoB

8 To BpN{' oa pe lol.IJlII' B lt errIr ep> oalI' a Be t.Ie oy/]pTB, ta ly< ral,
oayro poKt{ a oll ttlllloao-yap.I]JtlI I,1HTpI'

Ha ao ae pooir otittt peorrx o'lrpoo

IIPTT op)ao ptt:t l llPl]Bol,] TpTopri' I peoao aee o opoo IIoIIo)' oTKII }'IoTBl lp opoit

rxoTeol'i popal oe, B Koe 1914 ., Ko/J va Tpo-BeePoo oeoo Ty a epuro e oy Typ peo olI{ HrI]ltoT oatt
BTyloo ora I{poo oa'
B o epeoopo Apo-Bp,Icli ePle petl aIIa o

opt't .oo Meot'tlI, o

oo epK . po oTo t oear..ppTop} o rtpoa, ur t epey op ori epz]'
Poao )Ke oBea!.ro o'apo oo t{}I oJlo oKyI( Maolt, tlo }l oollT IIIITIIIl K e
oTTop v Ceepo Cpt.t' eprIell 1l,i PaIII
yKoil ei! oy>a ope] pya CooN'Io)o oe/]Il

rr e B oN'Io)oT Bop I.I]]o]]a,l. aitlr Tpo-Bori Ka a loo.BoTo. o oaao y>r

P opo ooT. t x oo
lrlre t ..rrol,tlrt o'', ooplll Paoo pKpIa
oo )ea ITya. a ToPotl (plx p<
]Io T oP' oa oII or e}o o po.
LyT eo ] KoKo l{B, o,lu B ltl,ll,tBulll BoH
o-IIorITeo oToBK y> o".rapo paB.tT]]o Tilo
TeoT o I{epl epxa a o p Boooe opa paiv Hl'l, po lt Bp' TI.I pI,IT}l1I
oo ooorBao oT.TaIr IJlKllfll a oteoe llerr.

..Tpyfi BI Mo!,'2|
a Ko 11 o yaaH:
B atril of.t oe plr Paoots oT
IIoIlIl. orIti ooop !pt P)Ba. B a.l.o TH To Io oyoBo poBao aTPo-pNlao11 olralr Bot{ll oy a oe opo pll
oro PI. He t aa oreoo o.
ap TpTTa T B TpaJ olte paBtI l pIIKtly aT Cp.
lloy BlPa)e[ ooo IIHT HoTpHIll
e C'[. ooir' alvloo aaa oriI po optrrpo
pt,l ;ro oaT|]: ..tripl lliae, triple ntnt t tripl ttIrt,,
.1-po!il.tlo

Har ooTTByIo apyTl: aa Cpt:l t'I

e aleo'I Te pyKo.TyPo ot 1877_
1878 ', oa lrt or peoaao apoe eJ'I; Bxo) tlI TppTop o ol B I,Io oirpoir ap; Tp o[p-epee 1I T oo plty.t'

Ttlo J]liII a ooN'l BoItl\ '].B]l II4alt, tlt To-

By Typ oy oo IJe.paI )B
0 op 19l4 . o o.l1 Ar ollo)Ho']. '
pa' Tep a ya oil lloxo lrto o1 oplllr yprlKyl BoToHyr prr TlvI t el oTBtI oap o
o, o plie y yllpltT peTetl a. Ho Pa-

(.' Tpotit or, Tpoo oJle

..poe'' ot{ oTol1 ar, PyrIl'tt l't
o>lrat,t). I( o11
opr22. p oypTB, oooooT o:opl ra
otsoo lla, }I Too p] Io/J H T K oHo tl B
po.toTollJ pypoBo. Cop pa' oll Ba58

B o oI T' '.

59

oatsoB oIlT' To tl ooeo .lepeyeT Boo.rori pae, ooy }l'l oylIT TparITT B ya

Boo)ttoo paPo]ll Typt1. O oTBea' tl.r.o ]to I]polri TyPoK

oypa' ..o o rr I o tla aa liva ao'.ro y Bo apoa l olli IIONI',21. 26 op I,r 9 a oaTI Ta ATa1.I pyvrr Paooa Ko'llTIIBIr oTI' K,r.OP| y) lo p o oHoNl ]Jl.lrIt,l
oapl'trl a .opo' a oI. apy}IT Jrlltl] e
ona.t{livr pI{. a .o I oaI Bo.l.o.
a parr ..IlpBJ]Itl TePpTop,InI plropr.lt Maeorr''25. T opl' pJ]IBaTl oea ooIIlIl aKeort op a y. ol' A].a.i.I
oa Poao Booo pa oal,l eyurl]v1, oKoy riTeper opKo oT I pBrl
' a a aa ' Po)lIBao 3tITo aJIIl'
oTopo pT,|]o ao op' A Boovoft d>p

l B pey'].1' Ka Bo poo 1K PJlIol

PolIt' KoToPl T oK 'o oa'|. y)Kc
To'1 oa yT'l'1 Bo Pa e lo o ll]x(HIfl oprr oo' B opo o PoPTT Too ]lI{ l,loo rrpB opx ppTopa]r pr,rri Poao r ooK' C ollppoa oT aTa1.ool:i op-

po]]ojr)a BT oTeKI'I To o, l..a.

y'' op TpaTT' O ppoJt IloJlaIt
a ap>t< [' ao; ..op otou".u u.l.u,* -

Ie' Ie, oa Bo oap a-l'(lltx

pa}tIIa.

o, vo al KoaI,l K ay 19l5 . e OllpeJllI KoItao Bo eeoTo op't.a,

o lto llP

c.r.P OTpaI ]Je

TN'I'

DI

o [ 9l.1 _ ae
l.ttToBIIll aoor.o eilJl p
a.l B ToNt, .Io 1'a.
oo o. r'o o.t'

IBOOB,
oBaT

yT

T.

a p;<e 1914.1915 . o oa oTaToLlo aTBIlo.

B ap l9l5 . 40

a1.e, yvt, eI it o
ae op opo Tepa.r.ypl ao Baot tlltlIpaBr,Il{ ap opaee, ]] oTopo poTToa poTl,I pMa[Ioo oT aeT Poo. B p oo oa oT
<Te Co pay ots to arrpaeo rto,
oToPoe llo,l1 | 0a oK .. p.s Te' Bol. B opxo .reoae ,eo
BlTyT a Topoe Po. ABTopI a yTBpxa, (ITo IlTy oJll1}i o)1o oN{tlT JI o oap26.
Ao tlPoaoBao )<e Po Bll pBoao yoecTBo27.

fioao a.fylltl At oap oc

l9l4

. o Bo oe'B To, To er' oaoa, pKpo yB K.lIy po opoo TPTo a

oa Blllx Boro-o.r.rtK yoB lIKyI{Py a TONI, poa oa Too 8l1.yIIe
a Topoe To pyo o' o a> a o liI1-le'

o o.te o Al aBTo-epN{aI{ o t
Bppyl aor, o Hr ao Io oa.I,

II!1 oTyT.
.fB KPytlI Boel oB Too oa BIBaT otty x
o .l.opo Koyp Poo oTe' ooy l ap
l9l5 ., o ava flpaeKo opa, B allT
60

B yo a oaa'.ro ao aoltpr.

aplI pe to t BlTy'l. a .po Aa.

t o oy y' pc, o eo HIJI, o o ro lJT py o 'l.}l o art o p1lllo.
e aaBlx l9 epa l9l5 . pao oPall pa Aar. .a opae oap B ax o]o rro A
TaHT, oTopl l l
r'PgK llp.
lt

T.

x paa

>a a, Toa

,rllp'

Pay-

'r'plt-

TT',IaK KK IIo oo oHl ]'a eTt{I oyaP.tB yy eIra a'r.op1.l oap oa t ttly
1' o!'le, o alloaoo IHoo ByIln
BoIry29.

5 apa 19l5 . a o;1,l o oop>H,I}'I a

oBl.a Tpo' o op)< e lloyJ'I. Paoo
oo y aT ooorri oK, o!tIl.Bo

vo o oy oot l1y]0.
T oI'lo eo paK
B
p. o:ro erol,teo
opIrTa aToo e oy<a ao oil po
,

BTopoti eo B pT, yex/I] pao op eTo ITy poTB JaB. oBH' o B

PyoTI]e' B TONI, To o I{l1 'palll{o}roN1 c/Iopur
PTI{ oTK Po' Bo ltp tilo.lroo r
oT.Pae o altoi,t l.Ieo ) o B TPNly.
pa xe oa op)Ba pTTBo Bo ts o rI'l'
lr 19l5_l91tl . Iali'{ II,JooJ\| 'JI ]IBTHIli IIy!IB pa l.rN'IooTo.

tIIT,[lto Kopv. Colr eeo'].lTI{l,] op

rr o oyr,lotttlor:i po]PI, PaoT oopo t aBpIII rle l9l5 . o l{oKlrlBll, rITO "}llr r,r r,r Po a aK yTo aIl yIIl
I1IIT II

o oTP

optl

Jlllt B oI oli epa3l.

...:Ipo o'' 1915 o

eyll't BIJToI( B IlaMII optlx :l.pPToPrllttIl

trpltlr a fipaoir oplre' Cotootroto
oapr er,l oej]aB[I,l pyrrpoo pay pKo ]]opoJla.
Bopa p l]tloB .NII.III BoB ee otlt
potr Typ' .' f{paoo x oa aao ol it-

TBli t] poI,IBax opoil ooIIoT oIII oBo

Typ f'p u A.Ipo-Bpll l! Po llptt .ro]\'1 oapoo TptlTa. Kpot oo, yrlll{ o BoI]Ilo [oIlIltla,l
lITylI l{.lpoii oIJl]lr. B ,rr l9l5 . ptlllt.Ilrlrll ui
arlr ta Ta oIrIH aplia poT alltl pr:llIr' B o ypo<at,lN1 aBTp Il ]\'t]] .rollo oB/J Ta'
Paoao er ol]KyIIpoT ll llllulitst liolrIoK

Tp ol] o'l Bopo o oNrIIllilll P.ll.I ]IT'll-

. Orr po,l lTooBaT lroottI yTyoK y ot,r .t'lpo.

Nley 1.Nl po opa l1oaTlle aTa a lI
op B aTB o1Oril. ptlrrr,I oli opt
..opo
o''. Oaalrr
oul rITopllr tlo a]!{
o>l<ori ll'l. yoBo/]Tn p\'1a ABTPo.Bplr Ui
oop' 23 ' e .l'y oy ,t.arr. ol1 lt-T
lt a PooBy aBo TyNlyI eaprl o ]Jy oIJ ]]
..oo''
.'opot,l',' o oltl
Mo - Ta aIBatx
oea aTB BoI{apae ao:lolil aP ripe3]. 6 r a o B oori oT ll1l]l
ePxarrI oa, oMN'Io Meo}l, pPIiTOpi]I KotlcIJa a aIT p lt Pr{tI,tl To (lae' II T IIPIIoIJI'IT

A]]'

oT o}loBa la oya, opKoo Kal{ll.

a t yoTBoPtl oHoTr. O o> e oToplx l<oN{rt a .IeT.l.y. o' (ITo, To )e BprN'I P.
62

oor ATTo o oe a BIlTyI{oe BHo BI.y-

e oap r Too pey o or Maeoll,

Ky pe ,[pao, Porto aeo aJI yoa

o _Me, oT aI]TarIToa oaT ]!{y yIJlio BIB oo o 29 a4. o To a) oTop(I poo. Bopo o oll a ,Iypt1t,I I]Nf ByTpo a. B oBx, oa B Tpa JIo )(.
e a PIIoe AItTarITe BITytI.]] llpolI olraotl ep, Paoo a' .to p aTa]]ll'l''ypoK
yylr Me ..opoolto,,' Te rl y
eo oJloxl{ eo aT, o py oor(rr t I rpa..alrI t,lr KoIp''5' o p oH .a Ilpy
JaTapoBa oTypoK, o I l] o oBaT H oT.e
o PN,Ipa Typex ot, ppll}I]o Ko Ml)y
e _e ot{o MaIll. H to ea o Toy
BoIlpoy II N'I)y ea pTTBa. ]<oTopI o BlI]!1

Toe oB Kyr p o oo }llep

}{Nra}t] yy. fipye urt pop. a ee (Ie,r.
BTopoflI oToBa Ko]\'tpo, oToptIji yopT eeooPI po Bo. o pe o.r.
BerII aTpoe' Pl N{eTo o oyTrI{ al(]1oHaIx aoB e) o ao' a ].oT NloN{eI]T, o I.l
e), K ao e pKo B ot I-{pl ep)Ka8a.

B Koeo llTo B oT pel oeI op. Oalta o>o Tya B pTTe Bla/I aTa ATaTI Ha
oo oyoTpoBe' Typ oa o KoI{BHIll,l o.|'
6 p 19l5 . yTylrT TpllTopto 2 r. . Nl o >]!(
TI pl pag ..I'tor,r, TK)Ke eooPo)Kyto
Tli] paaav B ee Apaoo. o po to
).]1y itopoy oT Cpaa o,[eeaa.ta .t
I B pyIr op6'

pr

Olt yyo tl Ko N{eP I] Mo paB.t aao epoa.Il oap peoa. Io o.t oatlt Oao epe < a Tatl yoB ro PaIloBoRa yo, ooJll]tll B Ko-To p TJl,1poaaT
BTPoI,ITy yar. poa polI:]irl]
T oeT, ooKy aT .Ipe pa
B aa ole.eoo lltl ooI pea poy..oplr'' oapx ee'
Oopee pool o aIo(Itl ola l-pe Apo-Bepri. yv paoN1e oapo
PB.TBO opoo BI aKot NIO)l{o lrt
aT TppTop o opaI, o o B ya opyolr Ho.
o a apa.Ili po p11, o ae oo>t<y llolll P ..[e aIl'' oa o<a ta ep
6

TPI,

otrlltoprr Too Ky' o ax Cep l pay' o

oepxlo,
eK o Ioa etl opoa oy

1878 .a0

o o peyoTIro e ep

ooBopoi{

oTBp)<l]a oT , tlTo B Bo px Bapapyr .

eolo oKe Pa1e Kp xo/l oKo .l'tllIKoo Topa,
KoIlI{o

pe e
oll o.
'
T.BI o)K
''
yy e' aa tIaT ae oTopIx Ta oapa.
p o oPyBa oPaTetlea exa _
lloB ep a axoo aop ax. o .o oo
oapo
pate
o Tppll.

A.IITI,

li eoaa
apts
ape poI,
uo, K e ooTeToao roT ypeelr Kypa
v oap oo. Toe oo;e Too B aB-

Po-epe oTI,I' e B.IK e

opo Berxe oTe Too Poa pBa l P popo-epo lrp
ooBope (oT eTP l9l5 . _ Am.) pavo Cp pTI Bpol, e o -

eo 1915 . ep Paoao, BBeel y>e peN{eIil yI]a epoo opy)' oopl o o

pBec Kopo ooo ol l.{pt
B! a yooI Iop, oaBrn orgB
PooB
I

' oll

65

oeT Bo tl To, popeTaB ToTHIri pKTP,

oa opee H IiertyeN'Io oP)KerIe. py )e epaI{oN{y

oy, oap B aep opeeI. Bo

ru ,[eopaeKo alr alto, oTopoMy

pro

1918 ., opo oop, pI Kar' aBaylo p

Poaot 1915 ., lr alrollrilrii, Bly),eIIi o.r'IIII
oplI oIIaT yl lpl ooop l919 .'
oI otloBIil{e]!{ yTBpxl1II' o a..li r lpopaa
y)Ke Toa' Ko a''.t3.

o r

.r.opa

. Jlaoa, ..l'to lop ro

oallllll opT Top ou] opKoli ]]o] I'].l] Kr,I, /lo.

ya oe 19l5 ', e p[l]aoN'I pe[I}I oBT
Bo NI aoa}tI eaoB a prtlIr yoo (ypeo.
o l9l3 . _ .) oo ooBop. o pee io loaHo, l,ITopK Tl{eKll o[Patlllt. o oltptI f,JI o
oyeTBtll1 or]]o.Io, oo pao apaBJI|lItI.I,
KoTopo tl oe aaa pTBa' .tpaII]\'IlI' rrte-

Nl BToplN{ papoo,'14'

o rrop paT oaT}loo ao}lli)

.eI{

oa opaT a Bopoy o palro]. B o !IloPIItIKoo poa. yroa TePa'IIa BTyII

op po o ope 1915 .? payitl
ro ooJ]aT lpoBee oItTlI p,l op.
, opaBIe pItIIao pUI o BTyHl.I ts oy.
y p)<]lT. o o HyIl B lt oH of,pll Haor BoIIPo NIo)rto lo petl.t. oo tto opy>rl'
pl noo]l paBlBaIIIo ya, t{oo B yapeI
l9 l3 ', oaa o pyao. o el ao, opeNI oTB oBoti aop _ po TaTBI ]] peur oel,tolll aa Bo pi\,{ or yoo'
ao plto yoaIttl,ll, .ro oaprr
oao oT opo Aa.r.l' Llo Tao JIya tooN{ paIle aoo aa, a) pII aMoNt op.l'ttoilt
oe a,Io]]oo o' BoHa oa l1Trr oirpai{
oTo pU]rI oriao-TPpIITOpriafloo ollpo B To
I]ll/J, KaK o pTaBI.l otpc IIo.flltl T, T'' l}

I{ Boo/IaHII Ca-Cao op. ae oy,rT

PBoTy ToKI,t p oa, 1'o o oaoo aoao-.l epptlopllaoo ill] yT par oe a oPo ATaTI Bo yT IlooI]r{, tlo oTI oaTot yoBNl. ,[ oo Io oll x oolro, .;ol o
ert opu oy or oK ap o)tl], o.
Koy oT oe.pao ]'eN{ oe otlri oa po I lta ppTopaIx yyoK e oJIya, ae I
B!1I{ /lpaI

IIpeT.

Co t ool yoT8oPIIT oap

o or .tl AlaTI xollo

..oapoo

]i.ra,' 1915 . oori aBI psrr of,t ya(l .a, yoo )eae poo rI rpL]oo lIpilI]tlTTa
olirt a y oraplt aoI1, N1oTp'I tl]]11! oKaaoe a BeIIKIil\,l pa]!lIJ Ar' o Cplt, uotitt
polr oopo e Too [ps.Ie.Bo, Ho tITll tIaT
P'IoBI pa) ll,t opaHo.lIr,looeKlI ltoooBI,

oeTy ptlT ooaT}loo lUCtlIl oilltlll pl]l.l-

TTBo PorlHo Ban or yy )aBai{ll AaI y>e

o oa soa a Topotl. oa oJa a yT,I
l9l5 ., }Iao B o Boo-IIoJ]To ttylr1, o
e) ptr Paotso ll llptiTU xito toI,ITlIeoo PrIIi Ntolt xoT I N'ryTy yo]lltlT
.ol\'I,
To pI T Pol{ B yr ooooo
1l llo oitt? Be oopa>e:t, eyoo, ltt.t
U] oee yKlr oPop, B l(o.opoN{ ao/lIiII llap JIa aBIl|TBa U o]\|I]T Pilo BIopr.
Ceru por TB :tt ori illloNla].ll
..tr
. yprta yx o

oirl pllaa:
l oalt o.l'il
Tpaoii' e rrprrro t o o lii aottit

IlPoPalvll. t y)KIIeo 1.t,1 .l'oKo a,',]5. r.o )K' opa o IITI B .l'oN{ 1'lJp/lll 1., lro KplrlHt {p B
lIo eo .rrr. oaa oT ToBato (Te.,ll,I itllaoo ea Io oo. Llo /Iapo]vl oBop'I, To llo]IllTa _ 'o KTBo oo)Kt{oo' a oT){<,I Too Ila .
o JI}o lyo. ptr ro o ot, /1a) oooo IJpao orl! a(II,ITIBT Tao]l a-eaKl,l pIlr{ tt lvloa IiNIio II-a ooapao ]]oll TPPTPJII pI,IT, po>oit
llol 2- aaKo o}il. ooa B ToN'I, To p
rr Paoo }l MoI' J]a o1' ooa.l peo.I Too l{pToo aT' llpoa o'i'r. a a.elr
lllpo. I e o'rK pB pyo oT]I,I
YNlePoTI, To L'Io)Ko lo I o oT), opIt'I IPoi] Tp.rT oTtlollltlllll oIl aol]Btllll\ Prlpoo- B y aBIlo itlr, a liplt.e.r. a.l.
tI, peoauI tr o>ilrrrit Tl.r PoBopo o
Ili\'I' B oI'1 e o'I oap, apee e. 1.
l)lrToPaIx oa a o pIITT. Pl]/]f,aNIl o\,1
oal,Ilt. TKyI Toy p ee eo 19l5 . KPTI{KIItvl
lIpoToyeN{ PaKToTI Blp aotr: ..t,t y
llIvt lIT oKor:io, opee oyr,I B aaiTB oaIIII .pl)Topl{l tlo.I o Ba,]pa''r6.
Ho, tto o . N,IapKoBa, ..pae opll B.
oli o I peori oooti II TN'I, a T oe
l}lplloBIBaIo noeel1''. ya BIly, To yts,l.l;,l.
]l).I oII oBTlla tloTl{K, Top yT)iIaT:
61

..Tpa

>rr Pa, lloylll o P Boo a]]

o pyrU, oap e tr'lo l, pe P, llooo IlaT oxapa, aoaB] t{ (.) paxlr' f,(rl e
pa l peo, a aoro'''l7. Ho o tloIl.
po: P.|]oN,l oT) ol:i lI? To' oopt ta -

vao oytt1?
H r , ToKo oTaBa po, aJ.rBit l'
tIOyIlJ lJo ]lp ttrt , ap o oo oo.tri o.ea' opa ooo aplro, oap
oa I p.tlBT a To, 'fo oe pao oI, o.j.opa
yo opoB.t Bx yaTllIIoB - oee o)l{JI-

rU B Tpalt l p)K'

ilfllp, I), (ITo y[Ie IloyT oT 1o-t,l ooo pliK' 'I lt ]!'IHoo PIly l\foltNl! lIoTepT .
x, ><a, xa.. ' vo ...poTBeoo o)<tla,,
.IoKo op yNlea ).l.. B oe soeo TpaTl1r.

oe lloo> ep_op 19l5 . lo aoo, To, oTaB 'Po, oa o tpe rtc PoB Ta.f Tp]]o,
oKypoBHo BoKalr oil oir t oatr. To

e e e poa ya aT pe, ra pao-p.

y o opori opoy BoBKa Ty .l.py oprty -

lop
PaBlrl pyo. Botoxor atiLuo NlBpI,lpoBtlli HTpa.l'.I aplt B a olr l9l.5 '
TITo]]Koo o, Popl] l\'1 erjl]lo.r'll(leit

eI e l prII.

o pTBa Bly ool1ol ltapr..

B o o poa, popo-epa,

NIopa,l.-

e' PaKo-opaK apTll, ee.t apoI o], Ta)< ..rrrpoe'' oTI. peoarol
(iT ooot{poB t.r.y a oaH Tpooo
o.
oBaToo eTTa' a a yaTe B oiilt Too ATa.
t. oe r e[lar B lllylll . o-

e _ payoo aTa, ITleo o l9l5 . yIlT lIJ]

tly)/] ATTI op.
l7 p, .e. y)e o lIoa oaP r,:it oa Tpal p(aBa' o o oe ro, oo BTpe ap paa e ooot p. Olt pp or oIITKy l\'frT e
o.l yp Koypa l't tlpaBTTBa. B p aye
Cao pyPelI p, To e ToT ol1 oeT
.rpy o yT I aBTIp, To pKT LI]I,IT lor'rKo KopotlI, o ool]l. o Boy yy o< p CTao.
oo l KIoTeo p B]i Bo ]]ooToIIIH
oap o.K poB pao' aBrio TaoBI{B68

ocy) 1l o)lItlo

23 ep B Tp Ia oe o oal1.
l4 op l915 . oap TyIl B pollIiKIo oity opo pra, Apo Bp .yp. Tpot ot pI]pT tIeTo'

oer opoo opy>

IIeapI oo ltoaT

I! _ TpPl{Topl N'I a't y.r yorre.IBoI.

H rue eT Hc oBao ofo aa poeo

orr. Ho r'oo ap PoBoy lleoo tlo tlp-

y p oe a.I o-

I1 aoli t apToB

opo Bpxot aooN'ly) oap opy)l (rT ap pa' eo > pyoBoTBo

oyT aooayru1 yr ap op ( op l9l6 . - p-) H' eo' Bo pIo Ilpoaao Io N{ooo 559 l. o' op oK I oJltlI epaKoy olr'
oaa o aa' pee eo, oapt oxl I

o eP yapy aTPo-pa
o oJI otl/IoBa eepa.ap A. Ka'
Hya MaKo' pyoo/]a epa-l'eo . Toopol 2- opa p]\{ /lo> I ol.pe epat y oTy o tl Bppa a , aoa, e 5 oKTp
l915 ' aa Blaa KIlorIoo opya AaI'
B o l pe Boaeo p-o K' olr.
RI}{ l- ap pIao opo r po o ppylo pI PePBT ooIe Poe o ya.
O ya pay o eKo apa, e ao opeoTotloo apa' 26 op R a aap, K>a po. py oT.Iyae oe epoB, 1- 4 o oae lttK ypI yol{, p .
Ip Koa, l l op oetl oa N4a.
oeBoBT Iiaoo

ea.

T pee 2- ap\l|I e TyJIlI o ByI{ paBJI: Kyaoo_o l{apo-o_Koa. ,(o oa op

otl opo Kyoo, o BP, ppa T aI]!I

Tepoe !l xrIoopo)Koe ooe po o At aoa. Toa B paye oa pa lr Rl/ItlJ]I,I K BoBto p pl pRpllyll N{e)Ky
Kpo [opa oo. TopoB IIpK pITRIe orT BeyT tlTo )o opo oe-Bpri BI.
y PoTBK rp oopo. aa, lpI aa 2-
oapo ap o po y Ka aya lrpo .
a pyo y Kpo po 6 o l5 op are
yBH yo. Toopy Ia oa eoa 69

a _ oTpaT :ltlI I pKo apI,1!I y paytsaa !I yIITo.

) It' 22 op epr e otlTpyp po,llB Ilpaoo pIa

2-1i opoli pll pai.ltt ptrxoIlv. B o oeplr t{, e )e oT'l.a oT pe aN'Ieo a' lt'{o
ytt plrr oopoa Too, Tor . BIo]t Bo} a.

y' opa IlyTlI ooa Bl eo vp Atlt

Apa yaJIo' B o op' y oTa.Kll lI

oil, ol oKypolI oryro .tit ooa'
Tltl opaolt, otl ]pa ]]xtl-to Po aerllr Cpll
opa)rI. o ao ollotlo. epy oTpo pI{Tp, a KoTopoNl e yr' lo..parr'' yy.
p Blpr alle
ll llpoB.r.ll ee Ito Terletlto pK 1oIIa ll
ap po-ool IIII,l Hrrur_prt't'' opaltvll > rtr' yi{opa 6 p, r' o eo oBaI\1' ropllTori Jr op oot't o prr' Kyp aBltB )!lI,
vo yeo paBll.t oaptttl Blol1o o1.llo ABTpoBepfl, e CpeiI, oTop B(a, o o i\IHHlI. y opy..pyx y p,.a8.
ltplt Boto o IITlItlKIl Ilepl Kopir eo

aTooIItl eBII I.rrIatttt KpeoplI.t' o oo

I tprt oa pooPo.spoo oya.Bt{Hoo
oeerr olt IIoil I1aII IlepoBllil, KaK aNIIlll
o o paBllt oairt plI, ypaol:t ppoPlIaHo.

Hop l9l5 . oa]\loa patlpeIlilr TpPl,ITop,tI

p,alt o B ool\{ a]lpaerr!I' o p po>lI
H'yaII opKI| oI"r poli paIt oaoB o
P aoBoPI{ o otllI PT]], peHI,r op}1ll
a aTP oft oet II oTpoBa..ee oTopI NIll
TPltTop] olrari''. Pe tua o o rr ito
ao, oopo oapo apl'rll peoo 'I P)erI' lr Io TpeI!1It oir pao yIr aol't]9'

Ho oTBlrI, Ty ]\leTy llll o'

. apa aNl}t aBptxll opaI,IrI poTB epoB B Bpapoir MoIttl It ol.aoBIla a po.pe.toli pe, pxo e. o lo ao llo, lI{ll P-

K 1l ap l915

I{aKoo Kooall, al oo tl IIpltNlKtlyT

aoo
A.a' HltI ptitu o1TIlyT al ..o''
l,l
IIJI'
PoTa K o)o orx pao-py
11oJI
ooTo
oIINI!I,
PIlI
o
B
o
(e
ptt.
opoiI
o papoa plI oTaT ao trlao aTaBT oap yTBoB o}lI rt a py po. B, oyrtpoa

Bapplo lrro, oap oa oyrlll Ro

ooBtio oo-oI,ITIIo e, ptI o.l.ooli oa y
polt o.rt. AT opoaa Cortrt por..
70

oaeo, }{II epa Boe y/lII _ oapl o.

a aTI pa<KII llI.

o oI BoeI yl\{ll yBJIo TpPl{.l.op]laI t{I ofl paIl KpoB. Oyrrpo xo.
BoI eTlI PrU, )oy, prrpe, poea,
.'ep a, opt oTKaa peaT op BoeHo-

o ypBrrrI Apo-Bplr. p x oPITo TpNIIIJI

K pl1oe ot 1. ooBa aoo olopa
xeo opoo o parr. B Kplo BrI o PTl
apoTp rt eppTopllro pit A Bloill
Aprrrr. o peo oy aypo epri' ,[
Too oI pIIT Bo]llo oli olrIlfl, ap ly oBe
y> aypIIi apyN{T. KoI eeIt Koo oruti r.r
oapKoe, BlP pe'lo. yTya )r o ypoo oopyxeoo oIl po-BepItit50.
B op Beo ap peJI apyT oep>o ep.
o,
e ooair, vo epaIt, TepoBIlil
o
aa pyHKo BoooiI PlI lI R oTpe e.
oli opoo o Ceepea o apaa BlBoa pI, oTaT
peoTII P plxlI Tppopl opo boPlI'
Apo-Bp. Ta pootuo. B ar pa 1916 ' I(oyp, Poao Xeo oe.I epa' aTI'lBtI a
paee ..oooIi'' ep. Kitep Belt II ooa ep.
I{llay aplT a a pprre optr o}lI,ITI

'ppoprr CptItl, oopl e I JlyN'IopI B TaIlIloN{ oletII{ o 6 ep l9l5 '5l

Kpo oo, ptl I oa y'aoBtllll\l .
Tpo-epo tlpoTTopaTa AaIlit. o e l.try plTo oapK PTu a a, a toelt aa, a po}( oa ooToe }to oypTBo
o BaTIo Tyeoo prt. ,[ao peo)K lo oottoBao pae}ro prte a aIlBP epl K yTaoB}o pKTII opo TIt tI AIIil, o l''l o.l
o o o'TIlo ap, oTet Paooa
py oypTI oaprt.
B olnt oapoit lIoItK o aaoi'ty RoPo B aae
1916 . aroo oooe Koa (y TPeNle oop p oli .ppItToP I'I
tooo

lrT

Ixoa K AP'rTK tpe Baoy )KarleNl oBT a BaKaT-

i Po I{aeo la epJlll Kp'

oPo to Tpay o KpITIlItl paoIl ylr. Hoe oplle ooI pIaIl oe opoo apa52. Ho aer, ooaB paoT eI.IoBp]!leoo oeTBlI BoIl ao. p J]ll'l.Boa oT.
Ho. o peI ey oilepe ao Typro' ap
.rypIIN'I pet{ K
P II llltl r BopeTBOBT Boap-

Telvl [II oTBB IIo

'11

-.

Aa KaKoo.o Tpo.BeIrpoo pNIaKoo

K' Tay oyTpKylo Aa, KoTopro Typrr
}o

rrro , op -.IaKII rla r Aa,r. Kyp'

oBo' pal, .o o BaTI yyKoo pBrIT

,l'Pti e oxT oopoBa' alr eKoo . TtlT

to otu oaplr !1ol{ToB53' Ho rrlr aaNl
<eo lo ]T'
B eo o l p 1916 ' p op,Jt{1.e pNla

o ey op Apo-Bprr l yppo.
LoIe )y I\,t o papall oyt]aolll o Ko-

oe' oTarxee pp, pry oIUa opKoiI o, o.l. oo ptlHI PKTp' yoTl,t to too
op' B rI op lIII BIlo MopI, yTao
6 p 1915 ., la opTPoBIi Ka BpNleI{ PKallllotl !.taK > a J]ll, y'].aoBt{ll i(ooe pepTo ooopo aIII. o a oa.t' .to

ePKe opoe

pBT.].l}o Moo I llep}'to,pT

ao pparlH o o, o pTa I] oTotllI'l

Koo Aa a BoT ]J oo.la or.
Ha py aTI Tp.roplr _ oop Bapapoit
Maeo _ opt yTaoII oKyaotlI p>|!'t, xPaKTp

oTooo p oooo IIye. P o B oo[lIt

'tya o op p o, at CP, o
..BpK''54'
P) aaKToBa K.tpopT.I tI x
.A. ape, pp' pBa oo>t<ll B y oKKyoHl otlx, a oTope I pea oBaa Cplr _ o.
po BTpo-PKo, _ y1'BP)a, To llooxt{ -

oapKoNr epa-paTop ro ooeo T>IN't'

Ta aK oKyaoI aTIl o a .
!t aTBIlo epoo aeoKoo are55. H ao )e e oPertrra aT atsKoo a}l
Mo oa Toa op aol aooa PB,TBa ..Boorttl aepr-op,', a r'lo.
/Ia KotlIlI opoBoo B.fy pl opKo apN{,
To] pDKT po po56.
allla oa oa! IIp Bol r,r otltp.t'ttr
TepeoB' aa aeor B KaT oltKo aBI
opao o TopoIlKo! oToPIe aJIeKo JIa o1'!Ia
poeoo. B ooTl1 Boo o!l T e
pl p a a _ PoBo y)e y o llytoUJ
aPaeTKx Iopa o ooax p aeo.
Oo
oBaa tlPoBI paTTBa BappKo
(aoyro poe, Kopyr' eoTT R oa1.
o '<
opao B y.typTPpo o) ox
ol ByTpo e.e. pIBa ..a opoK B IloI ex'', o r pTa Ia oo'12

lla Bop a '.oapoo /1y,'. O potroa

l{aPa Tya ylx yv. ll aKTB pL}eT I(

]Toy y BIoI{B aoi;i Mao' o opoy o TlI.loN{ oKe a/1otl ooPluro ye p eil tro'
!l,t aItoll ltpo papo r' Ta. irl..teoo ora C' Op.t, o:r BoI Tatst pot l)ol{oo PoBlIl' ]Tya PoTll]] K oa B on] oa] }fTB. o poa, .tot patIr
tl pa.lt po..a oo)oe, at TI,1 NlIl'.. lIpt'top Tv )e oKpy, Kaylo llNIT aIIl oypTo''. o paJyNll]yto BBiIIey oI}o aIJ Mo- O pI pa.l'To oP)aT o Tlll..lttl'',
oT orrt ll()al{a}l Bo oapo .IT at,r MIIoH],I5?'
B ByTe 1916 . oap P}t' [po]]Ila p, oIIrtPoBaJIa TppoP )y patr a Cpyttl opoa Ce1l, fipa Ka' 27 aBy1,a poeyl oy opo A';lll'l'] BTy Pyt. o ao oapoty pa,TBy l]oN1o)}Io']. pol. TpPTopaI pllpIIl B oPy).
|]P,]yoTPIJI 2 ftoo orl pN,leri' 1 'p y ay
ep oap oi]a Pyilllt,l].t Boliy'

O pooTBo a poo ota! BITaDHI]!lI{

Maee. B or /ll:i.].8l,l y.IaTBoBa - oap p oTI ooo l40 t. o|]K o/J KooBaNt ep.ira . To. O pllll,t
tltrr' Ili P o o Kpt{oil KpIlotu Typir
(Ty'r.pla)' ooy oopoI oTJIa llrtl] ll J5 op.l.o, ya' oT opo a 5_7 ]\'1' .{ o Pllo l oaa
ap pypol}K Bo ( epo]!{ . Kot' O atlllTll]a 55 I. oo. Aa Typ'r.ya a palto yPo
5 r.p, yx Beepy Jl/]y}lo ]lfl PN,lIIi aI{o .
IIIITyPOB' a 28 l. a't' ll 450 oIlpo' B
KoTa aPTI,IP' aPe opal y lttt
lIoTI{RIIK o py oP58.
B Typa ooao r r.. ttptlt,t. [
o,t. [aoli ap a, optr olir l or'p
, ttt
,[opy;<y o KoIlTaII] paBoI' aav
\911 . epyro [opy>r<y O yT JJya' (laII.r
|]POTB PyN'tI,l, oTB]l

l.PpTopl'l! oTaBIi -TaK J], pa/]Il oy.r.B

llll KoTopoo op BB oity, lollI1 o/l otl'l.poJlI,t e apN{!I' P.I Tep o ap]Ir,l PBIIT.Bo
-}op Too' To aoo B o a ao. Poo ll, .to ..opo y T l!l' KoToPyt .l]vo KoITo

oapoo o''.
T lr'ree o oT'l)IIlr oali Boeo.oTI{ll

I1erj oBopT lJ]o Ho' oKoKy oH Botsaa aoTo.-

lio, oTB epoo oa. I( ToNly BP}II' B oTB

ap yx BPrxI pxoA oT ioplI ToTl\{a K oo-

oo oI. p aaa ooaa., o yyeT B o-

aoo Boe o lt{ toa NIlIya, a aa Boa yeTBeo oT oT B plToBaBlli Boopy(}lHIx

oKToB polit{oo aoo lrra, B KoTopI y.
Toa op. o o.Iao,.Io or oapoo opx,
a o e BaxI, l{oy, oao, llT K oTo]!Iy i{py,
e yy oKpI]JI}ll y[aN aplli Bo poo or
a aBIx pox, p) Bo a ao.
,[aerrree yae olie oTepo oaplrrr
I. o p To oao eltt o portit
p py o BoeBaBI1 oPT]] . s .ltl ooo o eooo plpelr' aee tseo .oT oopoT
po B oT plra, oTop oTo]]a o
ATaT poxN{ IIpI{TyT pHIN{ pooNl. P.
po ep pe pooyTpoaT o BoNI o!l. T opaoNl, pe oli Ka'fo noBTKy
o oppoBalre lroo oap o ooaeoo Nlprloo ooop. B oTe a oBeTTByIlIiI popa apo Paoao 24 op l9l6 . oao B'
To oa yoBIl N{a yN{aTpBIoT oyI{ pl1
ppop, oeIx olllNl o 6 p 1915 ', xo [opy> peeri oapo-ptoli I. o
oa, To ap' Boo)o, oTpee po Ka'r59.
ep papoo apo-Bpoo {op pa ocua 21 o6p l9l6 . o/JoBa rt f, a-

yp pTo ooo l,INllrPaTopa Kapa I otr

oToTT' opBoBalrle oKoaTo]\,1y p.
to po oPoa' e a pBpaTIIT oa[Iet,te oT
1 pe o PaPe Koo, oIIB pttit l:iPa,
B ooaTeylo ooopt{oT ovo ali alro P..Bo oaprt''. oy B a!ie
l
eap B..o.
opoyl llo]!1T,,' a II PaoBo tloB oH opo o
e p o op p pp prlly.
p KoPoIIlI: oeIll. Kooo , .tot
pra oaa Apo-Belr, pIrp _ oapt.tl,t' Pa,oBoB ) oToo a yptt1,1l.to ]!ly L{Ho llyx<o
ppea, plIrl, a o oyTBT IIIU J]lIt]llo )<Ill
Koypa. oee oo, o BeN{ pori aTl o,
a lio aa r>oiI Kol,l Hpoltoo opa
a aa aI{Jl' To oap Nloa I oTKaaT o.I
ppea0.

e o ay}o Bay yTyII.IIIBoT yKoo.Ie!i

oap o ooBKoMy opoy? olo, e eNl !II, o-

IIIIoBeI,II{ }loBoo ya poTr,IBopr,:i B TBePFIoNI oto _

ToT Pa o Bopocy o y Ceepo ,opy). oape p'74

TelI a pol1oP IlTp pI'l Typ' [ p Box o B PToIN{ ope NIII oap
trpa epya, oeBllllo, oTa a ao>II{ oolllel{ Ao-Bpll' o iI tl aTllI yTyKIi
Koo.
oBool''t aay too poao alvla oJr
Ko e.ITII o Bopoy poH B,opy)(, Ire Too e lo(o TI,I To oopo)o IKale K
B II. B paoop PoaoI B o ap 1916 '
otI BoPK tlI Boel pyoBo/Ia [ pltl.t oJra poer K oa opy)II IIo o y [ya' Paoao y < oo o o ro, 27 Kap yoNl-

y B e ep xo orli L{pooo op. B

I]oye yeP)K ]!1a oaTo, o aBt{
Kal:iepa _ opaNft{' Co oB' Oa
lip B o oo TBpa' o op NrT .toplllle
TeKe paB a Ceepyro [opxy, ooP Ba oIro epoo opoo apTa, o prtoo op Ta oT}1o aro oa eNIe orIIHTBo a oTopo KoI Io oap. Peat.trr ..pa''
pBea I K Toy, To o eeI opo, l]]aB poy

Typii, B yoxoTBo B <eN{ THllrt [a oIr t

o oN'I opoeN{. oapo-eplraKI,I oTHot]lII lvl)otoe oTt{olll oTB I{paoIi Ko JIo
BTylI B KpTey ay'

B ..olI'' epaoo oIo

K ol'ty p ap p l a Poaoa y)K ao elllx cTee KotloIleoli. .ro tr lrtleo o o elt, KoToP ]\'loa apaoBaT }oIe Boo)(t{I I.itl, llpI a oTpr paI o e.
BPtloo oloa.
eI oao BIaII op pooBoTBIir IPel pypt. e ap 19l5 ' o popro
[pIlTeTBa opo pI a pHN'IT B KeB
T)oo peTB lle yaxIe ltap' Bop ort aToo BoJlI{ pItloK! To De rrotli eTp - opIi apo1 a _ e Tooo lt ollTa' aa lp
(o)y, epT, x,oo) a orile yIvlxIe NlapII' cPa.
I'Ie paTI N'II l'ltttIl o oTpa l'roli oNIIltltloT' aep oxetsylo Tetiy1, oN'Ioo
tI Ip. e o poaBa oap Tpopo poyKIo,
llooBylo e ) I, To II oypoBa
apN'I' oN{ Boa ayo a tt.Ieo, o(BlI'75

o, Tao, TeTo py oTpa yTPI{. Bo pe

otll l 2a/o trprl poa B Iloyr ]!folllllo.l', oy
)l{B y)l aplr, |0a/o pep Poyll rr p)K plo, a oTa}ll 10| tlo paoTa a oIjto ['1o.
o' o BoB tI6l.
a p ppr. oa B paop)tt ]\lLlK ooo. , yoI papaoKll p oo..o
t epet B py KaT, B KoTopo PB]] pN{a
.,oo
K
ra,'. B p ooo eoNlTB pa
oa I y ..a'' ooo 162. ep opTBo Box oea.IoB IlI oTpopoBa )<]e
po oap. MTl opoepa to apo popT opx BaorioB aK pya'
ooo apov oti o.p oort oap ao' KaeT Poaoa Tpe /]pBaT
e<y [{)' er Tao paoTa po. or BoI ao R opell rl)a a opo,.r oee e R 10 pa, o KoTBo ToI]aoB Il pI po oKpa.|o6].

