Giao Trinh Co So Ky Thuat Dien

Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang
8
CHUONG 1
MACH NNG LUONG ( MACH KIRHOF )
Khi cac qua trnh ch phu thuc vao thi gian (m hnh h thng) con gn ca s
lu thng (chay, truyn at) gia nhng b phn cua h thng ta se goi la m hnh
mach, ap dung cac bc xy dng m hnh toan hoc a nu ta xy dng m hnh cho
mt thit b in, v y co dong chay nng lng - Ta co m hnh mach nng lng
(mach KF).
1. M hinh mach nng luong
1. iu kin mach hoa :
Nhng iu kin cn phai thoa man co th m ta qua trnh bng m hnh mach
( qua trnh ch phn b theo thi gian - qua trnh ch m ta bng h phng trnh
ch phu thuc thi gian).
a. dai cua bc song trng in t phai rt ln so vi kch thc TB co
th coi qua trnh la tc thi,vn tc truyn tng tac =
=
1
v ; y la iu kin c
ban bo qua s phn b khng gian cua qua trnh ma ch xet phn b thi gian, nn
qua trnh co tnh cht th va co tnh cht lin tuc.
b. dn in va t thm cua mi trng rt nho so vi cac vt dn ghep
thanh TB. iu kin nay giup bo qua dong chay ro qua mi trng gia cac vt dn,
khng nh tnh lin tuc cua cac dong dn.
c. Ch quan tm n hu han im trn vt.
2. Nhom u cac hin tng c ban :
Cac hin tng in t cua TB gm rt nhiu ve nh tiu tan, tch phong, tao
song, tao xung, phat c nng, bin ap, khuch ai, chnh lu, tach song,... v nguyn
tc la cha bit ht. Tuy vy xet theo quan im nng lng, qua thc tin co th phn
tch moi qua trnh trao i nng lng thanh nhom u cac hin tng c ban sau y :
a. Hin tng tiu tan nng lng ng vi vung tiu tan la vung bin nng lng
in t thanh cac dang nng lng khac nh : c, nhit nng...(tc la vung tiu thu mt
nng lng cua TT).
b. Hin tng phat ng vi vung (ngun) phat la vung bin cac dang nng lng
khac thanh nng lng i n t.
c. Hin tng tch phong nng lng in trng ng vi vung kho in la vung
nng lng in t tp trung vao vung in trng cua mt khng gian nh cac ban
cc tu in hoc ngc lai a t vung o tra lai ngun TT.
d. Hin tng tch phong nng lng t trng ng vi vung kho t la vung nng
lng in t tch t trng vao khng gian nh ln cn mt cun dy co dong in,
hoc a tra t vung o tr lai ngun TT.
3. Bin trang thai o qua trnh :
a. Bin trang thai cng sut P : Mt cach t nhin co th chon cng sut P lam
bin trang thai o qua trnh nng lng in t. Nh vy, nu co n vung nng lng th
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa- Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
9
co n bin trang thai P
k
(t), va vi bin nay trong h ch co mt phng trnh cn bng la
: trn c s nh lut bao toan nng lng. Vi phng trnh nay khng
lam ro c ban cht ring cua tng vung nng lng, khng m ta c hanh vi tng
vung nng lng v s phng trnh be hn s bin.
= 0 ) t ( P
k
b. Bin trang thai dong, ap i(t), u(t) : T iu kin mach hoa co th dn ra bin
ap u(t) la hiu in th gia hai im (th hin tnh cht th cua mach) va dong i(t)
chay doc sut mi b phn cua TB (th hin tnh lin tuc).
- Cp bin u
k
, i
k
trn mi b phn TB nu ro ln cn cua b phn y co mt
qua trnh nng lng in t ma ta o cng sut qua mt cp bin u
k
.i
k
= P
k
.
- Tuy theo ban cht vung nng lng ma co quan h u
k
(i
k
) khac nhau. Quan h
nay goi la phng trnh trang thai - no noi ln hanh vi ring cua vung nng lng.
- Dung cac bin u(t), i(t) vi nhng dang phn b thi gian kha rng rai (lin
tuc hoc ri rac, tin nh hoc ngu nhin...) co th ma hoa nhng tin tc dung vao
muc ch iu khin, o lng, thng tin...
Vy co th dung bin dong, ap o qua trnh nng ng lng, truyn tin hoc
m ta hanh vi cua vung nng lng.
2. Nhung phn tu co ban cua mach KF.
Sau khi co c cac bin o qua trnh c biu din bi cac hin tng c ban,
co c phng trnh - mi quan h gia cac bin m ta hin tng c ban th phai
biu din hin tng c ban bng cac thng s c trng. Tng ng vi nhom cac
hin tng c ban nh ngha c nhom cac phn t c ban.
1. Phn t tiu tan - in tr r (in dn g) :
Qua trnh in t trong TB co hin tng c ban la tiu tan nng lng (Tc la
bin nng lng TT thanh dang nng lng khac nh c nng, nhit nng, hoa
nng...) ta goi o la hin tng tiu tan nng lng.
a. Phng trnh trang thai : Khi ch thun tiu tan th cng sut tip nhn phai
lun lun dng: p
k
= u
k
i
k
> 0.
Ngha la trong vung nay ap va dong lun cung chiu, co th vit phng trnh trang
thai di dang quan h ham vi h s dng gia u
r
va i
r
: u
r
= r.i
r
hay i
r
= g.u
r
(1.1)
quan h nay la nh lut m a bit.
b. Thng s in tr : Ta co p
r
= u
r
i
r
= ri
r
2
suy ra
2
R
R
i
p
r = T y co th thy y
ngha nng lng cua thng s r chnh bng cng sut tiu tan khi i
r
= 1A noi ln kha
nng tiu tan goi la in tr co th nguyn la []=[V/A]. Tng t ta co :
2
r
R
u
p
r
1
g = =
(1.3) goi la in dn vi th nguyn la Simen S = [1/] = [A/V].
c. Cac ng c trng cua phn t r, g : Quan h u = ri la mt phng trnh ai
s. Tc la gia u, i trn phn t tiu tan co mt quan h ham xac nh, quan h u(i)
biu din bng hnh hoc goi la c tnh Vol-Ampe cua phn t tiu tan tuy thuc vao
tnh cht cua r, g.
10
Khi r = const, ta co in tr tuyn tnh. Quan h u(i) la ng thng.
Khi r = r(i) ta co in tr phi tuyn. Luc nay quan h u(i) la ng cong.
K hiu in tr trong s nh hnh ve (h.1-1):
p
i
i 0
u(i)
r(i)
u, r
h.1-1
r u
u(i)
r(i)
i
u, r
h.1-2 c tnh V-A. in tr tuyn tnh
h. 1-3 :c tnh V-A. in tr phi tuyn
2. Phn t kho in - in dung C :
a. Phng trnh trang thai kho in : Khi t ap u ln trn hai vt dn ngn cach
nhau bi chn khng hoc in mi t i mt nhau th trong ln cn cp vt dn se
xut hin mt in trng. Trong nhng iu kin thng thng in tch q nap ln cac
vt dn tuy thuc in ap u, tc la co quan h q(u, u'...) gn ung ta ly q(u). Cn xac
nh quan h gia u(i). Ta co :
t
u
u
q
dt
) u ( dq
i
= = , goi h s cua phng trnh la in

dung cua cp vt dn hoc cua kho in, ky hiu la :
u
q
) u ( C
= (1.4)
= = idt
C
1
u ,
dt
du
C i (1.5) la phng trnh trang thai cua kho in (lut Maxuel).
b. Thng s in dung C : in dung C la thng s c trng cho kho in, t
u
q
C
= thy ro la thng s c trng cho dung tch nap in cua kho di tac dung
cua in ap ( C bng q khi u = 1V). No ch kha nng nap in tch cua tu in, C cang
ln kha nng nap in tch cua tu cang ln. V mt nng lng co :
dWe = pdt = u.i.dt = u.C.(du/dt).dt = u.C.du = C.du
2
/2 C = 2dWe/du
2
. in
dung C bng hai ln nng lng in trng khi du
2
= 1V. C o dung tch nap nng
lng cua tu, ch kha nng nap nng lng - th nguyn cua C trong h SI la Fara (F).
F = [C]/[V]=[A.s]/[V]=[s]/[]. Ta ky hiu tu in trn s nh hnh ve (h.1-4) :
F = 10
6
F = 10
9
nF = 10
12
pF.
c. Cac ng c tnh cua phn t C
Nu C = const, ta co kho tuyn tnh. Khi C = C(u) ta co tu phi
tuyn. Ta thy vi cac kho in (va k ca kho t ) cac bin u, i lin
quan nhau trong mt phng trnh trang thai vi tch phn
h.1-4
u
C
i
11
i . Z u dt
C
1
Z , idt
C
1
u hoc u . y i y
dt
du
C ,
dt
du
C i = = = = = =

. Ch tn tai quan
h ham gia u vi i ch khng co quan h c trng gia u vi i - noi cach khac khng
tn tai mt ng c tnh Volt - Ampe u(i) c trng cho kho in (hoc kho t). Ma
tu in xac nh c quan h c trng (ham c tnh) C(u) hay q(u) nh hnh ve:
h.1-5b : Tu in phi tuyn h.1-5a :Tu in tuyn tnh
0 u
C = const
q(u)
C q
0 u
q(u)
C(u)
C q
3. Phn t kho t - in cam L - h cam M :
a. Phng trnh trang thai kho t : Khi dy dn co dong in chay qua th sinh ra
xung quanh no mt t trng. T trng xung quanh mt dy dn phu thuc vao dong
in qua no va nhng dong in trong cac dy dn khac nu chung co khng gian gn
nhau. Tc la
k
(i
k
, i
l
,...). Theo Len - Faraday : khi t thng bin thin se xut hin sut
in ng cam ng :
dt
d
u
k
k
= . Trong o chiu dng u

k
, i
k
ging nhau tc la phu
hp vi chiu dng t thng
k
theo quy tc vn nut chai thun. Trong qua trnh
khng qua nhanh ta thy :
k
=
k
(i
k
, i
l
...) nn co :
...
dt
di
i dt
di
i
u
l
l
k k
k
k
k
+

= (1.5)
Hin tng t cam :
K
K
K
K
u
dt
di
i
=

(1.6)
Sut in ng sinh ra trong cun k ch do bi s bin thin cua dong i
k
goi la
sut in ng t cam. Goi
K
K
K
L
i
=

(1.7) la in cam co th nguyn Henry (H).
Ta co phng trnh trang thai cua cun dy la :
= = dt
L
u
i hoc
dt
di
L u
K
KK
K
K
KK
(1.8)
Vi toan t tng tr :
dt
d
L Z = , toan t tng dn :
= dt .
L
1
Y
in cam L noi ln kha nng nap t thng moc vong ln cun dy ( L = , khi i = 1A)
no o dung tch nap t thng cua kho t. Ngoai ra L con o dung tch nap nng lng
cua kho t.
2
L
2
L
di
dW
. 2 L ,
2
di
. L di . i . L dt . i .
dt
di
. L dt . i . u dW = = = = =
12
Ta ky hiu in cam L trn s nh hnh ve (h.1-6).
h.1-6
u
L
i
Lu y nu u
K
, i
K
chon chiu dng nh nhau th L > 0.
Co th c trng kho t t cam bng cac ng cong c tnh
L(i) hoc (i). Ro rang khng tn tai c tnh u(i) trn cun
dy.
Khi L = const, ta co cun dy tuyn tnh, in cam tuyn tnh (cun dy loi
khng kh) (i) co dang ng thng nh hnh (h.1-7a).
Khi L = L(i), ta co cun dy phi tuyn, in cam phi tuyn (cun dy co loi
thep) (i) co dang ng cong nh hnh (h.1-7b).
h.1-7b : Cun cam phi tuyn h.1-7a : Cun cam tuyn tnh
0 i
L = const
(i)
L
0 i
(i)
L(i)
L
Hin tng h cam :
Goi
KL
L
K
M
i
=

(1.9) la h s h cam, th nguyn [H] th
KL
L
KL
u
dt
di
. M = (1.10) la
in ap h cam (s h cam), la ap gy ra trn cun dy k do s bin thin cua dong
trn nhanh l.
Phng trnh (1.10) la phng trnh trang thai h cam gia hai cun dy k va
l. Toan t h tr :
dt
d
). i ( M Z
L KL
= .
M la h s cua toan t h tr va phng trnh trang thai. No quyt nh tnh
cht tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn cua quan h. No o dung tch nap t thng ln kho t
cun dy k bi dong kch thch cun dy l. No cung co y ngha v mt nng lng.
Khi mi trng tuyn tnh th M
KL
= M
LK
= M,
dt
di
M u ,
dt
di
M u
K
ML
L
MK
= = , nng
lng nap vao ca hai kho la :
) i i ( d
dW
M ) i i ( d . M ) di i di i ( M dt i . u dt i . u dW
L K
L K K L L K L ML K MK
= = + = + = (1.11)
Du cua h s M, cc tnh cua cun dy : u
K
, i
K
co chiu dng theo quy tc
vn nut chai thun th
K
> 0 nn L lun dng. Chiu cua i
L
se quyt nh chiu cua
KL
cung chiu hay ngc chiu vi
KK
va luc o M se dng hay m trong biu
thc ap chung trn cun dy k :
13

dt
i
M
dt
i
L u u u
L K
KL KK K
= = . Chiu cua
KL
tuy thuc vao chiu cua i
L
va
chiu qun dy. Nn xac nh du cua
KL
cung la du cua M ngi ta quy nh cac
nha ch tao phai anh du cac cc cung tnh, la cac cc ma nu cac dong in cung
vao o th t thng t cam va t thng h cam cung chiu nhau. V du : Xet chiu cua
t thng t cam va h cam cua cun dy k vi cun dy l nh hnh ve (h.1-8a,b)
KL

