Chapter Twenty-Four:

The Transformation of Europe

Todays Big Question: why did the outwards
expansion of Europe prove to be so hegemonic
and so durable?
The traditional answer to the question related to
questions of military power, technology, the profit
motive, and religious zeal
The modern answer to the question has much more to
do with what was going on inside Europe;
The renaissance gave way to a whole-scale
reconfiguration of political, economic, social, and
scientific relationships, which involved:
An end to the dominance of religion in the political sphere
(ultramontagnism and divine right)
The constitution of independent and sovereign states
The end of feudalism
The growth of early capitalism
The scientific revolution
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
The Fragmentation of Western Christendom
The Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
Reform Outside Germany
John Calvin
The Catholic Reformation
The Council of Trent
St. Ignatius Loyola
The Society of Jesus
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
The Fragmentation of Western
Christendom
Witch-Hunts and Religious Wars
Witch-Hunting
Religious Wars
The Thirty Years War
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
The Consolidation of Sovereign
States
The Attempted Revival of Empire
Charles V
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
The Consolidation of Sovereign States
The Attempted Revival of Empire
Charles V
Imperial Fragmentation
Foreign Challenges
The New Monarchs
Finance
State Power
The Spanish
Inquisition
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
The Consolidation of Sovereign States
Constitutional States and Absolute Monarchies
Constitutional States
Absolutism
The Sun King
Absolutism Outside France
The European States System
The Peace of Westphalia
The Balance of Power
Military Development
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
Early Capitalist Society
Population Growth and Urbanization
American Food Crops
Population Growth
Urbanization
Early Capitalism and Protoindustrialization
The Nature of Capitalism
Supply and Demand
Joint-Stock Companies
Politics and Empire
The Putting-Out System
Social Change in Early Modern Europe
Profit and Ethics
The Nuclear Family
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
Science and Enlightenment
The Reconception of the Universe
The Ptolemaic Universe
Planetary Movement
The Copernican
Universe
The Scientific Revolution
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
The Enlightenment
Science and Society
Voltaire
Deism
The Theory of Progress

Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
Sources From The Past:
Adam Smith on the Capitalist
Market
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
Every individual is continually exerting himself to
find out the most advantageous employment for
whatever capital he can command. It is in his own
advantage, indeed, and not that of society, which he
has in view
- An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes
of the Wealth of Nations