1 ooTBoB poTy IrKlI. C ro o 1917 . o poa

eB BTo oo etlylo a oplNl onrlooIt [prr o ae PyllpoBa}r o}lolvl!lKIl.
o oa la IryT o)Ko T]\t1 il/Jopill pa tHTar( il
IlopPoa l( 'Ioapt oPo o 11yJlil. Kol.p()poBaT ollolJTo oH oleori oxol:ITHHoi{
ttpoyK, otIa.I )Kli ,I ap' oo o
.l. pJ{T Bee BoI

l'l.K ya. B o l917.aa 19 l 8 . oopoH Tol]aor]

(o opoBal a) B oaptl ulo B IloJIo p lTp, ,py BoBBrII oya'I,1' yyl eoft ptto.ao.r. paT]y T ppy ol PK TOJIo e Ntoa y'laI{oBrrT KoTpo t]]I otlolt|Ko .l,pirl, Ho BKo
p OPHI ppaTJl B I]To (Til lBaNll
..lrao''),
altarrr palt xIII]!{lI. alIe-

Il Jl o] JPoPit llpil B Lltpvo. pptttlt,l

oae It Tpar aoo olloorteKoo KaIl.Ia'
Ha ao o oot{flo oyTTo BIJl/Io po yl
lxtl oo)Ke ooo ]!{l pol]oo lt. oil rB oeo opt o p .HlI .ott. KpTtl TpaI{a o ' polIoN{I Ka L.]olI,.ta rr e.
oaTa. Orr opte}tlIoB T orr,r T a
o pKBllor Koa: ..o oa o B oI{K pTIlt{o I'lyK

py po/]yKTo o]!lai{I Tlol]I oT; ol{lI BaI yAyII' paapr Tpl. oyII oTprl u)< oeii Kopa e, e ao/J o''65. oo o
To' e BaT yTB oop x .l.pa
16

llaxa ae eo. T o . ypox 1917 '

1.a oT Bo III o 00 B /l.

x olil p olla oura paoolroooo y)Koo t{tl. p oa yT B o o

tool aP}tlt BlPoo 559 r. o 880 Tl. lto.
o pao ot,I l/5 Bo tl pat. po ooo apIi}o TI,r ari op t r Ble, eNf

l.epa Apo.Bep66'
Ht paa or]to rle KyTptlo-poBeTTtlo poaIlo o,l. oap' B l916 . or,r o.
Jlil ll oIIaTK opt{II' o/J:BoaBIIir{ epKoy ouKoBllIo Tpal{y. Xo y Heeo.oaplIru
OBo TTy.oM oooo oe apl.l y.
IIlToo opeeeor patl, o yv> oyBa
l.IlrpTylo Knalr PK ooo67' B tt

.l'J]oTll o Ty K.o ytlTBoB PTaI'ITI'I

Htrtoo , ..[oo ul,' ll y e NIollo-

lroe o/]tl6E. Opolt oTpoBtlo epilro

Iipoaal op r xa p aTa ..,oli(Ie
a,'.

AIrTaToK oo!I op o Ill\1 l]otll

19l5_l9l6 . ppa. B tIp'rr, po ..tx'' ot1ax.ro]], oT ooptft p B nPopNlHK t apaB oylUtlo oooB B PaT a p/loTane K,t.y Pooa
ocI ellTo. Be PoTaToll ap.rll
ilfT.lIl o o.a ..Bo oapl''' p]!|epo B T ) pallil' KoTopI /lo eP po oy l9l6 . B I'ePBI
t.epo a. ..oe .ry.. ol1 l917 . P;losoB oo ppoTpa}I o poo op>i o o"'rrt' O PoPoK,l a, .l.o..)< l o paI.JIT Ila o To PlUr oo, oToPa Pa la a].po pyo, 1.o oa B )K e ll]!'tll l 1' llo.l.K,
lIp)e Bo e IIlrra I oy epl'IaH. Bo rr l1rtolx IlTpots oa Nloa l a e.ro ooo.'. Co
olllloIl paBTeJI]] e yTByT Tol\{, ll.o aaT'l
lloaEoo oeerr',69. Ka oa Iiul o]1.,
tro

L]

To o oaa lrpaB.

t, rya( aJIroe aPToo Mp ATao, B oe opoTotIa a peaI,II{ TPI, aToT

irp' o ya B KotlTKTI patl.INlrl Bp>Ko Ko, BI[all aI oyTB popo tl ollapllI4, p)<etr oyPa, o.op},] oyeB,]r pl,t
rlapo?0' Ho po.to oopI B.p Tpal]l y Tt'I lI o. [ l ePBoPoT ya, Ipa' oPtIt l't o' pN'Ioo o ro I po.o' e oyo
l]al oI,ITIle Itl, ool ToKo ollpIlT' o
1'7

_T

}I' [aBo' oyt]l.IljtlT l elraToo Ma aTHToBorl

or|]lllri.,,a tr alr oIlorl l.ra papotl ttlIta orr1l:t

pyooltli ! ?r oTon{y pTHa'

a.t I9l7 ' o art ypell opoli
aBl\tol.ll o prarrrr tlplloPTa op)aKI,i Bopo. oToPl H HU]oo Up\l i] pH\l otpoi tleHlI
ol,l.l'ltKll. 13 o peoopo o>ltoir PyItrfi oo.t'prt
]I o,l'llolll}ltl oapll l]p'l']!{Il o TBpo]\ly o}y'
1'yp lr opx<K prrr,r o.l.l]eoB a(IeTB o]\1-

ll[r1 ir oy(IHIJ plrli flopy> BoBpl}lll t{ ToO lpplropt,lir Booo (Dpa, yTynl 6 p 19l5 '' o
ri oil pKII o prI .l.t7|. o Pleo (.)rlllJl
pllat a' o l]opyx<a e rr oirpi1 To I(
Ba)<oo tIH, pau'I, o1l ]r. po,l.ii]] BKt.I
TyoK

a [op>, a rt o pa otl, To llooI vl'ylll(u

IlpII. K ae BoBJ]Ilofo ]\{ pa]]I,IT'l'l]a72. ATpo

Beptr o.t'poBa pptropaI Kol\ ![ Ll tI ir B oI(py oTllll lt>y l]ylt peo Tto, BI(Ioa yrilll( iIae]]' p;rto pilI.IT.].Bo oTpl.o TpIro K orrro ;<ot:i opooit poa_Kor. lt Kl'tlrrll o1l
ONl! ir TKx 'r.poao oT op ].yo ooN''tloo ilpa.r.pail. Copt o opy) p.l rlT1'o]]aII o tlaBruN'l po pao)IJLl Llpltoo oa'

yp.Iti lrplti ooop o)/]troii PytI tleli l

olla 7 lr 19l 8 . o lrly op:t oyll.l trI >
l]opx<; B ]]po (ITI.I yTaBa oIJ/JoI!tI.Iy]\{ e
tl.r.lP o)ilI.Io'
{ap Poao, orIBIit{o' oI.I' riTo Tao II'llr.B, ooptIi
/lIl,r'Btlo oo)IJli!{ l]loJlONl

lI TyllI,IK o.I.Borj, 'IBJI

I o.fpo opllo oaPIl l1l'l lotlpoa o pItotl ,(opy-l' Tlt e lt ot'orr
I ypro ]:]oN'tytlll opo oIlle1B Ito.]'rl. Pao-lrao
( KPlIro a) OBI.I B.l.ol\J' .Io l o ]]Tytttl oil
po.t'lrrr Pytrrr oI{ H a)llt.l ooop I{ltpl l\{ P(ulB}1l,l' IIoo)IBr oIoI o]I/JptioT. lpetot
o>t<ro o>,ll,I To ]!1To op Dilt rr'

oe ol [ opaTpoB]I io .r: ..O orHlI -

'
)lJ oaN'I [oalBa}oT a yy R To .I.
I

oria aKoa oy pltarI. oot p<tll pltoit

[opy>, oToa IlI BoK p Col{ll, l]OIlpo r,l l.Pae tro Map _ B To BI{eTTBeT' To o lloIJ]loI1 o ){!rlttl oaPKoo ]ll\ll.lll p tT lI [(oo. oJt a.I'tt'a' o
py optr pa a Iip-Jloo optr' oat.
a1', KaoBo to t aIr rll)yaoo oo)rl IIo Hto
eo pru. Bo p olit oap yaTPo
eot opaoNI, lr To /loaIaT, uo li peoo 11l.pl'l,
o-lI.l.DHyI po _ po ePNIaltKo oo,'7i.
78

oaprt o Ko o'taa al'llToNl eplall' po

IlPllyToli K pN{ao oori ol'tl], i{ lo y)gtto
BivleT ptionI T o a opy aly oP)'].

H Boo-otlo 1'Tpoe
C a l9l8 ' o oHo-1.P.l.I{Ko lloo)ll Oprl o pKo ya'I. B B ooTo]]o TIli-l
olr po ttN'II ppotI Tya o}l Bo]r JtI, Jl],I-

.opoaHl ol,l. orpa lpNt H lolr

o Ia ]loTa]]a oTBtt]Nr Ua].
C orrl l9l7 . oa 1.aa Ipo peor1oltpoa.. o
,[oBa pTaoo IIpeIlp-N{IlTpa ll. oli .')op/lx, '.oap(l'r.o ]] ,.IllJKl]I1 peTlt B o}lII KooB ooaTeHo IlH,

lI oHo.l. IIcpt{oT Ivl o ollo.Ia TBI.Otlo' a H Bo

opa pIIpeIl oap, tlTo yrl MoJIo I lT
oeo oae lNl oaPTl]J lll ' o ptre )'1t{!rr oa)Ko BoetI.i 1 oJraoiI ptl. Oa
L] o rI o ypauaa )Ka ol1Pa otto'l'll tI JI,ltlll, eoetlo o |]ol:iI',76.
Jrx B pIylr eptro oo'l.Bo oJIaPKll o/lT po-

B ooBlto B opM ePTpTa, TO o 1917 _

'Itso
a l9l8 . B apN{I]lI pot,Iolll oTKP]Tl ITyI]I oJI]{T.
or,rNl lI IJlo Bo,Ire 28- plrol oly. Coat op
aoBao oTKalr oIIT ]lp]tKay oI{aOBatI o tlo,fOTOts K I'i.l'. 24 PyotsoT yTa i PeLll.Il j]oo
\{y y, o 300 eo O]I ]] pat iitottt7l' Corra.
I oTo1 Ilo,.rKo]], tlolIB[r'i tstIyTP!I TPa11l, oTKal
OTB,.r1',l a Crort!ri,r po. aa llt, tIoO]la' tl']re}tllr, tllll]\'t yae I B o.l.O}Il1!I l1l oOPori,]..
r pltlr iirt a'ol.I BoIiK ]i MaolIlI o)KllrI.t,l. 30 lta l9l8 . o o)eTotll ]lJ]HI oe peKI{ Bol:ta) o/I/lpxHIe paI1ylil apltpl,l, oBarr
Blo.|o p!t.Io. a'r.[.IrI' .l9.ri xolri ItoJI oP
o11 llr,r r yr,r,tox. B opoir oo ll'fop!1o itK y.r]]rPa ToKa prr' ,l]o yIIop oopot to't.t oirpa]fll, oy]rlTa'ot o, ra opaao. 'roT oiI
,IT.tIIl,tl[I pllNlpo]\{ eIroeoo prll{ge )KP.|y
a'
Ilo. pllK r|lLl\4 IloJllUHoO PIlo Bolll
B o r.a11I,lPoBaa Il BIlyTP[o't.ca !r.Iyalt'I

Iloe yaT oJ]o)Kttl,l KaT llaH] llP.llri .alo

Ilgllpolll. l r ol..aBy !{rrTepoo IIOT llol(. .o
p o. o rao .r.'t,l] l{ l plttt ll ts l(oHtltloN{
IlToe Pllj]eJlo atI PoaoB. o olt }It,ITp aPo..Paoao .r'
rIoo po]]llll . urea,
oJIo y)aJI
19

T py)eKoo aooe K y p (lep, .lo utrKo opao e oyK )< ]!lIIl' To T e... lr{I;e
a, o oIJ oT opaye eyro e1J'79.
oo 2l ap plla BaTll Byplro pBo oKpoB pK-Jlopa'].o o B Mot. oeo eo BI{o l]llleoT.ro av ox t a
Ixo ptlI poBoli ol. [o ir ll, o'I.Bt|arUeI1
oapK oIJo.oy]]pTl pe, TeoT
oxo Io, p o Pe aPatx ye' pl

o
o eppopo eot{oT oo'l.' r l,
popae
oaoir
e!l; aitrlroBa, He oBetl oapo

K oe epoo o, opl:i _
ae epoo Mp alIlTol,IM oo, a p '
olII{ opooo ooBopa o \{IiP y Lleplt
IlpeII Tpee

oo /tpx AaTI o ll oexI.

Ha o Topeoli pa y op tt ooo I a.
T poI. oa oxo IIo|K' o' '|'o
oe KIe pe-ooo yapToo ooopo o epoo o oKpe. oToy o l9lE . o
eP (, oyuleTI]ee o PeT ) Bep p'
ooBopeI 6 p l9l5 . Ho ap Be t.tl e oep y|]p|loT BlIoTlI poo BpllaI{T' Mlto lr< potl'a
p. o oI o opalB: ..K,l' oa
p IIoJIaa, To a o oKo I ll o) tol,l'I
P' o o a oT o aute, .lol olIT P, .
oe KoaoRHe alllx o
''80'

24 to o, epI
PePa
--ot, po a: ..BBJI
oo_
eo xoo oo)e Apo-Bep I y eTBoa
o.o Io Py ept K (lH}l)
p! T lo op e''8I. Ta opo, B KaeT oe B Bo ylUIl:l o. l o Iir. oo
eplr R oo epl.l ra pltr po aoorl. oe t, lll{o e lloaO
PoRoBy KoIr l9l7 _ r l9l8 . C -

prI x l9l8 ., o eo oTtloule Aa't lI BOttDO oPtJ!l prle po-Bptr, * epo".ltltiTeTaM ooI]I,,t oT l Dlto.

I,{T}teK e-

K oJIp
pe. O op ep-

aPll' ili\'llloo TIrBPelI R aye poTs opKoli

iu r ;eo. opoe ooe To1.yoo-

fll MoeT oao Ioe. e 8 ttp e-TaT xeKoB, o yKoo,TIJo oToPoo op p|\l e Tp JreT oeBi opxe, o ell Bey' B.
o.
To o TeK oKoalryr[ oa lp a
Boel
Ko.opI
o
er
Toopo.
ep
a
l!'to
eJlTo, pRoa Ipa IJoto tiTByro

[ ay oeo a.pol o o. NlallaTo pPTI( oaPK BoHo-o!ITI{tt llii'

20 ya o y o Te ypa. O o eTpoo o To Pea opa' oypTI]aN{ A.tariTl,i

, oop

o
oy
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o Hopo TpTeo pBI'Ia[I ol Mallo

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N{o oTKPITo oa tt B pea A B. Brto-

o ypypoaH Tpp.l.opaI ooB a a o .

eKoy lly. p o ao l}l e)<, itl'o
.l AtiTaTI e yy Boa>t<aT poT poa oap,
oIloBal To P85' TaKo oBee aBI pBTTa B]o J]Iloe eooTo ap pTootleIIKa
op' oopt oo, .rot l l t'tr.t
li ot{ ypy. o o }Iao a Bol\{, o TBp.
o ] y oeN,I oao pyrrHo, ooy,
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oTPeK oT a . B To )e , 20 p, M tlo-

p' .to ..ooli'to oeel oap ee aoaJIIile yTpN{(] B ooTBeTTB ooBoP oTTBaN{Il, oTopI
IT o.l.o[IH a lx oIli'86. o e e oyrIT pI' yToBtlI B olli o 6 ep 19l5 .
Ter pelr o Aar yKopeII'I ]!{ap pol,1.
Cort. Bepo 22 1918 . oa Ta HaI..pytlrro
aeto
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ol'l BOriK. Ho o 24 p oopI .ITyaIII!1 ;l'l''l
ItaaJIo tlr,ro BoTae, BoBMoe oa'lI oI.IT.. Bo'r.r
tslly To o'J oyl!{..H Corl!,'
..Ctp BlItIoBa apol!,,Beuepolt Too x J]]l'l Ollll pao]\,1ll aB}l IT-KpTtlp apoll ap K.t'11lt'
Nl pl{o t{oI o|]I PyI. Be olr rtalr
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Klt [y Pa/lo, oTTya a Co. ptrrIIiltii K oTaBurlilvr pyKoBoTa Po J{o pooa op pyoli, olloo lrpJJ.eeNl e
pBr,ITTa' a _ aBooay. 28 rr'p [PoBI
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lPN{aIK oNIaoBaI{e oo paBer.y alta
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T)<l yoBfl N'IlIpttoo oottoP, o'].a]]lUo rtoptr.ro aNIT oaPKoo t{po

..op oii,l KTaTpoa''88'

B oapo ooparr TBplla .l.oKa PI'I, KoTopy aolre KTopHo lp C',{a; ..Br'ylra ol\,
oaplt lto']'Bit p oo oHl Hal(oal,|(j o

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peBotott:i p. P a l{oapeKoo

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oTpIr o1.per.o B o Boo la oprr tr a /lytoIl(ll|i
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l

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le a orr (l9l2 l9l8)' Cou, |95.1'.6'
4 ostrt'ih Ungas ussepolilik von de Bosn]shrn Kliso l908 bis zu
Kriegsausbuh l9l4 (aee _ oUA). win; Lipzig, J930. Bd' VI' N l0628'
2

s.650.

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fil'roava op o,lI Dlit M.
poo ol. T' I. oep o)}'!l oo oyooa. .; .,
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pupz .II. Ka' o. C.206.

IJ' o: Bee,^1' oap eJIK apotIi ot e
ao ep (1908_1919 ') // luds historiques. Co, l973'
T. vl 10'
8 eopa
eIl VII otioeo Hpoo r,par.t t'ee - C[) I eoa (ae _ p''). Co. 19l,1' K' 1' . 289_
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Quo usi1u Landm op? ', l915 ' C' 6l : Protit (u!.
ils). L Bulgi: ss nrbitiolrs. sa tlxhisoll. P', l915' P. l85.
|4 oo,l.1. aT olt.a a A'o ap (l9l4-1917).

, l98' . 2l0.

|5 >yapot o'}loIlilt oy IIpa|

'o]!le.I.
Cp' IIl (aee _ Mo): B 10- . M ; ., l9l l938'M';', 1935.T.VI,' ].

'

289

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l{. o: o

. o. C. ]00' Bra oaIlo! Llo

pa o IIllMe N'ty II o 4 l914 . pl eeIJIlto oox PTBa Paooa' ..r, paI ticpeI
oaaT lIIM,'(oUA' S. 250-252).
17 Di deutshen Dokumt zum Kigsausbuh
. B', |921. d. lll' N 67.
16

s. l33 l4
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f]lro.Itt /loti o ll{e ap B Pa!i oa (ee _ [). Co, l920 T. I, J\ 44.
12 LI LtoLt H a lt tlr.opl{
olllioo ltetllltol].l'll(I
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?] l,t Ka. o'|. ' l84
14 o' T. vl, . 2. J'{! 474;
T.I'.21.
25 Mo. T' VI, . 2. N! 580, 627'
26 ap A'aTal.a rp lla 'oa
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C.

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C. tlo: du !'ttpoTBo

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KoI /l1. oI orj poo ol // po lIo aBI]

K Eapoo: ae oa. ., l997. Btrr' l7' C.286_291
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N 66l,

662.

oo ' aoltpa (ao'a.) aP l,il

p. l90 1920' otl, 1986' ' l82_18
30 Bpr o l oyoa
l 19l8 . Clt.: I-du H !oa11
o ep llo Ta t't Tao 19]5 Co' l929.
l oo . a' o' C. 186.
29

84

..tloa
2 oo oa' o op
rte
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oea a li.LpTe eppoParrI o,I'' (Homou
a' o.l' C' 24l)' [ oa ey o opl.tio.

' T' I. J.l! 698.

l]4 T >. J\li 878,882; o. T' VlI, .2. ..198, lr.2.
]5 Mo' T. VII' . 2. l\ri 769. C. 46 |
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6 Ko 6' Ilo
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1I]78 l925' o' l926.'I.. ||. .1+ '76.
1 plu X opyeo prrja o
e'pa]l tl
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122.

Ta ).

' 124-|25

'

Ta x' ' I27-|28'

40 T
ooop ,l,Jl. T. l'C.690 691; Ko . a. o. C.72.
a'[,[' Co, 1921. T. . J\ 2'
42
'e - o.r a Itoallea op IJa aa't'
jp). Co, 1922. C. 1l3'
4 l; o a a oPatl oI] o,ll(li opIt'
Colr' l99l ' . ||; nl.lto'luff /, e tl pel ,l/1' o(b,
. ' 6'
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B'op opyaTa. o' l99' C' 90'
a5 Bul ittn S' Drl Jilh aus der Zeit meiner Anrtsflihung im Kig' B', l92
]9

s.

r08.
a6

41

o'. o aa olla'.. C' 267'

po o ori 1. to a po o-

l\tl

pe' 19l4 1916' Co, l995. .2.l5'216'

48 rnl,ski 2' Ratni iljv i Bugrsk i Ccntalne sil. l9l4_19 l8. Bograd
'
r985. S. 185.
49 o,l,1. arI'r.a o''' ' 363.
50 v nllski Z' op. it. s' 225.
5| tLcp Ce ooe rt troa c
ep>a 19l6 '
'' l99' C' 7'
52 l,L . . o.l. C.62'
51 rnoski Z oP it s. 258 260.
54 orl oap. M', l954' T' I. C' 506_507; op Iooll' M',
I96. T' I'
55
56

'

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ullp

a' o' C. 8l.

CI. oporre: Mtt,t.,. aeo }]a ]]alr

o aoLl't

p tIP pa eo oir l9l4_l9l8 ' o,

1994.

51 dLt MaeoIi o o eoII orlllll

oapK apii epoa Dpo Nlpoo o'it,! ( o1.ao lIPoe,t) // Haoalli tIpo Boouor.i Bpoe: pollo tt ao-

ee M., 1995. C. l01_l05.

.'

5E pa'a aptl Ceoa'r.a otia l9l5_l918. Coplr, l99'

LI 11. ap Coa oria (l915 l9l8)' o,

Vlll. . 611;
2001. ' 76 80'

59 t'rrovski

2 S.269'

lid' S. 272'214'
6lop oap' T. I' .510.
60

85


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po ltl l{llIt o ueT a -p B' P
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oa ToP ,Itap.
oll, 1998' T 8, C. 0.1 05'
65'
X X, yr'i 28 n"*o""n no,*' Co, 1949. C 72'

oplt oalr' T' I. ,509,

Boi)ur Zz1' K lply o eIJo!l iBaoo ]].
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67

p I(pao,:i' Bo'olroli

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olTa oap plr la y; a BI{1 BIIoB y ..ol aTaTpo,' P P]]1]lU] y> ypa oIl(IKori Bl, To II. o ..poolta''
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87

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oa eTpaoB. eyaTpao arIle It}loll
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t,t',>' pay lllleo He

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88

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op pl 'p8.
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Bopo' a, To ]]e, HTpoNI oJ]aoo a pI
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aaI B 1922 . O yep>a' To pyKooJI H, l
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ep, K o p Bo a.o BTP tl 25 ce
p' TaK rlo)' tlo B a oJI oTlitl1'.
Oao eyapt pt 'p' oyol B 198 .
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o e ooa o ..peTeTB'' oli oa
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89

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Bea poa. K TBy'I oyIrT op o,
epxI Aar TpI,1II 1loTpTllT itt pTr'Ie
o rr ooTPtill peoltoo oo pol]' oToy' oToi]y a NI BoI{ PoTropeIl, o}ll{ peopo opoTK po /IoTIi oaItt oap. o ' Oo
oTaJl >rri opo: oao ITPoe pNlllp oHopeo peplre to? { ar , oTPaT Too,
(lTo aIoo pNlrI T3o ,IlpyrIllt
aopo, oTopI o}1o paB Kpya aI eoPoaT oTBI
oaT T l ao-o e yKpe }lyTplloTeyto
ya. ao pr, B ooIe, o' Hy]!{o o>ll
la opy oexea op ep H 1918 .,
y]]JIo poTBPa. B o N'II rrPepe I.]Io BIot{I
n TPttI.
To )e Kaa }lloTltoo aKTa, To tt o)KIIT
ol{}l Jl/l: e I e Iyo BoTe, p B Bo oIIT.Io yllp'ITB, yoo, poox t o' B
> troe poPIBa po y [op-oe oao oe o]!totl olrpo ppaaT BoI . P.
aTPBall aI aTy aatr 11-ti pao 1-
opo pri (l- 6- rr oa plBJllI aTIl poa), a}l KoIlttT yapoB o o Bappa o
a ayarr Coe By aTarlToBKNl ot lr o
>l<o

v pt Co. Hoopte oap o.

eIe ellaI T Il lll Bp Pay) o Booxt{oT

Pao ootto oyt{arJl{orlrioli aI oTBIlK I{ aplIaoN{ Illvlell oo)( a olIolt peIa. pa

H. H, aprrtp' y)K oe BofittI !I,.ITo opa )Ja.
o/]IIa polJtloIe pal 'ep yoB epe'tpIr,..e ooaa I{o Too ,.to aTolle Boa a
90

Laoo pol]T Ta o p]t.ltrll(o oJlo)e BeTe rIaJ{BIIBuII'1 l\'tI, yTaoT rr oeoo

Tl''

|5,

lr.r oToTel a o ee, o l.t tl '

peToT Ta oo B aoJ\,I Baaoo
aoTa. Oo poBKa' aBIIIo Cot,l yKOpI NlaplttN{, Io y) Bo}Io)l(o. Bar prtop opo]: Ha a yo ePn'lpII oa I p.ITIa' o.
P' J] I K o]eTy o KIoell a' or.oii'l.epptrop l a olitrtl't Al? oxo to l aj I{a T y.r. ol9lI, o B-TaII yTIIKI,I, oopI o JIrr'I 2q Hp l p\lp. O} p\ it p.'t u.,tl
B IIplI olr) oao' ol]a poTl,Itl],IK ,Io y)(, y oPoa Tptll' o e Ty e? B trt tr'l] oIlrl l.Oo.
PT' To ITo Nlp oKaaJ]o op oTIloTo
BIol' To, .Io eo ots l\Ioll IT oip y)K,

I(oBo oTBpxaT T ToNl, tITo oll IBlr o

eyoBoB prI pyo prr plrrr, eo pe.t.

oo pp-lvllrp ' Beo l6.
Ptplr yooI op oIT o 19 l 8 ',
rriiit op [' oye tt rrplloo>]]! rI.O
Tao!I Toa Tpa prlyIraoo .tpo ]!{o'o t BoTB oI.tT yoBII I'rpa eel?. H a ' T oy-

olIB Bp)K p l9l8 . o oall]llllo I,INI pl'la Il o tiTI.Iit. Ho pIl ol,l ooe apxe oIlltatl,
.to poBoaeI'Ie PyKI,t .e yoB e;o po,T peootlI yT]!'l' To II lTa oyts[.r. Jlpl

C Calro ao B oe Balioo

o].a'

o pNI aIIt1 1'o BoTal.l BlIo IIDlN1 l1:

ooo opol:i peottltr PoIt' a l papl,I e
a peJ]I paI, a Ha'I Tallo o ypoy IIttTpI Bopar, a aal{a tl a o poMoKtr llot]oB. Bo'r olrr,
oo BoIlIoHtIoo ooIIl.
oBaa'..oBeT TIp', pyootlIt'i op
Il _ lra 1919 ' o oxlr plrKoo p\repa.. o [>op>a BlTyll oep; lapo11NIop lro p plta III' o Bpl\' oo N,lott

Koo KoPo]Ioo opa. a opoo 1ea T. To-

9l

Jlopo p pay {oaTo, To )y opo eo

oll]o e .leo oeo, a ooo ap oI yBTBoB
olltloBPeo opo, pao]E'
o oo, B t{ r 19l9 ', yIiB o TxI ]1 op yoB ooTaBBaoo Bepae }'IpHo ooop' .
a(e la po)<a NlPoToN{ o oTp]!{' MT x o o Bopoa o..aaI oKpaa'' o oP lxo oy op;<ro. KoyI:l pTa oyllottl oa oap eepa p oe pyoBoTBy Booo ap otoo o 7 ro' oo
o ot't a p, paTpoa o K prtHo pBepx p)aB ATaTI, aaeo poBoT Iloy, aoxaeyro epeo Bop' o -

t pa, oa ae pyo, o aT,

To oa yeT JIoBaT aoy ypyl9'

oop o To, K ooo HTTyT oBI,to
a oKoaIe yo p. Hooo yTIaTL /lltI('
B oap ot, to pyo oxt Tptl, Haao pe ppoRaT p/l o']r, tl tto oap..KoJla oTye,'. O epa, trpaBlo o 30 e, op o'l.eKoNl p opK
pa x. Tp o B y a ..px'' ToKo
pTa Ta aIaeIx ..aaoKx'' ap, o
vr epaoo a, o eBo pee lBllI o oTaTrNt KTeK oyaa pa BI{ltio-

eo popal.
p o (ypoI Bopoa oep ao paoo ap [' Kople aa B IlBIte a eit
..epa
oa opr
o oTpe epa:
yo. oxo. Bylpl] ppoo. nppo
oo vo'.. B N{e.r paBo BlaT a oap paee}r p, oopt o t aTPolv{ oN{t{TeI apoa, e ooTe.ryo BoI1T[I t{ p.
l oo''20. A , aK )e ooJlo, B Bopoe o oeo.
oe op o BTyl] B poo o
a/]a o oI Koy lv{oll' oo pr
jlPoB ooBI oe ap. Paa lll o}1
o Bopoy o IIyT oox oTxtl x . ooy
oIT oap paBTeT B po o Co o
..,' oollTIe yo ..poopa'',
a Be Jl Too,
vot ye o,l'e ..poo'' ..po,'

Kypa, y e . Bepe PI{aTK oa, To

epa ur ooa
oaoo oa''2l.

..oap l-l) ypee

B ao )e olt el oa, To ppllo Txe-

JIIe yo epep oyT

..oTyIlyT''

opr aTBT e

oo(aT oy. o lo I Bea a.tlol ooy

o oK po po, poe pp, po epeoBopo o aBo oRT a oBH py o epoo ota' B o epaoo x llOl'OToB aKItI pNfllp op/]ea HeoToBtloT A.
TI, aaeo Bpo, K llepoBopa o PeKPtl oHI eB oK] pyy o:rp.
oo o p.to o o.t.l1oltTo ..''
yoBir pN{p l pIa HTpooT AI]TIlTI o p (o p.re oopxrt) opo ppop' oTopy}o oT a ooaT
a oP pollts Ty Ap.Bptr, TaK paePTIBa ItTpBIl B Po22. oToy, pep' opo o xo
flopyxe Caoa 9 oy)a, ee epBoao peo
o o,taBT o p.

Oo eo To' t rxl B ox lr

Ie opeTI 1.epPl{.toale PoeI\II o ptse Bpa. l oPo B po: Ko lvlTo .o pelvlp paao op o TN{e )yapoI ootlt a

ax? A o a o Rya ooavo _ ii oToI'la po

TpaIJI

oillN{ yepeel]]' oo epeN!p

TBpIIo aelro a ope ].aT pa, oopl-

, a oe)Keo pI. B Caoax l tee otlI epKT! KoTopl yo Be ypoBoy poopy'

pp ao poTo epI Kllpo ooPy>oo B
Bepae pooo a. oopeeo oo To e
KoTpye , oTopo (,l B aHK x.
ao ppe PeKo pT oap a ooy po B peo, paaB eeBI yTIlo op pe, BIa a Be poT BoI' Mo)o
aaT' rlTo aoa PoByaa epTroa Ho oep,
ru oap peBN,{olt{ IIo Botlo-oe IJ.
B o pe T To pe o yepae opKo Topro y24.

ppo oo o lr:
..rpo ''
3 op l9l8 ' o lvl BpylI-lK p,la o pa oa a o op.r oT pl,l.oa'

o Tpaa yaJ]a rtI a y}o i{ oaJloo oo. Bopo >e o y a) To.]I'

K y> ooo, ooot pPlx Ta Bo oo aa Taa, a oT opo pe T' To
Pa Cae-oyp-o e)KeTeJIrlo p9

o a IITo. Bopo tro pao pTrt trltt.t

Plolol

t..l.tt tlepoli \'Ioofi BUIIHl

. e l]Ilo'lliIl Ko.il:l.l,IO]a ts Nla; ...''o.ttt o
llKpee e o)K,.re o'l.o' .l.o o (ea' _ otlz.) ooolr
NlIttl |p lt lIpil|tlt,ll

TPo lI olly pr. [a> aee eaI' Pre' I1l oaKaHI }/J opTBoBlI 1I Jloots!'l,{
l.t o ape'.l.o paBo[rNl o.Ie lBlt]NIy a O

tI

I{]. . .!'25

B o

(3 op) y oap oBl1 ot p.

r ttpooar prrlri I pI.t oprr, tt 1.tpor.t. f]o Nl}lttrlr OlrOO rt[oe ONIIITH.I ToT
l o opa C' py, ypl] oy']]aTBoNI Irp0l1Jro
..rlIao
K (]oKy
I]Tj]llTHoN'ly, o o pitK.t.P e ootlo ptltolry,', or.otri e t l orla y]]P olit,..vl'o
fto otIl 'l'a t' l\pl{,'26.
Be K.N{oapo]vl ox t lirr 't'optrto tl ..pIllvt
oil alt,,. 1.rt opolt, op Ill lltll -lp aJlo]}
oaTI,IB], alaH'r'oaBlll oaxy Tlpooit tlllrr'u.
li. Ol, e\,1oTp a arr orlr, o}ttllI,l B oe,rBr
>

]\1Oa(IKoy IlTl.lTyT' .BBrrr oaplrt'r rr o/lI oI a opetre oor.i oyirPT]]o'l' BI,IIINIO ,

to olt o ao ' to lI:TyT Bl oyap,l']}a
'l.tl'Il\'l Koollpylill (lilO, BOKPy o't'lplo opllo'I oK lroori oaP.I]]eo.r.. e pllyl,lata
ll JilJlllO H ltoil ltoKoo pJpupH('l|'| |l tllpL)
p. oIil.l y ItN{tiooLlll}|tll ort".ril tto.ltl.lt-

lrt p Boo 1oa (lrtlr,l oTaB'I1 ll ..1'H,IrI'') By ]\'1 yxo, oTBa e To I]a trprrpttlr
.t, potll11 paJII{llrr. Ot 'l'Po'l'l,l o/l,I'

.lo/lIUIl U Kp) OilPOlt ||L,lllll(.\'oil f',ll|,|,l. o\!ilHIlltI

BIpa)<l (opo l]IIlNr) cTTo o oTtloI{Io K N'IOililp||liI
ttepo. K To]\'ly )K oltt tlplt(llltl l loal] ] Iri
aTlI I{tJIll,l o]il ap B ollxIi ,r'tl' M o o.r'r(' ox l a..o!t,'. O potr oap, KooPy B IIoIIO,:]
P ]}ollpr{tlrl]!1a KaK polltly' BoIl.tlBa u yu1rlil part'
Te, B ol]Plll1'Be I]a,jle ltpll |(tNI. Jll\lo.P jIPOBa
opoe a aoaoo IiTaI.1TT, l IlPBo"!ai]LlOo ItpouI]ollatI'I.
Oo op lII alla .. .tlIo rI.'' lta oxtlt,lti
!l'yI]. Kpy > otlTl'll(oB ol'.tKx , H Ko.ole o
o oIIcT' ol(aa'l B y)(ttt{l',[:t oapttl,l, o>l<lrarrtit poto aJIttlell'l poo ooop oIIrt't,

yyo a].Bo ace pop.l.o ot{T zp"ltottm..r,repao

oo. Oo parIpo'Pao a
oepal,tt.t,',
oKoy pe.r'I]IIr.rr pyo]],1.Ba ao y oy,1p1.I]iJI{oo py o,lI o Nloo otil, eo oa ap-

TIl p)t( ao oo oJlltTeoo B' Tp )e'

yy pl oI NI}i ttl.tail ..lt.
oao apoI,', o aa yTPaT P)<HII I{rIl{NIoT Bol!1oT pII PelIIeHu oeIvr orIIzl],1onoo Nt

aa'

B yo opatri pri ao, tr tttl T a)Ktloo oTl,IKoo KPII, BIaoo pt}loM oo.
l\'IK

oI ot27' TaK) IleoPe}loT y]]oT BI]-

lIoTIlKoo oo)t< ,IpI tioBIIi o;rpt.lii t1p l

o PIIITI, o e ot eri'
o pr'I a KTlNI oy Peot{ Bo t] .l]o
aeII Tpal: H rti Ilo ByeH]| x P'l'o
op III oJI oti pt ya, B oTopollt otl o e.
oII(l'1 oo)J{aori Mo!t21l' pa, T e yT'I

aP yao yToo, To ]uoa BT'I

B-TaIl (ITtlo29, o To y)< y(TBo e BJIo tl ]too>t<TIJIto ToaoT oTI4 B Tpae Haeo Mo}rapa'
opa lII o oe oo)oT aT Ool
KrillT Ila oor1 NI IloJlIITo lt aT' ltlTna BaT e vII OIooo apooo opHll
OIN'I

oI,ITIIo rIJ] pe,l{BJIa oo a ojllUTBa "a

lU o/l[olIl B aa /{aBtotI:i T o aI

pT' Toy ) TrlNI poolt{ tlooort' BtIo .l.t'.