KK

LK
i
L
LL

i
K
KL
KK
LK
i
L
LL

i
K
h.1-8a h.1-8b
Khi chiu dong in i
k
, i
l
vao cac cc nh hnh ve (h.1-8a) tao ra chiu t thng t cam
cung chiu t thng h cam nh hnh ve th cac cc anh du la cac cc cung tnh.
Luc nay : T thng cua cun dy k la :
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u nn
l k
k kl kk k
+ = + = vi M
> 0. Khi 2 cun dy k va l co chiu dong in i
k
, i
l
tao ra cac t thng t cam
kk
,
ll
,
t thng h cam
kl
,
lk
co chiu nh hnh (h.1-8b) th cac cc co du la cc cung
tnh; va luc nay t thng cua cun dy k la :
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u nn
l k
k kl kk k
+ = =
vi M < 0.
Co th xac nh cc cung tnh cua cac cun dy bng
mt mach th nghim nh hnh ve (h.1-9). Ta ong
vao cun dy l mt ngun pin tao dong in i
l
.
Trn cun dy k ni vao mt Vnmet V o ap h
cam. Nu o thy ap U
a'b'
> 0 th a va a' (hoc b va b')
la cc cung tnh. Nu U
a'b'
< 0 th a va b', b va a' la
cc cung tnh.
h.1-9
b'
a'
b
a
V
K
E
Ta hay dung cng thc lin h gia h cam va t cam hai cun dy :
2 1
12
L L
M
K =
Trong o : K la h s ngu hp gia hai cun dy thng K < 1 v bao gi cung co mt
phn t thng khng khep mach qua loi thep, K co th c tnh ra %.
4. Phn t ngun :
Ngoai cac phn t thu ng (R, L, C) trong thit b in con co hin tng ngun
phat ra nng lng TT cung cp hoc trao i vi nhng b phn thu ng. Ta m
ta hin tng ngun bng phn t ngun (goi la phn t tch cc). Noi chung khng th
ly cng sut phat P
t
la bin c trng cho ngun c v cng sut p = u.i khng
nhng tuy thuc vao ngun ma con phu thuc vao phu tai nhn nng lng (v du nh
khi khng tai th i = 0 nn p = u.i cung phai bng 0). Cung khng th c trng ngun
bng ca cp bin u, i v u.i = p th ging nh chon bin p. Cho nn ch co th c trng
cho ngun bng mt ham ap u(t) hay e(t) hoc mt ham dong i(t) hay j(t).
14
iu nay phu hp vi thc t thng ch tao nhng ngun coi la ham ap nht
nh nh may phat in xoay chiu, may phat song m tn, cao tn, may bin ap,
pin...Cung co th ch tao nhng ngun coi la cung cp ra mt ham dong nht nh nh
cac may bin dong...Vy ta co hai loai ngun : ngun ap (ngun S) va ngun dong.
a. Ngun ap u(t), ngun S e(t) :
Ngun ap u(t) hay ngun S e(t) la ngun co c tnh duy tr trn cac cc mt
ham ap xac nh theo thi gian, khng phu thuc dong chay qua no. V mt vt ly S
chnh la cng cua lc ngun lam dch chuyn n v in tch dng trong ngu n
t cc co th thp sang cc co th cao (cng nay la do c nng cua ng c s cp
quay may phat in tao ra). Vi nh ngha ngun ap nh vy ta co phng trnh trang
thai la : u(t) = - e(t). (1.13). Biu din nh hnh (h.1-10).
e(t)
Trong o chiu cua e(t) trong ngun t ni co th thp n ni co
th cao. Ngc lai ap trn cc may phat co chiu t im in th
cao n im co in th thp.
Nu ngun e(t) phat ra dong i(t) vi chiu dng trung
chiu dng S e(t) th cng sut tip nhn la p = u.i = -e.i, va
cng sut phat ra la p
f
= -p (theo nh lut bao toan) p
f
= -p = -(-e.i) = e.i (1.14) t
cng thc nay ta thy e la thng s o kha nng phat cua ngun, no chnh bng cng
sut phat ra khi ngun cho ra dong in 1A.
u(t)
h.1-10
Trn thc t ap u(t) trn cc cua ngun phu
thuc dong qua ngun nn coi u = e vi bt ky dong nao
qua ngun th o la ngun ly tng. Tc la thc t nu
phai k thm tiu thu kha nho trong ngun th phng
trnh trang thai cua ngun la : u = e - r.i (1.15). Luc nay
biu din ngun bng s hnh (h.1-11)
i
r e(t)
u(t)
h.1-11
Quan h u = e - r.i la c tnh ngoai cua may phat in nh hnh (h.1-12)
i
nm
= e/r
0 i
h.1-12 c tnh ngoai ly thuyt
0 i
c tnh ngoai thc t
u, e u, e
Cac may in thng co tnh thun nghch. Khi i ngc chiu e th ngun se thu nng
lng in t bin ra cac dang khac (c nng, nhit nng...) luc nay p
f
= -e.i (1.16)
ngun thanh mt phn t thu (ng c in). Vy khi e, i cung chiu th ngun se la
may phat in.
b. Ngun dong j(t) : Ngun dong j(t) la ngun co c tnh la cho ra mt ham
dong j(t) xac nh khng tuy thuc ap trn cac cc. T o
dn ra phng trnh trang thai cua ngun dong la : i(t) = j(t)
(1.17). Ngun dong c biu din nh hnh (h.1-13).
j(t) i(t)
h.1-13
15
Trn thc t i(t) phu thuc ap trn cc, cho nn nh ngha ngun dong trn la ly tng.
y chung ta thy khng tn tai c tnh V-A ring cua ngun dong v cung j(t) a
cho co th ng vi v s ap trn cc.
T phng trnh trang thai (1.17) thy toan t
dn cua ngun dong y = 0 nn cach ni chnh tc cua
ngun dong la ni thng vao cac nh cua s , vic
ni tip vao ngun dong mt tr hu han la v ngha.
Nu k n tn tht trong ngun ta co th i t
phng trnh u = e - r.i i = e/r - u/r i = j - g.u
(1.18) vi j = e/r, g = 1/r. T y co s biu din nh hnh (h.1-14).
i(t)
g
j(t)
h.1-14
Vi chiu dng u, j chon nh hnh ve, ta se co ngun do ng phat ra cng sut p
f
= -u.j.
T cng thc nay thy ro y ngha cua thng s j o kha nng phat cua ngun dong. No
chnh bng p
f
khi t di in ap 1V.
c. Tnh tng ng cua hai loai ngun : T hai s ngun ap (h.1-11) va
ngun dong (h.1-14) suy ra hai s trn la tng ng nhau nu j = e/r, g = 1/r
ngha la khi cung ap u (hay dong i) th dong i (hay ap u) cua hai s la nh nhau. T
y thy cach bin i tng ng gia hai ngun ap, dong.
Ro rang tuy theo quan h gia in tr trong cua ngun nng lng r va in tr
cua phu tai R ma m ta no bng ngun S hay ngun dong. Khi in tr trong r << R
th dung ngun ap, ngc lai khi tr trong r rt ln th dung ngun dong.
Da vao c im o trong phong th nghim co th tao ra nhng ngun ap vi
tr trong nho. Ng c lai mun tao ngun dong ta phai tao nn c tng tr trong rt
ln.
3. Cac lut cua mach din - H phuong trinh cua mach
1. Lut KF 1 :
Khi TB thoa man iu kin mach hoa th coi mi thi im t dong dn i(t) co
gia tr nh nhau doc theo vt dn, dong in chay lin tuc mt cach tc thi doc theo
cac vt dn. y chnh la c s dn ra nh lut KF 1.
a. nh lut KF 1 : " Tng ai s dong dn vao (hoc ra) mt nh trit tiu.
Biu thc :
= 0 i
k

Khi co ca cac ngun dong bm vao nh th ngun dong a bit nn ta no v phai
cua phng trnh.

=
k k
j i (1.19)
b. Y ngha cua nh lut KF 1 : Lut KF1 co cac y ngha sau y :
- No m ta tnh lin tuc cua dong dn, noi cach khac no la biu thc nh lng
cua tnh lin tuc.
- No nh ngha phep cng cac bin dong in tai cac nh.
- No xac nh kt cu nh (nut) cua graph mach in.
c. S phng trnh c lp vit theo lut KF 1 :
16
Khi vit phng trnh KF 1 cn lu y phng trnh vit phai c lp va s lng
phng trnh phai vit u. Ta xet s phng trnh u vit theo lut KF 1 : nu mach
in co d nh th v nguyn tc co th vit c d phng trnh KF1 cho d nh,
nhng cn nh rng trong mt nhanh, dong chay t u n cui nn dong in trong
nhanh vi nh u la vao (dng) vi nh cui la ra (m), nn vit u d phng trnh
th tha 1 phng trnh, tc la phng trnh nay co th suy ra t (d-1) phng trnh a
vit, nn phng trnh o khng c lp. V vy s phng trnh c lp vit theo lut
KF1 la : k
1
= d -1 (nu la graph n lin) hoc k
1
= d - l (nu graph a lin - vi l la s
lin) (1.20). Co th thy s phng trnh c lp theo lut KF1 chnh bng s canh trn
cy cua graph mach in.
2. nh lut KF 2 :
Vi iu kin mach hoa se co s phn b th doc cac vt dn trong TB. V vy
i theo mt vong trn TB tr lai im xut phat se tr lai th cu vi lng tng th
bng 0. T o co th phat biu lut KF2 nh sau :
a. Lut KF 2 : " Tng ai s cac sut ap trn mt vong kn trit tiu"

= =
k k k
e u , 0 u (1.21)
b. Y ngha lut KF2 :
- No m ta tnh cht th cua qua trnh nng lng in t trong TB.
- No nh ngha phep cng cac ap nhanh theo vong kn.
- No xac nh kt cu vong cua mach in.
c. S phng trnh c lp vit theo KF2
Phng trnh KF2 vit theo vong, nn s phng trnh c lp ng vi s vong
c lp. Trong mt mach in s vong c lp ng vi s bu canh, bng k
2
= m - d +1
(nu graph n lin), k
2
= m - d + l (nu graph a lin, l la s lin), trong o m la s
nhanh cua mach in.
S d vy v mi bu canh ghep vi cy se tao thanh mt vong kn c lp, nn
s vong c lp chnh bng s bu canh. Lu y vong c lp la vong co t nht 1 nhanh
ma cac vong khac khng co, mi vong c lp co t nht mt bu canh ma vong khac
khng co. (s vong c lp bng s mt li trn graph).
T iu kin mach hoa suy ra hai nh lut c ban cua mach in la nh lut
KF1 va KF2, hai nh lut noi ln cu truc cua mach in gm nhanh, nh, vong vi
k t cu khung cua TB, vi nhng phep tnh ai s cac bin cung loai i hoc u. Ta vit
c m phng trnh cho mach. Nh a bit mach co m bin dong va m bin ap, vy
con thiu m phng trnh na mi u giai ra cac bin, m phng trnh con lai se la
m phng trnh nh lut m a bit.
3. nh lut m :
y la nh lut cho mi lin h gia hai bin khac loai, no chnh la phng trnh
trang thai, biu din c hanh vi ring cua tng vung nng lng. Dang biu thc
tng quat : u = Z.i (1.23). Trong o : Z la toan t.
V du :
17
Trn vung tiu tan ; u = R.i Z= R,
Trn vung in trng :

= dt . i
C
1
u
c
Z
C
=

dt .
C
1

Trn vung t trng :
dt
di
L u
L
= Z
L
=
dt
di
L
Hoc i = Y.u (1.24). Trong o Y la toan t dn :
Vung tiu tan : i = g.u = u .
R
1
Y
R
=
R
1
= g.
Vung in trng :
dt
du
. C i
C
= Y
C
=
dt
. d
. C
Vung t trng :
= udt
L
1
i
L
Y
L
=
dt .
L
1

4. H phng trnh bin nhanh cua lut KF :
Vi bin s la ap nhanh, dong nhanh ta co cac h phng trnh mach in nh
sau :
a. H phng trnh mach khi kch thch la ngun ap e(t)
Xet s mach in co d nh, m nhanh thu ng th co 2m bin dong, ap nhanh va
kch thch la ngun ap ni tip trong cac nhanh, ta co h phng trnh :
=
=

k k
k
e u
0 i

=
l kl k k k
i . Z i . Z u
Trong o : toan t Z
k
nhanh co dang tng quat :
+ + = dt . .
C
1
dt
. d
. L R Z
k
k k k

Toan t h tr thng la h cam co dang :
dt
. d
M Z
kl kl
= . Mi ap nhanh co quan h
toan t xac nh vi dong nhanh nn co th ly bin la m dong nhanh ta co h phng
trnh c vit lai di dang :
=
=

k l kl k k
k
e i . Z i . Z
0 i
(1.25)
b. H phng trnh mach khi kch thch la ngun dong j(t)
Kch thch la nhng ngun dong j(t) ghep song song vao m nhanh thu ng co toan t
dn Y :
Ta co h phng trnh :
=
=