Bo' To Tao oTaR IIapriT Bopt{I,IN'IJI oe a
o.r..IK alI.
IJp I oo oITIir op.et aB llplrl

TeTBa, ooI peo\'lI,lT pyto r.yt' Boe

o(Il Io ae Ty ]Io)<oT llpx}ieo IPNIPa
ao, aorlleo B l]tlTP ot oJIIlI{ Ntrj.
K olty e o pae) K oT.r.rlo yKoy Kpyy opaoBall
t pecar oapx oI,lTKoB rt o oIlil.1Nt
oITol{ o}rl]Teoo .. aot a o
aa too}Iea o epori poo oI [opalIK ap]], Booa Bo oPttNrI,1 ptlo apr.
' Kapo . Caoa, oTople aollpol'l y oitp
[pex< o Ttooli oTTy, optlI,IBf{ t]olo oo o1. or aJreHI,I parlt. B a [
Ia ooIlooT R oolt]tl!I..epoii oepl.l tt,',
a Btlo' a.Ilre o eopaTots llo IBIl}I]t]
Tpal rr oI.
Hoo pl.eo lo oprrpoao eP /1 }ielI [o B.l]y opa peTo. oo opo e r't.1'o.lo oUe, o To p ea a[lat II aJ]TIlo
oTpaB Tya[ B par a _ ..yoKo,I' BoNlyrlJtltllo
oyr o'.. poBaT oypTBI{o-olt1'l'tl'Ilol p)''.10. Bltor .l.TBH, .rto oT |l KIl]l]l
95

oTI .TBe MoB oTIl Bo opTtlKoB o plylIly Kae _ pTBT poTa e,.
..T)o-

p tttoaI ppo ]]oIlTKIIx

o'' epo vo, eopo, t poe opaoaIli
PoBBtr.I e a eypI o: e. Ha o Ty
ri aBI{ yaT B p eoo oapoo eaT
aIotl Cooo pp, Ta yoottle
TPar poopI o e)yaPoo paI eao 1908_1909 . o a ey I pye eol ypt pyo [ ' Tae H. yto' oo pKoo oT' eopaTl opoTo(I B ox pyK aTrio
o lllITpTB BttyTpIl , oB, I, yT ooll( B; B Bee Btlo [pexl{o IITepTo

Mll' o:opo oIlT apoBao Pe.r pJIT'

ro HC. K oy >< Bo Be Boeoo BoNITBa o-P.
My oTill} oPT rpa . o'
Ho o l rll a'r' pBTTB' oTaRlllo o pe a To, Tol oel B pTaBTe lIIooo eTpa oTalr . oTopI o l oT)eaT pex e[IeoTo ope pI. B oo oN{arte opaTa BBI o Toopo ol{ PoB

..al,' pT
opo o tloT p
- Haoo' poIIIoM Te Hapooo opa' Tp. o oa
l]ttIo JlTeKo o{TBo.

oo oe aol 'pal o ool.i o.

TeoI1 aT o pyo: e p Ta ataIe..ele''

_ HC, ..tllpo'' or, Pao.eopaTI'l.

aT. aNr peaa e.r.lp TPaT,II,1

op. .,r'', ro po, RpBr Bottl a oap o.l Ot'l. H yy ll l\,{oolltllM, ooo BTr, T apT B aatlo
T' Iare Kotl oI, poPTa BooT
(IIllvIoT. e ro l9l8 . Mo ITaJ] tT oopy
elyto , Pa.r y paTP rrrpoo Ko'
Oo o, oaoB opo (op e e o..r'', KJlIa
TaBaa oBe poo ora),
Paao, yaJ] oTBeTBeoT' ep )e TyI{ B orx
Tri poaa py. , ep [Ia Be[III BTo.
oeoT oTBBtII 3 TTB (aooo oBe; Too, pol{IeoT lpya; ee; o.-

rlx oopye, opo oypoa), ap ( o

Bpooa Iox N{aTePI Pypo. ToT oKyeItT I o oo>T]Itlo pT o.e, o oy>e B Hpoo oparr polt]o peyTerlo o orIoT.

BIpara PapoTpIlo p ..pal'' H, a a

eo peJ] erl oTo oa yHo oo .
oIlTo BaTll' ep e yaBoaBl]I poeoepao p [ aBaJ] oo. peox
p oppo o ..tpoo o''l. O lrppK oy TT[ty TIiT. ,[ae' a o py.
PI{TaT oapo o.teo Tl, oJr' .|'()
oo poyeTye pae lte o }oil l'lpoo oolJo.
pa o]2.
Bo eTIBo' lITo pTTBo TaKo IloBo BpT
lroeP) .,a'', KI oTllBlltx tl x
I o Io o Kopoo ..Ko''.

oao ort* oo,'n"o p,l. ooo D'l'.

T..t'lpoo oa'' oKa ooor

'te
"
"."o'u
opo. ope]l]ly}o po Ia rII aop.
He
oo r epoT Tya lloTP olloT I]
oTo] o1.e o TopoI op e, o't'lple
)Ke B oKTp l918 . oT opa otlHoo pNtei{ _ eT pplIaToli eol. p
par
K oI TeppToP TpI]. - leo.lK oo)Ke' 'ltll oooi{ o xo [opyxe, o ye B oTBKy4,
To epr T reIlvl yaoI{ o o !' ! lt{oPTo oTeo o pope eTI,rBoe !Ie
pIB x ]Ip oT BI peTyIeo ae
( lo l9l8 .), o Pa Ie oTa B oTBe poo
ora. Tep opo otlo P BK oppo.
JIo, o ooe ae oa o.lto IlITa yT BIol] Botll.
T e oBo]!'1 pBTe.IB ..roo oa'',

28 op oBnI{l yxe Toopot' a pTBT

pyKoBo.rBa,[ oa Ba tIoT.IK olI Bol Ml]l{Tp.B _ ByTPIlIl oerlo. B oy ..pat'' o rleTBe ]!{Ta
o poeT aeB.

oe o eopToB B oTo aT o-

KpIaJ]o oooT pap eTT ..eI''. ye rx po o p o)KI I Bo

oe) KTpaI oToTeBa oa oTpeoB.

r oTe ooeTo Ba.
..rpoo
Boe llllo' o poaa paBeTB
o'' l ovo optlpoBaa e oll e
TpI' oToPo plxo )KT re Borioo Bpee _

)K aB]l

96

4' oPll

t{o

trK
e

o PTeoT

rlepe poIIoJraT aToe

9',7

eleTBllo. B aeTB eooeo B To oy.

T ao ..opaee oPKa oo'', ToI ..yro poT o e p''. llaMl oe aop p oao oo HapaBoT opeTpo '.opIee er,IB eel Boo p'', a yo.
..Boyo
Koee
oeTBIto oe''. Bo aB ya Ta]].
Bopo o tupoo aTI{ a TyII Botllloo oToo paKTP! B To x Be aKeT ea eoooT
aK a oBePtlI peyne, BIe o oyoTP BaTIo o TooI oypBeIr' oKpyxI oIx ya. Kopeo opypoa oo>e o oooT Iloooo) B oy oyPT ppt, o.
ye] oI Boi, e oaTTB' TI aoI ye. e < a o|{ TpyI !lo]l yT
o yyrxe a)eIt ti poTa TIl pJ] epo oooT. Kpoe oo, Paao oyTBT
ollooxe oTaB . , ao, B B paITo op aa a ypI (.. epo Boo)Ktlo.t, B aoT oT xyapooo oo)'')]5.
B KIo peP py aJlpoB K ..TpoT ya'' oap, pBa x eTy, e ot ..r
aTpyTeoo oo>',36. o y, otl oy a oya.
TeIroM yoBe e oTBeo opo' a oToy I-

Ta oT ooo poa ac ..r'' oapo oTo KTp, B epyt oepe ..lxpor,r'' oaTI.

lI oo Hao B oo

acT' oa ooxo BT lla o ..I''

oIIlT oopoBaT o T e B eP!{o pTBa Mao. B pe op 19l8 ' a oa peaBT Tp ap, oaoN't o TB P(o)' Io pTo pr o oa KoTT eoo oa. oo aaa oaa Ba o>oIi o. Coa.eopl
pKaI poo oKypPoBa N{)y oo a pBo PTBT py.IBo o y > aT Ile _ ooeK tleee atiIe o KaTop p peTIlTa'
PeJIOB' paotI, Te ( ooo' yv). ..t'' < o tle pB }oeo
eo' tl eo poeIe oy poo. oToy yT KOJIo poa oa oopyo rTpa oaaa B ee aKTao. oe lleoo oa,
aK Bpoe o, Ta po a ooH(ITJltloo opaooo oope, PyTToBa opee B oarl p.op po ..el.. p.

pao aBlro pTyo K pa Bo orpKy.o oJ]o opeTPoa Ho' noToMy TPyo pJ'Iy-

98

Nlo popaI o a on BotiI. )e p

;1p l918 . y o Boopy> l o o Tpo
llo/]i{p< , al pe oyapo y>l. ToT |(o ppo.pa a oorlllI KToP all,
l] l]) oepoB, ooeoe oo)Ke KooPl

Io aapot1ggN{37. A oe e oeo l9l8 .

H ooao elI o oaI pBTTo
]aKoooT o aT a pye, oBplUIe B po/1
1 y 1914 . (oee I oeo oox) o
|

ap 1918

.8

aoelr rpoo aN'ttlT oBoo BoTI{o TI

-}or )a oK PaBa' To l]Bo epliI

Ily JI aTlIa eTeoTr1 B PBylo op pall{
ttap, pyooTo KoTopI y)e oP oJ] KttIHI{ o-

llKoo pep oao poro pTap oBo'

.o
Ilo opaaotlo TpyTyI.
o poe, eeeo,

aa,[. o aoa pePKoo oT oo ]\{y oP/]oToT a ea oo PT yKoT xo BoTa.

oB i\'IeTI opa eopao9. oao o e
poe oeeri pe){ IloI[IoB oaa oTaToo eI >o ap poTKn o-Boy.
..ptx'' _
[
' H' _ o apaeoBJ] TI{' To lle
ooo<a oHoBN{ oo aaa40.

B aoee o)oN,{ oJlo) e paB PTI1 ao;1 C, pyooT oooo ol BoliI ooa

pKo' o o aTIo' B ape 19 I9 . o oo o ey e oo TrI B oIr

\,to. O t ]p pBl lpo f,{ l ll,l pKll
IIo. o o B paBe ..eeee'' pt-Nr.tpl BITy oeI aBe, o
..]iBlI,y
PBro >o aal, KoTopI Boo)KeI a
B yae o BaT. po o oro H]Ioy-

.tI'',1l.

To oy t paoe ..pooo o aep'',

ooy olIII poToP tlBoo)Ho ]o yTpa-

T oN{oto eappoBa ooo' yT To Paoo ra. oI ao ytI t Ktt PyKotsoTB Coa a KTBIlo yTe oTo . pee-

a oPey po ope e eTeII. ,a)

aB ..peooeP', Ko p Ba l9l9 . a
TPaa tlTpoo opaa -HC ..eeo aI'' y.
),]a' o paTeTo' oTaeo o}oo, ..oae ex
:to, To' o eeo, oo y/]T poT HapBe
''. o oaT''42'
oo pyKoBoIITBa

HC oor PBI'ITTB NlollTppoBa a o poo p.i Io aTI

99

-f

..evo''

r vII oC Ka D'TB .. v o.
t rt peopaTopoo Ay opoo Hapo.'4J' B p
1919 . ..el'', o yT' oTpI po opl a eoTJ]arII poy VlI oC. peI B pBTe'r.Be

..paBl'''

tee

, opo .o oTaoBKe

Bopoa. prr Boa Toy, 1.o pT r.

opt leoopo ooT lll oe a}or' llpoo
oo]]opa oeTJ]NfI'I, Ko y/]y. yTotll oy)Jp l.BriI
pall py oo o}Iot{I (ooo 100 r' orK)
oa T )<li aKTttoo e' ax yy
otll Be oae BoIloo Bpe. B oepjKy TKo
o po ToT aT, To ep TBoB] Vtl oH
por lere potsaI paBTeTBo aoI' oTopl oeBaIT Iolltl o poPN{I oe' o KoIl o , o p 19l9 ' rryt pooooa a o o a pI, oytlllyl o p oi
I, a )e per apr _ ao o TIl oy op t ]oo pop l'o o otl,]'.

,Ia

opao, PBI{Te.l.|] pop]!l oTO paoRIBa. o o oHoBIl oo, .tot ol.ttt

oI{aTe HC, p ypoo TtI B e [. flpa
B Booe o yr xvII OHC ol ..paIx''45.
aooo o ToottKo, a rrooaTo
oTTaBa /lI ooB peTaBrro aT, o yT,

op)Ka o-eoKPTI pKl. pa' o ppeTpoBa ao yTe K^'ta a BIoPl oBoe. vI[I _
OH l po oBHo oeKo H'
oo Py 'IN{ poTooN{ B tsII]!{ ltlo
a oao pyoe. Hooo ..er'' o..pa.
BI,' apTllpl\{ B pBe poppoo B pIJa.
oooT erie irpTitoo pa T TB B tl.
o p o, o Pee Ka T' TK y BI ooTBo KyTpoBa /J eooo.t oopa Il
y p oBTo oa ol\{TToB paB PT
oa TlI'I KoTTo Bo a. Oeo ooo pl
lt, B tIPyI oe o-TaK o Topotll Cooo
eo TopoKoB, Taa,, Kee ooo Ie I pa p o' Ha eo paaI ..eI'' aTolro IIITa eo).r. I oTBeT1.eoT a opa}le
ap Bepo TBpoy otoy Ha aKTo Ta
ol, pa B /]aI]oNl yv t )K ri oJI
'lT.
I {r apoa aTaK Tao Bo]!{.tRo TP ByTpe
yaoa,
KoTopoy
PNltlpoa a),r
e opaTa
Bo ItoT oIlliKoB B oax o,]]rto
BaT (aeT, o op To pT Tao oo).
Beo 1919 . poTBoToIl y ..BI'' op ttp100

()oPT'ao T oPyro opy' To opo o proParrI{ aB|(B oUl Ho 'raa.I .

..lpo'' oaToB
..ale'' TaTe
TaoB
l]oBo l\{ tT y op a aT. po
ttt p B pe 19l9 . oBJIo o.eMol.a
..oeeo

K BIa)(r e
apoT'' r opa
..y
Oo' ,o
o apo rroxor e .paI,,46.
Oo lloBo yToee: yaT oa T
PC[' oop llKoa oTPa ai\,{oToTlyto oBylo

,l

oy

yBTBoB e ao

oo paopol

tlap47.

B eo epoo poB P, T a,r.o py]''IoBa lle oeTo oapoT. oo pI

..e''
a eopao,
pave opa aTye
l(oTpI o pJI T a ' Ka Tp<o, aT.
Kyl yyp BT a T,18. PyooTo P,[ oao
()].eT, B ao pa T po pPaeH B oJIpo oIiTo . B yox oxo I{ ooo Tpa..ele''
I
oy o Py orly tlo o, o}I xopoItlo p o.Ierreo BIpoBly pKTBy pealIoo }l a oyapTey}o oTKy' P[ o oppo-

Ba o) BoT Tya P]'el Bo B]]T

B a.r l919 . ..PIia', Bp)a, To B TPa.
o oP aTp poa' aTHoe o.

.'J]BIII''.

l]lll p)llKoo aooa a' otlBljl' To y)<tto

ooTeo I o aoT, B oTopo o axo eoBa Io: ..Ml; o BP, oa To

I yT o yT oeTBoo oott''49.
B ovpvare K oee epI opt{o ..eBI'', opo, ta .[. ep eopaTo y)(.
,'l To' To e]lleo oa a IoTe,Ilo 1ae
or oeo a TaoBo ..aeoo .o'' x
lap. y)K t{ ePBo oBoo e BIo pl]oo oBT,. o p 1918 . a Ta P pyx Taa
peo epeoo o)Ke. A y Tp.
o po ,( t ype<e r Cpapa, B aa Boo BoTIloB arxtie Po ' ,[ o
t ooa ooI o50' >e a ey CepeTPa
opaT o Be olla _ opTI{ a MeTa
pto oBaT B To apatl, a T; BeT KTBr
/1.

altTaIo p a B o oTBIItlo apT l,t ot{oBpeo ep) o pe B PoBIl oeeI o'e /le, To e nomK onnomo (pl,|B |'|oit' _ rn')5|.
p o ooaUl t|poToToI] /1y pe rlpal]TT' a oee a .r (yoo) oJler
r01

..I'',

oo opoI, ..opax yap', _ yor1, yBoo vo o' oree ! B o e oe

o
o p
pao)
B y

.eea'''

o o oee DOag.
Byp e (yoBollol'y eoo aKI,IB aoo poa oaoIBl Nr poTa _,[ yea oy oTt aTtloy PoTy lx ]!Ia, Nt Bo
KI ,.eIt'' pTaI{ pBr. oa I ae.
opo oeoaeo (o e opo) o.rop> Pe ..el''. Ae e To' vo P[ (.') I e aTBa Papoae oI : <..Poe K''52 peBpaT TPy <eeo poaal
ac>>' . yeP)< a'I op ..Pop''53. e
peyo o aTpal' I oopI ol,1 K oNIy'
o ..T'' ooR oBy oye:Be oteoo

pa op51.
Ho e e pao Ia oalt el,roaTa}rll

, epeo eooBlIIo a He p o_ op

m') poca
)y oI

. ''55
Ceo o epol]' oa pae, popeao oIyto' oToo' oo Boo' oePay oTI'l-

a oay) ao. r B a]t{oN{ aae 1919 ' Io otlpooo ..opaee opolry poy''' ol{t{o ,|Pya' KpeT ) poc o t56.

Tp
Pay
ooIe
aaTy}o

IITA-

o.
pea

pe '.eIe'' o apepa o peTy, roTo) a op pa o paBa Br ya-

oa}t.
Co.opal aI ao ya e K

ycoy ooaIo oeeo olIapo yapo }o oToe ea e. ooo oepBa KaTpoIleo oo<e oelIe oar aI opooo acee PoooTe, oe p aTo epe PoJI a oiI poe e oo oa.

t02

..Hee ypae ooy'

..Pa''
oe Bap 1919 .' _ a
yep)o aee
PoyK.tI a pyo' TaK a yBo oeo opo.
T, Baooo ITeo oI ol pac''57. B pae I To]!{ )K a B pTopK opo:..oe l{eo e (a: pTo. _
Am)' B|\'ec.| o Be pe)(ae oI' oTaa PBoylxl p)l{y ooTeeKa?''58 oo oatio Blep)< oll-op}'x a. B a..epe
o ooc ...
..Hapo'' aaa t e e ooo:
ypoxar a, yeo UIo l oopll o ye oap}IoT o<o Io I y oI o .'. 'aT
peot pe poyt?'. Co-eopI RIBalo
yy paeo paa e)y . Ha e oe
I op.re IPae''59. pa aro Ty, oe apT B}Io pa ay , ee, pola a e
B Il oTo ope a ypee oJIo aI.
H eo eI yTaoa, ell a ay
Nfe tI pe ToBapopoee' pa IoB o opot..eI'' pTpo' o oo poee, ea yop .
)Teo opeo oTolee aT oo y' KoTopoe eo oot ToTl BoI I{ oo
.,eeeo e'' oeeol{ ot{oo oo)<e. B
a aepJlI o ooe o opoI PoI o]t{ p ope papeee poyTo' a peK o HaxI eyPo oo pBpaa' o ope
oo all' ..eyl ay o BIpoKe eooxl popr<, KoopIe oee Bo, e)' al]alo '.. r-

o, o olleo opoI.

ea''60.

Keop oTep yeo yTpoaee oe-

TBe t{' To pe oy lo BIoro JITy

..e
(oaI. _ m.) eoco'', e-

epo, To

HC

B pooe BIa Bopo o pBIo Io

ea a polI oBapI (eMeTI pBo eoooT),
aoBBIIJ royII\,{ oo oapopoBoe.
o opoay Tya oBoJIa oeKa aai oe'
..oTrHI
..eel'
eIe
oxtlI TT I]a ay
opal epeo''6].
e aaa l919 . yKoo/lo ' rrl l e ra aoul ll po, oy NIao poeo opaaooo opoxe yp Po apT.
ept epeI IIJo aKo apae Taa oyp oo To BIIIeo e poeK aa Coroa62. A o.
pe o epl oo ep Bo ToPo oy}o poeNty ea o KoprTo: ..eve op
o)(a oyT o p/]I. ooo opolxo oPaoBa

pt

101

 aToT a Toyt oTcy ){(ll.., yoo ooaT o po o OTI]TTBI{OT a yye TPt{l''6.

B o po oo po oTBoa ot ue _ ..pyxa'', oopre o)KI l ..opoao o.lo

o el{ee.reoo ota'' ortT o ypo ..ytI

pa>, KoIlTpopoB popTopoB''6a.
e Ila oBeTK l{ a/]ay oaoe BtI
. B oe PT' Ko aJl poTBoTo )y p
To pT, oI( opot, Cao o opy)<ee _
pyo' pxa To ! pyooTBo ]!'IoKpaToB'
poaal[poBaB Tya' prxo Tpoxoy aJItoeIo o
eyo.BopeJ]tlI Tax ooa Bo TI opaenelr. CpTaPaT po o rpo B ooll TaoB:
..H
oo , a;e ]!Ior }le' e o)t{o oTaT opa N{opueo ',, opooB To poll o.
Te ToI KoB poBI eo 'I op
TaBe eP. Paoy poao epr l a
..aya
] 9l9 ., oy
N{oi\tT aoo a> yy TpaI, To M . axtfi yyeI ,e To
oTp ea pT!I! oBa}eo oM aIUo apo/]a',65'
P [ t o K]Bte riee Tya'
Hye a oKpaToB o TopoI aooo o .Iopotlo popTo o apetll PaTp. o)ay.
a< pal PTN'I pyo otseTTtloTlI o or a TpotII ..et', oKpy)K
Cooo y e tl' )e TKoy oy oTaBaBIiIlvIy JIy [poTIlBI{y' . B e poBoTB
oPo: oBoT ..r'' e T pa.
..pope'',
By pTBllTe o p, yTpx,
To B Ka(o ope ..eo e'' opyrBa x,..o
I{e Bo oT B e]!{-o''66' py Tao Pt{ opaTI IT o , tlTo paBTo aoa B Bo
Bpe oBo ..yT op e'' (T B y Baoe oTa), oa a opo Cooy a
ppo?. Bp oxo aTop oBepaT o pyltT.

Oao op o I o yx. o
PlxTByIoeo eoa o.o ToP TPal. T ooa oaa, To o pTI{ p oaare PKTB
eProo oo e><o oxI l o op a oy) y _ eo. y [, o oorIoBIlo oare ><e ..opveo'' apTl oTtIa
ToN{ ae I oaTotlo Io.
..pya
[pI I{ ooToy IBoy, To
Caooo', peee y)<e or oyt _ T paTToE. p o e TPoBa,i] Boo Ba
104

KBoo oTeKoo ooT o C, oePyB oTo KpIa, IeIIIo

'to J,IOTPPy opo)KaTo

,[et69.

Oao, y o oTyKa Cooo, oI{T e.

Teoo pIKa BaT e e Ty. o l BIt{y)KH oTBpaT To pt orr Bo ,, aa ..yI

tioooal oope''' [oKoy ..oao p

ltpoBI yo oTeTBo Ilyae B ... oTpyTB B o-

'l.rlK y' o po''. ap, oTI]tlI ooy

pTTa, Cao apTpoB a ..ovyt
o, o ooTBTTByIt N'IoN'tTy''70'
pa, p ToN{ ..eev'' p e KPIB, To
o opye , Bepool y ..l''7l p epe.
lloT To' To olr yyT yT J]yI[' ve oepru a..oyapeK

Kr,Iii aB,

Tapo ltor''72' oe oo, alto-

rI oT BT, KoTopy Te o o o-

l})a aT ooBa Boo B )<

HC' o oo ee o)KI ope yo73. Cy l1 o

Beplll oy ooI Bo aoT ..pl opoo

]\{tleKoo apooo oa'', K r o;a tt olTBa oo-orIeKyIo o H. Cot ( oeT eo ooBa) ooe IlPoTooaB a t o
to pT PTlroBa a Po lpaT po oIr opoo poa _ ..eoo oo'' _ ooT Be oyapTeo )K op74. Ho o I r oo] peTBa'
o >..eo ae'', oa a B oo poo Ioy'l'I,ty, oo yP)I{aT o'l. )IITl
l aPr ooBoo oTeKoo KoKy'l BytIBIx
llPepo B aKo Toaoctl: ,.-a ey, pyoT eMoKpTo oap eo pTa lIa KpT''?5.
B Bo ap 19l9 ' oa aop poo.
a aKa,' opa pB I rI)Ko' ..et',
Irpl}y poir IaTIt y) pTJl ooo
llooToe pltloo pIa B op a ee. pBo aoKoi,I
Ta oll.oat. B ae a 19l9 . o po o
II , e oTaTpoBo eIo yeee PoTa JIlo [pT, a ToT lloe oTaB o 14 l' .to'
R To pe K B aa BoI tI ooo eo o 5 l.
oe?6'

ool oI PC(o) pBro rrl popaop ap B oIlTeyt > o. B peorrro

lIP]{o pIlBo, .ITo ..yp)yaI apT
1ltt'', o BT epeeT p po
o aI p opoa a;
rpopa oyaeoo ypo ..oe

e rlpo/{I y oo .
pya e
yT oKpaT
105

o}ry'', p o o
oye oyeT

X' Tv| l{ye oIpe

lloH pyo o

iil]]19enoo*"..,"fJ#:ilil":j#ffJ#*#,,T]
Jo
oeo

eaI'pyo"*"-.",. j,i#*xT"-ff

ff

'ffi

J;x?":::;i;

oo)e yee, oo' pao

'. ePI:UI o pee B l
peoe opereo

]aI4I1I

ii'i""-pl
'.opu""" "o"oiJ
"#*"
rpo
oa e ,(eeIlo

ey
-^_]u1o
oepe pooeoe oo pa

oea rr

np'nu,,o'",*

topae I aTaT aP yTBp To ,.BI'' a8l. oee ooeo peTaBeT Bea oTrl]I. peep-I{py e,cToo oaBT oy}o et1ro axo po oepe, e o)l I lpaa-

.Ia yo poo
oBopa oe, A a epKTa Bp oa ptlo y epo ..eI''' o e-

ao alll oaT oapft oelt ol. [a

op, oporo ar oapy oecy y, o '|ya eB JI lv{o oo ool epe. He or
oa opaopo aeo opee a yacKo pIeo , Mao apy eII,{ allop( peP-p o o ap. oor
opeTIe llla Tpa-opa B To aPae BBa
Ilpoe o opo y ..eeve'' tpo ([pe
p e Io), a TaK>( TPo, pTBBllI P(o)
tl P[' 25 ape e epo a o oll<e oolroE2'

|poKoo eoo Ea
ly oy oo
,l. P[, PC!(o), vPee 1919 . ala oo oTaI]o aTtto o)poa oee e B ooe
Il

TpaI?g.

)I o 19l9 . p oKpI-

{ olJiloo e ooe Boa: .,l e opoa

- a' oooy y<o Io

oaI'.. _ oepBa o. _
(oa. _ m.) o-

o:HfJ#;:ff:Hy,iflTrff3.

I pay'., aTI
oo pae,Bo..s0

ll

>e ooBll

I''

g""",,;;;"".#i",'i:?J"e?"J:I"ff;

i].tto

..o py*o'o.' io,ip"n',.-

Too ll'
'Itlo-ooo
yae o aT'
o ..elt.
^pyl V]I oHC po
Loo o opy! o
y Bo py I oooy'
n,,"'ouu.n,',"

xap

Mlao,
o

oo eo l
106

"'y

-y yao eop.

t
e'

a t{}lp flyPe
e

o'tlo Io o
a a o TT oo po
e.

e,a

Ha oe pa I oo r' To a eo
oTpeapoa axe aooay o Aat oap
p B. Kpee. o apa Teoopoy I'Io, l(oopo oLIpKBa' To o, .. ra opy ap ol)Il, e oT oy opoB B Tp p le oo.
Tea, .e. oa e oa yep)e (e oop, e
papo. _ Am') pLiL ooop''. Kpee po pI{p.Tp oe o o ..e o aoo, eaBo o po paxo''83.
o oeoo o

2 a 191,9 . Toopo o ap oler o oe81'

op IIl a Iop lpo o-pe)<y B oy ..rpoo
oa''' 7 a o opy oppoBa oBoo a pxt{y peepy' eey peyTro ao ooBT}loo
aao. Teoopo o o aBr I{lITpBa opal e. apoall oolo TKxe oroe }v{Ilepo, a tIepTBo ao opa oo ' Ta oao, a..pal'' a]Ioa Teep y< o po o

T' e e ao T opaTo. ..te'' xe' ooTl]eo, yI{ oe PeTaBTeTBo B . PI oyv

Tp a gea _ PoBre' oo yea
Jlo oa-opTl: peae pyKooa ap
|(. ayo oa a a(oe' ooeo o<r
Tyai epo HTpex , oT B eo y ''po''

oaTo oao pe(ee eoe pyTe oI{r'eo a. oee oToo ..eeea''. Pyo-

r07

BO/]TBo PaKoo Kpl B

]]il ll]oe Bo oI. oTptTIo ]'e !{C TIan oee.7.I I. o9]. B Tp BIlNlll
ea oaa op yepeoo Tre o Bo B
/lpael PKaoo _ o aB o CTaoI[M. ,pa
..peoroor'' l.ol{I oTeKo opI Co0TBpa
..3ee..lrioo oyx aIt pTBT poBoJlTa
jtJIu'' o BaKo BoTll. Pe a Bee.oa o oe paoB, aTl't TpaI,IBBr o ToPol{.
I{KoB ti opy a aT a p.olx aPItT BIoP.
oao pyr Taa e B 'IooI oyeHa opN{ypo.

oI paao oaB.

|}

l ..oop'' pBTBoo pa oa
a Ba pol o tloT.fp oTaJII IITpTa'

o aB ooplx oTa pxe poo85.

e..el'' Ipa e ToKo e Too B e
apoo pTaTeTB B PTJ]TB! yB rII'1
oo ee B H' oKo ltle Bopoa o oTaaTJIo Poye vII oH oBI ap Iop'
oli TI{ epI yKTo IlpaBTTeIlo popaNll, K B}oa e TpoB o eypl l{ oe
aooI op _ eool yoB Boooo o J]KToaT.
Oao o o BaTK a BaT Bo oell
tpyy. oTol''y B IIPoplt{ pyTTBo y o ypxe eaoo Koea pelte oa p, oa-

R92.

o-oy, o pBa y oTTotio ep-

lll paBTeo. Hapre .I Taoo op'llOJl-

) l TaT oTpo a poo oTo tITp1. yTpx , a TaKx, o oooTll, B llp pa, e oo
opeylT ooTTa. o oo, aPoBaJIo ypeT

ot{l otlTpoPy oPaI

ypo8'

eTIl (ootIKo)

..yo'', To
,(o Tttx oIlToB t oo

.2l aB oKoK al{Tpa B TaBTll PCIl7.

po paIleli pooa [ otft att to 71oyMIlli o lloBoy Too, o lt oTy pllf BoB oaa Toopo' paop)e TaIt oi]oo /JJI oTaK pBl{TTBa
o.IoP]r1 ITya poTB er oa oo88.
[e y! poaapoBB TyII}o' Bltfi plti
rri e [ opoo pt' yTp)/]ao! T() pK oeTy IIaTK IopoB ByT 19|9

T, oTIe y B1., OHI )KaH ooBT .l'otll -

..
o ... yKoaTI x',, .ll'oe oypTRo l.poTl{
l or. oI a eBol PT BropaxE9.
o o yr e PoBoo oooo e.IalI o:l'].lIKl]

ooeToB.

Teep paoy Tt{) l] pyKoBo:Be HC poo

IJP yIlHo _ tlpo ] o p. ltl.tt
a ao t l919 ' B o pel{Bp ..eeo a'' arro ollyPe ' B.o oxt o po Caooo ..pt1I

opoo ,rIeeJ]oo

apooo oa''. B .t e aKIlT Jl a I'r.ey

po PT.a B poIiBoTB aTJIlx a Iearol I'1 Too o pao TT e/]y o.ro ori o

Jl

I\,r

aTa90.

pyoo opaoB or o oTao]]e o p-

../1tiK''
oB, a Taxe .IpIaa KTllo
108

JII]oB

I'

rlo oa PaBTTBtll tlpT e e aTy.

B Kotle a 19l9 . o o ..TeK''. Ha t,lo pliTo et o rpeo p opl(y KotIrtTeyl apTIo (TeI oaToB). B ee popyr e.ap Bpre Io oo)ee o TTyp poTpal.' > tl pe o oaTeo pBoltr, o opl aT . Coe oaTa pK, aa
oIeKa ea oTKa P, PopatllI oaa pTB poOJITB o, llil po aox, KprT'I, i!'IaoMy oe ae. K prl
ltpo, ol pJ] oaPK o, KoNryTI oxotl
pe py oe opI{l-ay, a BIl To oBeoT Ila N1l! OJITo N'IBae
l.I J]ooBa, y)Ie ory oa Kp9'

Bpe B K aro BIII 25 Tl. oB9a.

ooa Iopa' a(leI]!{ a l7 BTa l9l9 .' p-

K 'roy

Bo ealI oriKoB op a poll ri ..eBl', apT o P}tIe Topor ppa. p, paal, o.l
\'ttloo ]l aTpaIU ..o>'' peIyeo aeT, B oT!tI'Ie oT C P(o), aoToTeo K)Brrt !I-

paTyI Kalo' p/Jaa o]lt{T ytl B oTB

ollll Tp aPT95.
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ll(ltrIlBrxo Tpa oK pa. .[oylt opxa pTe
oI'l}t opaI HoI1 oT, epyr flopy>y Boo.ryr par o _Pooo, To atoo rtPBooo py) a.Teao oapI,I !l pI, oyot ooI]KIl ooBopo 19l . B oo orr N{el'lopyN1e
.'arr'r
oBopI'iJIo:
paI pertt ooo Bopo
orioB IIpoBoattlI plIIlToM Boo plIo I.
o I rtPo To TpI{l K op. poeeIre
K oap oNIo)o, To yItl o rrPoT e oolrtto
o paTe tr o opoeNI or1-y }IeaTpeoao P)KI, poTo A. Cy oopo peN'l Nto)llo poe IIJIT, oI a oIo ''l25.
opo Teoopo oIT oo eK p>t<a o'Iri ofoopt{oT o aKoHoNIy opo rro prr]!{pl oTIIBKo _ epa. )K B KoHe op 1918 ., oo aI] Bo aB a,a, o Pl1o p pl'tTNI
oo !r AT[iTI B oIr aKroT yopo oooP, Ko.topI e o aa po oep o ] ooBoT oaoB o o Ta o opoy o oe p.
e. T olTa oaaa pyol 26.
B Celt lI ..Ipole'' ee 1 p Kopoee po,
opBaToB oBeB pTo op B T oo.
..Kotlt{
.I'Boa
oo P''. B pI )Ke e yo-

e N{oy PHT aIo eppo oyap AI,

o.l.KpI

I pxo poli opell oTpt CA

ll oBoo oPTBa Ia o a alaa e<ypo ol1Il o paIoBa o p p'

B oo aTl e . l, ooe pKoo
pBTeBa' a T pyoBoI'le JIe KCC Bep,
a! To Tp p pyro e oKo oy opt,
o y B lloa l p B To, o o ayxa
BIeIri e poop]27.

> aae Bapapoti M"eo,

o e 21 op

ep N'II,ITp IryTe . oao Pypr a.. tnto

L{ oKyo oo:
oyar e:l,l o JIya allt loti] poa, yTo o B ooTBeT pa Boa Ii o o ao yy epeI oap To o oo oTol{y aytlpoBa[ TK oo, To
paBe Ir ype' yo o o
e...''..o, To o o Koy ooy oe ot{a
Bopo o Mao'', - aTopo B Tp poo)Ka:
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p e IIP TpBo(T a oI pyTa Booxtloo oooa aKoKoo aee; o}lKo Bopo e o,
118

o aoop, poBoaeI PHo Brroo,

)r T'

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oTe o oypTB, KoTopo aoT' pe pll.oo apoa , oTopI oo Bo o

BTI pTIo''

B oap

l28

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T o opoa eo roKoo

oapa Io Tpeo eooo. ael epl

p Kope B Boe pop o oa pool/JoBa t{c' efi]29' o popeTI po Bo B ToopoBI!1 oay IJI /]py Tpol CC' ooy H}1peB ee oPoo oToe ]!{ ppeT Ko opol]0'

B Co o)B oe acTPo!1' p
py tITlB a TyTBo pyoo ToKo .Io oa.
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oopo B poop ooBaK xypao]!{ B. Clo, .
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o.'op apy}o eoy apoy pori a po y epo-oapKo o! /]Ba Hpol]
e oo)I Bo) op ory }ly
pa,'ll.

Teoopo oa ot pat o tlI1oJI1.}tl.ll.r

ooae, Pp KopTI llrao JJ Too, rITol o oe exooBaKoo pHT T. plr,

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pe ooo opo' ypyt i]p.tll paIa paoy opoo ea, a aooee AaI
I oao CA, .o pI, ..rpolt'' olIaI.ITI It
HC oo<a Pa}ITpT paI T pTI]o
paeoo peeII tlo}ltloo opoa a aa. B o119

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o TaBJI II aN{oopee apooTI.]].

TM Bpee 18 p 1919 . apIrx opt Mpt{

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p pyT'].Bour 27 oy/lapTB e]'aB1.e o)I 1'p,
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Bo C. ,

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o oPol oel]5. ooal op o TopoI oe/lTe - ))a rrl, cpee ..lepy: pI'' y o;I, o)rToeo oeoo tlt{ lI a]]ltoT

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KC|45.
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pToB paBI Ta opaolt, To Be TPTKe yI
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yI{B aT op)aIl N{opay KC, aoa ..a.

po t't'' p /] PBI,I 23 aa po

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o TepTop. OoIe exI Boa]I tIo a TeooPoBa, oToI l eyTTo]\,I Hapooo optr o I{appo
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py pel{rp B oel{ NIIloTBoptiT t{oII /1

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Bp ..y'' yI op }o oBlIIl a oTolrree
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el pyl50.
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Bol, pli P}'lp
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Iloll.

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124

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a.

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TaKo K J'loTrto Pre Bollpo )( Topl,Ie125

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' oa .rIa tlepI e}iyPoIJI oaIe, B oTopo\l
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ae !IoTI oBo!I 1.oKo o oapoooplt ,Ir.
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126

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p o. opol'I TPl{ o
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a Tae (eae rT CA parpoaT y) IIoIla-

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128

5' Ijon|'.lP|l

'

\29

l Cr.opa riliI{tl a VlII Ooeo po/lo patI (-

_ C,( a oHC). I pe,Jla Il (aee _ ..). o' 19l9' ' 1'

. .0.
2 TL. oatelIll o llppll l... Kco po N'l
'LIrl"!oal.rla ]lop a lr. 1878 l925' ou'' l925, l. l
' 80 8l.
] C, aplrp: Ap ooa ay l!1', l9:1'1 T Iv. , 4.7,'
'rI-

B, Iotl o' o' T' 3? , l60; ti. ' l(pyttlcrt I.cpltatloit

NlPtlri .; '' l923' 25: I|o,||Ii iitllisiri (l9I4_]919) BtlLlrelti'

t,t

t991. P 260.
4 Clr: Th New nyladi Bitannia. hiag. l91i8

Vol' i5 P'

61;

higo, l988' Vol, 2l. 750; iklopedij Jugoslavij. Zagb, l956'.l'' 2.

S.279,, ZtErc' l968. T. 7. S.41; Kll.(rsrr . lstoria rizboiulLIi tu intgit.r
RomAnli (l9l6_l9l9). Buul$ti, l989' Vol. ll. P. 6l, 64, 69 Torra G'
Romaia ad World Wr I' Iasi; ot.ord; Potld, t998. P- rt6; PtvDi svtovli vdlk Pha, 1968' S.24; doa-ojtL X Br:lta pj lI acolloo PaIII a apa lroir oppltj o I919 lr.
Co3e, l973' ' I./-, rutu 1 p]ia ]I oy olr, op, l98.l
.288;.. tB. po ]Io IrNtIlpllaLI l87l ]9l9 ' N'1', l928
C.4l0; Kpaa oP oP M, l987 . |9: I}outi B [| Koyptl o,rri // Ho oel.ll l'Iopil' ' ] 992' )ii ' C l2l; a aIrlII' po'a llpoil NIPooil oilr' '' 2002' C' 364; IlP Nll]o2l
oili l.opeIl oep. 2002' C' 595
5 K\tlo }iy ortrtrt ' l9l8 l944' Co' l9.19' .20; IIII.
t1ap ep: Iloy}{l]l.' ol,lri. a' Co, ]99. . 22
6 (u. o: Bua B lt 80-ota a Llo
,r'r'// lvI'
l999' j. 4. . 44
1 l.lL ' Porooa 'l.yI{lI onaPtlll l9l8- 19l9 ' Nt,

l957

l9

otl ' ltll ete )pe}lli' Krlll a r'r'to' titI o(llI,

]9l]9. C 175 l76 C. a>: |ilc /looop'].a llp I{oir Co|lrt,
|992. . 464'7 '
9 pa ' opo o prl Co' l99l C' 80'
|o MtLo.4 o II o,l'pallll tt oll oTIlLl opr!
o. ]991 '0; o 11 . o. C. 176' C ,a<l Lol1 B' La pie
du ftont dr Madoie et l'insuehon ilitaj bulg.u.: synhloisrrle eL influns // La Fran et ls Balkal1s'.' P'' 1985' P' 20_2l'
Il auriu [tl,te Mll P p eari. o' l 989.
' 11_|8'' llulloa oT ttotvte. Co' l991 266'
11 odlpt-l l(. oIl1'lt.l ll.oPd peNttl lLp. o' l93ll'
E

0l.
I3

wo

BoirtIroo IIII

l1.

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' l989' J\q 7 64,

o 'r,.apo.o peo)e rprr //

|4 op a ap' orr, l999. T' 8. C 20'
|5 H H p oa'l.a or1 (l9l5 191iJ)' o, 200l.

15'
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<a
l9l8 . // Il. ]938' .]\'9 2' C. l l_12
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ot r;rotl tl]\lllPlt 19l8 otra.otl aK I! ()'
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2|

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'
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35 C,[ a Vll o]lC. IV u' C. 233
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72

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'
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19 Cnrco , p'
a/Illn Itp'ltr I906 l9'19. o'

l69.
80 Bittol 7'
flrter llol'!ILlLl N(oNt' li Paa aplr:
Pe, P('ija p oPae elltr Pl{ljJl lp a 29 lla
l98.1.

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87 T >c' ' 256.
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pope. 19l9' 8 a'

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l,1.''

I'oPzu

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20.

9a
95
96
97

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op a apaa oN{]lKa |p1.' Co' l98l' C'

Pa' 19l9' 16 }o.
poper1. 19l9. 22 Nlali'

ap' l9l9. l6 '

l0i!

.A' Ila llprto)l

. 79.

(l904_l914). l,: I}up, 'l.1,4 ya o'

p<ori' ,paopl.al.a 'a'

],9_19l.0 ll|411"ru a y o l'op ' Co, l979'.' 4l'
]09

19

53' JI'

}l}lI o o' .r.o l9l9 ' allo ]lrrPtlNto ya,frl B a pa oee o Po,

],ii,l oap
lle]!'t a c PeoeIJl

.67

C. opoe: opztt

88.

IIo Todopo 1( oe l aa aa. Co, l994

. r50 l5l.
\1|

Kopue,Q.a. o. C. 57' Clt' >e: Btt , ee) Il e.

Co' l99l.

185.186.

l12 Mrghilonn ' Not politi. Buur$ti, l995. voI. Ut. P. l85 20;
/)ltt'a 1G erorri. Buuqti' l994' vol. lV.
|66 Vopik C/?' sts ol.th
I]a]kans. Chiago, |92l,.P'240-241; Kil.i1csu,Op' it'Vol. II' P. 66; or-l-ry o

Bukrst l9l8. Fnkfult,4'' l978 s.37.

||4 RoUi R. op' it. P' 21I; Vlpik i. oP it- P' 269; Bo:ltolir F Lzt
l]oroudja etr Bulgi t RoUmanie ( l9l3.19 |9): rgalds [rnqais // l-a Friln,
l.urope et les Blks: rises histoiqus t tmolgngs litttls' so[i; As,
2002.

' |9|9.22 aft.

eeeo lr' ]919' 23 a.: l rl.

9IT >e' l9l9. t '
92 T ' l9l9. 8 ro.
9] pa olryIle Tlj L] po ll
PUl t] o.
P, oepIt,t. yI,lT (K. Co, 1957.'I'. ll. ' 9' l_l8'
90

VIll oH' I '' ' l' ' 7.

l0?
A' .205- o' 2' A''

op' it' P' 46_47,

llJ op a oa a,[opx l878_l919. Co' 1992,.t.l.
' 4|1; o C' ,[opa Bpo olle )o l,]I
.poo,
|994' , 24i Bo]-nttl ' Dr Fid vo
P 1918_l923 ' Bo

. 77.

. Ilo| p' l9l9. 30 '

84.al e. ]919 3 r'
3\.'p:i e. |lL) 6 ir'

vl OH. l rr.. Co' l9l9' l 6

P e o y tlpopNllviI, lollallIll Poa

Pl.t, oeeeE py,]olro e,]o

'<tllljooeoiltio a)To oal'.. C': C.[
oTeo oa

r'' a

77

A. ' l]'o' l' A.e.750. .6.

]!J opo.I

69

70

76

2. A..48. . ], lo.

l0 O peya lrlopo M' ooi C,[ a VIll OH l

eolIa
ll (e p..). o' |920. Krl'' 2' C l49 l.5; Cae ot]
ltIt po.o p'l.o' otl V.Iv ( l9l l922)' Co, |921 Palt Ill, C. 59
|01
A' d]'' 205' o 2 A'- 5l l

T ;' ]919' 29,l.

A. 00. o'

o'

205'

op a K. C. l95

l0l t;1o e' l9l9.7 '

l0] A' ' 255. o' l A'' 8' . l
'
'

14 '

,l.

llA. '

l9l

P.11.

F.oh F Mtnois. P.' l931. Vol II' P l

M., 1985' T' ll' ' 67'
||6 Rosl1i R. op. i . P' 21| 216.
I15

]; J]oaT oap'

lt7 C. opoc: lfttltl ! Runoa$t statului de liat L Roriniei

de itre ivlail Puti 1n ajunul ontrinji d P d la Pais // Revist rhivelor,

1978 N . P.27'7 281

||8 KatL'

fJopyalt 1,po [lap) llttpa

// , l983. N 6' ' 22.
119 Ros|ti R op' it' P. 28l_282'
'
l20 op a opa a
,opy)..' . 420; uor,4 ' o.I'
' 19_80;' K,ono AeP oB _ o eoll C

lt, l99. .81.' BLt a o.l' ' lll3-ltizl; ott t 11 Ilol]

aP. o, l99,1. C. l52. o.l,rr rlPlIlInl o. ltr.' ]vly
lao ooEo a: </l ()oBopI Ee )'l. ..oll]!IIt
y'i)'

|2l prt opTa a

42.
lloP).'
Mutoo II' Ctto: j]r.r. Co, l992, C' 21;oslri/?, op, it'
P'281 288i Vopik h, op. it- P, 291' 29' 295;,l'ol \' G- oP' it' P. 5,1 55:
Genel Hcoi rthlot and Romai, l9l6 19l9| Mmoirs I o]esponae /
d G' Toley. N'Y', l987. P. V, 19|.' oholi F' p' cir, P 12 1
t2] I,lop a opll'a
J]op>a',, ,12| .r22
124 rc a
CAll{ rt lt llo pI'e II .pa. t]c.
,
l.o orj. Co, 1983' ' 9.l.99 | L2-' pun
o.t. C' l05; B
cu B. a' o' . 50
|25 otuo B, ol'oefl
t) o,rpli tl eItvt a'a AN{ep (1918 l92) // tuds histoi1ues, Soli' l975, l.. VII' P'.1ll\22

412

s.

|26.I'odoroi D. Jugosiavija i ba]kallsk dZave 19l8 l92' Beogrl. l979

l5

l55'

onlo ' Hapoocpa (].oo.a) aP]! .I,Jl.

. l90_1920. Cotl' 1986 C l88'
l]0 C. o;1poee: tlt1lo . 1ocll'I I]po,'eNI p .pa ot] oria ],a]]a olIlro. // l,ltl' a.a
|29

oi . e po' -p

,[:rtrto. IJe-o

. 268 21|
lI eo,'lolt rIoP!{ a ''Iaa rl.olI'

Tr,poo'

o', l9iJ5.

17.

1992

l.

Ta xe. . |9.'26; Xputo . . o' ' 51 , 61_68.

elpzu ' ..areo.' >oa ap'rtrr'.' ' 232, 27,
286; tno ' pa- pallalla l906 l949' o' l984'
' |11'. l|rc z1, ott ,,(,'IeIl.l llJpo|,|ll oJt Il ||r .\Kllo epa (1908.19l9) // tudes hlstoriqus' Co, l97. T vl,
|]2

|1

' l.

\34

I92.

ep

'

|99 20o.

Bpl Blr.lro' Nlpo oila' Bparlir Nltlp

M;

'

od lltopdt,4 Boere ]\'ci' ', l9,1' 1. |_|'| - 3.t2: IIu

o.l ' . o .11; Xputo X a. l' C.303; Brtrr.'r /l N,I:r
ott1. IIpo p1 opr1rtl. a Ilp IIpe \9|9 .ll LI.l988. J\",7
15

.2.

l6 C. oporl: Kllsils D Popagand et prssion e

olitiltl inll.a'
tionale. L Ge t ss vdiatlons i la Colrtire de la Pi (l919 l920)'
P.' 196; Zpisnir sa sednia dlg?rij Kaljevie SHS na lvlilovl1oj KolrIclijr

u Pizu 1919 ]920 / rird B' Krizman, B. Hrbak' Bogd, 1960 S'

65,

||2_114,I51'lL62,5; |vlpu K. . o' C' 85_86' 9_94' l06-J 12; l(y

o ' oye lloplll.a Ha ap)a NIIIp oPlul'l
1919 ' /| e>llapo o}Iolll' l974' ! 2.

l4

C. |1;

o]1J|o

JI]!

pc l9 l9 . // c ya apa r.op ' Co'

, 25' 27' 29' 3, 9, 45,
139 Ilrt' o: ]]oun
K 80-olllaa... C.6l'
|4 o , ' o' , 38' C. >:
7rJr; a pa.
po.. C' 328,341' 34_344; Ilp|l|l K. a o. .11,95 96: Todopo K'
rl

H ori

|95l. T,

/,1'

oca . ' 16,1_165'

l,+I l.op
l{oa.ItIll. ., l9,15' 1'
l4] Zpinti

19.

fiu.ltumpo Cp pI [lpa,ta lrrIpa oltQlpL1

(|9|9 1920 .) ll aJllliIj opyril 199.1 J\! ' l j8_l 19
l2l3 IJ. o: Bacu B'
[ oyeu'r a aa olll.l{ IJ.
p aori Ila !.l.oa oiltl // ' l99 J\l! ]'

c.

Olp tt olrtlLla oP IJ a.l.,( IJ)<' |14.

|]E
[ll tI lV[ Cpao a laeo Il Nlpli ot.OBLIP
11

lllr' oIr, 1922'

|12 HLLlt-l

l27

llo a f]> firi ay.rp o co ll Be a l'Il yl. ,t.oprr. Cort, 1990' T. 0' ' 24-25; eo 1', Ho o|.oop lI 'r,Jlap. Co' 2000. C.36-1; ,Po ]!1 llpa
||I B'r,i!ooI'lTIIa poaa ri aa Tp (l821_|92).
Co' l996. C' 7_8, 49', P|s|is'Dbidi.' N- Gce at th Pris Pe
ofeene (l9l9). Thssaloniki, 1978. ' 256_290

o rru.

a. o' C'

lll. .22'

l l 1.

sasdia..S.5,l2_316; Xpulo

a'

o.

',

|994.

' 214-246.

u ' poell.a allaT Pa a ],ap '],JII.po'

IooaI'IT oolll (l9l9.l929) ll 1,nap l00: llir ll
a pitIl. Co, 198. T' . . 270 27|;Lt1rt /. Yugoslaviaatth
l)rIs Peae Cotflne' New Hven; L', l96. P l78_l8l .I c c . p1'o Iltlpyc o]Je/lIl aNta opoe o opo-roo.aljori pll IIaoo (,l : Xptrco X. a. o.l. C' 25l ')
l15 rtp Hirtr' .. 1926 l4_I6.
\46 rc ' a. o. C' 29_30.
l41 K.. i)o ' a'r. Itoal.i]]
D po-tooJ]aI] oIioluli (1919 |920 .) ll ' 1990. N! 7 C. 4-7.
l1E o ' a' o. . (|1; Xputlr '
a o. . 2.5 l.
l49
. o: o , a. co' . 21'
I50 l918 l on]itrt: Dsivir$iea uniti,tii nit,tioal-statIe a
opoului ronln
Doumelll terne. 19l9 Buueqti, ]98.5. Vol. III. P .]2; ' ltopx<
Itpo.' ' C 65'
|5| Buozpi)l,]'// l( oe
/ltlllo a pTay // Pa
Iaa

l\'toa oa: rlyollIe por

po'alr''' ' 88 99'

|52
C ..Baoa'.'

opfi

. 94 98'

PeaIl' ' apa...'': (rp.

1\tL'ttttlpa
a e al] .l,p(a (eNfP 19l8 yp 192())' aoep, l998' ' 25: C op)a r,rrpo''' C 5I.' Bo('hotil tj'
1l

op' it. P.7'

Ls Dlletiolls du Consil ds quate P., 1955. Vol.2.

IluollorL ' o. C' ]]9. ' )<e: a alt
Poa'.' 91.' lordh Io I', Bl'iLianu lo Confriilla aii d la Pais
d]n l9l9 // Rvista istorii. 199 N .1. P. 822 828.
154 l ' o'
' \9_20; nrc,4' po a CAI{ a orlpjlrie plt a p trp 1918 19ll9 . |l . l98l. )'l! l'
P

15 Mr1to|!

349

. l]'

3.52;

4,l '
|55 oP

co,l '

c.

a tlori a l]o .' .16246; Ktltltl 'a.

o. C' 282.. rL C /{opy>a .rlpl...

21 Xuctlto . '

75.

l3-5

PE)M C

156 rj rn
G A-tiuna politia ii mili(a a llomenii in l9 l 9 in ]utnia ore.
spodeolei dilonltle li Io l' Bitinu' uulti, 1940. P- 45.
]5] otLd
!ltlpd { pa o rrtpI)i ooo M l957 T' 2. . 69.
l5E Ap Irorla ay. ' I .12; .ltlvcv,tka ' '
Tlrra in the l3rrlg
'
i and Grek Pogl.alnlnes of l9llJ l9l9l/EttldsbIkirni(lus' |.,] N.]/.1.P'59,

l59

l /,

160

tt,t
]62

.l.pr.r

. l99t

/lu,vtutpo

l;,1,PI1 li,r. B F,Po.

Mllp Lleri- C' VI'

Xput<l . a'

|63 ,+Ltl

o' ]980.

o .284,289' 299

K /' eo Bo. l864 l96

//

lrrr arr

C. opoee: Munp 'p: Aal llpol oo

oerlle 'opu M l98. C. l4-I7l.
lo8

210.

ltl|1tpo

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299 00'

'
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3' o '

L'I I{. o: l!{p Hir'

Pepil... al(l.lIl'.'', ' 269

I9|'. pucto

ya

o'

'

287' 289,

C.2l

XPuttto X. a' o. ' 3 i3,

l1 o!1' HorI
/looBop l] ao-pl,e o]IllIII
(l919 t92 .) ll tl'. |982. j\! 4' C' 4?'
\14 ) I', a. o C. 20' 47'
l'5 lt. tlptl: Xpu X a. o .214-24; B B,ae7.
/lotl po Ilp opca Mpa p |9|9 . |/|1' l988'
|8 31; doo.oj]|u a' o.; pro zt' oja a'Mpa, loa orrpja (19l9) // atrK .l..o,l' ltoaa opJ. L980' J\i l' ' 25_58.
\16 oil
tllop|lltt / IIp o N!pHl ooopa.,i'' 2' , 493-496.
l17 )Ko H oe )r<(yl' lir'p Rot.ioo oll'
1921 C'2,6 27. Clt' r.>e: 11r: lI pTlr ee) py 6oll]yP.
a a - H. xo' Co, l92zl. .33 34; c Mt.ta Cpao..
. 52; o .1 ea er.' C' 2l9'
l18 Pd .Ilo B'py epaya2l liTol'o Jll{ttll llol!|12

o;re )

5'

or]a}lti u. .' l993' ' 65-66' Kutto6./.tl ' paa ootrtlr1rtj.t

o ja eo.ja (l9l3_l9.t0). Colrj' l98l C' 4ll 49]64 .c ol]tl|1 .. Ko(]
6 a o.r. . l]4 87'
165 Xpultto , . o.l'
' 281' 294' 2961 n.4 a' o, 44
|66 loiid
lllpdtt,4- Pa o ]!1llplJI oollopa '. ' 2' ' J'' Iltttl
o|1 'Ka. o C 180 \82']LgI,201.
|6] Zntilwsk-Rkk 11 Psilio and Rol of WsLrn Tht
tn
Birlgaia's odn History // BuIgaia Historil Reviw l995' N j. C' .54'

169

(l920_192).

PoMA oCyTBoBA

llo]la p I-I1rr (l878

N! . . 48 49; ooo '[] |Jlla l.P(l
a IlP)ot.i NIllpro oplt // Bpa tr oa I]o't'otta
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|919 ) |l

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lIa Pe]]]y Iop B a]tyT |9|9 . _ 51,5c/r|.

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ttpclrlr oplr' ou Kopo CC, ['pI1 yll.
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o ToPo}ll tool'j oN{lll{ oap, xe oo.l.BeTT
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oTol aa Topoeli lr ott olreprIrr.
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146

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1.O

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p tto Patlut]to trll,1 l9l9 II IITI oII]'II l5l TI. .I

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pPBoN'I Jljto Koo11TlIo
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ilpalrt ,p'
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T;tt opoll, y op avt'r lNla Ko ]I,l.] l.l'lloltlt IIpeoli.l'ltB oplrpoBHl| opOB ]|olll.(-tlo JIa].IJ.
aBoi{ o'].opoli ot{ B. 13 ol pa lC oprr lIl
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oy HC.
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.e e
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o rtpoo r]eerle POUo/l'lll oao all{ ptr,
Ko.op peltpoa B l.topN{oTrrop IIPoIl' To1.
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olIa.JlIloo yorl o.l. o1p|TI l(oKToB, oello
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lx oHC' }.oTopo oIlortr{I]oIx Ii PoTo ae
lIl1I oIITI{Ko pyt. T x lt1.) alt OPlltl.il lIp
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t52

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pBo o H: Coro apa eo ottl oor,l.

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154

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epI Cooo yt{IIBpTTa, pyoJ]oTB Booo lla'
a Til) pyoo ora or1pl ot,>ll.trr o ol,l
ol,lT.a ..apor oop'.' B o IIPoa]\lv BottlJlli ooll
o ..ollTl,l 1.!I)K o,p1'Borj l.l.l,,, ..opot,l
t!{pa

BoN1y /]oN'IoaTy B rIJI l,tOoBaIl B

Ko ool]Ix,

y aoBI Tpa''60'
a 1922 ' prerr Bollpoa o o)JIilI ..oa tlp
'I''.Bo il
[ oH P yaTIi P[. H Kop],I]llI,l

otrrr yrtrri apTl1l Ha3B.l ll ol. B BlcONr

oroe Co.l orrpo ilil )K KrIo B)+(]lo o'l'llotll p<!ly HC, o.lopr ro o.li t,llt.t"plto
lloo)Krill oJ]
oeriI' Nlr]TJIo t,lotsBIlJ
. B o.tIrolut,,.oe ,
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po'l'Oo O o ..Ko
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H l7 p l922 . ..orryol '' a.l
.Ipoo
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1922 .
rrpI oBa ppyr o o.
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p]urlloao: rIlt o otl at
t55

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Lu.y, (l'l. lloltto ]\lPoI]JI' Hya.ta
..por
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l.Ots oyPBtloo PBoPoa.

B ttrrxtll,ll Taoo

P/I

KaIloo lua IlpoTltBllKo P)[Nt yPo l)aBll.ll r:l0tttit

o l92J ' Halt "l.l'l' Btopl alil:rllrittit lI}Jl. To pit ootlNloT IlttrlIl KoI{'I'!l,l.Ilrlt{ ''lt ooT.

I])/lNI],t l,l IIo)<al|]\] 1l}]loBoo aPll.t..tI ll

te.tlr oll .Irl[ t(ol aPaTli ploart',. o r.rlaU JIa B o]v1 ].a]]tla oo]lllNlo]. Iipa ()T
..'IPyJloBI tlaa'. rr ']'/1.6t .l'o ]o"rlo
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oa'l.'].OKo o]ltlo ltPIloil B Ilu.IKoo oyLIlTBO]]lI .]l.to art ll PHo HaylBlrlIIn to Trp.
ol lt'ltyIll{I1 BPtll!t, B a PopN'IaToPoB. l{v)/IB
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TTB!l11
..or

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B ottlrT )Ke !IKy"lt{PoBll yopl Jll' o IIpeToNf a

py.r.'la topo trt' opoI]e: C'I'it'l.I.l't.lr.llt ojllIlU] Illl

apB o/t'll] jl V lV (l9l_l922), aJ{. IlI orl. l92.1.

[i .llpor.o

60

\o 'o.,tttiiu

|a lttt 7' llolIr'lra.l.lt tla Il]]lrl.oo a lir,tt clapoll .l,) llo )alI'] lrpo (l9I9 ]92])//lrrrIt.rlIllP.l]lll'
oparillalltlll lI yPlr p. 1879 ]9:t.1 o, l9l.t3 (i 6
l9 otIatta lt.opll ptt.68l l98l ol'!. l9lt] C 297. 00'

.],12-44
2()

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l9 ep'I l920 .; o .t paoNlpo opl.at1l opt,lo Ctr.

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' J988 C- 79.
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. 46.
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paollr ppIB al{al IlPoll N{IlHI,I poBoo 'l.ya ot rr oy/lPTo11BT, o,oplli o l TT

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ll

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ilopo: KrLl rua' lltloa rr, I92

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56

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68 (l97.1).
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lII lrpeT|, Bt PoTl]oTo
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oop B l92I . o t ypoBallI rrPopalrl,Il

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pIII{Ii oao OI aBltUT|l... Tr ti Hao.

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aoo Il'opll . Pyoa y rr l922 . pyoor.lr

Haoo oBopa ooBlll Boll 't. iiol.t Bottit

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PyooBoN! ea.! Py( l]a a TlI Ba)I(Ie noTl l el Ke Boo tt
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\1|ltl],ITpy KoTy l0.
opar loo N{oypaBJIt{ aTo l pytr'
.llt.tllo a]!1tlI Ta alNtll\I Tp!'Hi!l. Ha.tr
||)le KotI oalt px/]' o ll B J1}(II,I
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i )() a o
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.

r1lt.ao

( |'l]o o)a poyKy. pol oT TP(lHoK, oalx

l Ro pN{..3llaI{''l pTP oJI opo.l.] .l'.

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t,]

Lt1l11a ap, oDIJ:II B I1PBrrTo I{aoaII.

ll) opa .ftIH ol eoo o]l|l' oT o aKo||\'\Io opoa e ouJ ; Po.l]\l Tito pYlIl]t ao Parroo oaPI4 JJ }l Bo spI1ea.

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oI ol}oo pTa o lopoB (Hop_ep 192 '
m' ) HaoIJI|o KloTo Py oT]loo yoBo1!
Booo otoa '.. -Bot ol ) B olIx Pa aP'
PKllI{}o o'lI'I alltlTP}o. 9 ro l923 . o Too,
arlo liTBTo yopoart Hpool op,
BaT la lIKtotITo B pya Bootl ora, a lloJ.lll'e.

e p, yK)*(, rITo ltl oosl f]eoKpT

.|K].I oBop I'tJl pl By.pe KP y)( yT
Ltrlo: p_apTe 1924 ' o oaBa B]tltJl (IT JItlo
|,lt;1rto flop.Ieo pT; ooultU r o..p
Iril']ol\{ oToBII T apTtl OrIaJIo opoBe
lIoli'' ollT.IKo ool]li pexly. oo, Jlpyroti '].opol.
]'|'u oITII oatl:l ot{oJ]II/JaII [eopvoo oBop;
|)llKol ooTBoll ii l.pJtll1l oTtlo-

I{ p:t pil BToPoTIIyl poltt,,' 2'

tut ee, o oyx olTB KojlKo yJ]..eTII

('l'll t.l'ITBo ap, exlllloT oe e o

't'ltl ii' ToKo BoIi l924 . o o, vo [opr..le.

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ol

9 '', KK olt T l' olT

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oollap', KoTopa Ta ] 1'ee] pl. K o)
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Cort ao oo o Io a;o JI pltlI]I
BaT oK 'l'o(IeK pli: BO-IIPBIX, ToK HlI
pop o/llHoii oopI B o.l.B: oair o
THoI'i aoo o, o TpltJr ltoy(tT a .t
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apre op, [ao rt Ko ae oot paBTo ap oe oy a pe'o ro
Hapoo opae, o3T e pHo o,']tU.o 'frr
opol"I PBpT.I aa}tl. x til oyt t ti ll
ooo pe)Ka.
,[o pe oTBIlo a KoB yao, o'l. l,I
Ta opo' l{ e TaK oo' K oTo I. l|O llpBoHo
BI{TI o1.eK PypoBK, ooo .'eopa.r
o Paoi ap, oa l{tlo opo otlll}o: o oorla, tl.l.o..'rilplNl.. Ho8(] p}l
N,l oTBoJIa po P }io-/l Nlo pT (. o rpl, poo,[
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a oT.
Oao o Ilt pa.teI e o oo}llI. ,(e o

oa

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To)Ke!l,

I{oy Ku yo oT tIoJJIIrtrI l0 ya l923 poKo o o ptl ,.op.lrr oop, a our Hpol oop, oa aotlo IlPop, firopa.t
rr Paa p. a paKall o oTBI{, oNtt91o
oTTpat{oo oT IJt HC , TTBllllo, oapo ollap
,III! aoa-ept o-oKpaTl' o.Iopl I]Ptloo oeT [pa.tKoy oopy a ]1yLllM '].e'
164

oop aal(eT' (]To o IIl.Boe y l1tt.

)KoToe IlTTypoBlttl o p poorO a
|(lt.I

I t!'l 20 op l924 ' Bo .{o To

l()2 5ll0 Jro (1950 rx opafl)' Coo oIUro
l{il e oTv B eopaTK oop o/Jo: pNlcllll.
\ () _ 197, TopoB _ 7, IlPo (Po IloluItl' a]Io.
'
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K p - 620l.|1
1)I.I /] oP _ po TpHI _ p.l.ll lltJoo
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lI'lloBy o !t{oIIllt{ll]!1 OITBT yo' ,l\eI'to

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ll ]? ro Bap _ I-dao l opao opaBa p
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p. He lo K.Io'

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IllloJloo oBo oyoo l oKTp 1923 . op\l / {eoKpaTeKoo o]]oPa: yxl{Ba'l. Ky aBToTaPo ll-

l )

l{aoy Ku oao o .
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165

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TooB o}IpaI ot{' Te Ml KoBl lrlo e paoa Ba)I oIlv{, o,topI B | oTo.Tax Nfo
I yl.tto IiN'IIIT oo) y1.p .II, o.rI{T
BoKPy x apo' I{ aoI yTB I oo oopel ..pBilBoTI ]\{pt{oo ooopa''' B rrlr .ro't.to
e}IT N{e)Kypotto]lt oo)Hlll1 Tal. B Hll]o p].i.a-

T}to Beltle rrorrrt rlpitr,lea I{aKoB Pla yoa oT p>rra' e . }IaII TaK o ITy o opo e o TT Tp)KtIl olr o.
lt o o Bopy o, Kao I, oo Boe-

pooo pooTB.

p ol|yllIlTlt pTri,l
TIlo t}oTrle p l923
o o]!{y apT aa l920- ooB oBoo tiIrJIIlli\t IIoII ol.1Il.lKol.l ]ITl

oaplt: e,[elrop.lelril oop, oertBUltll:l e.Ipe

pT TpIll, aTiBa l924 . NtHo or l00 I. o' To B K l923 . oToJ]o e 25 t.; po Too' IlolJ
e Orro e B]l1l 30 r. .to, ]]O/]B B
..pI'' poorI'

H Kol\,IyllTo a o l- /{ l9l9 .,
ap p oaaB[Ir y Koltp ..pope'' o}ool JIoy aJ] o o)

opt a aaHKyr oTy pr.t oIl.l,IlIcKI

perry. x a o r' oprr oN'I]\'1y],1Il rlo IJI,1 y aoaoy Bopoy' aaB potoI(I.I
oTBlIvl a yy ao pat1 o
fiop>yr py'
B otte o olrpri ox p (orl, Pytrt'
), a) ti o,loI Toa To Bp a oyapTeeK o yIlTpl,IN'{ pa aoHo. oJIyHlx pyTaT pBoIi NlpoBo Bor orpt ppop, K Blp)(a poeci BKI'l P)atst{ epeppJllt l{ aIl Ilpaori o-I]ooo po y) Toa B ti BooPy)r1 oy ooP
pol]oB, KoToplI'1 Kop oI1or'IJl B)lNl],1 ooti.l.ll: tsllo1.
o oT opaoa aN1oToTttoo oaPl.B'
B rro><o oaPll o]Ho BoIlpIlHlINla o,]ptlyTo pp)KtlTllo oToll BlIx )a li' o
oT oB/] p{)pya op] oTToPaNll oT rN'U]'
166

it.)K oTa paT, o.r ] opao, ae oTo-

Illl.1 o yoB poo ooBopa oapK PPTop B o

oeIIx oyaPT T'I ulliTB (p oaToI{ pli'
,IIIl
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IIaKo}lIlx opy e,'r: B otloi'{ o o

Ta riI oap. av oop, t'lo pe

boap oN1ap BITyII B TONI opo Ta e, K
oPT py aa oy]]Ta, o,I uTI aIlllotlI r,ITo oit pr' Ho yt,t pr aoal{oo Bol]po B IloBI OJ]BoIlI yJ]oB - B yJloII T
Roero peBoollpolllI ponoo po.PI]T _ yoBoI1To yIto IJ opo)e oB ..Bo oa-

[,'' B

tt'l

paoa oTveo pot, pa-

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R P: olllytIlI, y apToli o]\,1, oaa, tITo
ltoale poeI oy oyT [aB'rIBoe Pe
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oo, pooa opl,lT}o a o!I.eKI PB0-

"'rrf, ayro oTy pr PyI'IKy, K

'l' aNIl paTBo pl.tIlBa o'].oBlloT yTBoBT ]] pa.

l)ye BpaJIori opTBI{o.Tppl,toplt

I1

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par.ofi pe eoxolto lo a.Ia papoT a ooR p oop]Itl a aTpHe H.Bo oP-

ex yTapI o, p PyI. B op
l{ ..lt}1pliaTl\'1 oyPa'', ra

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tlHyTp' p oo l\{TI oltltap. o oe lI oB.Ioo paT o parl'l N{PI ooBoPoB

B rr yox a]!{a aTpoaK oo Po l]I|lI ep"o,,o-

Bpo !IT]!{I'
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L923 . op. O pay t oHIl Kop
aK, T'. BI TeH pot _ oorii otlT lIIo lll H pBo I|lolttt| oToP.
oe epopo p)a oe I oo
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ol'{Nlylllleori' FIe lte ooo yoo oIIpeIt, o ooa.t l16',7

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oI il.l ll INJrl ooaNlll )rrll ]IPoPaul o' oo lIJl11 oao' a Bttl'l, IIo yIl(y, e o)J{,l I}e fil tll'l .a
oN' ()alIIrt' PNla]]oy IIatlIl!' o MI rI o.tIo oJl.
o a oi.l epI{I d&]L,ll oala,] alIN' opllo B IlNl IlPo]!l
)oo oo)lI )y eope lt o]!1o. vI' o,.oacoNt
,.oo.a IItI'l'' ri Ilp-. llPolIl,tl]
IrI'' eo pol]o. po/l
oPr 1960 , ooclllJo, 1990. o,tI, B )]e opeI
Il/IeIt o ]Il{' o peu o oo. lrt o.
rj] poBelIl!t],t oM' oee Pe ne]loI]'I.JI o o
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o.Itrv yo\' (Jo llln'a. I]ol]IM lIyl]tte PUllll, Ile ol]o.
l']It a aiI aeItylo olloP ]l a Pal|8I;oP yel,:i H o' IleeaplJello Po]lltii l] oit
o oe oI' oe, o..o opori ooI'I 20- oorr o e.
p 1944 r. oap yeoDo o ) /l orl x'II oaa pooaru'oo lull,Ioo ap't.P; lrlNl tl .l
y Lt'IrI, l]!l I{lJ e o trl t]oil U,tl.o l]ol!IlK lloI{e|,I II tlJ UoIl UUl'lPoIo,noptt.rltl.lrtu.,,,) i|.||,Ill|.r] ll|}l|(lIll \lU,I(|l
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ol.lli' a'(e e11'ail /ltill' a oooIt. ollr'ooll , oM o ' opea tl.r,PolIooI1, il P.20

o e ooa Kollltpa, IlepBopol 9 ro

o]\{ pa)aKo o]{l l] 'P. To BlBo p oapKo KoapTlI aatry IIOoTots Boopy)oo BoTaI].

H pyooo K e pay o,ro poy] PaTKy.

Clt poo llPlllI. pllHB O})HI |l (lillIl|o
Po ,]UIT.ypI llpoe P.I, K oiro BP o
pa p) }iaBl}I ptrTl, e poa pBotoooo

prr. pop.roNI ll TeItKoB I] IJ] aTI,Ioo-PoaTK .o.r.' O a lI opirTopKo IIKyT

o' II J]oBo' l1 oo8a'L a 'l'a IIO BO Hpooo oa. Oal' ertHo aoap yo B.
pooe opooT B ope IlPoTlII] PB
oTo Ka KII Bo ll epoa ]]opa,
a!Ie HI, > eo Tr ota. {l
To BI Tapo op)]. lI llIlooa.f pyKoBo'l.Bo
Kop, oIpla arr e K. oao oM I,I |920-|92lL, |922_192 ', RI' Ka BIiNI a, Ta IBo po Bo,Ia, K op a po.
..Jlo,'
Boartllil pBotoollI

e oTo]]a e la'

(. ao), Tpo BBIII B }tae l920- oo, o peo.]llllooo pBoPoTa K aa e o)K, Bo aaTopTe].oN{
poTo ylrr B ooIl oootse pell eo tso
T' Ko Too, ypo potsBoo ol{ oo py
Bep l B,|( B N| op'
168

B popo K K,

L'ITa, To pl eT o o a
opoo o pxy i,I To, orr.
Ill)) oBI 'l.ePeo poTapa]'a oil ri TpIIBT, tsl{
It]IaT )Ky

|lBITTe o]TI{, o paee Ko]\,tpT tl'

a o la op>ea l-7 l92 ' a |'IIi-Ioo ol]T K _ Bleo yTBtIoo opa, oIlpo
l)1l I] KBapTa |J BIlIai oo.t.t' P
nI|eIlt o K olr1a o lloo] .tat opall ap
Il _ T ..Pao .Irr BT,'. 2 lt il ao. .o
||)TTo ooo poTIlBoo.l]o e Nl]\'t Ii o],].ol{ o e BITyIi 9 l porr rrPopo'l.'
p poePoT paoil TaT oTpo
Lt tlir rro K o oorIll ol}o]\'ry paBTc.l]y' o/]
r, o e pl /]o poBlt part ro
|]() _ a.IKo o'll.ol oo, oTt{o yPell
ltl. . r, BTBIil y oy.pTBoo py aIlJITl{llIM
Il\ l!1, l}trr l\{ao ol]P' Pyoo pIl'I ,l'y Pa
Ill)T, Ia, T o.lo apTl N{PI ol lrT1l
|(()N'l\t.o IIoK aTpl{I't. B aor.lr, orr1r ol,
Il |(O1,opl poaa PTI{'l.CI,t KoapTl.l, PorlyK tlol)a' e opa Tpo o,I]olli troo.]. l.i
l]I)ol]Ii ooT oo aIvlllt{TpIIIl; , otttl o'
tr (--too poo)Ka rioa, o I l'rrp l92 .,
!\JIl{l Io oo)elr otrt2l'
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])), PoT topr Hapooe op, Bo'l.oBIiT o.t!IIY]l]{ol ooI,'22, TK To y oToPl opet.rKoB KJlui){lIill ltaTe, To K oPt{TpyeT op tl /IMoKpa,].(I( II llo1.' (I a aoBylo opy. oaao
t lrpo.
'ilPo ap.r[, PBpy"a !K ru r'poat'r..pitoy.
lll'], e Kaoo eT'' Pol,i1.o ..lt |loBI
l{ )y]',2]. Co olrl,r]\{ IJlyl1
K e.il ol)PI lloTPa}iI{ olvtirPT' IlaJ'I oTB1.Tl]ytl!I
\|lIl.epaI aTle opaI' oTopI o orlp yJII'IoliL,]l I] pa[oTpa . Hrr oJJa lI o]\{yTI.Ie .
])()II o ope or a lIoax K.
Opoe oye oBTlIo l{eoo PeTa
lIooNI ol.epa B.oapoa' 17 o Ierrro o
{)

||'l lI }IJIeao pepBHoo tla nroToprloli o o tlpo

Bpy' I-{r o oitttporr ro oyrl'r, ]!lcl'e L)
'lLl1lto

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oyl{ KK o oBoy lrou tlpl.tt. ol ...
iIl]t'i paxao oli'' po[llJoT .r.oa oo Tal"roK'' (o o oe

\1.l.o s.x
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169

25 rol: Koao oTpaBIl Bapl epBo lrNlo KK'

Opa a tt yllBTo ooHa Ir pyIITa TooT lt. oo o (l] BaTJIIIII,
..ooJl[IeIx
BIlN{ opltt.'' Koapo IllItl: B 'la
ap ooTB, opo.BIl ooy paB'Ie'l'tsy oN'lo,
oo _ oI olIH B Tp}l y.y]. Hil].oKo yljerto!
..y)<I
To t{ ITItsaeT
B }oTI ]!{pax Booo a..oveKe
p'';
oo,l opal, B apT, BJIIoti'I oyt{Iltlea' eIT BooxlloT oIT oTeK optl, KoIloo po po.I y)atl 1l TPoyo' Ko J] aT yTT ptspTe eya' NIo l'!

Boaa peo ll)ypo1loo oo Tpa].']]'

o oToP B yoNl . NIa: ..o o p-

o pBTBo o B ot oyH]\'l pToBaI Bo Bpe peopoTa KoyTI Po BIKtoT Tpe; yT po y, BpoTIlo, Too Toe

o oo''. or epaa I{aT opo

o TpeIllvt r K poTv pao oT BrTyrt, po!I oo P3PolroM pTI{, II r opo
oPtlT po]otl epl oy opt.

ora o}loT I{a a parroo>t<o.t o

aTopa ttlll{llIo JIII o K KIl ao ts oeBo poTIlBope.t oltfi' opltp:ttIl l\toooi\'l
pyo/]TB' ooeo rIT' To B Bo]\t rtlvr Kopo
p ToapIIIa]\{ o KK oylra a por{ a>t<l BoIIPo
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pr o TopoI e aKa oer.i rr BeltIi ep)(aB; B-TpT, oBI ..Iol]I yIT pBoIllllooo /lll)(Il B Te'' a B y(Iae KTBHoo BlTy pT, oKoilBlllo opa)e, K tI B y '.aoo aIo/JIlli oBpIItJo popo.Ia''.i .(ya, lto opypoBIl TaK
BoPooB B oIoiI ee Poo oTBTI I] ll' pll!INI
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2 to a aeari lII ptllpo y K oa,.ppo oa KoN'IpT'' BITyI v IJK
o
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K ' To' N{tllaltl B Pir)l]Kyl o, oll ll -

ooJl aOTIIIe Boo)oj]Il JIJI oo)<oo I.

; e oxo tT IlaK oToopo, yTpx o, ..axa
ao a oa po opo a o Tao ot'l0

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N!t' To R,l To opt' Bopy KoTopoo o oy.I
.

letl''26.

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o l923 ' po]loTBo Kopa xo o)t<lIa Kpy.
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TPPt{Topli}o to prr y a'' aTe eaIrHo yKpIa}o{ oaPrr44.

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bop e l Booo xpTpa.
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po o l924 . BoTt{ K/lo, olIoToBJlo ot BMPO, ol It peTaJ] o Bol\,Io)Klo
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] ltp 1924 ' p PTo BToIlo]!1IITo' oa a

ll

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l3 pa oI.ITpo K PK()' KoppTpy oTt{oHlle
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Il IIpoTBopBo.r ol1ll orrreori ol oToIIl
l)oapKoo oTa pooa r. oo oTKII,
|tI,Iy)eI TT aTopa JOIiOKoil l{ otITtIo aatr opoI:iKolt'l lvl]Ta' IIo e )eBLUll

li oToBI o1.Kl'I oT yTpPBo\L{oIlHI tl ttotr,

lll,lTatltstl B oToltl K o)Krtylo oTllyt III1I,
||

ooBtl aBll]!1o.Iri or.oo.

]TB Too lI /lpyoo l1T o)KI]oo aa.
[olio,l, oTto tlToT ol CP .rpet
.rao papxa pyoo oPK oN'lyIJ.oB; ol'l Tp.la eri. Ko,po .l ]]B o K)T: ..po tp
()oH' l ]]l o pay'B. oa, ,
T
lloT lllua Oa llxoo, To B? o po ol]''54' a oppoa l Tal]a rr ooli po
ll1oHl ToII, aaIl'i V Kop9 Korrp55 uoBI]!l
l)vxpl. Ha ooarrl opeolr VII op
ljK Nl.rpoB B oI BlTH atsp' .0 r
Il ToKo I]ao ..poroo oo)r'', o .t'o peorIll.toltt KP T ooTpe.r o pa poB To oa]lll ToT IlllopeTBllo p oBo pa>llKo oo56. B o()(IB,o, pa1]Its

185

TpoBIl TpoBa Ipo].aT ..ToIlI pBo]Ilol

pKTlll,'' l} oTopI, llo o tl], K..opo y)aT..,
oprt ytloootl Kopo firpoa opaT}tT
K PI(() x poerl Bopoa o oTa oBe.l. Il

a!1'

..ro.