0 u
j i
k
k k

k k k
u . Y i =
Nu ly bin la m ap nhanh ta co :
=
=

0 u
j u Y
k
k k k
(1.26)
c. H phng trnh mach khi kch thch hn hp.
Khi co ca ngun S va ngun dong ta co h phng trnh :
=
=

k k
k k
e u
j i

18
Khi
=
l kl k k k
i . Z i . Z u ta co th vit lai h phng trnh di dang bin dong nhanh
nh sau :
=
=

k l kl k k
k k
e i . Z i Z
j i
(1.27)
Khi
k k k
u . Y i = th ta co th vit lai h phng trnh theo bin ap nhanh nh sau :
=
=

k k
k k k
e u
j u . Y
(1.28)
5. Cac nh ly v ngun tng ng (nh ly bu hay nguyn tc bu) :
T h phng trnh mach ta thy no thc cht la h phng trnh vi tch phn
thng theo thi gian. Theo ly thuyt phng trnh vi phn, no tn tai mt li giai duy
nht thoa man nhng iu kin v gia tr u t
0
cua cac n. V vy co th phat biu :
a. " Co th thay tng ng mt nhanh co dong i
k
(t) a bit bng mt ngun
dong j
k
(t) = i
k
(t) bm vao nhng cc cua nhanh o". M ta bng hnh (h.1-17)
i
k
j
k

h.1-17
=
R
i
k
u
k
b. " Co th thay tng ng mt nhanh co ap u
k
(t) a bit bng mt ngun S
e
k
(t) = u
k
(t) duy tr in ap o trn cac cc nhanh". M ta bng hnh (h.1-18)
e
k
i
k
u
k

h.1-18
=
R
i
k
u
k
nh ly v ngun tng ng trong KT con c goi la nh ly bu. Trong
mach in nu tach ra mt nhanh co in tr R, co dong i th ta chng minh c bao
gi cung co th thay in tr o bng mt ngun S co chiu ngc vi chiu dong
in va co tr s bng in ap trn cc in tr o : e
R
= u
R
= R.i
R
.
4. Graph KF (Graph nng luong)
Hnh hnh hoc chp ni cac vung nng lng (c c trng bi cac phn t)
cua TB ch ro s phn b cac bin dong, ap nhanh, ch ro nhng lut, phep tnh trn
bin m ta quy lut qua trnh in t goi la Graph KF - ma ta quen goi la s
mach in. Vy s mach in ng nht vi h phng trnh mach in. No la biu
din hnh hoc cua m hnh mach nng lng.
V du : S bp in h.1-19. S cun dy h.1-20
R
i
u
R
L
i
u

19

T s hnh (h.1-21) ta vit phng trnh KF1: i
1
- i
2
- i
3
= 0
Va phng trnh KF2 :
= +
= + +
0 ' Li r i dt i
C
1
) t ( e ' Li r i R i
2 2 3
2 2 1
. Ngc lai t phng trnh suy
ra lai s mach.
Lu y : trong cac iu kin cu th cn phai lu y n cac tnh cht va thng s
cua phn t thc do cac qua trnh ky sinh gy ra. V du tn s cao th s lam vic
chu anh hng cua tc bin thin cua , cua dong dch i vi in tr tc la phai
chu y n in dung va in cam cua in tr luc o s nh hnh (h.1-22). Vi cun
in cam khi o phai lu y ti tn tht nng lng trong cun dy, trong loi, anh hng
cua in dung gia cac vong dy. Luc o s nh hnh (h.1-23)

e(t)

h.1-21 h.1-22
i
2
i
3
C
L
R
r
R
L
R
C
R
i
1

h.1-23 h.1-24
R
C
L
C
C
r
L
L
C
L
Vi tu in khi o phai lu y n tn tht nng lng do s khng hoan thin
cua in mi va in cam cua dy ni. Luc nay s nh hnh (h.1-24)
Ngoai cac phn t c ban a nu R, L, M, C, e, j khi cn thit trn c s o nh
ngha thm mt s phn t co tnh cht tng quan nh phn t 1 ca, 2 ca ... tin s
dung.
5. H phuong trinh Kirhof dang ma trn
M hnh mach c m ta bng h phng trnh hoc bng s mach, cu
truc o cung co th m ta bng nhng bang s.
1. Bang s nhanh - nh A :
Mt graph nh chiu hu han, n lin c hoan toan xac nh nu ch ro tp
d nh anh s, tp m nhanh nh chiu anh s va ch ro mi nhanh nh chiu ni
lin cp nh nao.
a. Cach lp bang s nhanh - nh A nh sau :
20
Lp mt bang ch nht co d ct anh s m ta cac nh, m hang anh s m ta cac
nhanh. Nu mt nhanh nh chiu th k ni t nh p n nh q th trn hang k ta ghi
s 1 vao thuc ct p va ghi s -1 vao thuc ct q (co th quy c ngc lai), con
cac con lai ghi s 0.
V du : Lp bang A cho mach in hnh (h.1-25)
i
3
I II i
2
i
1
2
1
-1 +1

-1
-1
+1
+1
3
2
1
1 2
nhanh
nh
h.1-25
b. Thng tin nhn t bang A :
Mi hang u co mt cp s 1, -1 ch ro nhanh o ni t nh nao n nh
nao, ch ro chiu dng cua dong nhanh, ngoai ra con ch ro ap cua nhanh lin quan
n th cua hai nh nao (ch ro ap nhanh bng hi u in th cua cp nh nao).
Nhng s 1, -1 ct ch ro nhng nhanh nao ri khoi nh hay i vao nh.
Tc la ch ro co bao nhiu dong nhanh vao, ra nh. Vy mi ct cho ta h s cua phep
tng ai s cac dong nhanh tai mt nh, mi hang cho thng tin v ap mt nhanh lin
quan n th cua hai nh nao, ct cho thng tin v lut KF1.
c. Ma trn A :
co th biu din cac thng tin trn bng cac biu thc ta coi bang A la ma trn A.
V du : Ma trn A cua mach in trn la : [A]=
1 1
1 1
1 1
Ngoai ra con nh ngha cac ma trn ct i
nh
, u
nh
, e
nh
,
, j
.
Vi [ ] [ ] [ ]

=
2
1
3
2
1
nh
3
2
1
nh
,
u
u
u
u ,
i
i
i
i
Ap dung phep nhn ai s trn ma trn : [ ][ ] [ ]

= =
=
3
2
1
nh
2
1
u
u
u
u .
1 1
1 1
1 1
A
Ta co :
=
=
= +
3 2 1
2 2 1
1 2 1
u
u
u
la ap cac nhanh.
Ta co biu thc ap nhanh dang ma trn : [A].[
]=[u
nh
] (1.30)
V thng tin ct noi ln h s lut KF1 cho nn s dung phep nhn ma trn ta dung
ma trn chuyn v [A
t
].
21
V du : [ ]
=
1 1 1
1 1 1
A
t
Chung ta bit s phng trnh c lp vit theo lut KF1 la (d-1) nn bang A (ma
trn A) se tha mt ct nu dung biu din lut KF1, nn thng thng bo i mt
ct mc chon co th bng 0. Ta c bang nhanh - nh u
tk
A (k ch nh chon lam
mc). Ta cung co ma trn chuyn v u [ ]
t
A con [A
t
] la ma trn tha. Thc hin phep
nhn ma trn [ ][ ] 0 i A
nh tk
= biu din nh lut KF1.
V du : [ ][ ] [ ] 0 i i i
i
i
i
1 1 1 i A
3 2 1
3
2
1
nh 2 t
= + + =
=
Vy ta co phng trnh biu din nh lut KF1 dang ma trn : [ ][ ] 0 i A
nh tk
=
Qua o ta thy [A] la ma trn thc hin phep bin i cac th nh v ap nhanh. ng
thi [A
t
] bin i dong nhanh v dong nh.
2. Bang s nhanh - vong C :
Ta cung m ta kt cu graph bng cach ch ro tp m nhanh anh s, nh chiu,
tp cac vong bu canh (bng s bu canh) khep qua cy gm nhng nhanh nao vi chiu
ra sao.
a. Cach lp bang s nhanh - vong C :
Lp bang ch nht co m hang anh s, co s ct chnh bng s bu canh (s vong c
lp). Trn hang ghi ro nhanh tham gia vao vong bu canh nao, vi chiu nao (nu tham
gia vao vong o vi chiu cung chiu cua vong ghi s 1, nu ngc lai ghi s -1). Nu
khng tham gia vao vong o ghi s 0 giao im hang - ct.
V du : Lp bang C cho s mach in trn nh hnh (h.1-26)
i
3
I II i
2
i
1
2
1
0
+1

+1
-1 +1
0
3
2
1
1 2
nhanh
vong
h.1-26
b. Thng tin t bang C :
Hang noi ln dong nhanh gm nhng dong bu canh nao, tham gia vi chiu
nao. Goi dong chay trong vong bu canh la dong bu canh hay dong in vong. Tc la
hang ch quan h gia dong nhanh va dong vong.
Ct ch ro trong mt vong bu canh (vong c lp) co bao nhiu dong nhanh
tham gia vi chiu nao. Ro rang ct la h s cua nh lut KF2.
c. Ma trn C :
22
Coi bang s C la ma trn va s dung cac phep tnh trn ma trn ta se biu din bng
biu thc 2 thng tin hang va ct.
V du : Ma trn C cho mach in trn la :
[ ]
=
1 0
1 1
0 1
C
nh ngha thm cac ma trn ct [ ] [ ] [ ]

= =
=
2 v
1 v
bu v
3
2
1
nh
i
i
i i ,
e
e
e
e
Thc hin phep nhn ma trn se c : [ ] [ ]
=
3
2
1
2 v
1 v
v
i
i
i
i
i
1 0
1 1
0 1
i C
Ta c : . Vy phng trnh dang ma trn :
=
=
=
2 v 3
2 v 1 v 2
1 v 1
i i
i i i
i i
[ ] [ ][ ]
v nh
i C i =
s dung phep nhn ma trn cho ra lut KF2 ta lp ma trn [C] chuyn v [C
t
].
Ta co : [ ] phng trnh biu din lut KF2 :
=
1 1 0
0 1 1
C
t
[ ][ ]
= +
= +
=
=
0 u u
0 u u
0
u
u
u
1 1 0
0 1 1
u C
3 2
2 1
3
2
1
nh t

Ta cung co : [ t o : ][ ] [ ] [ ]

= =
2 v
1 v
v v nh t
e
e
e vi e u C [ ][ ] [ ][ ]
nh t nh t
e C u C =
Vy phng trnh KF2 dang ma trn : [ ][ ] [ ][ ]
nh t nh t
e C u C =
3. Phng trnh dang ma trn :
[ ][ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
[ ][ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
v nh nh t
nh nh tk
i C i ; 0 u C
A u ; 0 i A
= =
= =

Theo bin dong nhanh : [ ][ ] [ ] [ ][ ] [ ][ ][ ] 0 i Z C ; i Z u ; 0 i A
nh nh t nh nh nh nh tk
= = = (1.33)
Theo bin ap nhanh : [ ][ ][ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ][
nh nh nh nh t nh nh tk
u Y i ; 0 u C ; 0 u Y A = = = ] (1.34)
Theo bin dong vong : T [ ][ ] [ ][ ][ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
v nh nh nh t nh t
i C i ma 0 i Z C 0 u C = = =
Nn : [ ][ ][ ][ ] 0 i C Z C
v nh t
= .
Theo bin th nh : T [ ][ ] [ ][ ][ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
nh nh nh tk nh tk
A u ma 0 u Y A 0 i A = = =
Nn : [ ][ ][ ][ ] 0 A Y A
nh tk
=
[
nh
Z ] la ma trn vung, nu mach co m nhanh th no co m hang, m ct. Thng s
cua nhanh nao se nm v tr giao im gia hang va ct o.
V du : cho mach in nh hnh ve (h.1-27).
a. Hay vit h phng trnh theo bin dong, ap nhanh.
23
Gia thit chiu dng cac dong in va chiu dng cac vong c lp (theo
mc li trn graph).
Phng trnh cho bin dong nhanh :
S nh cua graph la d=2 nn ch co 1
phng trnh KF1 tai nut A : i
1
+i
2
-i
3
= 0.
i
3
I II
e
2
e
1
A
L
3
L
1
C
3
R
3
R
2
i
2
R
1
Hai phng trnh KF2 vi 2 vong c lp
theo chiu dng a chon :
Vong 1 :
2 1 2 2
1
1 1 1
e e i R
dt
di
L i R = +
Vong 2 :
2 3
3
3 3
3
3 2 2
e dt i
C
1
i R
dt
di
L i R = + + +

Th cng hai phng trnh c lp trn ta
se thy o chnh la phng trnh cho vong gm nhanh 1 va 3. Ro rang vong nay la
vong khng c lp v co cac nhanh 1 va 3 la nhng nhanh a co vong 1 va vong 2.
T y thy ro co th t hp phng trnh c lp co c cac phng trnh khng
c lp.
h.1-27
Phng trnh theo bin ap nhanh : u
R1
, u
L1
, u
R2
, u
R3
, u
L3
, u
C3

= + + +
= +
2 3 C 3 R 3 L 2 R
2 1 2 R 1 L 1 R
e u u u u
e e u u u

V co 6 n s nn cn co 6 phng trnh, ta a co 2 phng trnh KF2 con phai
dn ra 4 phng trnh KF1 na lin quan n bin ap nhanh :
0
dt
du
C dt u
L
1
; 0 dt u
L
1
R
u
; 0 dt u
L
1
R
u
; 0
R
u
R
u
R
u
3 C
3 3 L
3
3 L
3 3
3 R
1 L
1 1
1 R
3
3 R
2
2 R
1
1 R
= =
= = +

b. Hay thanh lp cac ma trn e
nh
, i
nh
, Z
nh
,
t t
C , C , A , A vit h phng trnh vi
bin dong nhanh.
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]

= + =
=
1 1 0
0 1 1
C , 1 1 1 A
1 0
1 1
0 1
C ,
1
1
1
A ,
i
i
i
i ,
0
e
e
e
t t
3
2
1
nh 2
1
nh

Ta k hiu :
1
D dt . , D
dt
d

= =

Th vi nhanh co tr va cam ta co ap : ( )
RL
u LD R i
dt
di
L Ri = + = +
Trong o R + LD la toan t tr.
Vi nhanh co tu
1
C
D
C
1
idt
C
1
u

= =

24
Nn tng tr nhanh R
1
- L
1
la R
1
+ L
1
D , nhanh R
3
- L
3
- C
3
la R
3
+ L
3
D +
3
1
C
D
.
Nn : [ ]
+ +
+
=
3
1
3 3
2
1 1
nh
C
D
D L R 0 0
0 R 0
0 0 D L R
Z
Ta co th thy ngay khi khng co h cam, Z
nh
la mt ma trn vung ch co gia tr
ng cheo chnh. Cung se suy ra c khi cac cun dy co quan h h cam vi nhau
th phai thm cac toan t h tr MD
dt
d
M = vi du tuy cc cung tnh va luc nay MD
se nm ca hai giao nhau gia hai nhanh co h cam. V du nh khi cun 1 va 3 co
h cam vi nhau theo cc cung tnh nh hnh ve se co :
[ ]
+ +
+
=
3
1
3 3
2
1 1
nh
C
D
D L R 0 MD
0 R 0
MD 0 D L R
Z
H phng trnh dang ma trn vi bin dong nhanh :
[ ][ ] [ ] [ ][ ] [ ][ ] [ ][ ][ ] [ ][
nh t nh nh t nh t nh nh nh nh t
e C i Z C u C ; i Z u ; 0 i A = = = = ]
Thay cac ma trn vao phng trnh ta co :
[ ] 0 i i i
i
i
i
1 1 1
3 2 1
3
2
1
= + =
+ + +
+
=
+ +
+

3
3
1
3 3 2 2
2 2 1 1 1
3
2
1
3
1
3 3
2
1 1
i )
C
D
D L R ( i R
i R i ) D L R (
i
i
i
C
D
D L R 0 0
0 R 0
0 0 D L R
1 1 0
0 1 1

[ ][ ]

+ + +
+
=

=

3
3
1
3 3 2 2
2 2 1 1 1
2
2 1
2
1
nh t
i )
C
D
D L R ( i R
i R i ) D L R (
e
e e
0
e
e
1 1 0
0 1 1
e C
Ta rut ra c cac phng trnh :
+ + + =
+ =
3
3
1
3 3 2 2 2
2 2 1 1 1 2 1
i )
C
D
D L R ( i R e
i R i ) D L R ( e e

Ging nh cac phng trnh a vit muc trn :
Ta se thy quan h gia cac ma trn Tp la : [A
t
][C] = 0 (1.37)

25
6. Mach di ngu
1. Graph i ngu : Hai graph la i ngu nu ma trn [A
t
] cua graph nay bng
ma trn [C
t
] cua graph kia va ngc lai. Tc la : [A
t1
]=[C
t2
], [C
t1
]=[A
t2
] (1.38)
T quan h o thy c hai Graph i ngu co cung s nhanh. Ngoai ra cac nh
cua Graph nay tng ng vi cac vong cua graph kia va ngc lai.
xy dng mt Graph i ngu vi mt Graph cho trc ta tin hanh nh sau :
t trong mi vong cua Graph ban u 1 nh va cho 1 nh ngoai Graph
ban u.
Ni tng cp nh mi bng cac nhanh sao cho mi nhanh o u ct nhanh
cua Graph ban u.V du : Lp Graph i ngu nh hnh (h.1-28)
4
1
2
3

h.1-28
4
4
3
2
3
1
1
5
2
(Ta se thy cac Graph i ngu ch co th tn tai vi cac Graph co th ve trn mt
phng, cac nhanh khng ct nhau trong khng gian - Tc khng phai moi Graph u
co i ngu).
2. Phn t i ngu cua s - S i ngu :
Cac phn t hai cc trong s la i ngu nu nh quan h u(i) cua phn t nay la
quan h i(u) cua phn t kia va ngc lai.
a. Ngun S e(t) va ngun dong j(t) la i ngu nhau nu e(t) = j(t) (1.39)
(Hiu bng nhau theo ngha s o V, A).
b. Vi tr tuyn tnh R th phn t i ngu cua no la dn g = R (1.40) va ngc
lai v khi g = R th phng trnh u = Ri trung vi phng trnh i = gu (Hiu theo s o,
khai nim trung y hiu theo ngha thay u bng i trong phng trnh nay se c
phng trnh kia). Vi tr phi tuyn R(i) th i ngu khi ng cong u(i) trung ng
cong i(u).
c. Vi dung, cam tuyn tnh ta thy
dt
du
C i va
dt
di
L u
C L
= = . T y thy L = C
(1.41) (hiu theo ngha s o) th in cam L va C la i ngu nhau. Vi dung va cam
phi tuyn th tnh i ngu la s trung nhau cua cp c tuyn (i) va q(u).
d. S i ngu :
Hai s co cha cac phn t hai cc la i ngu nhau nu nh chung co cac
Graph i ngu nhau va ng vi mt phn t cua s nay co phn t i ngu trn s
kia.
26
T o thy xy dng s i ngu vi mt s cho trc, u tin phai xy
dng phn t i ngu, sau o thay th mi phn t cua s cho trc bi phn t i
ngu cua no. Chu y khi xy dng Graph i ngu cua mi phn t hai cc nh e, j, r, L,
C xem nh mt nhanh ring re.
V du : Lp s i ngu (h.1-29) va (h.1-30)
j
4
i
1
h.1-29
e
1
L
2
r
1
r
3
C
3
i
3
i
2
r
4
i
4
2 3 1
4
S i ngu (h.1-30)
L
3
= C
3
g
1
= r
1
g
3
= r
3
C
2
= L
2
g
4
= r
4
2 3 1
4
j
1
= e
1
e
4
= j
4
h.1-30
e. Tnh cht cua hai s i ngu :
Hai s i ngu co tnh cht la :
Phng trnh KF1 cua s nay trung vi phng trnh KF2 cua s kia va
ngc lai phng trnh KF2 cua s nay trung vi phng trnh KF1 cua s kia.
V du :
Vi s trn ta co phng trnh :
Phng trnh KF1 : (1.42)
=
=
4 4 3
3 2 1
j i i
0 i i i
Phng trnh KF2 :
= + + +
= +
0 i r i r dt i
C
1
dt
di
L
e
dt
di
L i r
4 4 3 3 3
2
2
1
2
2 1 1

27
Vi s di ta co :
Phng trnh KF1 :
= + + +
= +
0 u g u g dt u
L
1
dt
du
C
j
dt
du
C u g
4 4 3 3 3
3
2
2
1
2
2 1 1
(1.43)
Phng trnh KF2 :
=
= + +
4 4 3
3 2 1
e u u
0 u u u

Ta se thy nghim cua phng trnh nay la nghim cua phng trnh i ngu khi
thay cac dong bng cac ap va ngc lai.
28
CHUONG 2
MACH TUYN TINH O CH D XAC LP DIU HOA

hai chng trc ta a xy dng m hnh toan hoc ma cu th la m hnh mach
tnh toan mach va giai thch mt s cac hin tng trong thit b in (TB). i vao tnh
toan cac mach in cu th trc ht ta xetai mach quan trong va thng gp la mach tuyn
tnh h s hng, ch c n la ch xac lp vi dang kch thch c ban nht la kch thch
iu hoa. Kch thch iu hoa la kch thch c ban v moi kch thch chu ky khng iu hoa
u co th phn tch thanh tng cac kch thch iu hoa co tn s va bin khac nhau. Hn
na a s cac ngun trn thc t nh may phat in, may phat m tn ... u la ngun phat
iu hoa hoc chu ky khng iu hoa, mt khac ng vi cac kch thch iu hoa vi cac toan
t tuyn tnh th ap ng cung se la nhng iu hoa khin cho vic tnh toan khao sat rt n
gian.

1. Bin trang thai diu hoa
Trong phn m hnh mach nng lng (mach KF) ta a chon cp bin trang thai ap
u(t) va dong i(t) o qua trnh nng lng in t. T biu thc cua bin trang thai iu hoa
i(t) = I
m
sin(t +
i
) hay u(t) = U
m
sin(t +
u
) rut ra cac c trng cua bin iu hoa la :
1. c trng cua bin iu hoa :
Bin cua ham iu hoa (I
m
, U
m
) la gia tr cc ai cua ham, no noi ln cng
cua qua trnh.
Goc pha cua ham iu hoa (t + ) o bng Raian la mt goc xac nh trang thai
(pha) cua ham iu hoa thi im t. y la tn s goc (raian/s) ,
T
2
= , T(ses) la
chu ky cua ham iu hoa. f 2 = vi f = 1/T la tn s : s dao ng trong 1 ses ( tn s cng
nghip thng thng f = 50Hz ng vi T = 0,02s, mt s nc khac (My) th f = 60Hz, trong
v tuyn in f = 3.10
10
Hz)
Vy cp s c trng cua ham iu hoa la bin - goc pha.
Biu din ham chu ky trn th thi gian hnh 2-1.
0 t sin I i
i m
= = 2 / )
2
t sin( I i
i m
=
+ =

2
t
t 0
i
I
m
t
t
i
0
2
2. So sanh cac bin iu hoa cung tn s .
Trong trng hp ch so sanh cac lng co cung tn s th luc o chung ch khac nhau
v bin va goc pha u. Vy chung c c trng bi cp s bin - pha u (I
m
,
i
),
(U
m
,
u
), (E
m
,
e
), ...
V du : i(t) = 1,5sin(t + 45
0
) c trng bi (1,5;45
0
).
u(t) = 220sin(t -30
0
) c trng bi (220;-30
0
).
Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
29
e(t) = 220cos(t + /5) c trng bi (220; /5).
So sanh 2 lng iu hoa cung tn s la so sanh bin cua chung vi nhau xem chung gp
nhau bao nhiu ln, so sanh goc pha cua ham nay ln hn (sm hn) hay be hn (chm hn)
so vi ham kia bao nhiu. V du ta so sanh gia hai ham iu hoa cung tn s u = U
m
cos(t +
u
), i = I
m
cos(t +
i
) :
So sanh bin : ly t s U
m
/I
m

So sanh goc pha : ly hiu (t +
u
) - (t +
i
) =
u
-
i
=
: la goc lch pha gia ap va dong.
=
u
-
i
> 0
u
>
i
ta noi in ap sm pha hn dong in mt goc . Ngc lai
=
u
-
i
< 0
u
<
i
ta noi in ap chm pha thua dong in mt goc ( Hay dong in
sm pha hn in ap mt goc ).
Khi = 0
u
=
i
ta noi ap va dong cung pha nhau.
Khi = ta noi ap, dong ngc pha nhau.
Khi = /2 ta noi ap, dong vung pha nhau.
2. Trj hiu dung cua ham diu hoa
1. Tr hiu dung cua ham chu ky :
Vi mach KF ta quan tm n cng sut, nng lng nhng cac bin lai phu thuc thi
gian nn chung ta cn nh ngha mt gia tr trung bnh theo ngha nao o giup cho vic o
lng tnh toan c thun li. Xet mt dong in chu ky i(t) chay qua mt nhanh tiu tan R
trong thi gian mt chu ky T.
Cng sut tiu tan P(t) = u(t).i(t) = R.i
2
(t).
Nng lng tiu tan trong mt chu ky la : (2-1)

= =
T
0
T
0
dt ) t ( i . i . R dt ) t ( P A
Vi nhanh R o nhng cho chay qua mt dong khng i I trong thi gian T th nng
lng tiu tan la RI
2
T, nu chon gia tr I RI
2
T = (2-2) th dong khng i
I tng ng dong i(t) v mt tiu thu. Ta goi I la gia tr hiu dung cua dong chu ky. Nh vy
tr hiu dung la mt thng s ng lc hoc cua dong bin thin. Cng thc tnh tr hiu dung
dong chu ky :
=
T
0
dt ) t ( i . i . R A
=
T
0
2
dt ) t ( i
T
1
I (2-3)
T o co th nh ngha tr hiu dung cua mt lng chu ky la tr trung bnh bnh
phng cua ham chu ky.
Tr hiu dung cua ap chu ky u(t) :
=
T
0
2
dt ) t ( u
T
1
U (2-4)
Tr hiu dung cua S chu ky :
=
T
0
2
dt ) t ( e
T
1
E (2-5)
2. Tr hiu dung cua ham iu hoa :
Khi bin la mt ham iu hoa, v du i = I
m
sint th gia tr hiu dung I
=

= = =

T
0
2
m
T
0
2 2
m
T
0
2
dt
2
t 2 cos 1
I
T
1
tdt sin I
T
1
dt ) t ( i
T
1
I
30
2
I
T
2
I
T
1
dt
2
I
T
1
I
m
2
m
T
0
2
m
= = =

Tng t ta co :
2
E
E ,
2
U
U
m m
= =
V quan h gian n gia gia tr hiu dung va gia tr bin va xet n y ngha ng lc
hoc cua tr hiu dung nn cac dung cu o lng hnh sin u c thit k ch ra gia tr hiu
dung U, I ch khng ch gia tr bin . Cung v vy trong ky thut in khi noi n tr s
dong, ap hiu la gia tr hiu dung. V vy bin iu hoa c trng bi cp s hiu dung - pha
u. V du : (I,
i
), (U,
u
), (E,
e
)
3. Biu din cac bin diu hoa bng d thj vecto
1. th vect cua ham iu hoa :
Ta bit mt vect c xac nh trong mt phng vect bi cp s mun va goc gia phng
cua vect vi truc hoanh nh hnh (h.2-2). V vy co th ly vect co
mun (oan thng) co ln bng tr hiu dung cua ham iu hoa
lam vi truc ngang mt goc = la goc pha u cua ham iu hoa
va cho vect nay quay quanh gc vi vn tc goc bng tn s goc
cua ham iu hoa th vect o mang y u tin tc v ham iu hoa.
V du : i = I
m
sin(t +
i
) co cp c trng (I, ). Ta ly vect co
dai
m
I I 2 = lam vi truc ngang goc
i
va quay quanh gc ngc chiu kim ng h vi vn
tc goc nh ( h.2-3). Vect quay Frenel.
h.2-2