I'' Ia a TII ooro. Kopo [p opa 21 tllo K oooty yoBoTBy

oPt{y]!f o]!'1. t,to oIill oTo B pII tlN{y.
N{o.l'll tiooo BoTaIr B oPli'l; o oTHIIII )lIIi o.
}o' BePII oH' i] oBopT oTpITo o1'o]]T y, a paBT.to ItKoBa auert rrT poT yB.]rlro Bto I. ABTopI eN'IoPaya yKaIa' rITo B :x yo ]]a}
Boo)IM yo o pt,t)o o, H
oTT BI|VII{. .. Koe, yTBp)JIa O}III, _ o)Ke
PoTaT p]e y opKori porol1 aa.t-

[o

Ko]\{y paTIo otTI,:i''.

,[aee Kopo filtpo B opTHo]\,I oel:i oll

BTe ooa, K BoIe l opT B aTor p PaBIIT,r8o !o KaoN{ apal1 o)li T Bo-

t poy K' B Kt o opaa.rt K

PK() BN1a KToPIltlo IDeo poo..aT TBpyt

llKTIIBy B opaal\I' KaK pTI"Il]I. Ta o.IIlM. l} Ll.I}iolt Kotr o p eo . [pl,la], oetIe

/1To.t. B TI{ oPo e oo oapo ororl, ]lp)Ka.I p oIIpoe BoTaIle o Be BlTKlN'r
o'lIa ollTlill Boeo.Tx o' HeopeeoT, oTo aa o op po. ooTBTTy) opaoB, o) I oo)tl o''. t opeTrir pIl' o oopIlil o){t{ BTI{ ooToBI{Ttt po57.
O oplr pyKoBo'I IloytIJ] Ipo oB l{
o, oo o)Ka' [ oyx oapoo oyl'rTa
K PK() oao oIlr B oTaB .. py, .. ,[p>oo '. Tpooo, T.. BIooo trprioo oyPT.

Bllt{oo ypo! Ta[I oBaIN{ BoeI

pyKoBoT. 29 lto |924 . o Po}<e po
..plto' B pBoN{ o yt{.re oopori oop:
a.t' To o PIIri p.t IJa el opo' a oT T.
fp, ]} aprr B pB aT I{ o)e Ta ee Boop)KHoo Boa KarITB oT]Io)(tto pallo a Tere o,'. [a, paa, peKoT pI pa a!
BlPa)a riaxlla' To IiTya o)<.l' MT K,Ilyrxy!
T.. ao oT B oy Bo]]a' Hop a TNloT
optypo, po}olloH IIPKTB ]]aKIl opao tlNlaa' Lloopo, a I Bpap lrUaHI]I p K
TBJIa aaa yrlo opo ttorr.tori, opa186

t1rrooil .Io ooToK ooxe}too oTaIl .

]. aT Po-PeTK ooN'I o yoBolll.BoIvI Ko]\Ip..oTTI]y.',
t lrtt' PooaIo
BoTtl pllllpo o I -

]ly}oto o58.

Tar opao, IIoBoN'I oTaoBe}tll

K PK()

o,Ir!l.

.tIri ya opIJ. L{o T TeNI ll To TIi o.

|)o o paKTtlo rioToo. K BoTa o1.l!{]]e aoB
IIoT o rI)KiiIUtl or o.te rpx H tla'
Ilo eBIIa Koope BpIl a Btly 'ytolo o/]
Kao, o> opo p tl t 1ll Ro|.lo ltl'l l] o,'lo
Ilp]IoTa rIIa e pa Bl'Teo poyT ll pollll.
I ll.. B o}'{ aBJ] o1' foo )K 29 to o oo o'Ytloo
ItoTaHoB K PK otl o/]Tp/l,IlI, To K IINIT o
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IlOop)Koo BoT oTo ..BaTIpI t{ eaT rt o|'i]TooI1 opoeir o/JoTl]K PI l\{ ]]o.t'
II oTpal.''. Ho p .o oti pl!{III{yJItI yIION'IT, To B po:tt pHaeT Ilpo aIl p ]] op, .ITo'
IIo MIl)! ollyaT ..oo)KIloT B TaI}llle paI]Br
oII PIIT I-toBo pIIIH,'59' TK .lTo oNlo)}IoT o1'o
|rIIT I1oTNlllT Nlao .l

or.ltrr P Hi1 oy)KIlo o.

CCP o eorrltlIlri oN{oll'
()a pooPPoa}Ioli Kopot lt J{ltrpltr'l' (ITo, oIlt{o, ooTT.IBoo x.tollN't rlo-a.l.IplllNI y]\1oa
.Iae aToI,1 o
'l'poeN'I.

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"aIll

PT e oaIU o 20 p I924 . lrI o|!a]. llpI opPoBaBIlI'l t H ' o ,(' pr.rapo' o Bltoro o K r oa t1Olll oI,ITT oo poa, B II'l.o Pyoo/]TBo Ko.toPoo
rtoI C' Tpot] lr K' o o I{K K t,l [. prlpo
ll' ep oT el]lrI H' B poBlI BoI]I.I.tJIlJ l\1.l'tlI a
|]

IllIoIe oNITT].

B o 1924 . Aor KoMIITT p oBT Porpllry ot' Kpo r l]oll lJB]!{ a]]l]\1 Tella]\'I:
l) ..yTNl ooP)<tloo BoTtlll t]lpaT aT lI P Ka'ilJla',;
]) ..PIuI,ITo
Tooe],I lpo prta''. lrl

r'Ioa' II lt oouro ..eIx'' yMoHaToIr opNl

lI1lpooK.

Ba;o ol To p't :to oNIt olllLIao, rl.].o

HC o.ta ltr, oopoti o] /l() T op,
ll t{llo J]}iII li oo Too al TOoB opLll, Tp Bl)Ka oooT p'lTll Hx,.l(Jll TnIlo1.' K oall oPollo Teoo alIIIlp
Ilo/JoToK Bo1.Il' T.. Ta)e p yp a oopyeljo
;la

lloTIl Bp)tl'l BTTa !oa. Ho ottlte or.

Iu7

Kollo KoH,l'o!] ao-pc.|o paBTtso)

, a y(ITlt]Ll ,].epI, olrlr.i Arrotli llr.. Kooil
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e]]a

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tlpl.aoa o]lp)tT}lt ati' OP/]jllj 1.

yo IlpB1l']',Ba, oBpro o-ooy tsIBLIBa apKT .loo lt}loo poltTa: Ho o yI]lc.rB xo/(a ..PYol])
/] po Koi!l]!lyl{To,''
ir a a oe iIpoTa pol'pt
Kp.o.paotteO aBT'l'a, p'ori o 't'opoli oo]lll
l924 ' par [. pJr.rpUB lT.lI 4 tOJl It
Te B orr. B PIIo/l 29 r 24 ly or l oy.
ltlioBtl p l!'l.i.paJloB ao l,lorlIIt..]\'!]IrIoir'' al ..Op>t<o ''.
l'rt popaI oy}'1Tol] e,oJ'ro, .lo -'r HC
o.tea ooo'].], P KpTIlo-ptto.t PaT'r.Bo yl.oB1 TaTpy poTpaT r.I tlpooxa o.l'T1Ia.I
.t o.oN'l, liTo l!'tope.ro
'p, ao a oa.
p' l\{oT l oyI,iT.lo art. ye paI]T"r]TBo Ba (lTa opTIlKM palrax lIpao patr Il tta' .o TKa , K y LlC. 1.ytoI IIJI plroN{ oTBa poBol po HC l

l\{

pB}l1. Te

l .

oToy oppoa o Tpy lla rITa op, oo o. oeK, .to ooo)Ke apo/{a _ o al{oo apo]], o HC BcT TIJllo
pooIi oy > o ap ( ov oT pe}JHI
o [ po opaa _ K, ap yu , .'po"nnnuTIlx oooB)' Ba T, 'l.o ltllo HC oxe
TT 'tpyIIl o]\{ cllo IIp oaIllJ l\Il.

oo -y/loBoo poTa.

l\oN'lI]pTt.t ti(IO tI o.Bo, K pttT T yol]l] B p1'' BpoTo, Ita To' 1'o' KoJlit ay. pI]]'I.JrI .T,
oa yT epB IT ItIlTtsy.
Bpovtvt ool topo K paoaa' Ay l924 .
. t{ or op. B po o ooBlII]
olrolll poa pcpoo pyo p oPy) oTop-

I
aI1II
K

CaIlo' Coao apro op-

e, 18 opy 120 op.foJlo 80 ro. a Io o}lo KoTo o BI]'l'oBoK, .l.potlo. paaT T'. .t'tl

y opy oapa no,". B p poa p

KopoBl{o oa ts ooH opaaII lIo o.a' papye, poy KpITI oopy>rr2.

t.a3p xpoI aa. [o'l oTpalx o}JyTB Bap, oapa opy) oKaa Bo Ilpa.
188

llT.l.a]!I' .I}toBIl IIo N{a' '].o KoTpoallo oPy)(

|]Po]]lJo CCP. o lo o prr.o ]lI oKl,
ll.l.o ]] tl.tle 1924 .
py pr o]!lill I, PerrToBIltll B KoTTI{oo,
pJ]IlP[Ia-'r IIIa /l]I

oaoBtl oI{ T .]ya ..oIl]'(Io BoT

tlu.' op po)Ka..lJ JI Tl l}o pa) B o

.].pa,'OilI IJNIprUN't a yIIle B oap Boa6].

Koe yr.a .t p oal\'toBa, pol\'l Too, o|'PooNl NtaKeoKoo B)tlII, oTopo ]\{oo( lioI.lIl](I'
tltllr or K.
Bl y>e otsopo o KoTx BPo aoortTo Il l
IlPaBJlHlI Tpy:y CC' Io pee o Boo]to.
ltl,Ill B Bp l924 ' TT Oy, HKI{ Kolr.l.pll o.
yx(aIl IJ Mo o, oTopl n/loJ]o BlJlvT p
ApoIt' I(oapo, Hilrrpp' po>t< spT, IIpo,[
t:rut. o.l. ilo}]o]\!lt,Iol| Jt)l'lIU'ipeO(lt tl..rl' tlit
jl,o1. K, r.r l]ooy] Topoy, plrTo T
]To pa1.I'Il.1 o,r'KptTo. M> ppo I(II
Aapoa ep.Io oo a o KOTKTOB OBTKI]
oP Io xa IBa e oIaPKl!1 ol!'l]vy!I.
.a]!lll o]Jn'ITl{I oo)l(I}t ]"yIIN!: o o' o]!l-

.lo-..eeKoo'' |]oTttll, K OylrJo Oy

n }lTpI0lll o l'opoltl ottrt, o't.optltt
Pop)tl ptl H oa l or.or''

;t<T IIPoo

Hettlp a PoTBooo)oT popN{, oToPIri ]looBal'opolII tlp.ty K KoIlKpTtJI oBopa'

BT B ollll oo o'I ,cl,l Po.loKo. o o/l.
]{I,t ]llKollI(oo po]IIoHoo x,l o, 29_0 ap'l
|924 ', a ro lI a}l,tI ooNty
Hpoy, opaoBa}loy p|]oJrrooo Jllo o
U K KollK BoIl J{1'. B T /loyl{tta
13MPO lpxa oToltoT o oo ao op
rtpoT Ho pal'l o'l'Py.r Pl]orotllrt P
T]!'lt{ II opaaIul ,.l apooB.
) 5 p ao KoNlTlleKof,r epal{ll iIpoB MP p KK rro ooy l{:rpa, alrtfpo] B tlpo.Ioo Boo al1, To /loy. oT IilIIr<o\t orlriI apTp 'ltlo oIIeT l,tll PB 1'Jl
oT BTooI'1o B o.l.|lorrlelI optt oMlITo, TK
l.I KoBKoo [paB,l.l.a .l1.o ltooo a o\ tIli']. o1'
..oaa.l.l] pttoTIl l,lNlIillll lt it ol{Tl{KII
''. B vao, pt TpoBa o. aTooIIToB
ltl'r.T a oBoo)e B oToB Trop, ol.t o
IUe K p)H p.l.el.ts KoBa opa.
pIIBaI{]IllI.1

oa poe-peTKoo pae. B pooo ..'euo

(Iaol o poo( IIposopoB
otlo IJl.lI

lI]9

o].il]. Pyo ,,' orro' oBI,Io, p) ovT.l.Bo

I]

Kpo o,

K K

Ta) otl B JItlII o peotsop

BMPO . yx oar.y o olr Co ool1lt firrol
Bttt. Bo oNly K I l oro o(Iep]] I,Iy:r aBI{]\,I.
.Py.. oaIaT Nloa.oI: lt ar.prraoir oP)I(K pIy
oolrt'oii oPtlau' BoJINloy Toopo KIipoB], Ho Ilp/JOTBT oN{ortl Bo.)IllIoo oIIo3rl]lIl oI;I

opalIaIl[',''I'a o'lllt,l'l Illl o/I/JP)<y o 'rpot plltrylr i'

lopat K o B llpoT o/]pxa NIT/JoB l]eeop BMPO aI]ToIlol\{llTo oToa
Pooo oIa B ottll ]io trp /JaI,1 B o.l.
B. Kopo, B.. Ml.t.l,t, .' 1.pp, '. tItlra,
'A' t1oo (K) rt .B' Llrtp' l(oTople or"l lrlt ltoli
'l'elI lll\{ o.l.l1ollI ..N'IaKool\'I Boltpoy,'.7 trl otrr o1.aOBI,I: ..Hr p:tpta .].opol{ APOi.]ll\I,
Ilop]lltsa.I rit rr oot1ltti ll OKilIt]il'l. il Tiro Nlopy}o I{a'IpllyI o]lrplKy ... o1.Bpll' oouo
pooBHI,I opaI]lIIl

oorr''66.

llMPO

pt't l Bc

Caolt:l o, To ITpeOBoPI l!1oo li]r I]11 p oppoBaI{ Bt]pt{o K K rI ) oo pelrrtyl

, ttprtot' oL]o, pl 'Iira PI]\1Il nrlIIa ! o-Brr.
/]I{l\foy! et I{ t{o.l.Totlo poo. pt,ttpo .o
poonxJlo B J.ITtl ler1t l924 . IIoe \{PtIt
K B l.tIoTI,I' Pt{ oyxlt oo-irellorl rrpo't
t{ ]:]II ypotr11 . IJ iI IlK PK() l9 l }lJ.llUtl o.

tUo, IlpTaB,l Io prl}l']1'o perrltl: '.[alallt

ilKoll 't.ol{oiltToB oiIytloBaT o1{IItl'.67' Ka ,I.leKpa, OToBIa'I le o o o) _ l .5 l 92.+ .,
t

()Ha oPIrpotsa olT aooir opllrIrI, It O){l'O1.O

Il]lB pIIBalITo oII{ B}Ie ].Py o'.rprrrt
a-

BPO oT )oo ypa o Toollr ]loIlKOo llilB'

,|.TBa;
Bo Bpl\{ IIPoBooB .' Apolrv ruy t.lltt
rr1rt't

lipHI eoTopIe pl'']\'fI .l.poBa}| .ITo IlTlll.l.

Iloo xapKTpa BaNl,t.pyo o11trtl o/]P NlK()ll-

oo B)e' o ltrt Ma, o llopolr Moit

opr

oPal.lII BII]/J
prt68.

a oPo.l]PyllllI a o.

y o plrtr K rlotlrrt;l ..KoPp'oa,l.,.

Topot{y orri oo. tlo oTtlolltI.II K oB.NI Oa,

|]el!'l poBoPl.
B ToN{, .t'o Tp PopotlI tlo e]\'t }1ooIJli OpalltI
HC, BPo BToo]llTo _ 'IPNI]{'II o/Jl.IaO
l]

|]]

ooo}'f, o yT o/lP't]loo l]PBopo]. Ill]II

tloTpaI oPT]], ]]y. pal'eTo Hoa'

1lONloIII

pona paKTeP opoI1 otl.teo y'].ypl

(IpTa: I]alle B oTlIol:I
ope oto p ..otl-

HIlo PL]T'' B.]l _ ]lIa'llo ttooir r,rl.oprrrr o:Ilt

Tp' B o o L]PN{I{II oox
liII'I II-IIoJI lt Oo ptr l878 . pa y)
PitIIoi]a oIIITo l'p }{l.e (18tt' l887' l92 .) Tpe oyrP.l
.aK
I IrPoPoo (l881, l886' 192 ')9.
tITo lloJlttl.lltly)
aopy l924 ' o Tlrr{ N'lo}lo ltBaT .lpl]l.Jol-,I _ op )IIJI ts p)<oll, llo vyxor p'l le,
PIIII |] oIIPyI

'Fl

P)rv ll
l)o oII.NIatINta]IIt]\1 /
Cor.o a}iocell'l' l99l, ! 6,
2 ll-opzu B, Haprt' olp
// Itrllrll ll Coir l{l{lllI'
l. 'operl 1.o,' l979. T' 68, (l974), . 206-207.
Pdo la' po;1It tll]o
etl lla l,a au],I'Nl'
. 192\_|92
. /| 'cll .y To a KiI. o. l97.5'
.,t.:

,+to

l( o't.oe lloe,t

//

lIplI'lN'I o AaJlO8J! Bll o.l.llK Killl,

opoBo)K]lltIIJil o.IKao]!{ .l.. Aepo ]Ipvoo ea K

T, . C. 201 '
a upo
,Q. paa Nl _ Iloapert

pI,I B o y.l'a.tllI lt't.p I92,1 . AKapo]]

^1ol
/]ylli /]ot{K /lT ]l'l tiTl, ivJIoo l]l1)Il]{
o

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Bl\1Po A' oopoUil O olt llo||lI'

Cyt oat]ao opyllley oplrat1r l.{K
BMPo B.olloNIlITo aa pBlrl],l po oprr! o-BoN{ .l,1 Bil I'teool"t oeHo1'II' r'.re .o PrIoopoNl Aa]IOBa Ntp,].l{' B o l,topt11.lloi Pll
oo oltltI )PTl.

ts p 1924 . p pNIoTP}l OlTi1 B NlKool\,I

B)tlll ti a/Illrir{ plta B oJI't l,I eKrrl.l K
.l'p ByTpeo IiK K . a 11 lr o t l{K aKy oy: TTrIy JlI{oo po. pH lI poop I-{K 'oo opaalrll, Ta. ol oo:
190

tt

pa o

li2, ' l95, 198,

5 A!L]ite Zilung. (Win) l923'
17 Jui6 IJl,4, aprt B o Pei{c: Coe.
Coptl' I999' C. 182
(\1NlyapI allliI l95 ')'
.a
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<e C. 178'
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// l20 o)ltll]l! l{TJll]llpa

ll .2002,

9 TaNt ).

J.

C'

l08.

[loJIIi r'ltr ,paa [pal lol Bo.o.ltloit L]otlt. 19I7_l929 ' M., l988' .266
.Nroylle o. patl.I'''
o'()
_ ail 192.1) // ocprrl. .op:
u. o, 1999'. |2'|21,
rU

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l{ oo pc.t. |924.21 <ll''
I5 .I x. |924' 28 o.

l6 looc ( loo-) IIo,l.llo !lltoNta'I'|o

lIp l920- t.ooll ao l|Io Kopoel]rl ' lIoe oyap.
..ort.','ro oq'Il|aIlI}t all
Bt]o cpltoPo]'a l929 .
'paI.

t1 I-pttuttt P.11. oprtpol] Ila lIa ltaotIli llopo I! our'oir De. l9'2-l924 .: (o oyNta poItil|t trBoI]) //
aeJlolltt: prlt '[op Jl'yPI. ,, l999' . l15-l1q. '
1 lluttp:nuttt B- |loeli|i llllI]!l ptt|tll' l922_l982. Ilooll.
p' 2()00'.' 9. pco lt eiloto l|JloB'l.-' l|]lriii l-p-

TPo ol.tllt .,.

. ltt]_llJ4.
2('PI.' '.l95. o' l6l. '
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2s

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B' fl ll tt a, Tp'tlli tl
4 yplt 1926. o, |()()2, ' 271
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Tl x. ' l ]4.
Ta e. ' 27.
ntoo B. l|o
58

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59

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6'

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]2 o ' K'r,Nt |l'po oppar.o oD rlo]r'lllKtl y])
..44.
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I98l.
K P lo_y. |g2 r. |t IiK' o,
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p
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]! ipo - o, poe, eI(.l]I. Co, |998. C. 36]5 PAI I. . 495- o' 282- . 8. . 66'
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N9 78'
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[o. N! l25.
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19 '.. Cmoo B. apa.too Pr,laTl]o HC .
rt PoT K ('l923 - y l924 .\ ll L4 K- Co, l987.

'Jlu/l

I|a
et( l} |]e() I|
llolJ o]!llITlt eI{tl Po 'p lI tlPo1.aeo ol}a
lIpopa p |924 |. //vI KIi, Co, l9l].5..i'5'. l4,
.
<. . 14.
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200

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202

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20

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a B IIpBT:oti apT Taa apaT pylIPol].
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4 ap A. e opPo Holti al,tlIe.r IleoKpilTIIrIoo oBoP.
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20,1

.[ tlTrIro rlor 1926_l93l oa.

parr Art
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tlTpTa' B oKa Ko'l'opoo Bto tatl r.l' Ol l

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I]oro }l.il{ paao yTaoBHIo l,i pyx
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21

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e aepal pIllPeoo ey I{I( K, oL'oto B p 192(l ' ll 'l.I]oBo, rlTO oK|)].oO BITyItI{I{ opIl olllillylt{l Fl( |lp/,lB/i o: .,lt oprt'r'.

o a ]]oTot]lil] oaT r'l or]ol]oT ]!laI't.

TI{oa ali , ol{OBP]lfo TaB o'l
o PoI.I a1''
oKoy pao pl opiI o:ll.telril ltttl,l'
Nlo B To o .eIl KoIt'l'o'IIotsT' .l pttl ttlo

li Ko.]'opl pyti
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H'Ipo a IIoe/J ]!'Io)KeT l1 o,OpI]T o, llT llIlltlNI
ao yl'l'I]oBtl K. B pa pe 1927 . o
KouTpotsaT Poa apr.rr (P)' I92E ' Potj
NIoo)rIl ot (PC)' l92.5 ' oTlto oTaal]BaJla
11TtloT atlNlI llpootooB' Po.la ttap I l K yrlaTIltl] B llapivlI{'K],I BIop.
al opaII poo :Iaa trr ooo Il.
,retr o tl ytl.uo port; o(lao Ilpl{IlB .a1y aB|x oT KKo-o rlp'l.' P' HC C crit.oBa o pyKoBoII1.() aotll] lIotlo oIvlIlpTIII{ lI oN'I
otl. t 11ilo o t.tt.lKoIl, Til ...p.*u u up-

a]loo. ptp, olIeoo lopo K Kll

p. Ke TJI oilop]ll l1o Ho K P, o )( ] P 9IIyTTo Hpoo oPaII or.P. plr o.tITyl]oa
P raa 4 l. .]ltll, oll1o 1928 . IIo IIIlIlaJrllo
poBo!:i oPKa]lla - ooo 6 I'
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o Ka oclril /Io rlooo K,
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rl BlIltl NlpTI llpoBop' B o ooptloo o pots I{ ooo .IBPo 37 oylx r poo.
Pt{l K aIt]lri p ataarI]5' t,l l l]a.tll, ]])< ol.t}T-

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otl tl lIPo.

po oo K

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op. p|tll] lJ ol]

B 1928-1929 . ol]Il a pyNl
K K' B PT eo Ko

yOtsoTa y.Pll TI{I. otl1a lor'

1929 ' oTa o 815 1196396. B pyoo pl.t trpo-

208

.a!l a IP/JTaBI{' llBpa lIBoT ae

Il' KoN{yl.l IlpIB}l ]Ite K..o.I]Toy l{ I]OBrTIlo
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opT.
BtopI Hpoo opa}Ille rIpot]o' K lI p)<e! Iro >oplrl'pori rrlt. prtTl Ileop'Ietl oop,
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prt ao oo)ert TaTI oT oTaI apTIl( ya
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aa].O' a BTopo NIopJ'l.Koo oBopa N{TO.

Booyllrte o)Kal]!{ yol!{,..lttlt'' y>l< B ope |921 ' _ a eN{ Bo opoarr aI oHopTr.ioo 'a paT.o]\I Llpoo Kolllt. o.l.N1eI
[, all o.la:llII. oya aKotll oPIl, oao o o aPaPoti peopNl, o]]a oT ae PaBT py K Iltlo.l]poy r:iNry]8. To a.Its}to |]lTytIt{ PolIBJIo' o oRaN'f o/ltloo l{ oBPlilIlIKoB'
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orra opoB Ir> C poiturt Poll
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o ypoB Ila]Il{, v1oH]lc o ltoy.lll

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r.e>ii.

op,rit poT aTpIIal Boo>oT11 oop o-

ypclil.y] opy p Ta)Jee ..ttttKll l1t{i'' o !1 !l r.PNrl{ oK]T pI1IaUl oli. a

Kool!{Ilyto o'].y TpaI' oot{o tj aHPo JlB lJoJIoT BTop l.ap1 NtToI yPaB'l t{ Tol,i oa' ]loar.e B To oTIloIIlH,lI,l llo, oit pNIp U(Io

]lo]a pJlzt. o!]TBa Jlctlo a[tle'r' ItKll)

PoB oll otlerI ..T.rIal(ooo aa'', IIpollr].
oTooo tIT]IIl. To .o yllT Bllo orpt ltoPtlI.ll{oo KalITa,]a,

l yTa op yp [oI.Ioo oBo' Hlt

tltty.ry Kpaula /].roaT poTU paBIlTa, o
JIa p]!1, l\'IT.lii o ]}oBplI I{ao.
prtpxt I{o, B pByt oepc lI t oI, TPll KoNtpol\'lTpoBa'].I> paBIl .la TN1 oPo oTo...Oirrt 9 r''. poorrpy p [tr'to1-loo
oopa' ]l a 1929 ' IIaKol]t OHoB oy
..t.t''.
o opa .Ia BI'r.yT otl, pDo oll'l.ll
KoNly KPy a, oll(Il'tB ..rrl 9 t''. pr]o Nle1'o
P'lIl ll|| ll\1l lla lttttlt"l a. poo,l.lltft
2t1

..epll
oI1,

a',. poIIUI l929 . 11I pao(Ill']'aaa arr TIinofI opa IIpoNlIIIIJIIIo'l...JIl''

ooa aIiTa B IIoy Bl1 oyapT]ttiotl ,IraNIIali oTltotlt }r TPOI{ al]Tolt' Hir pat1 a.
TI oTKpoBtto pOallpoa olT .Ia (paIToB
..pJJo
Ka OTBP llea.y Ko 11
PapIIII.I'' tlrtpo o BtllTTB oyapTBa B oy) Py. rrlil.o ]!fo)TBo ]r1irTrIa0]], aI llpoy)/1lr..oapoo aoaoo y''' eli o:tapoo Bopo)rIl, ooottoit op] rtoo]]aJ]I,1 Kot]il]\1],I
..oo oa"rlN{a' pII()ooo
B aTB l1Tolla
aaNr Oe]]otloo p''r9'

B l928 ' ooaa oo PittllU o'I,IT]ILIpoBaIl pIlIl

..eo'', a o ItPeBIl. Te"llllII Bo a
.[. Kor, T rraT oHolli xypa. l'o x
r.IK BoPe I]PepaT IlItTP tlprr'l) 'I }toTo]
HaB]I'r o.roT oT KoBa

..T

9 tott'', pNlp]]lUI]-

HeoyITBllNI Boll tlaoB. T .rlrtt't RoHl

,] }l
llo]!{o)t{o' pe..Bo'' BT o
lllTl]o Nlrie...Bo,'Po o'l'pl] l(TJrO ollllllo Bri.l.p1] orl.|Il KaK lIooTBoBBty paBTy (Pa.
]JIrOoT [l'ropar.It.lo oBop l]TB 1.oO o o.

a}loo

TBC oy.ltl

jTro, a Ta)K a pI,IBrl loPoHllro.HTII.ll.Ptlo,l.KI'l', nrl PoIi ll'l 'J II H.

Meppy, .t tlot l930 ' oTPKt,t] lte.
.[a, to B o
aoBa Il ]JBy o .Iopotlt{Koj}' o".lopIiIIi oyli' T BTop'].]]lltloo, oT l"Itl.p IrpOL]lII-

.."lII'Irl'.

aKo aJI o pKp opI. .II

lo pl,lo't.oo. To lIol1.l{I.IoBaItliII.i oNIPONlll oNIy
TrIn (I' .l.opotro I{oit, ooo.l., o lt]J] .'/J9 llto,'' ap tlpx.ruK IIoI oIlIJH 8 e'I.NI
pl]lIpTB l{ KaIlTyIlTTB. lty oLKo \lL] llj l]/JI
rrl.I..t.to'' BIe",rra Pyrr llltoo.rlt lltttlr l
ae K. optt, o.opa yTiOlIJra Ttl ]] o..RH
P!I''' BTB al.eNl ..Bo'', oplr oP ].a o/]rINI 11 pooltli J l oil o|ll|K() Opl ll.}ilI tlllI.

Haaalrr llopt IIoBo.llTI]a o(pIllI!1

KyPoN1

aBTTBa IroO.r.Boo ooT pt t"I> opoIla IIa IlpllBrp)a]\,1II aoBa B o}oa opoB tI It.
.cp-oIlPoB Ir' B op l929 . oprI ..Poa arrr.a''
oTKITo oJI tl,t.t.ofI, TPoBaa Propl rrLlPJl.lN{T I] e }I]!te o O,Ba, oalI oyaPTBItoo oBT'
!1a!I aToo o BIoPttoT. poprl tilot5.
ptl Ilpaa papoTPil"a TaI() oaT Berr]
ollTK paB.JrTa, ooo oa Kolta l920- oo or
! pN{Tr oae}I y Bpori TN{t' B oTorxrI
2t5


Tp /I a o/I Beltl,l IlolITI,lK paTTts e o o t| ol.l 11oil IIooB]Il Too
,eTeJ oaaBIIleo po.l' a/J(ll IIol{TtIl{lvlrI
PeTNll{ olfl pa o l x ootl. lr.l

] oep( B L]Ko I{ooBoP (IlpcOTB otr

oolIoo BIo/Iil B r.l IloP. PllHH P]l|]
^,tt{lllTB, oKpall(He ep). floI'l.l.l TaB']'1) l' Bol]oI
Jll.l Ir ,JaaJI!1 pyTa.ot}.
tJl,lH)/lIla aIloT o Il.|.ll lt:t,lt e o-

oToe ooTo ..TPoTrleKx', pyo8' Ooo .-vo

ye pOTIIo aB Ilo opy BPO. o.t'r o;1-

ol:i l,l ooP, pll IlKoIl'I.l yol{o' pyl.lpo op IIl.Bro.. K P)<e' TtIoT BPO tl1lr-

llpoTl,IBope oIN'l KON'I tlrri o'tt

bopll,{' otll.I.loBaHHI ir ,Jopooert o]'}tol1l o BtltI

o'l.Ba LiaKaH.
o opo't BPO o Tir aLIJIe er.p l924 '
yrlr:i.l. T. Aapoa IIOT.II otloo rr'elr BllI

l{K

opattar1 oB

A. pooo .

t'tait;ro, tlIItI I{o Too eKpTP Aatlpo. .t.aprrr BlVIPO r

..Bop
a o'' BIloB llrlBaa K lllropy cepay
BIo' B l928 . [o/Iotso llo rr pooo' IJ oarUo r1ot B opoa TTII l.I llo5I. opoo.rtr
pyOBo]]TBo oPaHrI B BolI pK, rrairo til'lBir
a]]l oo ooxe pyo' lIorIT Ilpit
TItKO a 11a Cort rr pylr oPo,llo Tt] o]IN'l BJ]e.
. Ooplto ao ooIIIP IlpOBlJI] TpPopTx aKToB a oo TpToplili, IIoa, To Ta TI(TI4
y oooa oTpy ]]opo o y /Jot{K .

Nl B N'reyao/ItlI opa. l pl _ BPo,

e o BIpo)< oTPollo TeppopT].l evto oa.
, ]!fe Bo o pa.l.IBaT a aopoolle a[-

I.loBpoo oT.
Op oJlep)K, KoToy

BPo oy.r

o TOpOl
' poaru ol't e a aa. ,]'OJltl
IIBaa PoTBoprl >y ts lrorrae rj, (DpIlli T o oyoTpoBa, }to oaa o[oTrtle oBo/JI
p)KoT N'l)Ky lr oIINIIJ. T' t1 r.pToB, oBper BPo 1928 r., PBa peoy yYe}

oTorx xy oap rt olr' Katr pa

BMPO porio PoT }]Hlloo e BoHl]oo l.fIITP ePa Btoa I opa A U p.

oyoot yP op III, Baeo a al1.y pa,
aKT oeBBrxo BJIaT B BTor:t p vBa' o rU oTpoo _ l929 . Blo Bly)Ilpo

o KIItlyJI ]]ot] oT.

2t6

O,laa BtoB, oitBtrro opoo .to KlK B o/lI

px IJo' T II B t{aI o/JI p , Bteo B oo y.Ia pv llp pyoBoBllIo oo|lT}1 tleKo.l.1.l.yrloHI oa B Tp' p,Il K pay
vKoo aoo IlI{Tp Bo J.IllR l!{otlpol' A l op
ltylJlly l op IIl. aptlI I{ Bo.aoBlI BotI
IlppoaTB B oTllot]lll l{. B KoTop ol|| lI
pop'r TBC opoa-aoBopKoB Bo B . B
l]I]\'I! }Ia'l.poel a.lloiiPlI(IK BToPtlTilprrrr' ller
l]o lI Blt}reNl llpooo B lloe oI BoTaor]
rt Booo o]a, .rNlrlI l o oP o o.tlcKoo
I

q)aKTop.
Or.tri paopx ve [eop.lI(IKl'Ii,l O.
.lop ol y)'l L lIpMP\ oH(tO llott'li)it o(tpo.
l(o B e lo tIIl.s; l]Kop oe tsl'I ar1
Ilao ap.}l oBa ele oJI p _ Bo ac lT..TpaI',
[op
O HoTpaIx A. ypotN{. ToT
.terrri oop pI".r B oToHI,I oP H l't]itl{o optto..oo pa'l'' B oit l920- ilo IJa ollpoBa:
]1II ].I aT, ].I a/]pax, p pflr l.. Copa
|]u H IoT pyTToB''52' (DKr(oo op Nl.la P.
..B ao o) oapll,'
||o ]]opI].l..l.BoI]a.f l])
a ]la].a opaaIl, o/1Ia oTl,Iy}o .
.y, oT oIIl ol1TBo oB o HliI]Tl]o alpoo zl
ol pr paBTT [opa.'teo oBop y
.a'5]'

Holrttr B TKo oTotl BlITl TpyKpt UI

o l928 . p l o>llIllt aoo J]-

IIoTBI{I
;t{.

B opc 1928 ' 'rtp 1929 . IlrlaTB Paovr.i ap

lro Tpa rIpoa aI{tl Il|poy TI'II ol1]aK}ttI]!l. K]r{tl oPoo)aa ooo|lKo lIo l,tl. K t tl I
22 oplr TP.

B}ll 1929 ' aa paTaT otlo

ill11ea op pao. e y]]aIl T Bola T.Iil

,l.rro TaK I,IB TKTKoB' TpoBalttrl IIol]]lclt pao.t.o I.l' a.t'o;r po /{py o'].il

l]o ts a.oBoIiolvl lJ)tI l929 ' ToBao ooJlo 40 Tl'

l)o' B l930 ' !I aIII oo]r{ Plrtl]!t

poB a]looo < }loo l] (25 r. vua.

TIlo), o B l93l . BoB no, oTRtIB 33 34 t. rrl
To TaK){ llaIe o Too BlTylI opooii N'IKO
ypxy _ xo peerII aTK' ao.lttllo py.
HooTBo IlpoBJ]o rr KpTTo _ aa .o JIa
Il ]ooN{r popa]oBHIl.

B pa o TKo ooa paK apyetl

PoIl Taoe ,r'el aT. r, oTt]yTI

2t1

pBTTBoNl JIBa B o .prI] PlIa. p)II yoil-

o, oaJl R]\'I KpToBptiI]!l. oy B oo T

ooTBoa Ir ]!1oBo ooll(IKl1li pI1, o.oII1 la
BTya oJIa'

O rte .. op''
o yp)JlIl]t ppllti B p
B a;rrop oo,t.poo oaIJoo oBoT P.l.oll I 191 ' rpr B HapoJttlo op' p, poo'l.OBtlttl,[tr,topleo{y oBoPy, 'l'Il oarrBLl. lllpoy)
.rpaBIITJ]Tyl oalill FlapoIIi oK P.II{IIr HC. B o apooo o olrl fiopav rt Palla apr.r, HC-'.Bp.Ia-1'' H-..TaPa-opa'' (opoB ee l923 .), ol(a PIlpol}o at1o-ltpao.
ottt1It I opll o. pI HC-..Bpa.ta-l'' rr.l, attpII]!{P, aI, prr K Bjra, oTl{o oo o,r apTPoB
pilBlr.

11

TaoIlT oo rlopttito

otlo K, IIpoo)a e1. oBrItle oTPlI B.rlJlTB oBTOpIlI l]poBo' 'I.x y:lTBoT Btop
ira ep yto Pavyr p' (). Ho olro<o llooToo pTaBTeTBa roa P -a
aoT lo, Ilpl,Ioo T o oa tlo,] Bol'l]{ KoL]o'l'o!! oIr _ o py, P pIa B.IyrIIlT T

l'lI opaIr, oopI opy H'

..porIvt ypx<yalr''' C a BoeK.l'tITKlJNlrt T..rtlparrlloKNlll KI, P BtTylIal lt lo,T.1Il
rorr lla''. Ha pKTIIe e o o>rt H tl
]]I(j Bl IINI Too oTT]lKtsa JI' aTaB 11
p e)Ka'I a Bolo opa)'
p ypx a ,[opa,,lKoo oBoP ll t{ ]1oylt or Kollooo Hapooo oa, peTBo Il ollt,Iro tI Ilrt aKoHa o BIopa, I1eNI B]r'l PitoKaJlI]!1 opo: oo tloBoBB1Iro' BIilo IUla
o Kollrl'l.tso /lyTT N'IT pl'I.IiI. ooBlll!1 l}o
l1r ypolri app, rIeNI oaI oBa o,..MirNl','
oTo
ep>a P pl H}o BI
o
pa
o.l'pa

ylre54.
B
p}n I,latl e e. aa
.l e 1 lrt.i . _ ol'l'l,t, oToo rrPxe Pa].plioaJIo rprroli opopari, ooI'IlI]ii
..IIpo.
oIltl]iaI{II ooeoiI ooo paoo Ko! Ka

..tr't.Ir.le',

pr poa rllo TTypI'''

propa arr rta lrra P,ITa o.pI a

T ,.reTopaT Il ttlllllll oB ee},tll o Hapooo oa _
218

Bt{oo oypeTa [opavoo oBop' o7rlao ltotlarr

oJI!cKa NIynlltI y pMP ]!I11rITPy PJr.

2l 193l '

Hpol o oep; Bpy o, rr

pBo .IO o y pooooBatI a eo lIItp.!i (tIo.lTti

600 r.). TalI opao firr'ropa.rltli otsop I oTPtt
o.I BaTI{.

B ttapll lloBoo oltsil ol.llt lIlIoNI ]!I. 75

H' o [opaTIla p tIil lJo + l ]l-

PoaJI

TTKo To, lto o a,1.o

tlolI

.r. C.ra g

1]

oellloll irpo-

llp A. lro BoJlBIl,iI alI ttllt.

Tpol}' a. pN'Ipoltl Ta H ' Il]rIOts! IaK)i IlP.l.atsU']."

..IlNloPaTo''.
orrl:i yt pl{o/l BlTlI }Ion
yNIeP1{I aPTr po op IlNIHo plllr ooNll]Koo P[, poToToT O'IopoNly l,iro 'lt.tpy, lI.1.O o
po.I'eKa,[ o irtpooo pa. C'part x<a 8 x'l'Kllx
palrTa' lJ.l.l,l.Jl Hapooo oa 'l..l!t B p-

topri opalvllte

oolrrolI prtIrIP \{OPTtlrI,

o]!1oIIIIl ooI'1!1e IN'I .llollt l{.