Hnh chiu cua vect quay ln cac truc se biu din cac
ham iu hoa cos, sin
(I,t +
i
) ) t ( I 2
i
sin
cos
+ (2-7)
2. th vect cua cac bin iu hoa cung tn s :
Khi nay ta ly vect co dai bng gia tr hiu dung (cua
ham iu hoa) lam vi truc ngang mt goc bng goc pha ban u. Vy mi im c nh
trn mt phng vect ng vi mt vect phng se biu din mt ham iu hoa vi tr hiu
dung t 0 n va goc pha ban u t 0 n 2.
I
m

i

I
m

h.2-3

) t ( I 2 ) , I ( I
i
sin
cos i
+
(2-8)
cach biu din ham iu hoa bng th vect dung nhiu trong KT v :
- Biu din gon, ro, nu c gia tr hiu dung, goc pha va goc lch pha cac ham iu
hoa.
- Co th s dung cac phep cng tr trn th vect cng tr cac ham iu hoa
cung tn s. Song v t phep tnh nh vy ch dung tnh toan nhng bai toan rt n gian, con
chu yu no dung biu din.
V du : Biu din trn th vect cua dong in nh hnh (h.2-4)
) , I ( I , I I I ), 9 . 6 , 5 ( I , I I I
) 30 , 4 ( I ) 30 t sin( 4 . 2 i
) 60 , 3 ( I ) 60 t sin( 3 . 2 i
4 3 4 2 1 4
0
3 2 1 3
0
2
0
2
0
1
0
1
= + =
=
+ =

I
1
I
2
I
3
h.2-4
I
4
4. Biu din cac bin diu hoa bng s phuc
1. Khai nim v s phc
31
La s co 2 thanh phn thc a, ao jb ; = a + jb. Trong o a, b la nhng s thc. Hai thanh
phn cua s phc c lp tuyn tnh. Co th biu din s phc trn mt phng phc gm mt
truc thc +1 va mt truc ao j vung goc vi nhau (toa cac) nh hnh ve (h.2-5). Vy s
phc xac nh trong mt phng phc khi bit phn thc a va phn ao jb hoc bit mun V
(khoang cach t gc n v tr s phc) va argument (goc hp vi truc thc). T o ta rut ra
quan h :
V
a = Vcos ; b = Vsin ; V =
= +
a
b
arctg ; b a
2 2
(2-9)
( ) + = + = + =
sin j cos V sin jV cos V jb a V

V
V
.
1
j
jb
a
h.2-5
0
= +
j
e sin j cos (Cng thc le)
=
j
Ve V dang mu vit gon (2-10) =
V V
Vy s phc co th biu din dang ai s hoc dang mu. T dang mu thy ro ngay mun
va argumen. S phc c bit la mt s phc co mun V=1 va argumen bng
. S phc la mt s phc co mun V=1 co phn
thc bng 0, ch co phn ao b =1. S phc nay nm trn truc ao nn argumen bng /2,
la dang ai s. Di dang mu ta biu din nh sau :
=
j
e V
+ = = =

sin j cos e 1 V
j
j V =
j V =
2
1 j
2
sin j
2
cos e V
2
j

= =
= =

Tng t ta co :
2
1 j )
2
sin( j )
2
cos( e V
2
j

= =
= =

j
1
j 1 e e
2
1 .
2
1 ) j .( j V . V
2
j
2
j
= = =
= =

T y ta co :
2
V j . V
1
1

+ =
c mt s phc co mun bng V

1
, con argumen
quay thm goc /2.
- Cp phc lin hp : Nu chung co phn thc bng nhau, phn ao bng nhau v tr s
nhng trai du nhau. Tc la chung bng nhau v mun nhng argumen ngc nhau.
jb a V th jb a V = + =

- Cac phep tnh c ban cua s phc :
ng thc cua hai s phc :
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1
2 2 2 1 1
1
va V V hay b b va a a nu V V
jb a V ; jb a V
= = = = =
+ = + =

- Tng hiu hai s phc :
) b b ( j ) a a ( V V
2 1 2 1
2 1 + =

Thc hin tng di dang ai s.

= = + V Im j 2 V V ; V Re 2 V V
- Nhn, chia s phc :
32
0 V ) ( V V . V
V
V
e .
V
V
e . V
e . V
V
V
V . V e . V . V e V . e V V . V
2
1 1 1
2
1
1 1
2 1
2
1 ) ( j
2
1
j
2
j
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
) ( j
2 1
j
2
j
1
2 1
2 1
2
1
2 1 2 1
= + =
= = =
+ = = =

+

Thc hin phep nhn, chia di dang mu (goc).
2. Biu din bin iu hoa bng s phc :
Ta thy s phc c xac nh bi hai yu t la mun va argumen nn nu ly s phc
co mun bng tr hiu dung cua ham iu hoa, con argumen bng goc pha u th s phc y
mang hai thng tin c ban cua ham iu hoa.
( )
i
j
i i
e . I I I t sin I 2 ) t ( i

= = + =
y la quan h dong i, gc anh trong hai khng gian khac nhau.
0
30 j 0 0
e . 120 30 120 U ) 30 t sin( 120 2 ) t ( u = = + =

Trong khng gian phc ( mt phng phc) co u 4 phep tnh nn biu din ham iu hoa
bng s phc se rt tin li cho tnh toan. c bit vic dung s phc co mt u im c ban
la cho phep chuyn mt h vi tch phn v mt h ai s. Vic nay giup ta tranh c giai h
vi tch phn kha phc tap m ta mach in ma ch cn giai h phng trnh ai s cac anh
phc.
3. Biu din phc ao ham cua ham iu hoa :
Ta bit ao ham cua mt ham iu hoa cung la mt ham iu hoa nn se co anh phc
tng ng. Cn xac nh quan h gia anh phc cua ham iu hoa vi anh phc cua ao ham
ham iu hoa o.
V du : ( )
i
j
i i

= = + =
) 11 2 ( I j e . I . e . e . e . I ' I
2 / I ' I ) 2 / t sin( I 2 ) t ( ' i
i i
j 2 / j 2 / j j
i i
= = =
+ = + + =

Vy phep ao ham ham iu hoa trong phn b thi gian khi chuyn sang khng gian
phc se tng ng vi phep nhn thm mt lng j vao anh phc cua ham iu hoa o.
Trong mach in thng gp :

= =
= =
U . C j I
dt
du
. C i
I . Lj U
dt
di
. L u
C
C
L
L

4. Biu din tch phn cua ham iu hoa :
Tch phn cua ham iu hoa cung la ham iu hoa nn se co anh phc tng ng.
Ta se xac nh quan h gia anh phc cua ham iu hoa va anh phc cua tch phn ham
iu hoa o
( )
i
j
i i

= = + =
33
th :
) 12 2 ( I .
j
1
e . I
j
e . I .
e
e . e
I
" I
2
I
" I )
2
t sin( I
2
idt
i i i
j j
2 / j
2 / j j
i i

Vy anh phc cua tch phn ham iu hoa bng anh phc cua ham iu hoa o chia cho
j. Ta thy phep tch phn trong phn b thi gian khi chuyn sang khng gian phc no se la
phep chia.
Trong mach in thng gp :

= =
= =
U .
jL
1
I udt
L
1
i
I .
jC
1
U idt
C
1
u
L
L
C
C

Nh cach biu din phc ta chuyn c h phng trnh vi tch phn theo thi gian m
ta mach sang h phng trnh ai s vi anh phc, nn vic phn tch, tnh toan mach in se
c thc hin rt thun li. Tuy nhin vic lam nh vy la thun tuy toan hoc khng lam ro y
ngha vt ly cua cac qua trnh. Hn na ngi ta khng mun phai vit h phng trnh vi tch
phn ri mi phin dch ra phng trnh ai s phc ma mun dn ra mt s (trong KT
hay dung s ) t o vit ngay h phng trnh ai s phc.
V du : Vit h KF di dang ai s phc cho mach
in hnh ve (h.2-6)
H phng trnh KF dang phn b thi gian va
chuyn sang dang phc :
+
= + +
=
= +
= + +
=

0 I L j R I
C j
I
R I
E I L j R . I R . I
0 I I I
0
dt
di
L R i dt i
C
1
R i
) t ( e
dt
di
L R i R i
0 i i i
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
3 2 1
2
2 2 3 3 3
2
2 2 1 1
3 2 1

e(t)
h.2-6
i
1
i
2
i
3
R
2
R
3
C
L
R
1
Nh vy la cha t s vit thng h phng trnh ai s phc nn ta xet thm phan
ng cua cac nhanh.
5. Phan ung cua mt nhanh di voi kich thich diu hoa
Trong phn u chng 2 chung ta a tm hiu cac c trng cua bin trang thai
iu hoa cung nh tm hiu cach xac nh tr hiu dung cua mt ham iu hoa, cach
biu din ham iu hoa bng th vect va bng s phc. Nhng nghin cu trn tao
tin cho vic xet phan ng cua mt nhanh i vi kch thch iu hoa.
ch xac lp, trong mach tuyn tnh co kch thch iu hoa th dong, ap mi nhanh
u la ham iu hoa cung tn s.
( ) ( )
u
sin
cos
i
sin
cos
t I . 2 u , t I . 2 i + = + =
Ta bit mi nhanh KF thu ng ng vi mt toan t Z hoc Y c trng hanh vi hay
phan ng cua nhanh : u = Z.i, i = Y.u.
34
Khi cac bin la iu hoa quan h toan t rt n gian th hin hai mt phan ng :
1. Phan ng mdul th hin t s hiu dung cua ap va dong tng ng (so sanh v
ln cua tr hiu dung) :
U/I = z; I/U = y.
z = U/I goi la tng tr hiu dung; y = I/U goi la tng dn hiu dung
2. Phan ng goc pha, ch ro goc lch pha gia ap va dong : =
u
-
i

Vy cp s phan ng cua mt nhanh la (z,) hoc (y,- ), cp s nay cho phep tm bin
nay khi bit bin kia. Hn na qua cp quan h nay cho bit hanh vi cua vung nng lng
(tiu tan hay tch phong nng lng).
thy ro cp c trng phan ng cua mt nhanh (z,) hay (y,-) ta xet quan h cua
cac bin phc nh sau :

I vi U
u(t)
u
U U =
; i(t)
i
I I =

Z z
I
U
I
U
I
U
i u
i
u
= = =

Z goi la tng tr phc, no bao ham cp phan ng (z, ) trong o z la mun cua Z, la
argumen. Tng t ta co :
Y y
U
I
U
I
U
I
ui i
u
i
= = =

Y goi la tng dn phc no bao ham cp phan ng (y,- ).
Vy : Z = z , Y = y la phan ng cua nhanh i vi kch thch iu hoa.
Lu y :
z
1
y , y
z
1
z
1
Z
1
Y = = =
= =
Phan ng cua mt nhanh tuy thuc vao ban cht cua vung nng lng nn ta xet phan
ng i vi tng vung nng lng.
6. Phan ung cua nhanh thun tro
1. Phan ng cua nhanh R :
T phng trnh trang thai cua nhanh ( nh lut m) : u = R.i biu din phc quan h
nay rut ra cp s phan ng :
. 0 U 0 I . R U u , 0 I I i
t sin I . 2 . R i . R u t sin I . 2 i
= = =
= = =

Lp t s :
R .
.
Z 0 R
0 I
0 I . R
I
U
= = =
Cp phan ng la : z
R
= R, =
u
-
i
= 0.
T s hiu dung ap trn in tr i vi dong qua in tr bng R. Goc lch pha gia ap
trn tr vi dong qua tr = 0. Ta noi dong qua tr trung pha vi ap trn tr.
th vect ap trn tr va dong qua tr ( hnh 2-7) :
35
Ngc lai :
y
R
1
g , 0 g 0
R
1
Y
Y 0
R
1
0 I . R
0 I
Z
1
U
I
R
R .
.
= = = =
= = = =

U
R
I
R
0
h.2-7
2. Qua trnh nng lng trong nhanh tiu tan :
V trong vung nay u, i cung pha (cung chiu) nn cng sut tip nhn P
R
= u
R
.i
R
=
2U
R
.I
R
sin
2
t 0. Nng lng in t lun a t ngun n tai tiu tan thanh nhit nng,
c nng...
th thi gian cua u
R
(t), i
R
(t), p
R
(t) nh hnh h.2-8

p, u ,i

h.2-8
t
t
0
i
R
u
R
2
P
R
P
R
0 ) t 2 cos 1 ( I . R ) t 2 cos 1 ( I U
2
t 2 cos 1
I U 2 t sin I . R 2 t sin I U 2 p
2
R R
R R
2 2 2
R R R
R
R
= =

= = =

Cng sut tiu tan trung bnh trong mt chu ky :
R R
2
T
0
2
T
0
R
I U R . I ) t 2 cos 1 ( R . I dt p
T
1
P
R R
= = = =

P goi la cng sut tac dung (cng sut tiu tan). Cng sut ch
kha nng sinh cng. Th nguyn [V].[A] = [W]. Qua y ta thy vai tro cua tr hiu dung
dung tnh cng sut trung bnh.
7. Phan ung cua nhanh thun cam
1. Phan ng cua nhanh thun cam :
T phng trnh trang thai (inh lut m) di dang thi gian :
dt
di
L u
L
L
=
Chuyn quan h nay sang dang phc lam ro cp phan ng :
L
u
L
(t)
i
L
(t)
2 / L Z L j
I
I L j
I
U
I . L j U
dt
di
L u ; I I ) t sin( . I 2 i
L
L
.
L
.
L
.
L
.
L
.
L
.
L i
L
i
= = =
=
= = = + =

T s : = =
=
L i u
L
L
i L
u L
L
.
L
.
z
I
U
I
U
I
U

Cp c trng (L = z
L
; = /2) c vit tng hp di dang phc :Z
L
= L /2 . Vy z
L
=
x
L
= L ,
u
-
i
= /2.
T s ap hiu dung trn in cam vi dong hiu dung qua in cam
bng L = z
L
= x
L
goi la in khang in cam, th nguyn [V]/[A] = [],
x
L
phu thuc vao tn s, x
L
= L = 2fL. Ap trn cun cam vt trc
dong qua cun cam goc = /2, Z
L
= jx
L
= jL,biu din L trn s
phc la jL nh hnh (h.2-9)
U
L
=jx
L
I

h.2-9
I
L
jL
Ngc lai :
L
1
b , 2 / b Y 2 /
L
1
U
I
L L L
L
.
L
.
= = =
=
36
trong o :
b
L
la in dn phan khang cam. Cp c trng (b
L
, -/2)
2. Qua trnh nng lng cua kho t :

h.2-10a : th thi gian u(t), i(t), p(t) h.2-10b : th vect ap dong qua cun
cam
u, i, p
t
t =/2
p
L
i
L
u
L
0
-
+
T
2
-
+
U
L
I
L
/2 =
t 2 sin I U t 2 sin x I t cos . t sin x I 2
t sin ) 2 / t sin( L I 2 t sin I 2 ). 2 / t sin( L I 2 ) t ( i ). t ( u ) t ( p
L L L
2
L L
2
L
2
L L L L L
= = =
= + = + = =
Nh vy cng sut dao ng vi tn s 2. Cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu ky :
0 tdt 2 sin I U
T
1
dt ) t ( p
T
1
P
T
0
T
0
L L L
= = =

(qua th thi gian p
L
(t) trong mt chu
ky ta cung thy iu nay). Vy cun cam thun tuy khng tiu thu cng sut (khng tiu tan)
ma y ch co s dao ng, tch phong cng sut gia ngun TT va t trng quanh cun
cam.
Bin dao ng cua cng sut bng U
L
I
L
ta k hiu la Q
L
= U
L
I
L
co th nguyn [Var]
goi la cng sut phan khang. Q
L
= I
2
L
.X
L
o cng cua qua trnh khac hn v ban cht cng
sut tac dung P = I
2
.R ( ch v tiu tan). T y thy X
L
= Q
L
khi I
L
= 1A, nn X
L
co y ngha
v mt nng lng, X
L
cang ln ch ro kha nng trao i nng lng t trng cang ln. Ro
rang R va X
L
khac hn nhau v ban cht; Q
L
cung c tnh qua gia tr hiu dung U
L
, I
L
.
8. Phan ung cua nhanh thun dung
1. Phan ng cua nhanh thun dung C
T phng trnh trang thai cua nhanh di dang thi gian :
= idt
C
1
) t ( u
C

Khi i
C
la ham iu hoa th u
C
cung la ham iu hoa, ta chuyn sang quan h anh phc
xac nh cp phan ng :
C
j
Z
C j
1
I . C j
I
I
U
: s T
C j
I
U ) t ( u I ) t ( i
C
C
.
C
.
.
C
.
C
.
C
.
C
C
.
C
= =
=

x
C
= 1/C : th nguyn [] goi la in khang in dung. Z
C
= -jx
C
= x
C
-/2. Cp phan
ng la (x
C
, -/2). Vit gon trong s phc Z
C
= x
C
-/2 = -jx
C
.
Z
C
c goi la tng tr phc cua tu in C, biu din C trn s
phc la -jx
C
nh hnh (h.2-11) :
u
C
i
C
C
U
C
=-jx
C
I
C
h.2-11

I
C
-jx
C

37
C C i u
C
C
i C
u C
C
.
C
.
C
jx 2 / x
I
U
I
U
I
U
Z = = =
= =
Vy U
C
/I
C
= x
C
= z
C
, - /2 =
u
-
i
. T s ap hiu dung trn tu in vi dong in qua tu
bng x
C
, ap trn tu in chm pha so vi dong qua tu in goc /2. Ta cung co :
2 / b jb Y C j
U
I
C C C
C
.
C
.
= = = =
b
C
= C : in dn phan khang dung. Cp phan ng la (b
C
, /2).
2. Qua trnh nng lng cua kho in.
Cng sut cua nhanh thun dung :
p
C
(t) = u
C
(t).i
C
(t) = t sin . t cos x I 2 t sin I 2 ). 2 / t sin( x I 2
C
2
C C C C
=
t 2 sin I U t 2 sin x . I
C C C
2
C
= =
Cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu ky :
0 tdt 2 sin I U
T
1
dt ) t ( p
T
1
P
T
0
T
0
C C C
= = =

Nh vy mach thun dung khng co s tiu thu cng sut ma ch co dao ng trao i,
tch phong gia TT vi in trng kho in. Kha nng dao ng trao i tch phong bng
chnh bin cua dao ng cng sut U
c
I
c
= Q
c
(2-41) goi la cng sut phan khang. Th
nguyn la [VAr], Q
c
= U
c
I
c
= I
c
2
x
c
(2-42), Q
c
cung c tnh qua gia tr hiu dung cua U
c
, I
c
.
T Q
c
= I
c
2
x
c
thy x
c
= Q
c
khi I
c
= 1A nn x
c
co y ngha v mt nng lng, x
c
cang ln kha
nng trao i nng lng in t cang ln.
fC 2
1
C
1
x
c
= vy x
c
t l nghch vi tn s. y ta cung nhn thy rng cng
sut dao ng trn L va C lun trai du vi nhau.

h.2-12a : th thi gian u(t), i(t), p(t) h.2-12b : th vect ap dong qua tu
in C
u, i, p
t
t
0
=/2
P
C
I
C
U
C
T
2
+
- -
+
U
C
I
C
-/2 =
9. Phan ung cua nhanh R-L-C di voi kich thich diu hoa.
1. Phan ng cua nhanh R-L-C : Di tac dung cua kch thch iu hoa ch xac lp,
ap , dong trong nhanh ni tip R-L-C u bin thin iu hoa. Ta co quan h thi gian : u(t) =
u
R
+ u
L
+ u
C

38
R
L
U
I U
R
U
C
U
L

u(t)
u
L
u
R
u
c
C
Theo nh lut m :
= = = idt
C
1
u ,
dt
di
L u , R . i u
C L R
chuyn quan h thi gian sang
dang phc :
)] x x ( j R .[ I ) jx jx R .( I
)
C
j
L j R .( I )
C j
1
. L j R .( I I
C j
1
I . L j R . I U
C L
.
C L
.
. . . . . .
+ = + =
+ =
+ + =
+ + =

Biu thc vect : C L R U U U U + + = . th vect nh hnh ve.
C L
x x x = () goi la in
khang (trong o x
L
va x
C
lun ngc du). Lp t s : Z jx R
I
U
.
.
= + = goi la tng tr phc
(). Tng tr phc Z= R + jx noi ro R va x c trng cho hai vung phan ng khac nhau v
ban cht nn phai c tng hp trong mt quan h c lp tuyn tnh. Trong o cn lu y x
L

va x
C
ngc du nhau tao nn in khang x, ngoai dang ai s co th vit Z di dang mu :
R
x
arctg , z ze e x R Z
j j 2 2
= = = + =

2 2
i u i u
i
u
.
.
x R z ,
R
x
arctg , z
I
U
Z z
I
U
I
U
I
U
+ = = = = = = =
=
Nh vy cp phan ng la z va , z la tng tr hiu dung.
T s cua ap hiu dung trn mach R-L-C vi dong hiu dung bng tng tr hiu dung z c
tnh theo cac vung nng lng hp thanh theo cng thc
2 2
x R z + = th nguyn [] goc
lch pha gia ap trn mach R-L-C vi dong qua no la = arctg(x/R) tuy thuc vao x, R.
Khi x
L
> x
C
x > 0 > 0 : ap vt trc dong goc , ta noi mach co tnh cam
Khi x
L
< x
C
x < 0 < 0 : ap chm sau dong goc , ta noi mach co tnh dung
Khi x
L
= x
C
x = 0 = 0 : ap, dong trung pha nhau ta nh mach in tr v
in cam va in dung va bu ht cho nhau.
Ngc lai ly t s : Y y
z
1
z
1
Z
1
U
I
.
.
= = =
= = . Y goi la tng dn phc, y =1/z

goi la tng dn hiu dung.
Dang ai s Y = ycos(-) + j.ysin(-) = y.cos - y.sin = g -j.b trong o :
y.cos = g = cos.1/z =
+
cos
x R
1
2 2
: in dn tac dung.
39
+
= = = sin .
x R
1
z / 1 . sin b sin . y
2 2
: in dn phan khang.
Qua cng thc ta thy cp phan ng (z, ) va (y, -) phu thuc vao tn s, z(), y(),
(), ta noi rng phan ng cua nhanh R-L-C co tnh la chon i vi tn s. Cac quan h trn
goi la nhng c tnh tn s. S biu din tng tr phc Z = R +jx hoc tng dn Y = 1/Z=
g - jb nh hnh (h.2-13).
2. Tam giac tr :
T cng thc
R
x
arctg , x R
2 2
= + = z ta thy quan h gia z, R, x la quan h trong
mt tam giac vung co canh huyn la z, goc nhon k canh R la , canh con
lai la x, goi la tam giac tng tr hnh (h.2-14). Tam giac tng tr giup xac
nh z, khi bit R, x va ngc lai.
R
x
arctg , x R z
2 2
= + =
R = z.cos , x = z.sin
z
x
x R
x
sin ,
z
R
x R
R
cos
2 2 2 2
=
+
= =
+
=
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
x R
x
z
x
z
x
.
x R
1
sin
z
1
b ,
x R
R
z
R
z
R
.
x R
1
cos
z
1
g
+
= =
+
= =
+
= =
+
= =

3. Qua trnh nng lng :
Trn nhanh R-L-C ng thi tn tai hai qua trnh nng lng : qua trnh tiu tan
va tch phong nng lng vi hai dang cng sut la cng sut tac dung va cng sut
phan khang. Ta co :
t 2 sin I U t 2 sin I U t sin . R . I 2 p
p p p i ). u u u ( ui p
C C L L
2 2
C L R C L R
R
+ =
= + + = + + = =

t 2 sin ) Q Q ( ) t 2 cos 1 ( R I p
C L
2
+ =
10. Cac loai cng sut trong mach din.
Cn a ra mt s khai nim v cng sut o nhng qua trnh nng lng khac nhau
v ban cht trong mach in.
1. Cng sut tac dung P :
Cng sut tiu tan trung bnh trong 1 chu ky goi la cng sut tac dung. Theo
ngha la no co hiu lc bin nng lng in t thanh cac dang nng lng khac va
sinh cng.
= = = = = cos I . U cos z I P c ta cos z R vi R I I U P
2 2
R R
(2-51)
z
R

x
h.2-14

h.2-13
.
I
jx R
.
U
-jb
.
I
.

U
g
40
Cng thc nay tin dung hn v R cua tai thng kho bit ma cos va z o c d dang
nh o U, I. Cng sut tac dung P co th nguyn W, KW, MW.
( )

= = = I . U cos UI cos UI P
i u
(2-52). Cng sut tac dung P bng ni tch
cua hai vect ap va dong trn nhanh.
2. Cng sut phan khang Q :
Bin dao ng cng sut cua kho t, kho in
C
2
C L
2
L
x I Q , x I Q = = , noi chung
goi la cng sut phan khang. No o cng qua trnh dao ng nng lng. Th
nguyn cua cng sut phan khang la VAr (hoc kVAr). Cung v x khng c bit trc nn
thng dung cng thc
x I Q
2
=
= = = sin I . U I . sin z I . x Q
2 2
(2-53)
Khi mach co tnh cam : sin > 0, Q> 0, mach co tnh dung sin < 0, Q< 0.
3. Cng sut biu kin S :
T cng sut P = UIcos ta thy P ti a bng UI khi cos =1, ta goi UI = S (2-54) la cng
sut biu kin co th nguyn VA (KVA).
S la cng sut ch kha nng cua thit b in. V du : may bin ap co S = 100KVA, may
phat in co S = 30KVA. May bin ap co S = 100KVA tc la kha nng MBA phat ra c
cng sut tac dung ti a la P
max
=100 KW nu cos = 1, con nu cos < 1 th P < P
max

=100KW mc du MBA co S =100KVA.
4. Quan h gia cac cng sut P, Q, S :
T : P = UIcos = Scos va Q =Uisin = Ssin (2-55) ta c
2 2
Q P S + = = arctg (Q/P), chung lin h vi nhau trong mt tam
giac vung goi la tam giac cng sut (h.2-15). Qua tam giac cng sut co
th xac nh c 2 trong 4 ai lng P,Q,S, nu bit hai ai lng con
lai. Cung thy c P va Q la 2 qua trnh khac nhau v ban cht nn khng
th cng thng chung vi nhau ma phai ly theo tng bnh phng (tng
t nh R va x cung khng th cng trc tip vi nhau ma phai qua tng
bnh phng nh a nu ).
S
P