[l:itro, .[ao aKoru 193l 193 . B Il8o .l.tj

yBo pxlIa'L Nlol]o PilJopHlt tipL-'lnH (NlIItllI1.poNl
,Iroo xoa a. /{. ir _ ep H-..Pil.I.t- l''): 'JotlolvI o aTe P.].Ij poTa}IaJrtTaJI poJlax NI]I a
/lo}l' BI]ol1 ppo(Ia I]o aT o.foB, a N{ll o]1 oKPtlt.
nll; vaTtl eNl,Ir paN{ePoNI '.l .1 lt tttl]o .irl1UUltJl|1 ltc.
oTvxJll!'{lI'l' aoot o OapTI]oI'l )e'l.e a l932/ '
Ilel,r

tIpKpo tsNIa ooo oa pBoo Tp Ka)K

itoo BJIII,I. 'o oe.to oo)Kel{ ooo 400 .l'I' IIc.rtlI t.l
p oe. Heoo p it IlPo'l.)Ktrll 19 l- l94 r.' or'"lo tITtIo IIa I{ }I1I)!1 tjotlNloK.
oua otoIr(lI PTt{l.IIry H pa pllo/{rl B .tOJKoI]-

lte llttTcpalvlll o pl pptlrrNlaTJleir' Mttllttlo' rta..pal.t,.Bo H HaNlHo T lI

IIPIINIp' po

eltt',' Cyo eplITK

IIHII pBIITJlTI]t{l..3eA'l.

l]B',, apoaa ol.ltl ]lIl u}tJlilp l oLtor{oo ]!'1IlH, llell.l.'I,oBlJtu B op/loi Nlp ..otll{
ltrolty'' lir KootIKoo pll11 B a. Orla ;<
lrBea opo ooaBtUN1y oTlI(lKONI KP .1loy'oo'' Hpooo o, oTalt pyoso't' o.l.opoo t{ oailo rl'il{o KIlttl yp oI1 oy/r(p.BH}iI]!l
oII]ToN1'

OrI o lt;<v H-.,Bpaua l'' ,'toarr.r-

Koil p'l.e Bo 1933 ' B B],l [olTori ..errelt'' 1o,j'i llIt.I'l oBoo ao o Ii)<lt]l ooB Ilottll l(
ooTry}o oyrlro. !'o otl'1or, ppIBo]!'I NI
.'l!1y PTp]!{ o KoaJIIiIl' N{y oo.Bo Il rlaTa
.Nl'' oa l932 . K[lI f B[,[ oc ya219

T B yt]paell].I oy]]P'l'l]o' ]] pT,Ic, Ka .o It yl\II]]o P)]l, oll'l. oTBIiI olltIOap].riII:i T.

IIpolrottItrl ppt oa JIa'l' IIpB],ITTBoli Ua]lIlIrII, ol'oir l934 . ptl,o nea opllao l(l1Ol]PoB.t.t,: l,JtIIj a]t.a I]PooJlII.'IlI ov l.OllJ a"l)
oB.].N!IlIlTPoI] itK]..I :t;1t'i,t.r.. ArIv!IJI ]lil'l.lt KPrI
lJo o.l\]ll o'l'B oBoIIpoBaJl pO.t pBopa II ai Il l,l
po rr err. Bo, lI B Ha l920' tlo, B Pil
tl,looo]] l)ll}loo ypoR oy)<]]j] Bol]o: ]lnl.al'vP lI N'to.
1l.lr.l ).r oBIlIlc|{ll| H1.P K TopIlIl ll l]PKTrIK
],ll.aoo I] epaKoo aItllvla' Bopll>l<rl TaPl tl Bo
HlI lIO8] oa pBoo ,lo.
B ae 1932 ' o'lKJl H o -oit tl.llK op
po DapT, B Tpel.oo )K o/]a _ Harrr tK apy! eo l933 ' itOB ot oo11l tlaol oo. a' 1. opIll{ In lln lt l]e{Hoo
(IllH}l], Iio K)(J]a tI II Boi| :l lll oP.
Poii pl{l\f pcllTBI{ poIJII]' [ olli a,l.l!{oePI B Tp
H l'ilt] pl((.po lt'Jal| IllIilLHoIlIlyirl'|. BoIlilB(lI
aIIIII, olrl ytl p. H.tru o l920- o/loB pl a oo l pIINf opll'IHLII]. Ho)lll ir prtI llooBoo l9l9 .' a ryNf oe llx o-oIIa'I.oB tl BIop tt BP l933 . e a]rlI ll oap ooBai]'

OaI ppI pop o tsp TJII]oT LlaoB,

TPeNIeo vpoI]T BoPy r..pare'' nI PaaaBIo lIo Bpy,l. K B-t' ts a l92 . o llll []o PooIII oorlTl pao [opoO Oop, ol.eBa py)Ipol]Kt IJo:t Bop T.t llla HPoJ{o oo ]lBx. o a.l.opa r.t-

o yTrloBi.t{ HeopJlr]llI KollTaoB ori

ypy opo ooo eJr' B Pottl}op..HaIl rly''' r]] popaNrI xpT (ltt l932 '), t{ol]I poorrta.
a T

oo p]lH o. Oa oa KPTa
..oTaBT
oy/IapBo'' yx y, JIIIIT llo]lo)(
tlo]!{o oKpTtlI p; paos oa ..ooo)Itc
O

oK oy}lo'' ..o o Topol oTB Ii oyp-

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B pL'e oJI oKa al{'r.eoBI

tIpprl!1itT, IloNlor}o o;tt or |lI|oLIlJIl,lll

TI'''
KaTo'

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TeKI{ y)K, ollKltl rIa Boe Koooo
. B To opa]. HCI o oToa Ha T IIpJ
220

Ilp[lN'l'JIll poB, a]IBr]' 'l'Kt'tNI opol yPI.I,r' ()-

To oo)t(l{.
py PTIi.

K [ao lll

pKllol e1.JI

Kpo o, aTJ'rIIolt'ly paIll}ir oI1lloil al C.'

]]oo.l'Bo]]a.to PoPl.]rt PI{IloB Kpl1,'l1.Ra o y'Pa
I{l,r Pa II rtTo /JKJllllLPottilLllt lIpoJl!'ilplIitTiL. Hrlt
l oprr aa TO ]!tIlo(l.o plll(]t..ltI|]r rl1loaLllll.l.Oti opaaIlli' ]\'1oB) r lry tl.opo O1.ll]J|'ll] PlI
l Kil,l.oplIII oti pxyrt. o't' .t'o.ll I o tt"]lllOTli o .l'' Bo ]]e ll'l.oittlll rryltp r1plt. ltpt'tlttltt1arl

l00 t' :ro..I., l93 ' p. o, .Tp aoKo

o lil.Tl], OP ory Jlo 165 T1' Jj5. IJo >t< .IoNI ]93 ' arr, To O1. ilpTlltl
o.l.Bl{a 123 721 .lrca, Ilp y/ITo t l5 r' }1 IIll 'IIJ
pao.t rr 71 l' KPl.aNlll' I( oxar, ot]pl' .l.rl l.]l1 P.r.ts' t]oo)KllI]i'l II-a oTy.l.]'B ]ljI(l)l(I
rII{},I'

Blt,l. T JIax B Iopy K ori e'l .lt l,o' HCI o )<1.o I{IlrrjII, o PyKoI]o't.IJo Io ol.'lol1llot

TIIli llTPa.itltOBIto. H yeoao oiiol'i. tIrtpoo popalIt C.(, r... o)eo pt.o a .
c po paJl pI'1 ]I RITt]]| ltJlpoB' Aoptlr o)lt IlP.
T I lo. IJoa llKr.o !I oplIKoB It tI1.] yo rr o (Io'].Io' K y r otI oTa Papa)I,IT
oTIo, eyNlellel tle.o l. Bp.]Ill ytli]l"lo, .ro l,l
HCI ao o]JTt{l e}l'r.po P paKllllol,{I
oprrarlir, B To ii o'l'Kpots}to BIII B q)aUl1.y Toy' ' IJaplIP, yoT |]l HP.
..oo rr.tl.t
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t,t.poo LIA' oap al(o-oTI aJIlI'
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24

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25

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26

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l)liKa, KoToPyt oa apya tloo ox, Il o oIl TPB rrpopal"l i,ip optl ittlt
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Io llltH H HO t t'
28

/1l opT orrr TpJrlI j]o orrrr a ''ritr{a' orIT Beopa, palr A OTltoIttll
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29

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lCrt., apltepl 17. looT.ta opltTaI\

apl,t lt aePeo a Boa 'l.oa oIia // otlr CoIi't Yltpl'le. trooo-'rrp.r r. Co, l968, T' Ll,
.II|; upo !'BIa otl'l aaprt' 198 l9,1l' Co. l979
2 opoee r'l.: Bo . Co'o-pltaiI a o arillt.l
l939 . peatr eo ro optr // llo.til p
l99 ' r l{epaoir o.Booo por' JVt', l989
J ADAP seri D, Bdn-Bd' l958' Bd VII' Dok' 3l4'

PA. . 1257' orr' l' ' 28,

5
B. ', ]992' T II: B 2- ' .2. l939 o',[o' 538. C.23.
6'Ta ). K. l' o' 271 ' 28.
7 C. ax: Bor'oa oa > l-trepo Il CaI
199-|94l, ' '' 1999. C' 5_5'1.

2a

25

A''

157,
]0

420.

>.

IlAP' oll' l',' t7' A.. l20. '

80'

ll : oel
ll 'r.aI' |911-1944' ', 1976..' l' ' 465,
14 Tlt e' ' 468--169'
l5 PA AA' Bestad: Biiro des SttssekretIs' Aktn btr. ]]ulgrie, Bd. I ('l.pN{Ma pNlalioo oa Corr Pxo ri o l8
l99 ')'
l6lid. oll9 Bapa B M, pI1 o 27 o'r.' l99 '
r? lbid'; oL. .6' l99 5.1.21 old' (Tpatlla Poo o

nlla ori p (M' Apo) ,[ Bpr.t o'I 24 Ho'

l939 .).

ADAP' si D' Bade-Badn, l96l, d' Vlll' s. 80.

lbid. s. 8l

'

20Ibid. s.419.
2l ABP. o' 1 IJ' 17' A'. 120. ' l89'

]2 AB 06,
l.
?3 opo l.: B

TaNr )r<rr ,rl 51.

l] l{' o: . opl']o'r.
]9l8_l94 o, l99l' ' 24
.1r

258

l61-166'

16

.r7

tbId S. ]8

s'

lll

46'

Ibid' s' 216_219 \a.,la<e: ua Jl' Corr, l990'

201-2t0
.
Dl,, sel. D.

BJ . s'

)79,

]9 IJ. o: (r H. Bula'a oI.l'].l] ria ap rltlll

lr!'llo rI Bo'a !.I'()a oa (i939_l94l) // ot oiltl

ll!tell.t. uooo-opIl

L'lt IlI

65'

:re, o,

l97l '' LIll'

B !t oa l ]!,11Yap LIo l.lalIa Pe/{Ievllpnll l(ts I'A' yoo Ye)J]ae.'1, o . C'lteo

!]t]lJl olto.llII col1, aeporIiNl l9.1 N!: 'u.ol?]]a
ttt 'l\ Paca lI Nl'I: tt exe-aeLoo ee. ]\'I , i996

114

r|

r,

A P()'

LlA '

(I,' 06'

176'

o' 2' Il' 12' l]' l0 Jl,

8' A e. 17 "Il. l

p _ oeritI Io] TPelI ari: l1oylllt].l.JIll o

.()llloa
J.ll). o(br( 1992 C' ] l; ADAP' Sie D' Bo, 196'1
'
]jn. I/l s. l(] 1]
14 t- H ' o.l' ' 74
r r

| li

ltI'I / Pe. B.

15 A AA. BsLatrd: Btjro des SttssekIetiirs' kten betl uigIiell l]d. l (jlolltt,t Bcpa J{ I.epalI o 25 o 19':l0 .)'
4
lJB' ', 1998' l.' lll: B 2- rr. K. 2 (tI l)' 1 oP 1940 l rllr
l.r 19,1l' [o',19l. 3l Ct. >e: Booa B K oKo nlall oo
l l .opo o'rlolllle l9.10 . // BoP. lt'optr. 1997 J\! 2. 9

o 508' ' 6l'

tl. o: 'tt.+tli ', op'o.l , llrirre (Ileoopl , Nl!)|()|]JII'Iope l9.10 ')// >vap )< 199]. J$ 8 10.5'
5() ADP' Serie D d, I/L Dok.
28 S .17G47 ]; ,l1B ' T' lll' I( 2
a9

optrri ripo o IIPo,]IB ll-

INla (aac lI aaIil epo oPoI:I pool-.r oirrrt).

'plI| ]Japv'l.o a op

]j ADAP- Si D' Fnkfult/Mai, l96 d'

r] ' T' lll. K.2 (. L)

]s'at >' JJo 509 . 6J

6 .55. Jl. l0.

al]pttt\lPI

]l()|()

l2 'a x' . 82_83'

l Ta >e. Jl' l23; oo-opIle oIloIel{

l8
l9

]89_20l: e2o "?. epatt] tltta l,ltl]]lJl Ilpc oItt]e p.a e.o olia // ao-pllaI.t o.t.
.I' 2
l]IJlI'l tI o. l9?9'
]4 04.. L]tuotl ort.tee
.\;lI, lioa'!: ]\lxy Prlalrcir oelIIJ Coloor // Ll-oI!
|,lr]Ia I]o plj]ioB lt t{oolle,l l'ooeil .
('II.2002 ' 215 290'
26 AB P' ' 06' o 1, Ir' 6.
56. tt'
?? Ta r'
' 55' Jl. l1
2E Ta >e' Jl.62.
:9
lll]I1.1. II' . 2 ' 409'
]0 llopoe al': upo !' a' o' , l8l_l9l.
1l lu'uttlpoa 11' a po
aopIl, o, ]I,I,)II' o
]llt ' l995' ' l'
]2 AI P. . 06 o. 2. ' 1
l. 44

}U

. 422'

1. . 34. A.' 272. . 95

O oollItoli rl eIlt{ olrlI llt'.

I|lr '' o,

E P.t e o oee . oaoa B cp, e 5 lr 6 J939 .

oo!l o e 1.ot PpoIloNI'
9 A AI-l. oo oto' l.l. tr' C' lV o. ]10

ABP o.

.,

l96.1.

ll ]) o 5ll' '

70 71.

259

T' III' K' 2 (. 1). [o.548' . l6-l7.

A AH' C' lV' Coerr a C. oruao' T' I Coa y. ' |8-l,9; tto ' a. o. C. 21 l.
5] A A. . IV. . I' . 19.
51
B. T. xltl. ' 2 (' l)' o' 52. ' 1l0; ADAP. Sei D' Bd' l/2.
5l B.
52

Bo, l964' S. 542.

MBP. o. lU]. A'e' 2.12. ' 4. 28 29.

u-ao . o ' 2]1'
57 ADAP' Serie D, Bd' I/2. S' 5?8;
BI. T' IIl, ' 2 (' l). !o'
. l8'
55
56

549

AMBP' II Hpoe . A.. l4. ' z12; ADAP, Srie D, Bd. V2. s.646'
ABP' o. l . 212' I,' 4' ' 24.l.
60 tlo . ' o. .21| 2|2'
6l BtI. T' lll. K. 2 (' l)'
[o' 564. . 159.
58

59

ADAP. Seie D' Bd. l/2' Dok' 468. S' 673.

s. 757_758; B. T. IIl. K'
o' 1. A e.8. . 4]'

j Iid. Dok. 536'

@
. ' 176.

(. ]). o. 597' C' 2l

1.

65 Kop oPa oa oa'

/ Co' H'C' a, .' Ha.
p. ', 1994. ' I. o 22 \oH l94l . ' 455., !umpo e
(9 p l93 _ 6 pap 1949)' Co' 1997. C.203.
66
fuumpo [. C. 203
67 PAC. . 495. o. 74.
. 15'o. |94o''61'
68 Ta e
,' 75' Jl 7.8, 11 14. opoe o ooeoit a .:
uoc B. Cooe a o,'19'72'
69 PA. .495. o' 184' ' l940.
. ll' ' 128'
70 Ta xe. . 495. o. 14.
' 15' ' 5'
?l T xe. o. 184' . 1940. ' 1l. II. |48; ,nltpo ,.e.
. 205 '
12
!lumpo . aoo Kao pooj ove ovep. Co,
l99. . 168_169'
13 opp H -J Bulgain-Hitles eigenwilllger Vrrbiindrtr' stu1tga1, 1979.
'
S. l05; . a{<r: DP, seie D' Bd. I/2. S. 608.
7a ADA. Si D. Bd' V2. s' 640_645.
75 oL. K' 6' l940 5t' Bulgari' 4_5. old.

l{A A. . lv' ' I' ' 2\12'

uo ' a' o. ' 215'
78 ADP' seie D. d. I/2. s. 851.
76
71

7e [bid.

s.853.

uo . ' o. . 222-'2i A. . 95' o' l' A'' 2' . l30

([e poo coa . yva).
El opoe c... ltuumpoo . aoo aTo Poo' ' 18_185'
82 A P. . 06' orr' 3' ' l0.
. I11. .36; o H. . o. C. 409.
8 Bundsahiv-Kotnz' R.63/209. S. 12_l3.
Ea ADAP. Sie D. Bd. Il2' Dok' N 7l3. s' l000.
a5 Totuo B. p KTa o'Ka a All.(' l99/l944'
80

o' l985. . 9.
86
87
88
89

260

AB P. ,06. o. ' ' l0' ' 117' JI. 6.

A P. . 176' o' l5. A.e.2. .95_98.

p. 1941l ' \4 \1B.

ltuumpo . \. C' 208_209.

90 C': op )apoItIX oo fleil ol{

(.P' ., l962. T. ' 1939 l945. C' l42; ADA' srie D. Bd. l/2' Dok' N 668'

s' 94.

9l Deuhes Zetralalhiv Potsdam' Fll l l' N 258. Bl. 52 53.

92 LlA. . t?6. o. l' A.e' 8' ' 51'
93 ADAP' selie D' Bd. II/l Gttige, 1969. s' l48'
9a lid' s. l76_178; ' Ta>| To|uoI7 B' ap Tpe pair' Corprr, 1915. C. 42.
95 ADAP' sri D' Bd. /1. s' 176_l?8.
96
B... lll, t{ 2 ( l) o.70l' C.44l; Coo.oape ollole . T. I' ' 545_546'
97

9E

T >. C. 5.l7.
|\u. o'. opp '../. op. it. s. l25'

oAP B oIlI BToPo

MPoBo BOHI

-Io

o papla o.l'Ko-PK oTHoIll!I11 T) Tp.

l p. Ce opo-o

x orlir B paT-

1lrrat tIPo oTo ToN'. .o o pa

(]CP oo-ojlTrt(Iea oao oap l o-

ttprto aHTPaKx II ooB., pe)J] o olll{.IttrIK. '

K py
B aolr v opoli pooti

r flp.e oao 1 ltapa

orir oprI orr,.rii o

l94I , T l(oo}'!tlrlKo-

o oTo]u p}I B T.

Oo IlBTeTy

]!Iy oIlTlloy tlB"rrrlr o Topol f.prt:tlrtt. oPO

pBrrTTBo IIoI.Io oItr]r{!1 o IIPrIo,lllllI TPil] K J

o<lt opt,r KK Tpl-aTIITa ]!I,l'o oTa-o oT oo) oKKyIIpoBaHt pa oapTB.

oKoo aJII'1' oy.tao, .ro aap ortTalllllt

pa llPBrlTTRo yl\{o opol.tl PO. ll P.lIlLl tlt] a.
tl OPKoI1 oBI,I, I]rr Pao Bt{l1IIloJl.l.I]KyI{)
avy. B ot.lNto .Ioo, .tr p l940 . pl.I opx pNItIIt oaP oya oT PyltUI xyro .,opy' 1.p
oplr ..prtoltI't'' Bpap Mor.l, aa p
rr paoI a otl Ptr oprtlr o;rlrir. (p.

pl,tl' To }{ HaTKlt{ oy]]pTBo }l oo e

oKT l1 a oeuir r,l oap. o .
tll oprr e y TBT y BJIaT, oTele rx.l.e ylTBo B a oIl1.!1ey) tI oorlyto )K TpaI 30- po oo .10- ooB. o
'poo re ltl oI TIe Iloee el'eJt, e pltl oo Toll p; .topI ol]IIl oap aolIl{ oTIIBHtI p)a' l
lIPu}tTl lloB] TaT oo(Il.1l opaBK K oeo yo
.llo]]t{oy BoIlo yHoy KoNl, peyaTBrUe epT-

rr.y po.IBeIloN{y y' B x< tl T']IPolJK ap!llI'I

B.r'ylta op, Tol ee .].pp't.oPrr al'r ap rto p
rr oa' ..r puI aar oPallil l]pNIa].a
op I]B o!I oa lIoptlrtltr]r p:tittrl 't tt .t'pit'
B uTnpooo KoNllltll]llHIt oott,ra PL) .Pii)ii
ro-o.ooo aloo o' o.lTa ]]atlIx ]vr'. o orr p,lirtrtl l2 ap 19.11 ' otrp
o ol:iy Blpr.r't'at.ltl A' a' tI.tO la O,l.lllL
lrlro'
Halorrrr.I BoHa .l.tIyJIa ll.lt].]','lrtyto .l'l'

..oBOp}lol1Iltl]

\1'' oTaa o onapo]:r a\1!It.ITU]

o!1
l9.1,1 ., ]tll'l]\I )KOi.l /lopy)r1,
,o
Pacil
KoTp oP B OT.] [ioap') lt.l.lrt, t].O..lIPrlO]ltt

tlHlI'' oKaJ]o B I.JIlOit t'lttttt (lrr'rttlr' oOnK}-.

oaplt ootll oti o.trrll HNl\l KONtaI{

otJ.) II ol.poJI l{lI 1.I{N1Il TPPl|oPIINlII B

,J

ilT

Bl IT,I l) Ho.I

HI tI'

oyIllTa ep'tI,t'
oo I{aO '].Pa].[ll aPoTPrI llll ll
Boo yvat,t oapt.I poo' pt.l.rto .tltt'lrt.
TpIIoriI]!tll pyxTt]tt]}{ (IyBTB]v1ll op pyoN'Iy a

poy. oapoe BTTo pIIltl.lo orr ofi CCP

tI }Ie oNtl.1o oT I{ Bo.t'lri po. ll OHoo oll.l''
op tltlTBa lI otolIKo plral,rlt op.lr Cr
Coroolr oTrIrI oTolIlli a poT'Il]tl}l otlT}I
Ii oI' o oo, ottpl tIooTBo N{o P,It.irB2.62

OxaH oHl oyapTBIlI aapaT; pali

o, paoaltt a TPpllTop oap. Blo
oKyoI y' oo oro p
lapIr PB1{opBIN'I. p ottollo.ll oTeIIeo
larlatl oIIo.ByIe oo)<HII orpo poIIIetto a' Br ToPoB oap B olt] o]Itit{'l]a t{TpN{ '.TpTo p''. ts peyTT .loo p Ht]Iol oapr,I ootII o( ,t.pa IlBpaTa >lli .lo(lltK eao ooo poy_
..TpTo
I('ttr
px''' -a poaoo.Ioapooea o .rl pot aa ep oa-

o p't oa Too Be]\'lH TNttl l ..rrapt'': B o oyJIapTo epBopo.l.a

l 9 a 1934 . . t ortao payt] (o o
|1 oTo pel PeTT ollit
l'tHI]l TIltl] aKTI{oTIl va.[BoI] orlo )K
.l.pI ).

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,].Pao B Box py, tpaB l.r.B aari]] O plt{oy ya-

lJl]l ,llOpu lI l] P ttolltu opl a.

IJrr o l oTli ul tsHy.tpe nllTllll Pptltrrrr eoa oJ] N'IoH.

26

llBoII ]{pooll ]]oI TpIJaIoT aTopl.ttptll )t(NlI

.
l]I{t{oo Ta' FlKo'l.opoe ll BTopll.l.Plvt tr poarr
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rliiT l N{pTa 19.l1 ', o !1 '].o/J l)e)K[ t{ IIpltn ToTaIloO -

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K.Typy',' a lpy ,l}l laJla ll,aoi. o)KaJ:I, IlHOL' HIlT TNl, opy o'l'opI
]o nol{ao oo o, a rroKp trporrellr O..oao
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tIKy, oJ{tIilKO lJt]llxtI l:i artlt pooo L] p|ll!'l

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IloTPo]tt' ooT} o.IBPriY,l'I]!1 oBpo iioIi (o o.

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( l9]5 .) o
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K Tp.llII oPN{ytJ' a ..tuoo.alrlr,', ..ptlpt p
ln.oli lrKTTypt'' 193l .,..epBoe ltpe a'r{l.to ]]o
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80- oo y'(e oIITBo .rI .l3oii..aIUNl'' NlirpI1T-

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To a.IK II, Kop,
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264

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|)1l'IaHINl PIl, Jlo.l. o poBel] trrux'

'

Lll4.

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265

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292

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29

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294

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T K P o l2 p IoTtloll Ha e ooB llPyp oaHoo KoTe.a (K) o eTI{I o]!'IT.INI oT
20 p 1944 'r6 B TNl y> B .I oy}{T oTpaa
.r K
Papt oaa o px Bo e' p-

llerlll oI opa, B ot{TBe oe oBltI

06

o yooTo Kl!'{yt{Il.]'oB! lllpo Pyo IlpTl.II'

Ha p Tao oo/] p9aOrtsa oTTotIo lIOco]lo: B o l944 . (Io,l.ll [DTaB'l. olrlrL'r.a oIr

lo Ivta BHyllIeI _ oee 8o/ oT oo il (rHoB

Kool?. Ho op' oo, I opypoa otl,i pe.
p O; oe yrIT potllo op po
' pI B apa PKoBoTB ]lp,l'il oq) oT
l2 op 1944 .l8 r'o.r'pp oTToM ll troI o1l

] [oIITI,l ap ]yllpoBoK, oTJIo]]llI po.

) o oTpyllll(leT Bo po epo Copo.l.l, BTY O o 1944 . Ha ogo a fitvtopal.lt.r,
Paa, prr p, C..Bpa'' t p
I o' Ot I Nlo l,l' B BI{aoi!{ lloPll-

K oytlI O p yoll ].I /Joaoo ya. tl op

oTB oIT 9 e.tP. ,(ep o,].epl]
pl]. i-ta ylBoaH at.o ap pypoo o
]lo p/loo ol ..opaToo,' app. B aaeori oK PaTI't op .t e opI{e
d.i1opamL, a PaBo, oaao uumuti. Ka o.
..Bpa.r''
NIIIa;] oJ{ p
. , K IBa Il"{o paooBae IINItIIlo B y To, o ..TI', llr o.
l tlr,ti'. Ha oll , a oo eri orr oo.l..r.To TIIIi, a aa apa' KaK pJJll0 O.l.NlTIJ
Kl,llU eoBaT PoNrT pooii Jlo
. yoB, Ba ...tpepo peotoo''20' ot,
..ptlli''
e
aPTp o)B .p opJlTts H o o 9 ep oopfio TNII o oKorITtlo Lt
o,la'no peeri.
ap o, op a p t} Jltl}lo't tI 'tlll BII aax' e pay op peTBTTB I] pyKoBo opae o _ Hartoalo oTTe. pu o.r'tlrr pa
ToNl Tae apa poJt K O o.ro tt, ol
rl B
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,fo BIa o paT oooT, oopyt o
pa.Il oap eoBTJI ' : ..T, o o.
o ao Hooy oey o.roo poa
p)< eaI po eo To]'' e oTII pa.
pyt yyly apTl{yt BT',2|' [l'rrr.ll o,
at eeTByI, To ..p,'K. op, otla N{op,r . LItlex, ..ee'' H. o po oPailrr
tl ToKo PoTB to pJlBTe py plr H
o, o po.B pape p/J.aT B Hr or
prr22, To ao t oe y p BaTIr o]
pe a ey po pBTT Ito at
tIPK op, pBrx ap.rteprt o O, eptlo oo) aay oppoa HeT ppo eo
307

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[PopI' o poec p epBy}o ooy Tp
1944 . Op po B e la K P HK o.
ooo Boo o poo oTB KT IJI plx
pait yKo Kpyy, BIrIaBll ,(' Tpre (P)' H' o.
(H), K. op (..o''), ' elt>ea (PC),r.
..olITOuo, To oo p To oJrIt}tj
lt oopre''! I.. .pnr N{o yT Ka l]tilx
-, TaK By1'oJ]TrI opr. B tao, ts oB
pooaIlI ol eyyoBoo l!'lytlaooo IIoo)<tt oap a pa,.ro tlloKoo yaT ir'].prto.Ill tJTpoeoI:I aT ypxy yP}i Por.

K]l'tlo a)o aIl. opllpor lB.|,.Ba IIoTpoBao oT aPTcpo o O opooB ll olTyelt, oT I,I
o opoo p)a. P, p, e yTyIIa N{tlTPl'B BtlyTPrtri,I oa- opaTa. ..p''. pTotll a oT opT2a'
Top oppoa PBoo aT.t'a O oaT
ee pIl }roeti. olly, Pp, oTts aT l o.
ll By yKa, oyoat oo llJ]
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poTao Tp l.K o'a; PC,( ollti; B To p..y'' HC _ o rlTlp. To oll'lo ooaT'rvt
pI,
oao oToPoN'ly llopa P.rBIITJITBa P loe
a ol o Tlp .IPx op, P _ o
..apt''
lIaBIITTBo l]KIri
.[' Kaao, B PBoM ) a] o 'ltt.]
9 ep, K ,l ts IiBttK ' llNl.l.po, NIoKoaoe pyooo P oo oo Po y}ro o

a ea TpoB. o o paea ' poa (30 ay l944 .) K P I ooo] p o ee BTI oTK TJl a BooHl
KaTa a Nlrip oI' . M.Ie, oouIit
' MaTpaaN'' otlTTllpT, To Jll1lll To ol]lprloo
H' ylIIaoB, A. o . B _ Bll]JIlI o 9
p pa.r.BeI pyypr]5. t o, lJB.l.}rI pyKoBo1.y T oao' T
..Cpovo oo].
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aoB x p[Ili] T)K.. '''2

.[a, pa

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op rrepeoBa oTBl, oToI pyooo

p POao oope . o'.to pr,ra, tto-B-

opoy t]poaaJIl a:]! IloTBpllll. oJI

o op erlopTBt{lri aTr'IK oIT KoytIt
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IlI,INloy'

t08

'.e JItItllII '', !l l'o ]tso ove optl2]' pOa

t]l oTa PBoo oTrI1't!opo't'ooo lrI.].ll Ul.rl

"r]) oaN'l: KoN{y}iTI BoaBJ] I,N'a Baxt,l [| T

(A. l'o8) l.ulJlI

(' H). po'].oo, P)l)a].I o.t] NrrIl.p 'llp|ll()op (-p P. Ao) ll tlpa opr. (fl'.l.eprlrrr1;
..'',
lto]llo Too' .to K' op Boa Co lrllrJIoB ]!lTpT By:peH

poB, oy(I olIo N'l!ITp'Bo (. Be.r), ,1o'pllt

/l
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(A' ots), opo oypoa t. ylrrpl). JHol{opO)<-

oo l.poTa, oT Tpa (A. llep)ali)' p H

Ll. ToB TaJI .fopI{ B pB l,]'l. TB lrTpo op.
o-eopa rlt ol Ba NIIl.(jpTl] TopoB, llpo.
llrroT .p (. Heo) orra I]oI,ITII (' tlI[]>B)' , aoe, ..aI'', .. priI or-

l]l ll,1, oytlIi, oTBeTTI{]lO) opT lrr.pa

ao (. Coo) llPOaaI (,(. Ko).

l oB IIpaTa l Bple rr oa. rt
LITII opr., lrr Tpo l rIouro eIly.tTN{
Hapooo op. I oa'r, I.tpo o.o
eTlllx B Tpa oIITeK /1Ie' o aoo ol1l'[ao I..oI topTBIla'' ]r{at Il IJaK oITo ..o>e o a.''' pIe B To Tpal K
P pa oa oyrI Kol!'{yl'1TI.

epr eppT lloBo ,r

o yepx oTBa pl]'].1.l] oN't IlPBI il
rllao T lvl ,i'POo ptl'l.Kol.o oI]eT, ToBt,lt!o
llTol\f BlrTptlgr.i lxo.to oo oJl t{

Bal peyJlpyl aayl opo ytle

Tplro. Pa e /Jo,frrl oprUHoeT p lleo t HaHI o!Iyt{, .. aBoB pa. rr.

PtlI po B. rt l-(. oo'
B Co .t'po t .t.p> Ilp]i olliol.o llprlIlT pltt' '' o oo o/1 llpitBo ..To,'' B ytle
ltBoo)KoT iipT pt }]otIpo o ]T p/{ a poTp H o Plttpoo oa. K paoT H o K y IIpBKa BJIHre IIp.al]T],I BIltlo poolJ
a ap O, pooe HTpaHl ol'].B]ll OPl.iloB, oTHl otst opalr p' T a,1
a l .to e p1. I]Dal{TJl,l'BIII plllIl. pa lo i.ryil. oJIa llo)e' ya' oa]l' I]o)e patlIpoo o09

H O

yIITlBaJI28. o Ta opaoNf ta, ap-

o PaTPy Pa.I,[TReIiIl
popa, ]{oo apoara ByTpl,t ' oa Ia oapo/]oRa |1 ep |914 r' o'pl oo)<l{o p,l.ilT
pplJ Bo oIllal{oat av29' oo
N,rp' .B) Ko}Ipo

epBoopl a as pt poT x(JIyapo,tloo

tly'l'pt{o . 22 ce6p 1944 . I{ P() o
..Boa
/lo ot o ePoBoiI p'' PIrBa a]'
oBvI N'IoIito opoBoe a[I. paep
aTPoTrIKo JJBl{>l<eII ootl1rt poy,rO. y pt lrax
oKTp l94.1 ' 1- op apI,I HtIa BoltI '
K eByIT oKylvtIJTI, ol\'fao 3-o palrKoo po, B rle oPaTIlBo o.itlIl olr op
K T[1, Io o oaoeo K poBe oeo oIloToK, ao oo o' aopeoIo opo..Mo
o KoPya.
l opl, _ opKl{Bao B oII.t,ot{ll .aa oa o l8 Bp l945 ., e oIT ooot oI po el.t, e Pol'tI oeIN{
yxo]!{, BooI eNl ooo)e apoo o ltpoBKo Tt{,'l' K opoy o o.o p pKoBo.o P()
I lylo yT B pet{ t"tpa 1945 ' o Too.
Ca pyTTBI{ ooo alt ' fillpoy. vo..oap
KI{e lIT e ooo oPolxo pa>T''2. NIToB o oo o o oro. 30 p oo PoPaN{Ile pap !K P() p. Koo oppo: <<C auto ..opotuo pya'' o o aru aplrIr a po aTB peHo T T BopooM, xoT o oo TK oo' K
KaaO aaa' Be x< l oyrxo P oo a
pot o o tlyoBopTeI]!{ II a.JII{ p/l Nl,
KoTopI on>I oyIT >tlr BpN{>]].
va oap o poT poo pH, lIllfRlIJr I(p)K o olIo i]' noo.oBao
opeo ar1 )K/]yapoJIoo oo)l]!1 op:
28 p 1944 ' oK IIo a TI,IT po o ott tlo api ore o eptI.
otlt p]lya.pBa aypoB aoo/ITl aN{I{TpTBtll tloJlo)I'l o all
BKItl}o oTaB oap p }ooall TppTop, opre aol'1 oolt, ITy pp
Ot Halr, oaIiI po opx oo.
py)<eI Jr aro oro opoo Ko o
ooa oel po epa .'
pvao, To Iloul B Tp pyooTo P()
lo eo yoJ]TBoPo yJIol\{ pp, T x ]l, o peIl{. opo a' ya.oBaB oa oae o,,.. Tprue ts o

l0

olr o o BopaIl poy, o Ile.r ...il

payt oy''a' o. IT 26 a t9.l5 ' Oe.

e)<yapoJlllo oa (oM) B(), Tp' Kr.o aBaj yo eep ..o[Pl'' o prKy

. !poa - ..Cpa, oo' pl'' '.o"po
aT: ..I .r oB I aopltrr llp .
lByIe]!1 ool. Ta opo, NIeypoo oo oap o tsTo ylo,;s.
Bo a o p
TKx opa oarr
9 p opTBo o
ooI opI a oyap: N{eTo yHt oIl xaapl1P
ll! po oopo
oT lle
B)[. B op
1944 . Co
o ot 15 plI aoo, ol{o KoTopI BT llpoBoll [o]l.I
[oat{ poa BI,tx opo Tpa'
B ool'r o 7 otg o ItPN'l yaa IlTpa yTpe /le lJr payt oe 50 ott.ll'I, OcI! Bopol o opaa, To. Bpoaa a pala oerrtlt Ha'
oro 1944 ' r p ePT-aKo o Hapoo y all
t{oKaN{ o Tpar o Toy Poy oriy aI oe6. ooa paoa o paall .aaKoa oa t{ oTTl O. Ol KoI.IT.IaNI lloovao llo a o pr apo] ir. B .
aoit ltpe HK o oT l0 oTp 1944 ' rt .rl KaIBo' To oI ooaT aJly)KtlIlvl aBToPIlTTo oBePr,IN't poa, oT BIolvllI N'lopt{]l\'I Ti\'I!l' B1 I{lTal]!1ll aTaTa, opo lt ooBl opo. po.l.l lu /Jo eo oJIoo operl.
/{.eo apo] yo p BIla o
ppyt o ol poo ..eo''
aKII Bo o Tptl rvtpa7' )ypoHo-paol oooBeI{ Ta Pultr ..oroil pori'', allpaBIlI a p-

/la olII pTyIIo !r oaooo ..opol'ty

paI{Boy y]]y,'.

e po apooo y/] oToBttoTIo BoIIp]ta

appa o O. Hoo, e oo>a ot{la [paeo.t yyo Bo' tto Bl!{l.e Tlll TBoaJ]o o ollI,Iar ooo poe..aall:i''
a plU K eP)aBa l oaprt oBoeHolvl l'p. Opx poe ooo a iltpoo o.
TBa' MI{.p oTpaI tI..a'' . t1o 26 o.l'.
p 1914 . o BpeI{ epoBopo pTBTeM CCCP'
Beop o pePll BII; ..'..paBlt't'eo O,

ll

oxll/{ IoBa a]!r , e a l l ya RU|llNf llPrlOl]oDo ll orrt, o oTBeoN{y Iiol] rlpI'I1'o a-

llt T.

oB'l.
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N'lIiI t{

or.o ltop .']E.

Bll't'e Tl\l. BaTo olla oaoy R l'p tl Nta().
..'' rllt IloOpirHINl
BI ,].poHIl, llp]tTaBT
oNtH' o eptIHol.lt. ootoll ilotra l} pa]llKii
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paBo., tilla rr
o<l ,t ptIl oeiI I]A TO'|. l|T' ol]).
tI!t.

6 p l944 . B 3ltll.t}l.l'l{ o ltoellIt KK

B IioPIl}r .. OBBI trlr pa Hpo<r opt{}I p eN,toKPKo ar'lr . MolUHoI} po pl{,l'ttKo rir.rr PyoBoltl!{oo oNryTa

Nll,l H

tI'i..]'Ba yTeII

..ole epeKoI p pT.', O|lTIlPoaB: ..pl

e a
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trt''].)'
l optvty,
olar
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PIIoaBI|l
PyKooIl'B P()' 5 ap 1944 . D 'rl1
.

or
oTol{ B. Kopa
fipo oIIpO o Bl.

oaPK!I pyKoBort: .B' Cr.rr. . ,'r.l.po 0TIlpo llp .|.]!', o ItlI llyxtll oB1.I I|o oPoall' IlpII e.'.IPe aTpHtI yI]Tv'l'
u o'op", oIIpT
Bo Bep}lo''. Cpe lr RoPooB tltllIo PoR}l ..lr
rrtlr TP]llll l]otlINlll
o]loo y
IIpTyKaN'l''1(|.

- KDaiIil ToIl C H Bp To.I'o

o.to, o, a oKaIBaT oTI, eo o To

ts

ooTpe yTPoIr.tlKo yat( B oP!'l '

B ilOTI4, lKaHo . M.poli oltolt PoBo

l ap I]JlooTBo l'lpo aTllRl{oto o]llytl,ll u
t{)a (IaT Ilapl.pI,l rlo Oal, BolN{ell J]TB'
o pol1, To a,o ll Ha l{I oK poBe-

pooo y/1a, o1.PB apee opoo pyKoBo]. oT I oa.rr BBll'.aKaaTe}ly'' ilKIr B Po Koll.

tt y)rll, ppB t}BooI po

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x]tr']\'t yT r1]!rT rt oo yTPll' O ]\l)aPojlo . O va n pTNllr, JlopOlN1It o1'Hl{a\llI'
\,1I, |l.]'p]!'lll KtltlTo, paBBllI 'poir l94] uo 9 ll.P'I
|944 '' lt Il,t'N{ Hpooo tlp. rorrttrrr lt IIpotrT.!ePoD| oTIlKy PB'rg.T' oy1. llPy poI .''
,t' otl y]!I.l'' rro o oll t"tp yy. aolIl , IlpoI tITo PIlpait a].!I}tl rt'ltt it.
Ir ar,toir Irort1ao'']2' Ko'I'oa' aK I1]lll]\{. tl I\lyT}I.o
Boe oo.l'aT ol.ltl"t d ll ltptt, KO,toPI)l O aTKtl p,lolloo)Ktll' o e. aRtt| |lI| PooB' o
ot Ko'l.o a}Ioo: y]Il tIpo9I ll]IIIIIJIll B ol(
pe 19,15 . Bo to PoB() I35 tIpor1l' B l.oll l|
2 t1pt' paNtoTPtU /l |lP,ill}lI BltU() [loa B1rl.
To.la t'ltlta TJ]o1. ilpoHl)l v/lo pll o,l.'y'l.' Hao .t't.o yppyllt1a 1la il1. olo
!I Ol,lIlNll _ ll l22. Opal tlI 15|6 oBK. pPal l' lIo'aoBI'l a OToIIlI'l 4.5 ] .rlo, l ().5

o oBrI

'roltK IlI IIpIloBopltl K l]oxtleOlt'ly'JjIIol]lI|, ij ]0 o :pooto pxa, 98l _ l5 t Tpooo pxa, 270 o-

ltp.oft a. l60 e;1trl"t Oyi(PTrt()li JIll

pe.IO, t{PoB. Ily.[a,O Hapoo oplr _ l()3 t.]I1 poopI trrrit p I]aKrI. Opaa.t ltpt.lopo rIPrt l'oNl e Io'
opoo oTBo P.IttI'I IlplroBopOl} PII pBtItI1.ntIO
J.Io ll oy)J]tII aP]l o)T l ()o' aK 'I.o
P,IlaT ooP| oap aBTopl' oItplI]'|.l]o]\I 'l..l.l|Ta]. H yvo y)e HKoToPIe OBp l\,I l|KrI llpoltOt] (|It.a' o poI y]l IIo oyo llaall PlIIzl yI
..y,,t.
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IlTB, MTpol], IIyT,|.o, tsol l{ o, o1'BeI
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.tI

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nIttte..a.ltlTt oIo''' Ho aelto P To]\{, (.o pp I-{K P() .l otIr: ..oxe' IT, rrrl tttlt rrplt
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o>o l Btoo ]!{ttoo pot]. Ot lltll'tlt,, 'l.o \tt{(-).
tllll lpt poBtoT oIyto ,lto OPN'loT rI
oKlBato' Ho,I{xOAllMll oo)Ko n pao.I. K
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lle }lop. ooo eIIaBo Toe ]!ltl}l B r BPI!I.''