Q
h.2-15
5. Cng sut biu kin phc :
P
Q
arctg , Q P S
2 2
= + = T biu thc . Ly Scos + jSsin = P + jQ = S(cos +
jsin) = S.e
j
=S =S (2-56) goi la cng sut biu kin phc, lin h vi
(2-57)
~
S
~

= = = = I . U Ie . e . U e . I . U e . S S
~
I , U
.
j j ) ( j j
. .
i u i u
S
~
lin h vi phan ng Z, Y: (2-58). Z . I z I Ie . zI Ie . U S
~
2 2 j j
= = = =

= = = = Y . U
z
1
U e
z
U
. U Ie . U S
~
2 2 j j
(2-59)
6. Cn bng cng sut trong mach in :
Mach in xet phai thoa man lut bao toan nng lng nn phai co cn bng cng sut
tac dung phat va tiu tan trong toan mach :

=
thu fat
P P (2-60)
- Theo nh ly Langevin co s cn bng cng sut phan khang cac ngun phat vi
cng sut phan khang thu trn cac phn t :

=
thu fat
Q Q (2-61)
-

+ =
2 2
thu fat
Q P S do , S S (2-62)
41
- Nhng nghim ung nh ly : " Tng ai s cng sut biu kin phat va thu cua
mt h thng cn bng nhau"
S
~

+ = +
thu thu fat fat
Q j P Q j P (2-63)
11. H s cng sut
1. H s cng sut cos :
Vi mt nhanh co thng s R, L, C a cho tn s nht nh se co thng s (r, x)
goc lch pha xac nh do o h s cng sut xac nh :
2 2 2 2
Q P
P
S
P
x R
R
z
R
cos
+
= =
+
= = (2-64)
No la s phi hp cac vung nng lng P, Q khac nhau v ban cht. No la ch tiu kinh
t, ky thut quan trong v mt nng lng. Co th thy iu o qua phn tch sau :

=
cos U
P
I
t

P
t
, U xac nh vi mt tai, t y thy nu cos cang nho dong I cang ln gy mt
mat nng lng Jun va tut ap ng dy cang ln. Ngoai ra I cang ln th oi hoi tit din dy
phai ln lam tng khi lng dy dn kem kinh t.
Mt khac khi cos thp may phat phai cp ra mt dong in I ln ma vn khng phat ra
c nhiu cng sut tac dung, ng dy phai truyn tai mt dong ln ma cng sut truyn
tai khng ln.
T P = Scos thy rng cos cang ln th cng sut tac dung P cang gn S va ngc lai
cos cang nho th P cang nho so vi S nn vic s dung thit b kem hiu qua.
Nh vy cos thp co hai v kinh t, ky thut nn khi tnh toan, thit k, chon la, lp
t thit b in phai bao am cos trong khoang gia tr cho phep nu khng at th phai tm
moi bin phap nng cao h s cos cua mi TB, mi phn xng va mi nha may.
2. Nng cao h s cos :
Co nhiu bin phap nng cao cos nh phat may bu v.v.. y ta xet phng
phap n gian nht la ghep song song vi tai cam (thng s dung cac tai cam nh
ng c in, MBA, cac cun cam...) nhng tu in goi la tu bu.
Ta bit :
2 2
x R
R
cos
+
= la s phi hp gia R va x nn cos tng tc la lam cho
giam. Tuy vao tnh cht cua tai (co tnh dung hay tnh cam) tm cach lam cho cos giam.
Khi tai co tnh cam, ap vt trc nn giam ta ni song song vi tai mt tu in co
dong qua no vt trc ap nn dong tng se lch pha so vi ap chung mt goc nho hn.
Ro rang
2
<
1
nn cos
2
> cos
1
. Chng minh c biu thc lin h gia gia tr C
cn nng t cos
1
ln cos
2
cho phu tai co cng sut P in ap nh mc U
R R L L
L I

U
2

L I
1

C I
C I
I
C
I
.
I
.
U
.
I
.
U
h.2-16 th vect ap, dong trc h.2-17 th vect ap, dong sau khi ni C//
khi b i
42
[ ]
2 1
2
tg tg
U
P
C
=
12. So d phuc, h phuong trinh Kirhof dang phuc :
1. S phc : Ngi ky s quen dung s m ta qua trnh va mun qua s vit
h phng trnh giai ch khng mun ai s hoa h phng trnh. Ngi ta ai s hoa ngay
trn s mach bng cach thay R, L, C trong s bng cac cp c trng qua s phc biu
din cac phn t o nh : R, jL, j/C nh a noi phn phan ng. V M cung nh L v mt
vt ly nn thay M bng jM = jx
M.
. Cac ngun kch thch cung c biu din phc.
V du : Lp s phc cho mach in nh hnh (h.2-18)
h.2-18
R
3
R
2
R
1
jL
-j/C
E
1
.
I
3
.
I
2
.
I
1
.
C
L
R
1
R
2
R
3
e(t)
2. H phng trnh KF dang phc :
Sau khi co s phc, vi cac chiu dng a chon ta vit phng trnh KF di dang
ai s :
(2-67) vi Z
=
=

k
.
k
.
k
k
k
.
E I Z
j I
k
= R
k
+ jx
k
=
=

k
.
k
.
k
k
.
k
E U
j U Y
(2-68) vi Y
k
= 1/ Z
k
H phng trnh dang phc cho mach in v du trn la :

= +
= + + = + +
=
0 ) L j R ( I I
C
1
j R I
E ) L j R ( I R I I L j R I R I
0 I I I
2
2
.
3
.
3
3
.
.
2
2
.
1
1
.
2
.
2
2
.
1
1
.
3
.
2
.
1
.

13. Dc tinh tn s cua nhanh R-L-C :
1. c tnh tn cua cac phn t L, C :

1/C
h.2-19
x
L
=L, x() la ng thng

L
x
L
x
C
h.2-20
x
C
=1/L, x
C
t l nghch vi , dang hypecbol
43
2. c tnh tn cua nhanh R-L-C : xem hnh (h.2-21) va (h.2-22)
= =
C
1
L x x x
C L
, x() la ng cong ct truc tai
LC
1
0
=
( )
R
C
1
L
arctg
R
x
arctg ) (
C
1
L R
1
) ( z
1
) ( y ;
C
1
L R z
2
2
2
2

= =
+
=
+ =

h.2-21
x, y, z

0

0
R
x
y()
x
C

x
L

z()

h.2-22

0
-/2
/2
0

14. Hin tuong cng huong trong mach din :
1. Cng hng ap : Khi trong mach ni tip R-L-C co tn s cua ngun bng tn s
dao ng ring cua mach
LC
1
0
= ta noi trong mach co cng hng ap. Khi o x
L
= x
C
(
tn s
0
) nn x = x
L
- x
C
= 0, = 0 nn Z= R+ jx = R = z 0 ngha la cng hng ap tng tr
ch co phn thc R = z, con jx = 0, goc lch pha gia ap, dong = 0 ap va dong trung pha
U/I = R = z = z
min
. Luc nay dong in trong nhanh at gia tr cc ai I = I
max
= U/R. Toan b
in ap cua mach t ln in tr R, U
R
= U. Trang thai cng hng ap xem nh trang thai
mach o in khang u vao bng 0. th vect cua ap, dong khi cng hng ap nh hnh
(h.2-23).
Phng trnh ap : . Do x C L R U U U U

+ + =
L
= x
C
nn
ngc pha nhau nn U C L U , U

C L C L U U 0 U U

= = +
R
=
I.R<< U
L
= U
C
= I.x
L
= I.x
C
dn ti ap t vao thng co tr s kha
nho U = U
R
<< U
L
= U
C
so vi in ap ly cun dy U
L
hoc tu
in U
C
. Hin tng cng hng ap co th c s dung khuch
ai ap khi cn, nh mach raio...Hin tng cng hng xut hin
khi hoc thay i tn s ngun hoc thay i L hoc C at quan h :
U
L
U
C
U
R
=U
I
h.2-23
x = x
L
- x
C
(2-69)
44
Khi cng hng th = =
=
C
L
C
1
L
0
0
khng phu thuc tn s, ky hiu goi la tng tr
c tnh cua mach vong. T s : Q
R RI
I
U
U
U
U
C L
=
= = (2-70) goi la h s phm cht cua

vong dao ng L - C.
Nu nh khi cng hng co dong ) 2 / t sin( U u ), t sin( I i
1 0 Cm C 1 0 m
+ = + =
th tng nng lng cua t trng va in trung lin qua n cam va dung la W
M
+ W
E
=
2
) t ( cos CU
2
) t ( sin LI
2
Cu
2
Li
1 0
2 2
Cm 1 0
2 2
m
2 2
+
+
+
= +
v const CU
2
CU
2
LI
W W nn
2
CU
2
) CU ( L
2
LI
2
Cm
2
Cm
2
m
E M
2
Cm
2
Cm 0
2
m
= = + = + =
=
(2.72). Tc la tng nng lng khng phu thuc vao thi gian, nn s giam (hay tng) cua ap
trn dung va s giam nng lng cua in trng se lam tng (hay giam) dong nng lng cua
t trng va ngc lai. Nng lng mach nhn t ngun sau mt chu ky T la :
C
2
L
2 2
2
m 2
x I x I 0 x I Q ,
2
T RI
RT I PT W = = = = = = chng to hai kho khng trao i
nng lng vi bn ngoai ma trao i ni tai vi nhau va ht.
Lp t s :
= = =
+ Q
R 2
L 2
2
. R
L 2
RT
L 2
T RI
2 . LI
W
W W
0
0
2
m
2
m E M
(2.73)
T y thy h s phm cht Q t l vi ty s gia tng nng lng t trng va in trng
khi cng hng vi nng lng tiu thu trong mach trong mt chu ky. Quan h cua dong I, ap
U
L
, U
C
vi tn s goi la c tnh cng hng. Ta co cac quan h sau :

2 2
)
C
1
L ( R
U
z
U
) ( I
+
= =
h.2-24
L

0

C

U
I
U
C
U
L
U
C
I
U
L

2 2
L
)
C
1
L ( R
LU
LI ) ( U
= =

C
1
.
)
C
1
L ( R
U
C
I
) ( U
2 2
C
+
=
=
(2.74)
Cac c tnh cng hng I(), U
L
(), U
C
() nh hnh ve (h.2-24).
T 0
d
dU
L
=
xac nh c tn s
L
o U
L
at gia tr cc ai U
Lmax

2
0 L
R
2
2
= (2.75)
45
T 0
d
dU
C
=
xac nh c tn s
C
o U
C
at gia tr U
Cmax
:
2
2
0
2
0 C
Q 2
1 Q 2
2
R
2
= (2.76)
Ta thy
L
>
0
va
C
<
0
ngoai ra
L
C
=
0
2
(2.77)
Lp quan h I/I
0
ta co :
2
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
2
0
2 2
Q 1
I
R
L
1 R
U
)
C
1
L ( R
U
I
+
=
+
=
+
= (2.78)
Vi
R
U
I
0
= la dong in khi cng hng.
I/I
0
0
2 / 1
2

1

0

Q =1
Q =10
Q =0,5

Ta thy t s
0
I
I
phu thuc tn s va h s
phm cht Q. Ve quan h
0
I
I
theo , Q nh
hnh ve (h.2-25)
Trong pham vi tn s
1
< <
2
t s
2 / 1
I
I
0
(2.79)
h.2-25
Vung o goi la giai thng cua mach (ngha la trong pham vi tn s o tng tr cua mach bng
khng). Theo cac ng cong ta thy khi h s phm cht Q cang cao th giai thng cang hep,
ngha la tnh chon loc cua mach cang cao i vi tn s gn bng
0
.
0
0 0 0
0
) )( (
+
=
k hiu -
0
= th gn ung :
0
0
0
. 2
(2.80) bin giai thng

2
0
2
0
2
Q 1
1
2
1
I
I

+
= rut ra :
Q
1 2
0
=

do o vi mach co h s phm cht cao th
2
-
1

Q
0
(2.81)
T biu thc xac nh bin cua giai thng :
1 Q
2
1
2
Q 1
1
2
0
0 2
2
0
2
=

+
(2.82)
Thy rng cac tn s bin
1
,
2
phai thoa man quan h
1
.
2
=
2
0
(2.83).
Trong ky thut VT, ky thut loc, tach song ... thng dung vong L-C co tiu tan nho vi Q
c 100, khi co yu cu cao th Q 1000. Vi
0
va L, C a cho mun tng Q th phai giam r
cua cun dy va tu in. Lam vic vi vong r-L-C ln cn
0
phai lu y h s phm cht Q
va tnh trc cho cun dy va tu in chu ni in ap Q.U.
46
2. Cng hng dong :
La trang thai cua mach R//L//C khi tn s ngun bng tn s dao ng ban thn cua
mach
LC
1
0
= = . V =
0
nn in dn phan khang b = b
L
-b
C
=1/L - C = 0 (2.84)
nn y la trang thai mach khi in dn phan khang u vao bng 0.
Tng dn cua mach luc nay : = = + + = y jb g Y Y Y Y
C L R

Khi cng hng dong : b = 0 phn ao cua tng dn phc Y bng 0, ch con lai phn thc g
= y = 1/R va v b = 0 nn = 0 nn ap va dong cung pha nhau.
Quan h dong, ap :
[ ] Y . U ) b b ( j g U C j
L
1
j
R
1
U U Y U Y U Y I I I I
.
C L
. . .
C
.
L
.
R
C
.
L
.
R
. .
= =
= + + = + + =
v b
L
= b
C
nn b = 0 vy
R
.
C
.
L
.
R
. .
I I I I I = + + =
th vect dong, ap luc nay nh hnh ve (h.2-26)
Nu b
L
= b
C
>> g th I
L
= I
C
>> I
R
= I
3. Cng hng trong mach phc tap :
Mach in co cha mt s nhanh trn o co in
cam va in dung nu xac nh tng tr Z = R + jx ma
co phng trnh x = 0 (2.85) hoc tng dn Y = g - jb
ma co phng trnh b = 0 (2.86). Trong o x la in khang u vao, b la in dn phan
khang u vao. Nu phng trnh (2.85) va (2.86) co nghim thc th trong mach xut
hin cac loai cng hng.
h.2-26
I
R
I =
U
I
C
I
L
=0
V du : Trong mach in nh hnh ve (h2.27)
Khi tn s
1
1
LC
1
= th co cng hng ap
nhanh th nht. Qua vy v tng tr cua nhanh th nht la
)
C
1
L ( j R Z
1
1 1
+ = . Khi
1
LC
1
1
= = th
0
C
1
L x
1
1
=
= . Tng t nh vy khi
2 1 2
C C C vi
LC
1
+ = = th trong toan mach co cng hng dong in v :
h.2-27
R
1
R
2
L
C
1
C
2
Y = Y
1
+ Y
2
= g
1
- jb
1
+ g
2
- jb
2
= (g
1
+g
2
) - j(b
1
+b
2
).
b
1
+ b
2
= 0 = b
L
- b
C
= 1/L - C
1
- C
2
= 0.