'lI

opKHy Koo{5.

12

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oe: o t o PooI ToKoB eoot|oao pap.elto' Tao oo e RI Toe
qHLI p o |o uo o ti o o 6 p o m, o BeeByT
BIl Tp. ooa, o paIra Pp Tpa.
To}'l llTl1I lpo TI{otI apP
oy( II poToe Be I ToB4o.
Co al. T B oN{ oPoo o
..aaeo'' aK, }lo p To e ltatuI
ooo

IIBa [poTa' lte oToBTIIK CKK K.,[. lu! IlprrN1ep' oBeToBa pBeT pot{}o pPI
pop olotlKoB o O, oopl, opao, poyT
..popy
'' !I t{ oT ilr oox a

PPII a oyo47. fioyeI oTp(/]a}oT, o, oT

ol t a o ytloKa a ttlaTBo
K pay llpoI o, o aTo oPrioBaa oRTll.
Nr PaBTeJI' B a 1945 . ao rre, o,IoBeItoli IV poo oTee K CCCP aTT
apo A'. BIroo B'. [aoo, lroITKI'l oTptIKo

CK

orr ope pooB yeoo tlo-

TopI oyI I po oy)KIaE, o Tpyo T, o { o Io yTo ptlo e}IoT oB'IKx

p' A o xo o) o-Rll]uoy, oa: oeo a KK e olo 1945 . toao y>..pyry opoo
I{' To yl p r
r'', oaB!1B o ooI llp] oT TpoyTI49.

oo aa oJl.l BtlI B yeo]ll oPKe ]!,1..ar

llTP pe /I oy pao pBT
atrlo'' rrao oaI ap, Nloa pyJJoBI]\,l
Bo.raTI oe<l,t (TBo)' o KoTopI aI'
B I]BaP l945 . op)Jlo ooo 2 r. 9639g50' Bo e
oyx<ert oap e o B() ' TpoB po-

oTppo KTo oTI{ore ..oTaTl{oy'' a.

: ..ro BI e epoTTe, aT o Kooy. _
orI y oTI /]opo TpoIlT, o y oporo''5l. oTo oa! oo oao p opaH p)e aa'

pr oep:
peM BoooI p B otl
, pa:rl TTo popt pt]ao
BDItl aK.tp oPTao oo}l oPo aT eTa.
op lxo o opo pKoooo oyTl\''
I{TPTBa BllyTpe . ,[popa oT ltl (po.
..BP''
t) olx TPoB aaal{
aa BTT-

\4

a' o lp oyle IIaTyP Boo I oIll,1 oTl

KoTToB O. Be oi tt aHo ..epa.'

oprtpo o,[To pe oolt ypae!lMrr'

o lI oBo oN{],ITToB o olao BIIlt' ri pat' B o}r aTpaTBliolll ap e rt Ta
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Ba oNllv{tlt. Bo l945 ' P() o 3 ootttt
pTopa 9, 3,a/a',70 rt 9 oo ypT,, ll
75,3o/a; 6 rr 84 opo N{eoB, .]I 16,a/a;919 l l.58 .rtrt
KeTo, 84,5o/' . ll'52 '
Kot o ]TyII B eT x oTo
TeN1I oeT, K oy 1914 . p eTBoBo
7292 oea, KoTopl oTO ]8 977 o' il""'.,o'o
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oo r epo Ko,l'Tl O o lIo.trr
ooTI KoIlN{ToB,..oel,'ottt O l rlt{ oTa poaaN1 veo P().
B ooo > o a oNlItTT] O rtr oppol
o 9 p \941 ' lroll aBll .lBopr.1. p x
o pelroao r ap.IT. B prr pyo.
Bo.rts pT o o l2 o 1944 ', oaKo, o/]pao'
tlTo IlpTT e yT oIIIIT eI o l]pooT B x lt'l
xae, yT po Ill'yrt. ..ao a PHo pe.
TaeTo ,lNteIT IIuI.fe oPaI{lJIl, oTople I]T]i ot{
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9 p, o poe KoolIIl p tIapii O Too
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p O ori B aTo.He TI,IJ] opo o poetl t]
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15

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p 1945 . Ppo 53,8 o/o eoB KoTo KoI4ya, tl Ta yI I e tlrr. B o aTl{ oTToB t pal oo vl P() a.ttI5,

tr a opaNI oo , oal.yT l944 ., Tao BapaT )a' o y(

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PK}o. B e . pv o 9 op 1944 .

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op |914 ' oBa OB.lKo aollo oaoBa Cotl
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otl6I.
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oopeo o oBTy . flrrpo o]{l\,fyTI pIlJ

PtIyT Taoy PTy I{aRtl a pTPo o poTy'
poee lp 1945 . a oo O.
a p p a;r pIrr' Peot o oKay ' op, oopB Ilo 't.JroT KaHTa Tpo,
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P op.o t l| o]Hl,|
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22

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25

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85.

po''). Bope O ra llTa tl BoTilltoBll lto Prlao pT Bo atse o . Koypot' (pya aT ooo Payt pr (oy) op o11IIo.
.) BT ope HoByIl] /]Ty IopoB Hapoo oa _ l8 op 1945 .
B ee ooIioI llltp.tlti olt MopT| o B
K. yI Ilr oI: poBa HC Lt' oa'
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ootlt olITeKI,1 poTlr B lio ilL P(K)'.NIeIi)
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a To apToo 'opo po alt.
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p' To ooIIlJ pTIila r,.ts[y}o
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26

TTlr oKoT, plIHIi oollll, o ye-

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O tl .

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15 p l945 . oTpIa B ape lr.
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, poaTerltll B yoB ooft olTypl yTM KyII 'ollTBa! ToBt{ aBeBI a
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po, op)aB[I'Ie ooeIx Poto er olteo o, op pyIIl, I p top oTya B

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2.7

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/lToll]!1 otIlvl Mo NrTpo[] o1paI JI

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t.aE6'

20 eap 1945 . l ooToB oolr"t xPI{T

pT oToil Jl.iII'I1 Ll oBeiil] l]I'.r.po1] o1'pl]J
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..''.2'
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oapoo IIpaB'e1.B BKtoIIi\{ B o trllpo]] oIllIoIlI'lo] py''' I,e oPOit o O'Be fiojlpoo llp lI.t. TB T o o poo Ilpiirrl.' a, o oo l!!T oy o]!{o)llo. y.oT p/lToltl lopa Bo lapoHo opar' po}l oTopI tlPlJIIoael' B J]aKoNl lt1' topx ole pole opltt
BJIII ootI}lrrelt pao'rl -Boo Hpolltloo oarI'.ltl'
oao 23 ap 19.+.5 . C'I.r;ro..BLl'. oorr .''t..
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[>. po C.al.l art o,'ool!1.'pa'p oIlIIol1l{lt
t] TpIl. opo O IIN'Ie}II{ B o'Ia aTa Pr
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ol vp.t. y.r l, oBT JI]]p B x llpolr.[..
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o. o l't or] l,loo'
24 p [po oorIJ o, .rt'o opa opo
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pTtsrr1e.t',t oIIrrorl89' -B ool.lr ottri IVloI Coe o oaplrrt ooo ovp, .to 'lo.. .l
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oolrl1. o BIBya Tpele yoll: poPHoT PBIITT o, p NI'lpo y.p py
p ripoIy l{' Parly' Hapoo oprre
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28

CCP A ' BI' llao lilBilr Cr.

.lr'ot
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or.o. Hlrop IJil 1,O To ts a||ir/(l]t\ ol.,t.tl pvil l.()
.)la P(lIlll ..IlpOKPpil \'toB.I\t lIljll'.''.. o o.,i,.u.,,
I o'l Bttrllr lIIlo yToa B Pao.tK o]]oI{],]
]tltpllll o.oIl BIIt ol.IT' PJJ].a}].]l CC a
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ya e zt. o eI H. e.liltl rI ' vBINf OKlirlvIlI1:)

vTTiN{.

B oatlrit r'yool:r uTyllli NIlll{xTP Btly'l'PIJt{I'

A' o opor] aaIlll HK o l7 p l946
'.l

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Haoli lra, pl,l1oxtllo orta IIIOII
B

Pr[lll l\{ooKoo oBl,

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TY eBoo paI]lJT.t O e>oti. Ha r'lr opPoBaIltI o.aB oBoo .lTa l{ ot.t.yp poBopol]

ro. o r,o'l[ Bo .t.peoa, oTopI B OKoIl.

lITJIt,IloNl B/J tse .rlJlyto{]r'ty: l) e"r]Hl pOy ap.aNITa /Io oPoBa IloBoo illITTl]; 2) polle ort
pTTBo BlopoB oo opa o 15 ; ) rlep
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Mpa; 6) oolet.t o.llT)I ],I pM tl
.p'
prvrpy oTKyl Toolty o BI/JIl'].I ortlotl
oBI{, K. eope ts IIIl]'].[paN'l a IJNI B'. Mo.oo
aBa'I ..oBePIIIo pr,'' Oopo NlTPo
B aoBoP Moool o ,.B'' o[Po rloep). oaPo

tl9

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K. opy, To oBTKo PaTe.l'o a peoa
oo pl,tI op o 9]'
Cya opa IIotlol}o. opa opoa tIa oa B ooTTB o.to Tpori o. Moo-

o (.,Aeea''):

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pya'':

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l) Be po oprrpoBaT oo, e elt
oIe a oBopoB;

2) pp P oI yo paIloBtll]r

N1p,

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3) a apy oT yT]!{ popaHI tl]!'lKo|] aTIl' 1.o
oPl aT o BoBrto poB Pu]eHiI N]oKoBoo otl o op, pT polv{ Tpoo o poTooy
ooIIt{o.

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31pT l946 ' el ol]tla ya o oTal]e tsTopoo a K. opa. o ooa o o I oP\'lPoBa peT ap o a oPaoNl, :o KoMyllTI
ttKoo y Bo IlolIII B PB.lT' o.f To oKaao aeo poTl o. B .IaToT, Hpt'lN1p, yo
pe a P() ll}loTpllHl , a.ra..BIlp'' (' Kye). otr'to
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oT p yTPI{ (A. oB), o]!{ytl,r.l o.yrt
op el. paTe oa poB ]!lllri.Ip

pa (Tp' oo), llTpa rlrto (. Ceao),

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Koo oBeT (. TpeIrrB).

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og Ta pyoBoTe BPoBoo ooKoo oe); o, B-pe, Brloe pyoBoTBa P()
30

oTl TPTBa, To oeo oIia Bx-

oT plll KotloK aa YpJI

opoTt,{ otlo.

o ao pe)K Bo a aoTBop Togl

apate. B eoM oa oTa orllo aTBtlo}o: N'll

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,15

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p a -

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o apoo oo.oo oPaHl{ opBtio.
ava x _ oooa oero o e qoe oeBa,
B KoToplx o IT B, e t oto
y ypetl o, opLuey o)<to ooo
oPrlo-oTeKoo IIBa o apoa'..l'l4l Oao aIJ346

oTTII) Bo pa'l.1l a To, .IToI lloKoI,1T pTH.

po o O, e oa plT oIloo a: ooaptra
Ta TpH, Be oe o.ITBo tI ..alli .. ap.
Tp' aT'

T e, ooattl ooo, ol!'ltl.l.(]K apT a ]IloN{ oPK plxPT oT}lIe PIll B paeT a ye Bo ort p oo. aottl
aop a o oo rr oi palI' B oc
l apTa 1948 . oo oO p pltte TaT ypll.
T l opa trl ) KTo Bo B O o l pa l948 . Bytlt O o o I ,'p"""'u,"
B }'ITIe oPaat{ O a o ooa, T.. By.
o, pIe'
26 l948 ' oo OO rrp p[Ie! oo oTo.
po]y ae BoooB Bt{yTpe BIII orITK, po NtpoTI,I a ooaoo, T .oo arTa o)tlo Io oy1T tlp ot]tTT] opa
o. Ol ap oI olIoraT Box o
[I aTtsl-lto PoTy opaa O. LIa O la
'Ie loKo, oTopoo p,l. ]Io)(ril I pa. Bo pepr' Bte B. pl oeo B ay
)e] po ot{TK aT (po, payT.
' ot{To) B )< Tpr. oae Too Tiro
pyoBoBa Iio]!{yTrI IrilPT p yN't o IlJI-

er pa ooo eTBoBaI], olo'

B aIoT, oI]Jl llTopx 1o ..e''

H'

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Mol Cepp I.{K P() oltepa: (...TpaKo
(p H. _ m') o.llc ppae lt[voo] or oo o oaTKyI aTro' pTo NfaKl{To-eIltlKoli eo; T IlpT oTlt o;<
JlT e... o.'' e Too yoilKa, o 11 opoeo
pea ' a olTK oyITBe, [o]!'to poo,
eeo peT, ooH aTo e, e oly
oe To yoBTopTlloo Iltl [-

voo] oIlK B epr ... y HoTopo p lt

[l.lri] Coro l., p}I o epoBI e.ll
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aT (Kpoe T' To ooe oTay oT o) yyT paoTT B op-

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lt<rlT IrPoByllBtrta 11 '.paoa a ail!1 BPoBoo r)OO ]]eT rllpr.rt (0 op l t{op 19.18 .) 1,aoa:
..l'tiio
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l'r.roy oto ilP]lTor.ro PBp.tuT B IIaP.l.
Hl ,IlIt Kl]0T}]' IlprIHa]lIJyr 'IBe olloBoo IIPl.IIlIi
Koori opl, a tlTB Boil il)l.lll IIH _ I1oToHrr o.

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t
itll o pyoo.lo KoyHTo prt'
HC. oop Tpt]to, oI ]lpBoTIB?rT ..l] /]y }lpo,]-

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TitoK]l! IIpBPT,r. B o oot{ToB tpoptt.lpotltit
IloJl.I.tofl l olllT p oool,ll,1 Kotap. .'per.oii'' ,l'paTo oap Irro I]oo.leflo
l948 o peoNlllI opo oa-l!{opT '
t B oa pao p ollt rtIJIlll o]l RH l xoo' pe l948 '
ollTI prrtTl yTB)Io Boe To oorlot.l, oyJI ootri Nly' Oo p]]aBtl o pa oIItJ KaP,}lo pa.t".r.
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pa t-"ttt tiopo pt1yx oI{ToB pT

or ..lrrit opxlllvl'' apKl\,{-N'l|41)''].o pI

PCJ{ l a o oN{Nry.r. pI
PaB}lI]!,{' eJIlJ Ha BoNIo)(lloT riTP!lpoa lloKaII

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B rr yo p P[ .[. Ho p/lTBJl Koy}t'N{ BIto e o ypo, oTopa o ooTBoBa.I}, olll'BIII tltleoo' .l ya o a PBoo rra
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oB pKoBoa P . ooo, ooTtlo oTppoaIllo )a ooopotlo oTpyT oaivt

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48

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B epa l948 ' oprr . rrooo,

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oTNI HeI pollo r.ao ylp.o OB-

tlre ooplt (ro 1948 '), plrI pot(llr Do loo

o]\ly Bopoy' H or ptrrrtptir L{K PI()
opy.r ooTotsT KollpTlil ox}l, oTopI o.
oToB t erl poKoB !t3 y K roeo
KIl oT pyKoo/lTo ..oto'' oaoB. y;<
VI y P() B Il 1948 . . llrpo l ly
l{']. BoI oIll
B }l|]. lTy'
po oTlic
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K oBTo oJ{ oaN{a' o o/J To.Ia I

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o ts epooT' TaKa oKa Kaaa .,.ltrtr'

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u BK() a M.A. Cyoa, oyvBeo To

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op OTBrlor.i oTo'r' a .ITtto' pol!{Irrle}IoTII

ll KII o'r.o'1.)"oil oltlljll{tloTtI KoIl, o-

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poa B plllt{ ea o oTK jl
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50

Ta oao, pI 1941_|948 ' P() o rrI

B eo op paI yp ono o
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eI BaT B pe. to pytxo yToB] B o
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el50.

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P' KK poI apKTp oo}'fo pypl oap.
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poo B opo oB' Ha oBoI{tloo BTI{ oTopoo Ba tITl ..BIpo'' 1]oo aI. e po, apaKTPoBaB ot{ool
TIi o orro llpoK pc olIHo trep or.
BoT o paBHToMy py, ooraJr orIle].B oT.

.Io.ro Blo'.pay,' paaN{,

oyoBa Pa.o
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Ha To Tae opoo loI{TapI{oo oTt{a]52, oe
poo eNloKpaT T, Bo) oe) ..ltttlo 'yao'' op opo olrl 40- o,]oB , aK JtllTBIie Too' pyoptlyol5.

op> oy . efl po oIloK O/ll.t'

eo yoprylo }ITy O.r.oo
poa' B BTe To B aTo e poIIp'lo IIpeKTI yo B TPIl oBeTo (o) o!I o
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Too TPoTeTBa, r IIlpllll l.J BPII,
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o'aoB pTll p)eoT pe, paopr ..o

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tIpo ooo oT op Po' ooo Cor:
..Tapulo
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p',
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9T tlo Ba)KI Jl,l]HtUo pT Tpl '.. oeTBa' KoIloa' oTeK, TyPa ltayIJa
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K op)Ka',, _ Iloe]]ao B aTIIaa oo]]a

CCP Co a 1948

.l55

5l

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I BotluLt

T'B , Mpttto .I , Hoo /'. Hapo

t*top

': l1 Pl]o? Oo.oIlTe pol(eIn Boo.

Ilofr poe. |944-|948 ' ., 1993. C' 306.
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tA (ou)' - 68' o. l. A.. l. ' I.
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6
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C. l5.

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8 Bo'ttltttlttt ..B. anH

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lHa 'Peoo yp KpNl

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eTIl ooori oI: q)I ll llo'eI. M'' l999' l3_l5.
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P. 11.

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60

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62

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63

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64

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tllpoo Iloy B 1 eJ] p1lTs pol.ilHJll...oltTI o1.Bp)}oT' To Ilpoe ToT le IIo KoTpo l.1 llP aKTI]oli o ol.
30 ap 1950 ., p e] o p B. opt, lI
y plt pe peoxT I{ y1'Bxt{ll apeTy artaTyp

B. poa H oT

/]aTen o r-

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o tl. I1oy.tI o].eI poo1'pPoa oo
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'IJlp > Coir oot,i. 29 Bap l950 . tlpKoB oo Ctly o teti eo aTypi R OT aBI
aa alio l\{rIle oBToo pyKoBolIIJT.'I a 1'o']..169

yt e, 30 p, ..o'' (Cal)

oTBToI"I

pt pao a oa.

B pTTBO, po o a rr yooIITBo Oel po. , o, op 1950 .

o oo oTao B apT oTa }ieaoo

pp32 peo Ty ooT. o .l.oy ooy
o r pBpTeo apotI Mol,l. 5 op
l9.50 . pa Buro.Io o1I K BK()
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PIIep, oo CCP opIr M'. opo t ptlt a .
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or,l'', BBIII ppo oT1ltxJ{'' ptr'to
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T Ia oootsea opoa aa o Iloo)t(tll,l oltp. Ho oToo oHM Ty}Jl,I pyool]Te K' B atlKe, I] aToT! oPKBao: <B pyoo
op'l. op aoo.ro ol tl KoK'l.llBo
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'a tlol ' epoa. B .t Too BpNIII B
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p
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a IIoO po p l,INI pToo ot]TlIT llTp..pol.oo
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.BI]t{ol\'1 tt

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. KlIoB l]\'1 BoI{Hl]!{ ol]TlloNl I] Iio.ltt.a1ltttt I tt
pa.-er:i.e.lll A'B. r.pylrrNl PitKa,l' lIl.o llil ()/(lI()l\l ll l
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.l o (oa) /]o'qx HT' y aT, B IlI)rI
ot oyro o.qOIIy ..Ka>< ytlla /Jo}( IJT Bo
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rtapoit IIJoJIo,l{or';r ,l.o' R tiTt{oTIl, pilBIITo
BIoll]\ftl )lJrIlllllli ,].]]IlaP].ill\{lI' llc.aIII\1Il'l llIlo
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17

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pypy yl(oPoa \HN't oapir arI r't
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poB I[l orioT

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Ha aalr K K 17 op 1953 ., e p po
PaTpBaJI opo..O oope aaoB apoI pTTe'', oq T. )Ko opypo NteTI tpT..prrI{TJIto
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5o/a, ece oB, o Kooep,Iopl, _ 187o, tIooepPoBrir Te _ 1o/a, o6c.|RHllI .t pt yrt
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y CCP.
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e pey Hapooo opa yTp y
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o pxe o rlpaea oBep)o Ta( Ta apTpIt.l o eeo rIl]!1' Ka pyPoT apaNlTK !{a poo ) T oT'
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oalt Ko]!{yTI. Ta' zl p 19.18 ' ' ,[lrpo
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poa'' <o PoIr PN{IIT, oBao pKoo-

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15

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p|i a oopNUreIl KO]!1yIt1'Ireoo )!I.

Clut oitp poorr.r.lil ooopoo tJpT
oTI.i oI1'(]yll.lp]'Oo To}ITJITBa, q] K Ilo1IPoB
I1'I a]r'IH.IaTI,to-oi;I.l. H o I| apTl.lHot] Tir. KoII.
Pol]1' ' IIO ]!tel]i IvIP, oJlo]]lts'l. oo.I'B..l.Bylll oa.l.Hl llo1.t Illvl{.|91.oo.Il J:loyi!'TaI tlo
TBpx. T, ! BK() l2 p l95l '! pllo.pe ..o.

Po ToB. tlepoa'', tlpo yl pee;

p.t poB, Pet o'.rpo l'opotl, Blltlo'

.r,o ool,t Pr,IToo rIrr tttlI{ To BpN'r la,

..paI
Iloo O!IO, eeo
CoToB'' CCCP. B lt.

a,ao }I; l. Koyt1 CP, olt ool peyrt' 2. ooxlr o tttp Bplt or'l
CP PCCP B eTHI Cot. 3' otl>Krt o l-lr (o
a.l), oKl, pao] Coo lloJll.ll.rlI KoTT (op o 1928 .' J\ 70)' 4. or o
pitlioI a Coo pot oTlx oNllll.Ta
(Cplt yao PCCP l93l .' N 1l)' 5 oo> o Co (Cop yao l93l ., .}(i 11)5,.
B poe opptl Tel |lJI aTHo eTo
o.ao poo;ltso o1.oo HpoI Cotr't. H py;<e
40_50- oo l]ap lI'Ka ,lpoBaIl JJyTaToB oIioBe
oa}lll pa O yy o oo rlpall' BIlpB]
o t poeel 'Iptl l5 l949 ',[oyt o'p>
to1' To y a 'Io ]'ae lrpoB pI Ti]I B oPf.
a ..pooo o',' xapI ".r o.o

aKortoaTyro,

K, oo

16

N{'{TPaTIIByro B'

I']o.

(' Tpaoy) Coy l!'{l{I,ITPoB PCCP (. tlpoyoly) ltpltrr

pyy poo opx tlPolll oe't'o oJIr'1.B
l3 .to PoKo l oll?lKoe poil Co
lly.IToI] Tp CP, rIp.rru pol, aI li
]a CCP, o;o e1.l{ paB'I.o op',.

o.

l.

[lTPTBy ItoTpIx P (r.' B;trloy) llPaT

o.poy pJTTy ooBl o}lI lI oo)K}Jl,i, a}o.
lJlltl opatl, y oTo /JIIyTTo Tyrt
CCP ti llTpl pyool oPoB, oJ]o Pr!ilae}roy I'l. 2. opl,t py Bpooo o'l PCP

troo)l{, oa [pBTBo' KotlTppy B I]o pa ll

II oIlI{Ty)'

..

Br>e a/laTo oyTBo o a I{K

oTo]]ul TaBJlo ooToll] a/lToB
.71

F
oB p O pTI' Ta, apep, Bpoll oKpy o ooTole Io y: K _ 607o' HC
pTIe - 40qc ' B o.ol NlTI opa FiC,
pll ye Ke, poII apo B oy
PTa! o poBTI,I ToT p yao. oaaHo oe :too aa, o opaoo }'Ie
KoyTa CCCP Bp R oy 1949 . o oa Iopo; yKaIo eBKy ..BTopTe.I oo KoB''
HC. a: To oe (Ie oTeo' B Bap ll p ]r'lTa axI eP}'ITpB KaTo' KoI o plle pyUI yKtl K K o pooPoaol\{ aTB (oo oo)KT, To poop aPy B
oy H). Kpoe oo, e oToI, aK pJlo, al,I T)< aaToB oT HC. o peoo oTyT.B oo KIlaTo-..el're'' eIe opaalr vao
Ia Bo o oT oTBI opa (oo
ot, Cot apoo lllooex p'), e yaI po'
Moo pel pyr lo poa (a palro.
eorro o) B po ooo. Co peTaTe B Tpa l opt{poBaI o l{ooet a
oel reli oIl oet aaa O, o
B] oo al oT rt rTH KoIlpT yT.o ooo , tlal o eaoa)Kt{I]\'t, o aKa ooo oooBl{ o ooTo.
t{t paT, o aeII, oKaIlll a eTopa'
o o pBHI peoB .'5l
aPKpo, o oTyBIIJ B oB TePt,taJI oot
apy o ..rrpxTIl TapI yPyIx ro.
po, oa B oo ol,t oo eel1 . ' ' pea K o t1'..'' Coee oaTI oTIloa,
.ro.. aoe BPN{ T PoeKlr (!), oNlo, o otoii p BTopT.y o''.54.
..or'',
,[oe oBT oyTB Tlo oBa
IIMeuI ]vleo P oT oooB. ..Botio tr oo'',
oopo ool{ oKtlToB, o- oPoK IIpaT
lr'I DIeI IIo oooBBlIJ aoa. Tao ypo.
B oBo']]llo, app' pT oo, oaIt\,{ a Coro Po B BaPe, I 60 I' .reo. oao pBo P aTI{' To Itr Ba II a PoB
yl. B eoTol a e a)Ke pap paTr o lll .rrr }ipoTI I' oTopl rt o!l PoIt a paB}loro oB osj'
BropI HapoI Cot o oo TaTT a
92 o/o oooB aaoB o. o oalt Beo TIIpooo I-{K K . Hoo, o lo pya PBoltie B oIl apoo yKoollT. B opyIIolvl
'78

ooa CCCP . Koli |7 a |949 . Lll{ollo oepy, o

80 70 t{ oTa oo a O..o }o'', l0_l57o o..y)yaI
ooB ]o a o
o'', oopl ol...ee
T Ta opao]
B oBPll rI|l a,ri]. yilIT
rr o II TBopIlT o pDKo o''' fIpoTI.I O o"ooB ( Bo oo| .l!{o p/]HIt Po
lltttleIx ToBPo rr Tlloo PyKoBoTBa5' Lltt Kope] aI TPOI] Hoo tso lol. oTy pe aa aKoo oa a' oTaT
tlI.
A e)y T PBI oKyNrI pyt opaee aT,I

paT K oya ooolloo HC, papooo

o l947 ., a Tx aTopTeTy Tp' Koo' o rrlt yolrao o aTpaBTTBrI oytloB' al a patiI roe'e, p(le t o Ko.to oopo B.to lIe o op a yaoelle oJrap aT,...'Ia lllTyrr:t ort,'.

Hoo' ro poIlT oooB, oTrt]x a aaTo

..Tlt'', oTopa oivloa, aK yaI oJIy oo]

IBao ooNl oKyrlToB, ,.Iprr oo'' B p]l
pal1oo .rl' HpI\t, o o,Il aINt, Pyo
oy a O oa ooa 9070 liTeri, a o o!Ie-

o,

o op PKooTB pete pI I ao )e * 65-757.5?.

Mail ooxo aT oTP oTyT y poo paB top. o e
opo poa lloBo ..o,' p): KaK ol.poyN{o N{.'olt
T aKa ouloo ' p,
Pe)I'l, oIl
a Iop 99Eo oocoR [pTeil. sT ToTlllpI o
opee''58'

Co aa pe BNraTeo oT)I]11 o
peTo aTpo-o.BI]o!1 TyTypI oilP. B oo pBo oeToo ooT, oTJIeo TopI p .A. KooaoIN'I B IvIaPT l9,19 '' oeplra-

o, aITo ''B opaotl ooBy .ppI IITpTB

Beo ee e]!Ie}ie oo(T or Cooo Coa',59.
B vao, ]!{tlo.t TPo BoI Pao Ko oyapToo opo oap' 24 o l950 . K K Bleo
pLII o epTpo!i poTI' o pooa p eopTtto yT oBToo aTa Ooa. C o oo
Io oTeo ooe oo) o aaa yrr[ oNllIlI,
\{atlIl o ) TIBBlx o ol.
B ..t', Tp. oo BoPo o pao oaaaT pop oor opoy. Pyexoll e T ap (1950 .)
..pao'' TpyTyI rraT
ytrl IJK K. B e o
o y!]et{ 21 epa 1950 . p PaBTJ]TB l o,79

aa lUTa.r. oIJ, Kya BorIIl,t pTB],IT l o.a. tI'].epTRa o TpTB pa oI{aoo o.t. y olr1l1 Bo paoT}ll .lp.l'ypl ],I lxT
To .tll]B BeoT' yTao} oJl)KOTIJ]x o
ltai. Pr. oJapa]l P\4ltll.
B px ..opaoo KoKTt{oo pyoBoTBa'' apo.
l xoo ro pIlTo lIIe o pypy oTopI
rtTT' B eap l950 ' .pTo IJrHe ..lpo t
o paeo l _ N'ITpo trl ToptoB lt lllt{']'P.
To oTOBoI( ro IlpoIlU}loT' BoaB oee
lrllil ttlrp yTpIr P' xpTooB. B p l95 l .

to pypyHo llTpTBo poN'tIIIIJItloT (tl.]'p

A' o)' BTo eo o/lao ao,r'o'].eHI Tp.Bo
.I)oll po]!'I[teoT (p A' o) ll.ep.l.Bo

o IlPo\{IrUoT (a I]o PyKoBoT plII IIlIll JTltl \{Tpa aooo o po lttlo A. f-(l,IToBJ'

Hoo, l{MrHtl TpyTypI ]!{1p.tB IIpnoB,[()

ayr ,eaT otlTey) oe , paT poo ]]e B Kollo ol. KTBtloT poTl. B ooM py TKIIM poalI oIJ KP] pl o ylxl{ PaoTI KoTopIx TpTB' pl,I^'lBltlII aita 50- oo' oo Bo oH.
Ilo! K Kapaul p' pte orrr
To.' PoTBoplUyto apTrr [paI]TJrTBa,
t oTa Tp ee T. pooe. O t .
xe ie'tl o roe ap60' C pol l
I p eo TT. B ep lJ]o otlo oT..pe,, pyoBoTIr
PBe' a TC - oToel'
Blpao Ii B 1950 . TT 1.pa . Kaeoa
pa ylx oTJIeaNr. Ha o loa pI a ol
aTIt. . )BKo . epao. B p 1951 .
oxyro po T9PTB KTIIKa (rtp K. op) o oll pyKoBo Kpa,l'p o aeTT
. oo.Tr Hao oxo oPoT aapaa l tlT Tp Koytloo o,I]a . Ko'
ae yPee apaT Coe po llro o
opa oTpyt{KoB oI aae. OITo epTo o pe.r.arioBo Bo ype oaaT
..lTI{I
pl pa''. TK' . o l Ir
eKPeTpe aoo opy)Klloo oeTa K, p pooo tlpoB( [. _ epTap oBKoo oKyxoo ol,ITTa

..

p paope oPTtlI a epaoo po'

eT B aa ..oToo'' o yoHpo' .o eTJ]TByT o o, rITo oypI [PlI oopa pa1.a80

oBK KpoB y)<e eTBoB orlyto y. p cl){)l)l||,I

Brir apoB ..yl're,' ya orlTaa (p) pitllr,
o ooToBKo' olTo ao't opori oTa' Ta, alt.
1952 . Tpl KollT K. yKaIIoB, olll pt
1950 . oa, oyJI oT e.l' pee.I oTa lI.
'l.po o Bopo]\'I KyJ]TyI. C'llri oBotlo >.tll op
ypoB}'{ tloT pyKoBol{T r.oaa . MaTB 'l.y.]' )Ke ]Jo.
B]] BI/Jo oa ao yall T1.!l1'Il
(o popHoao I{e.po TI,ITr]Ko pB"I]
ltp oee ltpo)' Oao' eerlo, yeTBtloo y
IIIeHI,I pao'r'I oa To }l llJlo' opoo rIJIg}ly1
K l952 . o.l. aTl,1 o po tl, .to o
H OT]]Il..K].Il!'t ]\1.i.o'' oapT, .t'le
Topo a]U pa]]Il'l.r{ pt. [o l953 ., oBopo B
opaoo p lv[}] CP, C oo .I PlB
o oKl'1 l[oe pBoo Il't,l.ll.l.o llaa 4 l
(l949_l952)' a oa Tp)l (!) PTaB pB[TTBy /1oTTotlo oooBal rr a l953_l957 ' BIo
I,I To .py.eoo oo]1 | a/]H B p
K Tor:i paoT oBTrr KoIloI{tlK oB.IIlKoB yopa l,t
!gag61'
Trr opalt, a pyxr:40'50- oo poo N! l a
ap aa yPJIrl' Cao ypBKoo
a1. pao BlB,[a pa1.l aoaoo pyKoBoT oBeTKy}o ooI, np(I aMoo popoo apaTpa _ p-

l, oopy)lo, TKa il

/]oyIlTtI, oBTIll{lI'
TI p. ooI aa.r.ep ope oya
oBTII eaTN't p ooo,oooIx o]TBI oB' oBelltr >Ix peop p. o.ta oo
|]yto poI oeaJl B aByto op. Ta, pIrr
eo l948 . poTI'K oapoo oa o BPNI BT

pyoBoee o CCP H.A' Bo opypoBa.

Bo oxeae ..oyT'.' oT, B Te o JIT I
N'Io I BIo}lT aa [apT ToBpr ,[po, ot... peypoT ay l.pa B yTpo.eeyrl
Koa y Tp poK po|]Ho. pll1.o Ol'ae , poy eee 1o/a,'. o poo'u,

oapl t oopI oyrtI

..'..

oyJITl'

Mi yBpo p1'y ppo TTHo p-

t',' _ Jll1 . a oo CP Co, By Mo816?.

oo paooo oBT ool, K ITpo lo, ooToRa opl,IpoBIiro Kp}o y aoo pyoBoe l Bott opeI r.po.
28 1948 . oo .. opo e B.' oo o.
ota: <B ex a] f, O (oap pyKoolITg't.

8l

I.1.

m') opoBtlo }., To o]o ooo oto-

1l paBT (I]vI' KoToPI orr ol.. oTaT

TTIi]!{ , aT oT II PoTIIN'I, To To y-

IIN'I

tI lvlop oTBTTBlloT x a Coo Cor.

..tl)Ol o, y pe B o o.oltJIl yTByT'I

llrlKoc ttTpo',>>]'
B lta oapoiI BT Ba>o e.].o aHIIN{aJIrr optlI paoy' o eor Pl{p B Kort.t'l1rt HP t.l
tKPH Pl| HBit,JKoHL],llHo. ltoot"l tt 1eo tr' oae oaJIIlIN'I pyoBOTBo I]a)oTll
Too a opa TIloT ) OlIp]Io o,too U\'lilH e,tHOII OpoB rollll' o t tI

olIr e i]l'I BlII opeTpo.

H y pyHl\'l aT' To B pN{aTpBaeo p
B ]lToT oapK yt opoB ottpoa IIx p-

I,IBIto-aaa yr1, tIT o]tO lJIII.tIBo B folloTBylyto KoH llel1 aoo opl .l.ptttl o
Ivlep po K o' B t'll yo oT Ila .rpoB
..oori '' ..poIloo
l"o.t, .o oHa

oopo'' ooo

oI'1I{l. !Il\'1 l(otl,

PaBo K

ltLllloH lL Kotll\P'l,lll J lillI)l ltilp,lll"loo poBoll't Bir'

oo oTp,1Ii tl oep opoo oTB o Il]i e o oo.l.p oo opI tIeI PoT atllx yINl oaaNl II, TaK <iToee aKr"r s oBr pllJlll HopNla 1949 ' (o>l,lo

atltl a otllo otloTI{l tIpe.r'yt:t, p.t

lloBo a oIITaIlI p). orr aT
oKTBo ol] Ty aBoTo1.
B ooy yoooo aoo,[e.r p B I]po ooBH.50. tlo trr oN'I Oox}Io oBTKo yooo pao' 2 ep l951 . I p or oor Ko,Jle, o.
oHTaTI{poBall op , ya pa.l( aoPe I..ypoo.'''
Bll eo oTorl
ts o l952 ' lt,l.p .l.p, '
aKoB K K po)Ke ..ylrrr o a Ilrlo poI'tl (IeoB,I ''65. l0 pa 1953 ' B aKo t I ooTeTTByr llNletI}l'I.
fllropoe xot{Il aK oao a!l1.JII
.pye op B e)KyrlpOo a, ooy opIl
ootst]l oeK oa al: ToJ] yPoBIe Ta,I
oJlp)a B o/IHo /lyo aooaTTB! ta !I oBeT
o' B y oo l0 op l95 . ol{ ] o.IHIlI'
py< 40_50- oo Tpa, o opl'l aIlvl, Il.
r y:roI poT oTIIrr lp't.yltit (rrll,
Ilpa'reTBo' lt]oa)K, po): l948 . _ l34 poopa,
t949 ' - 878, l950 . - l28' 195l . _ l548' K o>at, oTI,l )l)lJI ltottoB lII.t Boo)KlloTIl llpOoNII,{T
82

poBT TIl ale' oT o pox}] eN{J]o I]oIlp()oI} lI IIl)Jlll().ll()

>. B a 50-x ooB pell oa paBol]/)|l v'l.I]l))lll.
o tl' To P paN1oTpli oT II JlO a1l'!'(]] I |''I
poper opot PaTP, J]oTTotlHo l)ll]llillll1)|
oeltoo. K oT IIBTtloe yTP)K A.' L]l,t

ltloO o

..I1

ptt

oKaT''? Cy to

o,rITIIe ea 250_280 epTI poBopo o' H y.

o Hpoo opa ( poBa po.. a To I]
Tpa}I p)a o?''66
B o oI IoTI{llII lpo oop ylltt o
y.rpr t tpy\le t Olll],a pIIplJLl yttutl.
O po To poB,o B o/l Kpyl oJTIIKx poIIoB II pyx 40_50- oo,
T opo, .t 50. or oap ox .
TBoBJIa )TKo tlTPoBl{li, PPtIK oope
IIoo oTpopyea ..Bep B'' o oyP.BI{IJoo
yp, oo)JaTo apa ..[pol,:i'' o
y. o otloI BoI{ aPTp tloTtlI]!{ aKTP
TKal'l T olt ooTBTTBOBa o'].lleo Pe)y olL
Koo o.pa(a aB[Ie paoT}o .tRpx]Ii]lI B Tpa
..o
o]lI{]!'r

Cy''.

o pIl _ tt)o Bo
ll'rllt yTBp)e pe)M oBToo lI
Har oa 40- o p R yoBll oooll

Ko]!{apT tl B]IT I ay ll.t tle'-

o pe ex o a oo oItTPo
tl _ oTK pep. t o B PIlop'lel.I
(Il aTPal poBIItir oIloB r{eor]a lloo..oooo'' }I, )II]llx B oT oaoa
}lo ppo oTK BT, TK pIII o BoNry
(leI la o'
B o po)KeI ..o.[oo ootl,, oo.toTtl I'I
ltlooaIl TI'I poB oI II.1 pa II KPyl opooB ol ooB. B tlo oap o
oo ye .o a poT)t( l948_l953 . o 6600 t pxo T )TTBa. ptr.rrra
[oPT oIo ToB o B POTB ..u'!eIlIla..tspa
..oorN{ a/]II-

]'{ PoI'',

apoHo B.l',',

ToB'' p'67

pooxa PKTKa oTIIPBK P) B lIIIBl'lto1pole p. B rrre 1949 . .t r olt,l. olt.rlup e. Ce eo atlel t rll .K aIo yo pr (rIrt NlTpI,,JyTT] pooo op.
8

 P'), B oToell oToPI

p)Krr
aToPll A8. B eTp
)KeTl:i
aoe
TB
l949 . o I}lI oTo KoP}to o.t\,ITK _ 4500 o,
p ooBl{ x IoTpaa o oJIrIT(Iel!{ oTIlB.
K oy apTT Koliap ep 195 . l059 to
llt lll 187 r yoo' a oTaIe oTla aa
e a ..oppBorooyto eTrloT',69'
, TauI oepI, )ypaTI

..o,' ppoli olITK ].Ill oTotsl1-l!I

Oao
py; zl0 50- oo t poei.
IJpa'lrlt ToK p aeTBoI II l| atIetl!1 )I1 pl t, ollo, po o..JI'' Tp' ooa. O aoee pyI rr ToTIx oNI}ITrle-

Kx ]lllpo ] ol] B ttltl}l), HToT.Nl, .ll-

/]K 1949 ' 70.

,(ote ro oaTJINI JloyHTt ooI t{
T oTopIe yTo}I TpKToBKy Bollpo o oJI o'I.Ko o..e''
ooa' prto TT' To
I.lTtIoo pyKoBoTa B
..papaoT,' or.oa .ta o Too! a J1ep 19;l8 .

'l.o

I.l

ootl o oBoo oa o
.' opo or oaoo oy}lT B e
(..orrIro'') oortt CCP. . po Ip.
.irrrrtII

j.l oI r] aN{p pIT oT oTKoO o'r. op]v1aI(!Ito IIo otlo]!1(IKI,I BoIIPoN'I, oI.IP ao o oyapTttori afi, ToN{ C ooaTo opB' rITo

otl To aolItlHo. Oo y, p
tlr rr ;lrl) ea]!{ pp, po/J ll oK,
Cort'

B lr l948 . rp . KoB I]llIl!'t Bocl o

BTo op pa-ilao A.B' pyuretvt o
ooxelIl olt e l-\K BK() pe I{K K o.
}l Bopo o }t)ilTttl e' Bl Kol To t]
r'pa. pyrBK py )K oox o o e y
BooPy)}tI CC H.A. y. (B oy|IJI'I PoBotlo, _ ootrla pyIll
, or.opt poo) oKoo By
_
olllrlo ol].
Blpa)!
r1, Ko, o B oToo)tlI
Oera'l
(.tts't
To

opl't
o,,
eo
pa ! o.l.oa (ITeT' o o Cooo o e o
oo)llHtl op Ta yx a, To ]!f o (oapl) ](
a JI oo oooxtl otl oo. Ko Ba p llol)
..o opaa, oo, e' T Too o()..
a, rITo

tll aTPo y aT!1 rIoB paTeTB peJIrI Py oTl}'l

'tB}ltll lrt,'' UI ]a1tlI:i Klro N{o<tlo oIt|)ltllo o o}lT, tITo otloI , Boa] ']|lI
aTpoe' t: 1. Tpao oo _ l't. Pl. l'l

Coa po; 2. Ao o - lttl yTPe /'|:

3' . CTaoB _ p o>>?I.
84

l]

l)Jlap

85

le

KBa Iloaa) IIo

:;fl11Tfr,:"Ji';

tlBao' o ''BoPo o oBll To' KoToBa '.. yeT .

TaT INl''i5. Oo, oao' Tao
Top'o-N{ , oapoo pyoBo,IB. a(Irx
llJlgHy
K K opN{ypoB oH o..po
aOaJITKo yKJI'' Kooa. l oa, oap poo]JIlTe a
oo)<oT, opa a Nl o
ToBapa' p la

oTpo
B' p

K, tlo

aII

l'paT aToPTTIlo o-

pa oTKo I' yKpl] Tl\{ aI]!'t o tlo.

fiyo opo, pyr oTT: oMy BoIo op oeK opo rl T.r1 aa Kooa I{oIIpoaa yT oBKlI oBToB oTpy/{KoB y B poBe

(o p.a Koa 20
l ora pv l1l{.l.oB-

oa ') peaT, To o-

[e B pyooTB

JIepoB' Bo opTpoa o oTo] opTolloKI o oa.I oBor1 to' Ko poo yeT TaK IIPo]!'r' oeB oxo.Io TK a BaT' arr 76.

Plli a
r B.

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o

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p1
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o ..pyolr
Koor

49 . a

pyaOp,

pIIalv[ paTaI,1 PoTB

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oBopo To lJ To Bp!

K K, Hapooe

op, paxoltlI I'I)' Il(l ]| l| | |1|(..l\\ |(

,
N{IItlTpoB,
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pooreI . opeI oTKa o oBToo opo Il o oolx olla pl] lItlo oTpa a o}Jo-ooo TyaIr oa.
P' yI yr Py CCCP. poB oPaa .opoa /l, BPo op ot ooopo er
opTa[ll' po rt KBIITHI (l]opor) PaTI
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a ppt] oK oHI Kpo. o]Hoil
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Tllo Aroyp, o oo'oKe oBo o.t.1,l.I lI p.
pae opBoil ttppotitl t.lK Ko.
rl o oTop]NI Bo ooxeN{ I o pa'lrit'
B , alp, op)<a T, o apT ]JoJI)<a rT aBINr yo JlT, oa o[{eT oyapTBo' opoo.
Ko.Io.I p o oo l ..oa'', IIOrrltt o ooooa] p}{l{oB 'lIHlIH o pyKoo.
o Ko]!tyTo pT' H rrpa ) Ilo oo.
o yoo PpIlNrT apoao. ap op]!1y o) ]a opyPoBT IIoIl1.t,IK [poPa]!{I
eJIIl oTeoo paBTI,I) oola po x oyulTe '' Hpyo eTB, a I,o I ao
..ope''
K oT BaT, lr pT!1 oJIa a oo poee apoBo ol.rT1I B oo aptllitlINI!I pa.
]!{, oe oo.tTy orto oo oJIolioo KI.IT' ooNII plTBope x li
p:oq.

t o Il BTpTIla o oIlIoo H.aI{' MoI'l TpBaJ]II fi o.Ipyr o[ITKy altyx'

oeTKoo peoTa pxI{NIa, o t{Tpt{ rj
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}lKoKo eo arx I otl ae pvo pIlall
o ..oIol'' apttiI, o o aPM TpItIl.to xoo. Oo oTaao T. oy o, rr1 o
..orro
p',, oao oTpITI ltaot oortri
r)y apoo['1 aT pp IIoK o,Io,Io.
B 1988 . oaplt Ta BoKa,I epB] tITKrI opatlaIl' F{eoTopI 1lI,1 To }i a aTI.1olI"lITIIKtlx,
[l T)<oB o' poa ooBoNl oo.tl]TTBoaJIIl oya oPBo epoli (o' or
..peo''
]!{oKpaT. ol oa T.'), py ie
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4ll

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M'

p 19ll9 .) polI ..pyt ToI'' )/Jy orlrrr.i tr

.'I1oKpil'l..
.I, PyTT B T Tpax l .l
KIi pa,' oyTrl P)lIIlol} Ir BIo llNloKp.roB
ple or,r a oeo p. x. OHKo. o'I.N11.lt.l'! .o
op l pella;Ia pa'IeK, KpoBalx otl,, o.
oo pootltr Pyl p l989 .
B op JIa , Bpya ..xltolt'', Qloppol]tt rroil p, a BTP pa1iI ttp.t.tto-r'o1leoti t. Cprr alu,l eTert popaToPKoo
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NloT pri !I eJI T' o ooo TopN{o o.l'B. Pepaopt oolt' .Ie].Beo ooo alllpyo, opxo ' oarBa, a o lIIpoo]!1 ppo.rpe'
IIl{ B Tpl{ aT)KoB pori. oo' o).i'i'
o o I pruTHI Il oo]Io puKo8iltll ]l-

T'

24 op 1989 . . ao (v orpo

K K'

ttT opat ) opa l\{oN'l B Illl!I ttapt

oPaH], B Koopo o T. Xo B To]\l, To o o p}I
o oo ool{Koo, ooo t,t oT(Ieoo ptla, o )KyHpoo o, a> o P; poy pI K
apT, ee pyKoBoTB eoae a. T Bopoo!
yl' o l-lpo' o B BTopa' y) IlBo N{a .
. ao yp)aJI, To /]ao l\lo o oeo poa o, pIBo K oTKPlTl TB, tlo HoKo T
o Too o p BTPx pt Py KooJlT N'I. HTP p ne x op epMlll, e oopt op o)<T y.oT opHHo opTtso:'
o .MoBa BJlo oopll eoaTopo, ooI eo yop po o.Tp T.oa o , oooo y K l0 op l989 .66 CyrT-

ByIT pIII eTR' I{e oTlloTeo aB

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a o oo IIBe. p To paT Bo rla
..eoo
oRopIIT o oo po
aopa'' B oytsJr
o . o y, oao KoToPr JIaIe opaTopl T. )oa . ao A. yo (aT, BIyKtlK oooo oypcTBerroo rlTTT NlexaPo/]I oToltl) oToo op)(B PaoatN{tl

op oBT oaTa [ea}{ K. oo B. apao oppo . opaeBa o Tya BI Ioa a oap o..a op,'a oTTPe
4t2

T' tto, oaB],l paBo ]]lop o p lllIlt1ltlti ril1lo

6l. l]c To TaIi oIJ oMIl KpI]oT Polrq('l'llit ('('('l'
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,'l ]IpyIl oIl.r1Il'IllIK oy/lp1.l].

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aK ..Jlopooo-lly1er''' Oat 't 1ltttt.:tt

(o .l.oPOI oll lll.laIJ opal'oB ..BIReeB'') tt tlI

(o r.por ot) oll)<, O ooaJ] trotto.t.t, a
-o llol.to oarff Bo] JIal'' Oo y oI py()8()
>t< ti\lll ollll oTo1'erto ooxoo ..>
oKoo o1'pIIopoTi]''' Cpyt Io poo lla' T. o o't' it oPOTo BpN,l p]l]]e oyp
B}ltloo o'l.i] }i t] To o"r])o]'tl . BpoBtll BllooM']yro
lll]Il!{, 1.'. opo O o Oo1. Boopy)<I i
]]oTaoBl] Bo )]a.trr6tl. tr orralr oTa yaNlIJ' )loall lt't..' 17 ap 1989 . T' l el oT al Oyl{pTBa, ooptri r'I ' ao.
per, 1o BoIIpo o ..TIl'IeK T'' o'l.]]pa ' Xoa N11' llepBoT}loo Heri' oT o p}io]aT o]'lJeI opot.i eIlpI ytl},l 1'opol
..oltto,'oJt1.l{}l'
o or.o't.a To, .]To yo T. lro
o Jlllil lJ r ptttt ot itp|l oU poTopo' H|Io|lt o/Jotto oK o, Nrel{eo ..aHl oIlN'lo]!'t,''
Cpa pllt I]y.I Ty,rI opo potit po.
I C.: Hl urTPorilla IJlrl' ', 200l. T
'
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T'l' Coee ..eoo otIaa,,. l945_1965. |2-1',

Bo B H oert e .a.a| oo-oo u.t
oe' Co, l996. C. 152 l5'
2 'l... ula ' BoBT Ilp p e
a.
o' l993; Kuo '' ape Peo l99-2002' o
2000.

, 2002. . 185.
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'
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5 ..' tpo B oP ea>. Co, 1990. C' 82-83; p,t .
a. o. C. 48_50
6 .'. tLl . . 17 20'
7 o yaI{o IINI po)' ToI oPo o
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' o IJ tilleo ilo po T' )l(oBa, o o! e o41

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9

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JlNl o.leo,o llll yP.l.oop o llJt II lpe .

Cotp, l982)

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l987' ' ,196-497' 590 591'

Ilto' l987

'

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lll{lJ oI.l ot]oIllIIliilI Bopot optt ll lIooo.
. M', l989 . l4l 156 (oyrIotlo ll('l Ptto..lI .yoo o-

oalt'')'

l3 Peooooo lljJielte l,oo'I.a poa od. ]984

57_58.

'

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152 l53; l.orIN't| 't.tlplt.t ol Bo'l.oolil pol' M''

1995.

C.79

80.

C'ar'lll..tlt Paotl a HP .;lp l958 oLl' l959. l9'

16 dtloa l0 . rI o-IIo |l,l l 1le c.l ..NI"'rvut]o
oNn'' B opNrIrIJoiI o-!a // Httoattrri opo Boo'ILloit
RpaII: Ilpolxoc,t .Iol]l. M.' l995 28.l 2[l5.
|7 tutp ypoo (yy.lltaoo) aerlI roa tl
illo]lp.lol.i, eyaoiJ l]oapll Pepaa' o eiI
il. O N1alII t' Nlpuooo llo't'o ojl ParlIe tUIpl,
tio o,ttl tIplloJlI oII o Jl.l{oa rI ){<l] o1.eH'ILI c()
(.t.-. nt B' Typo,t.o etlLie prI Nfe)y oll e
a f lio,t.l.I{a o, 1997' . 21J|.))'
18 lltltttl lJ liaPlll'lj trl)toNIa orl o Ilo
(l990 l997)- 'l L]o.t.l, lt.l' // . 20()0' /4. ll4.
l9 Iip oti',lyl{l'l rl oIl.IlTylloll Illl. oll, l990'
,19-5
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2? uttio C' Rpo>tt. po t] apll' Co, l992.

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'

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26 Ov'pe Bo.ool:i
PoII (J{pa ltollaI,I lll(III().
p.lil)' ., 1,994' C.228-20; Hoarrl oo l]o1.o'lo rlprttt,
c.287-288.
27 a tl a ollallrloo 'l.pollllllo
]lI. oq)Il.

.7 l.

I986.

Mo . . o. . 65'
C: Otr peo B()'oo poe'.. C- 25-21; lJl'ttl I}
. o' l79_llJ()'
]0 apoa PlIy oaplr' M', ]9lJ3'
' 64_65.
| C'lt pl]ollJlll ]986' '
l986 - 7' ]7,
2 Ta e, , l83.
3 Mtulo
fl'' Ku /7' o1,l.' lttl, pa,ll. o, l996'
28

29

45.
4 B ,, duo /0., oa ap. ..c>tlti
potil
ri'' // Peo 1989 oa ]]pa ,|.paEo (Boolloit) plrrr,t:
"'l eP tr.. ,.2001' . ltl l84,
5 rc . a o, l990' , 57.
6 .: apoa Pey.rra oap' .26 2.t, loa Pey

a oap: BopoI Poe paol'o oi{1.eo oea. M'' l985' C' l.l5' l8,26.
37 a op op: petl Ni /1o l /l

M.' l987. . 467'

rI , eritl,l PoIl. M', l979.'I 7 ' 58]

]9 Pclorort l989 ' .pa
'poli (Boo.loiit) ptlrIl:
B epe e' , 200], C' ]82.
a'',
u,lLlnlpo Bo e,, Co, Co,2()00. C, 128,
at ''' uo X. , o.t. . 18; tttl Ii-' d .
rl
C. l7ll l80; p . ' o. C 255 260; Ll'|Ilpo . ' o.
E pll

'|25 121'

Mlu B'B o. o | 2 ,' 19ll7 T l'C 92

'
tll I op' ' 487_488'
aa aeal V r, l.l.
', \976 6'
45 lt.,. Barl ell a oer
p,l.//..l6ll .ra''' l999
N 42. . 10:' /lLllutpr:lt ' lt. o ' ]59.
16 {uo ' pre '''
C. l76.
17 uo I l!{oap C- l92
4E t..' Ktll ''
a. o'l. C |40-116 fitL'l,tuttlpl a''
42

13

o.

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49

2000.

Xptttllt

H' r,ap.r...]on>elIir', l970_1974 |rl'

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5l Tpy (Co). 2000' 20
5] t.:3-ydrrrroo /o ' oa,l o.ll 'l
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KPTIloo o a .prr ]on. l999 tl ]2.
5 Xptttl x. a o. C' l5_l6
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o. C. l43.
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(..rrrlori'') Po oeao }te'o tlooo.
6()Cl,'t.lte Pao|] 19ii6. Co' 19tt6

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61

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KoTople B JlP oapT P'.lBrI aToNllllyIJlllIeI]IIII, T) oT IloToil oIlU]l|lLrI ts TpaH' B..l/J'r.
B ot]TltlI IlBaI oToTT]] o l0 OP
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Ooo [Po/J; BIiI opit eT TK) IlU !l
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oKo rIppot.t. pl PTPe]!{ IJK K paTc}1 oypoo oBTa Maco' aP'].

oTaa o,l. olITrIoo t,IoPi] K J:lilL]H()o H:]llPllBI]tI

PIIT,I or1., oo N'lo rI/Jll oIJllattNla oO.l'Be.l..t L]
IlrI PoN1]ll yl'oB]l opllL p|loil ]!lOp]lrlilt{. oIl ]989 ' 1990 . otll irTliH|\ oyNl}i'tl }l
pel] Bo o o1'K o1' oB,l'oli (lrKoli) ]!Io/]tt
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yto l]o.rl ap1. (oH I ot ;tllr opal{tl (IlP
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TTo IIPtlJ'I!l LIltirI, oo,IlBll] oalr;lt ]'ypaNl I](),|
t t

ol]l1T BolJ l1KoHI]l t1Nle:l.

oorrrri 30 ap - 2 ep''r l990 ' IV (.rpl.llt) K pt,t lrc.t' ll]\1oil,l'Iltloo oI(IlaN{a,

poBoartB!r yp oa llPBoBoo oyttp.l.Bil, '].ao8
.il .]]aNl1.oli pirtttI It Pa BilT, }t:| pil]]'lt{
O1]o op'Ir.rpoofJ pro.ro KOo\l5. to ol'lo

ol]I{ rlItlr ltp] oyp.|]Ix oo Hotlt

poN{ rtp I rrp ' Jllr;o, a (l974 198) ollllljr-u
B BIIII yol]ol].rBo lI BIB]III1 o1.TJIa.. Xl]oI'
. o ox I opoTotIT o]lpToil pao'e. KaaI l ilo,Ire!I]\l, o.opI poBa aPTrI o/l
B ..oylt.Ie''. B alrpe l990 . oa o rlorrt oprro pPy la eprioB B ol(llaTlIy (C)' part t]o/lyIl1 pfir lloB .]. ts
o I e op ollan-rlloP,l.oB B l891 '6
,(irtl rarr o oott tto-oTKoo oJIK I pPtl.l.l l (Tp I990 .)'
tl"o to C
B pToNr HoBo
..opTlll(o Ta lIao'

rr yllo oTo a oo ollloB' aoI ollajl'].tr t1eri',7' B ollx

/Joy.| oBoPIIJIO' To apT' oTpa oT Bo NIpl,IT.
Kx op, TpI K yBorI11] Bo oo l,1 o1'gP)eLr!io.
o IlPK'I'UKo'I oI.a OJrT! o JJNIoKPaTKlI II:Iop.l'K rrpri rr xri' lo T.lx Iae]lO
) TT roIvI Corrrr.loo rrr'pat1oaE.
Cpe pa.rlx o rlotlllo TI C oa
yoBoe IrPrroTlJ ato oPT, OtlPl]
(Ie.]}e Ool}oo o or:i 1oT apotlo optl
418

Tl optI oyaPTBllo B.T' ptt o IIo(IPI{B o.l.I1ll ttoolvlol. l'r.t]Ots}l'I ollIloll' OTopo Boo)<tll oKpa'I.li' epol{ oT To.aJIrl'IaPrlil Ilojlo pac}l.tpN{y9'

B C t{TBtlo oTa Boo)o1.ll

HlI opyro oy Ilapl{..tl>l<}tl'' rr..a.t.l.'

polIit. H oTN'Ia]o, To lleKool pit [3o
l'o]lo BpoI ].lKlle pBoro]]tl L.TB.o oo) lIa(Iao
oPl.ll ttNt Ilpoe]!'l' o Ta yeoall Ie'.l u o.
pI', vo - oJl oa.]'l NloP].llrle .p!I, o
BIoKa oTKa yTvpa' y ogto ot{oIlIl I,l

pIa' B oapo (laotv) PIlIlT ..){'' PBor

tl RIBa I o, e! rr r pl]']. K P)aKoli
or1|0'

Co>r
KIl orrpo o

otItlHI ol(aJl

C a

PtIl

peTyl{ oNfvIlo-ToTTpoo p)l.

o opo }l'l.o:Io I)oI]I.]Ioo, Ho aToIl{o' Ir JIyleo pIi. OKoK ByalI tlpItI,I K l]PT. otl lIpl\|lOi opHlIrf,l|. Pl.| y Ht HI.| HoIo
]lpol(' Boil l99l ' pyol]tso C ltoloo [lJlI
I /loyN'l.l (loT[.IeK NleoPyNl 91 l]llro oea
oapoI:i ollt1IlTo ap o arto]tl
l\lNlopay)' ol'OpI ra IOITK orro oT py1..I o .reru;l0-r.eo IIo TPo,r.TB ol,I.
]!'I B oap. B lr ot.t. l,I]} aK'l)n ]!1oo.
e] l\{aoI pp, plII opa B oTtlo' KoIlo!1rIKoIi Ir pyx p, TopIItIII oTpao o() otIPTTBo ]Joo Pltoa. Op
Tax .re o oo. p Rl| ]1 OTaTBtlo1. _ o o>t<r I l oppoBaI port

rloatll'

B or yoBx /C l iy)]l t:io

JIo H/laBo BpN{eI{ ot{ooo aTBy}o oPl{,
B oTaoB Ptlo yToBBUlo t{Ho.oIlTtloO
paJril. Cra K p]'aa l. tto'I oPpoa.

e. ByTp PTII ot{ aJIlIllI 'l. _ o popr.opx o opTo/]O .t }il ' oB Opa, oo)Klrrl{
a or'.rori ap B C: opa ol\l]!y}iTKa ap. IIp'l.y TTy P]!{IrIlI ..1-loit'' K;
oap KoyriTa aP' (pr); oapa po-pH ap.r. p' O e M N'IToo
oT, tlo ole . BTeTBoI],ilo o op
o po B oN{yTo )e Tpal'
K pa.re oT oro' O poa HC, Ilpoo], oo)I, )l]Il py oprl /JBI.Ixe' o oPyTo pPoBaJI Boto aB-

419

l\{oT' oToT,.lt{oT. ' prfl.y KoN1}'1yt{TOB, T -

BoBT TopTeT B oTB, apT ..lloTl'I o''.

C oa l989 ' v ypttli, aoopl poe o]1.

T opa poo oll1a' BooolI .

TeoT ..oplt'' PT, aplt{t{I paytll
ts |947-\948 .; oap .t apol ot _ H-

oa o, oap oa-opT.ta ap, Pao-eoKpT apl.. .[ltop.t apT /lp'

Boo llo)KTBo ol pr', py opa; oe llo OTBo a 1990 . ooo 80. o-

r oUITBo lI ppao .oyTeK

o, BPo IIpo t'rp ooo
IlpooeT KprtI{o oTo( Tal, e.I K oKToy ooro. ao oTttolllt{ K oTII (o,t'Ir _
C) p aTJl ' , ITIaBIII
apto a K oy Boo, aK K IoO o paoBHoT, y o..pat', ..yr''. O,o o/]t{ /l.to oo-oT(leKI{ op l oTo
oTaT B ooy pe) KoIrKy) , oop a 1990 . aTIBaa o px BIr 980 l. lloB, oI o 31 l. PBtlI 12. Bopo o oppoa o, o 'Kolt|y|l]tTLlKo ootl
T oaK opTo Ba aTya, !t p o BTIo Ipo.
7 ap 1989 . I oa oaI{ol Co ,NloKpa.t(I.
K ]], TaBuII.ifI aBlNl oIloTol!'1 K. B o poaJlo
o 13 opIra; H.H' ' P, , ".ra ap
p. pel\'t pyoBoeo opa Koopl1rrooo o-

ea l pa 3BTl ToyT .oo

. X|]'

B ep l990 . a lollT Hl aliI opa J{C

a ..]vloKP,'' B atitill oTB [C ll. Orr oa TyJl B oI, p IIoKI,I/Ia o. BoBItrlr ,
oe'!1BI l opaH Bor oPt{aol]yI MoToToT. o' oo .opolll, O/J(IPKBao ]!{opaTl\l o
TyTypI, a Po oaao poI p.toa. Tt
CIC opo po I/1IJy a pl po" l} Ilo'ItI
o )rI op.

C,[C op ..ioKpaTIi ol1''

Itprl.t,ty o
e.IBrioo paBT. l{er .tul ]]NIopTel1 |Ip I PoBoarxo oTaoe p KyTIlo
pepBoo .]1aorioo polla, pole e poBo}ry opey ( ..ao ap''). CIC ly a o
p(Koo oTB, otIKoo paa' ooap.o l, PaBoBoo oa, ptovo oo. AaoIIIJI TI tPoo ooB rt B oKy K/C.
Ho o o ao o'rpoo poTI,1oTo > 420

paaNr KoyrtTa.

a.r.t. ltoo;ltlN'!Ol\) yJl()l]lt

]loT) aal B IlIll]..JlII()'l'lll|()ii

BaT oy]lTllo apT''l4. Cor Cfl(-- ,l'ltty,tttt1liltrlt"rtrl

]\,1aoIJ] a.tlKoNItl.K,I aI.1' o oill l ll l!Il||llI),]lit
N'lt{TKx op a a ypBIr{ TpyKTYI,

p o B.
epI epTee topl

C opolte [ oprr optrpo I{oPI oTIltiIi tlr, KoTopo oto a]I pt a,

K/tjI ttl. > }il{\' o) Nle.IBeo
ool.ole oTotU' o tlpoIi BonKaJl ll o'lL
pyTl,IBI, of oe elrpo.r.o o, pHo KopeTI KTIl pyTaTl'

B ap 1990 . oaplr oo ot
To'' oB TPI, tlo y) IT P Py.

..pyl

oTotloBpoctiKlt oap (lur. Bep) oNIa oT)KlIll opol!1].ta ]{)<y po.rlltsoop.| llvIo Nllt illll TyI oT, oIIao-oolvltlN{ tI IN{ polINlaI{ B Il oNloo oIl ]. ppee' ooI y(taT}tKaN{ ..pynoo TOJI'' BJI p}lT aT

(KI1 C) C,. l oyIrlHI TK) OT.ITtll

po' poorre' xeKe tl Ntoo)Kl opI] ]].
).

Coolit TaTy ..poo Toa,' pe)]pa o o y.

y rtlrrti ovapl op' o!1yTI a e ot{ytlI ooBoo ooplr oa, ]IpilIITBl prtroflU' B o opIrtrt y aT ..pyoo
Toa'' lIl K orrtllttlo o poptI1 oTl]KoiI li.l.I tIpxo]l pa.o
oKp'r.! o IIpae o.
yap1.Beoo oBT )JtI tlIlTyTa plJT.Ba (3 p l990 ' Haoo op po pTol\'I TpaI . naoBa), o Iopa Belro Llapoo opa apa}lT
Bootioo P:pa, o oot oo)KIlI{ ao o oIlTI.l apT' o PoI]K IrTItl.|li| oP i|]]]JI|I1 o NlTy ao'l,

e[pTu ooBI oyp.Iel rrTTyToB

B' a' poKypTpI, [

..Kpyl To''

pII,

p'Is
'KII oo)KII o pap]l-

!t T ]!{exy Pt ape oo. O yprt oJIoHe C,[C ao otaol-io t{,IKolllIllttlT

Ko o.o ]' / o ot.t. oxael
BorlpooB oIIl a epl TylIKU. oTopt oIl]I po B
o.lIeo T, lloopal,l e opa],IoI ooI, pB K opacHll .teo l. C o .opot, T ylyK!I
121

o)<l Irl BlJTToBaT o oTa p.t oT I'{o}ioo}l a

BJIT' o e TpN{.]1 K pt{Ko]!1 py.
o ooopeoT y(ll.I.oB..Kpyoo oa'' r,rr l990 .
l ael loI B Bo Hpoo opti _ lllll"I
IIpTaBIITlll a Kooa.e tit pa. oti .lit oo
poo T paaoTa PT]r ('oil oTT}IIlI pt.
Io o.llro, To ot{oa op It'l'.i'!'!l ilHflit'].l pitBpI]T ltexy K/C [C. l y,'x p].lj.Ol] 0](tl o.poN'ly. K IBo o.Bl.l, P/ll{ oaa apT'I' oIr]a PBIITo t{ooli]Jl' IJo JIoTTo.Io yToriBIlvl PoI ToPTo II otl
a I' Py pT' oo.

[opaa, ott .]rpat l]{1.BI]o apo-

y py xT o,Irlo. opt oBl Bol!'too1' PoT poIJ'I aoHHoo oirHlI' B a.l

l990 ' ilo]!{ .p op tIoB oltii oPil]ltl:lll )H,I a II]]a BooI, BlP)Kttll tIT] NlT..KpyoNt
It] TypoK l,1 ]!Ia' Coaotli il
To,,' Ilp
r.tri apotlit oPaN'I ynlt l] u ltp l990 '
ao o tIorr.IKt,l pTllx PtllaJI oj,l.lHIl xpTll il ]'.IKo, pao tl peoo ooB16 (BoTBlIll TI] HopI
l r.lr B Iloy otlTTy})' JI]IPI !{ o.r.pa.lr o
'l'op'{oy oPTa, o/IpBa T r4 olllaIloaI pKTP B, BIa]Ba a PaopatI x
a)<a Kori, oao ooo KpIa Bo Tpli' ptsepxel ypo NtoJIt{ BIIT. B l990_l99l .

[ oao

peori PeTrIIr T oTlI(lo

pT' .o oBoo ey ytITBoBT PaTKx lI l{I
top. B l992 ' oo l y, ool1.lireo IIp]r{a o
eTr,Io pT o pBpr ll a llo HolIpilHoo ,l. llo...to >. T oToIUl]t{ oIlI oao K .
olo oIIIJ Ka oeo poa ol| op TvpKa
yaa ..opol]Ii.tI poe,' e la}lI
ttNt PltTIltl. lao axe ee poBoo oolt{T, o exyapoIx oprlal1rt. oTop] aTtlo oT-

xBIoT oo)lle Iloa] NlttTB B palll

oyapBa.
paoo yppoe .al{l,t opy,.C, oe}r eo
oo ToT ltt poT.l. o 'l.,1 oapKoo oTB, oTlJIx o]I!1TI,loB, Kt] pi,lIlTapel7, B ya.rall ..tl Aapt''' poBollK
.tyxr oaprr Trpol8. oooe oTo tee ..o'' TypK l{yy]\'lrIa]{ oNIIipoa.o o 't .oKo aoa, oe o oo To (p
I( poT Kpa, apxo.I B oTol1ll] )y aKo
Typuli paoo pIl]t. pT pBol. ]\IyyJI422

lr air). oart oa' llo B oaLlll Ijolt

op pa c,l.ts o.rtit .I,t BIt l i.l .l.PlOTlllI'
oo oTopol\{y Tp (oo.eo il.) )' JlltBoir poo aIloaoli o.t. op' BPoIlt-|OiI
eToT|9' oo To tle llIJlo jlIl poorrl, orl
tlp/JTI,ITil B I]lI lI ]!1T!{I opaI oyP,l,Boil
BTl{.

lrp KaIltl o ropar BFl ap.oa )(

oe paoTt..y-rroo oa,'. O ooBa OIINI N{al\1
rr. o alt (o oTB P)Kt{ ]
Plll II t]tlp Bp) Tpt{poa]ltI ts IlPN{o]\'r (UPe
Ilo paIlo I,I TBJ]t{Ilto. C,fC o.ap IIo}toT) llooa .o oIIpTt{Yt BON]o)tlT oT pTI,IK
45-eo rtp11o;l tIPB,Ir9lt

K.

o ltp pxrt aTl BIopo oPa1'.ia opo.l1ooT pBIoPo oPI' .[ poo Bo ]lllltll.ll
lIo! po a oo oTpllr]l1 oIlllaTlroO o.
IIIoo. e oKa ooxoT aKoo-Jto OTtllI,r.B
C. oostIvII'I O oya t..45- T 't.'' ..BP
]!1 tlitlll',. oT pooll l!'1I ye ]]Ioo ooo(I
eoBa pKiilBa oy tiC, pyol]o1'o C,. to
Br}Io yIIe20' ol(ao oporrIir rr'roNlNt o}o
oTToJrKH o. o aT pTl:i, ooeI{Ho polrt1tl. peBIopa Ta

apo.;la RIil\le Ha ollI

oarrN'l. Oy> Ptrpe!}lo ToT.ao PolIlJIo.

apT IlPe,JIaaa oolil. 1lllpl.lt.tit ot1ll'
oyll..oap p> Bo,',..aortoyrI ,ll oaprl''
ooT,Ilo BopH}'I Jt{IlTo aTto Hi]ti'
PlrN{ylt{.l.Bol'r C ro LIIt tl lIIIIPOo TlI NI'I
TpyTyP, so [ yIl ol''
Blopr poort't /]Ba .fyp (l0 17 lr l99() .) o lttrlaoil ;ttxoplt,po-Poll0pon}io 'l.NI. B tl prt
'e 40 o,{Tll IlPT. >it' oa (r'1 !l l B().
]r CI). '100 .r.x ]!{a]'oB pTI{OBa 090 tt-

llTo, B To rle l4 l l ootTl oKpya, /l pJIa

ooBI] /lIIy.l.l'l.Oo oya. H rtpeI ,l'Ktl
'tI,l
ooo 90./ trpa. B a aIIT BIoi I
al .Iir]]TJ] o poI, oaa]\'ITa' l l -

Ill]acHToB Beop, CP, A, Kar.

p, P p. Koplo-to} ]1THoCT o}.
..a TIlI L]Io1er,r o oPaIl _ x
..p)<aa tIala',. K eo11ale JIIoT
pI''
tl a Iopa ItpllToa PTaI]T pI py)K.
IIIIoHJll

l pT],I oPaa2l.
o topo oaa e-To payNrl, B -To
o)l. M

BH

papI'1Il l{}'1 opoNI:

421

 _ 211; _ l44:

23; HC _ 16; ot.l or

O"BeItoo
pr
po) _ 2; 3BNll alrat _ 2;
UTTBI{a aTtI Tpyl{a _ 1; Co-opl' apT
(ltapI) . l. o C .r.BoBaa' To ottt
ooBa oTaToo Blo KpeTo]{ oTeoo oep. TyBr [ e op o tloBo oToIt' epTlIBlIIII lI BttrrPJ]aN{tlTo oIlrtotl B IlaPIITy) yTo yTBep BoI o K BTeo, Tooii o ar rrolto l Talll' uro
ooo B I'1eToM lrl o IIapTtl BIT a
Blopa ,[. Oo eya H oolt o o [pUly polo }ltuo, orioo pTrIpa ToTjrapo , a T) opti o Topotll oro C!'

oITeoo eHIl KTBPoB ol]l,v ()llllil.lll,j.;lNlIl

Bropt IIoKa paeI,1 oIt'l ta. llpT pyIIttI opooB oI{' B otu l'plll KJlTypl TpoB oy oP)a CflC ( vao, 't.o!1 o Iloy 547o ooo, B To P]!'l a JIo]\{ llo Tpai] _
36ok). a rl olll aa T T1lIlllll, ]!1oo)K'
[poN1ll po. y aor pa)a lo c' Ol'
I B Iry IJ opPoBIlorI' oT a poBe }{aoBl
aK B IIop) Bo ap. eopT B ollooi\'1 oTa-

yTya oTp,Il{, Ko aTaK Ha poTIIIlkil lJl B,(e,

H-H'

BlI xT']I Jl I opoo, Poo op]]a' oxo to ooBa. Bo Bp pro aII, B sIopo, o extot pllo oJITa aK'Bt{oT y

peKo a.
C[C o .l'oPo I'l popol p.T Iopo' yoe BlKtB . Xa o To' tITo o tltrt lot, I vt (oe o lvleXyllpol aeri), o lI ooo ar pyoor
e oaPTBl apa'l, oo l]T lv1I ooxo
oToB lt'IooB oooB22.

prrlte oylt oTe .loprr''

ClC

ypaa o Pal{oo l{t{ll, t opToo BIo lto ltTopriro

I{II] _ papaoTaT pT
BHyt
orr ae)yro PBoByI
pcolJ'
e oaa apo
ool'
u'ot oe p paT Bo rlPoT oooo o.
Ho oo I oopooli, TBoa pol'tloT,
To IyTN'I To, oN{pooB a e yTToB o{lallT]
]!Ioy P Ha Or Topoy' B o C! o
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oopaI opo pBI: oa 1.lll.aI]lt itlll|'|{)|)ltli
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PoTBo R 'l.pe .roI Tooo p (..opoir ll'l.ltlll,l'.).
oooo ooTBTTBy}l{ oya. 26 aa l 990 r ilr,r.
o oo)Ko pPallo aH Bleo or.a Il 1..Ila1l
Too o^'l'') B TP o. va 'l. aK'i'I'pol]al]rl
oTN{I pyjI1'ToB j]IopoB, oTTaBKll pt{T .. p.t..t.

poB B oB,l po.l.l{ I;K, ttlyr .[Ci o

BP pa,o aII. prt o poo oooo
TrP, ooTT'r.ByT I oB lit,to. o

o oaKr,I BToPoB, . poaa'.rto''t'.t

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r aK l\l o1'.telIe or,r. 6 r

]] oTTaBy pT ' ao2r' Btopl rlpa.

l990 . o

MrITo IloBoo l] ovpTBa poo/JI'l o ].pyo poNIy a)' ooy oa p N'I ]lIrl.

PoBIloo otua' oo t ot.r oltpot' ple TyPI o,Ilooll oa peyrrar. B otrl yp

o Tp oooB To /J pa B' Btl' I]
HC. Heo>rto Pooa B IIIo 'l], Ko]la aa.
o CIC ' oep'(a yTTl-or(aTI' To or'lo eo ptl. Be-pIll.otrt 't. r.apl K
A. p, p ttaBrUrt oTl aaa .Iaa, i!1t{TPa IryTHIl '

Hoaovo tlKoo]lly o .oKol.]!I eTa.Nl ..o

T.IKoli K'' eKo oHT o/Jl ( c 1,oo appyl'tl) lv{oBI) Iroyulx

o oJIo)eBa. Bo y'l.o
BII ep' (lTo B yoBx yIo oaJIo-Kotlo.
tIKoo p, o.r'ort olro po C
otl o pNll yep)llt]T B lroOTy aT (apTKyIo, pIrTKy}, pts.r..l.Blty), a o
T ooI{, T 1Nl OTBTTBHo a ]]oo) ]] TPir. popI to ll, To C,.
..at IIpe lx ooop o P opt
p''. Botl o pyKoBo,IlTJr A' yao trptl
a, To l990 . O'|.oa ooBoptloT . Ilrt, or.opI B ye a o 'l'o o'l yBa) oTo otI otIM o tl-..
C p oaa pyr y CC B tloJlo]JaI]t TKTI,IK Itl o,r1OB B.rH] P'l.p ]l)
o PIlToo lll,tuT' tl t. PollNIOI]I:

oBa.I (TaT, oyIllo) a

a a^{TaptI l]-o l lllaJI.l

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lTo llpMllJl aIll. Po TopoI! oaaJl

ylt oy ol.t C p.I py aatl. l yparo ao. p<e o 1.o ao

}o pae ooII PBTTo, o ltoI,ITo T pBylo op )Ka oTetlHoT a
paTo oTae Koollx popru' KoToP]e
oap 1 o yIT tI Ha. oiro tlorr
lIoo ooparr orro!1l1 B p tllJ I(orIorIrl.
Ko UeooDIloTr.
pao, KoTopo pa l990 r. ots A. JlYIloB' BIlpBl B ToP Tp.rl Io 1'o olt'INIvTeK]!t, o't
K rr pea eJIa o oallotlr. o BIopo B
BHC A. yaoy o lo opyo opt'tpoa.I paB,lTTRo, oI]TI, oI.K opoa Coe llpo Ulllpooil oil.
t1lroo oHo a- pJ],ttse}Ia poPaa I
peoplopo, pIo.lo, oa oy oo)('].eJrI] otl}l
op yext IlaToB. Bto KIIeToB
B' Oo C,[ e ypaaa ToKo Nl popN{Nla,
oo,O' o oa y oylllTT al.Iolt po, py
KooJIllTIivl oatiTo. O ooIl o.pyllT tIpB.
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A' yKIloB pe p. poptt.. ooy'. _ o
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428

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[o optoo Po o oltto. H C Bl'o llyrl}|

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o yit{Pt|Ie oPallall y}le!I B 1.ol,I oKylrlx tso)
aN1oToe!lo.l., '.e lIllo'' IIppll}lI1 Ko.pa!I.

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429

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y}o p1., To yPo)aT IIt{Ty NIoKTll Jl l]
pa]?. Bope oop TpT pyoI]Ka _ C']1 pal (e ap, p yo a aHoT l!,1op.
p.), oop Ta) Ta' o o o)(H o.l.ilT Kotll,
BTottoI oa}rail'
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40

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