48
CHUONG 3
PHUONG PHAP TINH MACH TUYN TINH H S HNG
O CH D XAC LP DIU HOA
Ta a bit khi mach in la mach tuyn tnh h s hng ch xac lp vi kch
thch iu hoa th m hnh cua no chnh la h phng trnh KF 1, 2 dang ai s phc.
Cn phai nu nhng phng phap giai h ai s o cho ra nhng ap ng cua mach
in. V mach KF co c im la co th o trang thai nhng yu t kt cu khac nhau
: nhanh, nh, vong...V vy co h phng trnh tng ng vi cac bin nhanh,
bin nh, bin vong nn co cac phng phap giai cho t ng bin.
Chu y v cac nh lut KF dang phc ging ht cho trng hp mach thun tr
hoc mach co dong khng i. Ch co khac la khi o cac bin trang thai va cac toan t
u la s thc U, I, E, R, g. V vy nhng phng phap se nu cung dung cho mach co
dong khng i hoc thun tr.
Bin nhanh - phuong phap dong (ap) nhanh.
Mach co m nhanh, d nh nn nu ly bin la dong (ap) nhanh th s n s dong
(ap) nhanh la m, vy cn vit m phng trnh theo bin la dong (ap) nhanh theo cac
nh lut KF1, KF2. Ta vit c (d-1) phng trnh KF1 theo dong (ap) nhanh dang :

=
k
k
.
j I (3-1)
Vit c (m-d+1) phng trnh KF2 theo dong (ap) nhanh dang :
L
.
L
.
L
E I Z

= (3-2)
Hoc : (3-3)
=
=

L
.
L
.
k k
.
k
E U
j U Y
Tt nhin vit cac phng trnh ai s trn cn phai quy c chiu dng cac
dong in va chiu dng cac vong.
Giai h phng trnh ai s trn ta se c gia tr phc dong (ap) cac nhanh. Co
dong (ap) nhanh qua nh lut m tnh ap (dong) cua nhanh.
H phng trnh dang ma trn theo bin dong nhanh :
=
=
nh
.
t
nh
.
nh t
nh
.
t
E C I Z C
0 I A
(3-4)
V du : Lp h phng trnh bin nhanh giai mach in hnh (h.3-1). Mach
in co d = 3, m = 5.
h.3-1
c
a b
Z
1
Z
3
Z
5
Z
2
Z
4
I
1
.
I
3
.
I
5
.
I
4
.
I
2
.
E
4
.
E
5
.
III II I
H phng trnh theo dang
bin nhanh :
Nut a : 0 I I I 3
.
2
.
1
.
=
E
1
.
Nut b : 0 I I I 5
.
4
.
3
.
= +
Vong I : 1
.
2
2
.
1
1
.
E Z I Z I = +
49
Vong II : 4
.
2
2
.
4
4
.
3
3
.
E Z I Z I Z I = +
Vong III : 4
.
5
.
4
4
.
5
5
.
E E Z I Z I = +
H phng trnh dang ma trn :
= +
= + +
=
=
0 I I I
0 I I I
I
I
I
I
I
1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 I A
5
.
4
.
3
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
5
.
4
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
nh
.
t
[ ] [ ]
1 0 0
1 1 0
0 1 0
0 1 1
0 0 1
C ,
Z 0 0 0 0
0 Z 0 0 0
0 0 Z 0 0
0 0 0 Z 0
0 0 0 0 Z
Z ,
E
E
E
E
E
E
5
4
3
2
1
nh
5
.
4
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
nh
.

=
.
5
.
4
.
1
5
.
4
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
5
4
3
2
1
nh
.
t nh
.
nh t
E
E
0
0
E
1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1
I
I
I
I
I
Z 0 0 0 0
0 Z 0 0 0
0 0 Z 0 0
0 0 0 Z 0
0 0 0 0 Z
1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1
E C I Z C
H phng trnh theo ap nhanh :
= +
= +
= +
= +
=

4 5 4 3
4 2 4 3
1 2 1
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
E E U U
E U U U
E U U
0 U Y U Y U Y
0 U Y U Y U Y
H phng trnh dang ma trn vit theo bin ap nhanh :
=
=
nh
.
t nh
.
t
nh
.
nh
t
E C U C
0 U Y A
(3-5)

Bin vong - phuong phap dong din vong :
Ta a bit cac dong bu cy trn mt graph lam thanh mt tp u dong nhanh c lp.
Nhng dong y chay khep kn qua nhng vong xac nh trn cy a chon, lam thanh
mt tp dong vong bu canh. Cung co th chon cac dong chay khep kn cac mt li
50
mt graph phng. Cac dong bu canh (dong chay trong cac mt li) goi la dong vong.
Sau khi bit dong vong co th tnh c dong nhanh va ap nhanh. Vy t bin la dong
vong ( ), nn s n s la chnh bng s vong c lp, chnh bng s bu canh = (m
- d + 1). Tc la ta cn vit (m - d +1) phng trnh theo . Qua khai nim nh ngha
v dong vong ta thy chung a cha ng s thoa man lut KF1 (tnh lin tuc) nn
phng trnh lin h cac bin co y ngha se la phng trnh KF2. Ta co trnh t giai
mach in bng phng phap dong vong nh sau :
v
.
I
v
.
I
v
.
I
v
.
I
Chon va danh s, quy c chiu dng cua cac dong vong (dong bu canh hoc
dong mt li) k ca cac ngun dong nh a cho khep kn qua nhng vong c lp.
Vit (m - d +1) phng trnh KF2 theo bin vong. Lu y co ca nhng ap do h cam,
ap do cac ngun dong gy trn vong , (3-6)
j
.
E
m
.
mk jk
.
J Z E =
Giai h phng trnh c cac dong vong sau o suy ra cac dong nhanh la tng ai
s cac dong vong qua nhanh o.
V du : Lp h phng trnh bin vong giai mach in hnh (h.3-2)
Chon 3 dong vong theo mt li , , .
1 v
.
I
2 v
.
I
3 v
.
I
Phng trnh KF2 cho cac vong :
Vong I :
1
.
3 3 v
.
2 2 v
.
3 2 1 1 v
.
E Z I Z I ) Z Z Z ( I = + + +
Vong II :
4
.
5 3 v
.
2 1 v
.
5 2 4 2 v
.
E Z I Z I ) Z Z Z ( I = + + + +
Vong III : 0 Z I Z I ) Z Z Z ( I
3 1 v
.
5 2 v
.
3 5 6 3 v
.
= + + +
Giai h phng trnh c cac dong vong ,
, sau o suy ra dong nhanh ,
, , , . Ta thy
1 v
.
I
2 v
.
I
3 v
.
I
1 v
.
1
I =
.
I
3 v
.
1 v
.
3
.
I I I =
3 v
.
6
.
I I =
2 v
.
1 v
.
2
.
I I I + =
2 v
.
4
.
I I = ) Z Z Z (
3 2 1
+ + la tng tr tham
gia vong I la vong ang vit co chay qua ta k hiu la Z
1 v
.
I
v1
, Z
2
la tng tr nhanh
chung gia vong I va vong II k hiu la Z
12
= Z
2
, tng t Z
3
= Z
13
la tng tr nhanh
chung gia vong I va vong III, Z
5
= Z
23
la tng tr nhanh chung gia vong II va vong
III. Luc nay phng trnh vong I c vit gon la : .
1
.
13 3 v
.
12 2 v
.
1 v 1 v
.
E Z I Z I Z I = +
I
6
.
I
.
4
I
5
.
I
3
.
E
4
.
I
1
.
E
1
.
E
1
.
II I
III
Z
5
Z
4
Z
2
I
2
.
Z
1
Z
3
Z
6
h.3-2
Tng t nh vy cho cac vong khac :
4
.
25 3 v
.
12 1 v
.
2 v 2 v
.
E Z I Z I Z I = + +
0 Z I Z I Z I
13 1 v
.
25 2 v
.
3 v 3 v
.
= +
Trong o : Z
v2
= Z
2
+ Z
4
+ Z
5
, Z
v3
= Z
3
+ Z
5
+ Z
6
.
1 v 1 v
.
Z I : la sut ap do dong vong gy ra trong ban thn vong I, lun co du dng.
lm vm
.
Z I : la sut ap do dong vong m co nhanh chung vi vong l ang vit gy ra trong
nhanh chung o, du + hay - tuy chiu cua dong vong m qua nhanh chung cung chiu
hay ngc chiu vi dong vong l ang xet. T y ta a ra dang tng quat :
51

=
vk
. n
l
kl vl
.
vk vk
.
E Z I Z I
vk
.
E
la tng ai s S thuc vong k, S nao cung chiu vi vong th co du

dng, ngc chiu th du -. Nu trong mach in co nhng ngun dong kch thch
bm vao cp nut nao o th coi o la dong c lp nh a bit J. V phng trnh KF2
la vit cho ap nn phai cho dong J chay qua mt nhanh nao o gia hai nut ma J bm
vao tao ra v phai phng trnh ging nh cac . Luc nay co
phng trnh :
j
.
k
.
k
.
E Z J U = =
.
E
j
.
vk
. n
l
kl vl
.
vk vk
.
E E Z I Z I =

(3-8)
Lu y trong mach r, L, M, C ta co xet tnh tng h nn Z
kl
= Z
lk
nn h s Z
kl
i
xng qua truc cheo cua [Z
nh
].
Phng trnh dang ma trn : (3-9)
nh
.
t v
.
nh t
E C I C Z C =
Khi co cac ngun dong j th v phai co thm thanh phn C
t
Z
nh
j
nh
.
V du 2 : Lp h phng trnh bin dong vong
giai mach in hnh (h.3-3).
Ta tuy y gia thit ngun j khep mach qua nhanh Z
3
tao
nn ap a bit .
3 j 3
.
Z . j U =
Phng trnh vong I :
2
.
1
.
2 2 v
.
2 1 1 v
.
E E Z I ) Z Z ( I = +
Phng trnh vong II :
3
.
2
.
2 1 v
.
3 2 2 v
.
Z j E Z I ) Z Z ( I = +
3 j 3
.
Z . j U = la ap ri trn Z
3
do ngun dong j gy ra nm
v trai phng trnh, v j cung chiu vong nn mang du +, chuyn sang v phai nn
i thanh du -. V mt toan hoc ta thy phng phap dong vong thc cht la tnh cac
dong phu thuc theo cac dong c lp qua KF1 ri thay vao phng trnh KF2 c
phng trnh KF2 theo bin vong, tc la a phng trnh KF1 vao phng trnh KF2.
II
Z
3
Z
1
E
1
.
(h.3-3)
I
j
j
Z
2
E
2
.
Bin dnh - phuong phap din th dnh :
Ta a co mi lin h gia in th nh vi ap nhanh nn nu chon bin la th
nh lp h phng trnh th nh giai ra cac th nh th suy ra c cac ap nhanh ri
dong nhanh. Mach in co d nh th co d th nh, song phai so vi mt th mc
(thng chon mc la 0), nn s th cn xac nh la (d -1), tc la s n s th nh la (d-
1).
Vy ta cn vit (d-1) phng trnh theo n s la th nh. Khai nim th t tnh
cht th no a cha ng s thoa man lut KF2 nn ch co phng trnh KF1 lin h
cac th mi co y ngha. Vy cn vit (d-1) phng trnh KF1 theo bin la th nh.
Nhng ta mi ch co phng trnh KF1 cho bin la cac dong nhanh, nn phai tm biu
thc gia cac dong nhanh vi th nh co phng trnh KF1 theo bin la th nh.
Ta a co nh lut m lin h gia ap vi dong nhanh ma ap nhanh lai lin h vi th
nn ta lp c quan h gia dong nhanh vi th nh.
52
h.3-4
Z
kl I
kl
.
k l
i vi nhanh khng ngun hnh (h.3-4) ta co :
kl l k
kl
l k
kl
.
kl kl
.
l k kl
.
Y ). (
Z
I Z . I U =

= = =
Z
kl I
kl
.
k l
E
kl
.
h.3-5
(3-10)
i vi cac nhanh co ngun nh hnh (h.3-5) ta co :
kl kl
.
kl l k kl
.
kl
.
kl kl
.
k l
Y . E Y ). ( I E Z . I = =
(3-11)
Nh vy khi cung chiu vi th (3-12)
kl
.
E
kl
.
I
kl kl
.
kl l k kl
.
Y . E Y ). ( I + =
Tc la S nao cung chiu dong th co du +. Sau khi co biu thc dong
theo th ta vit c h phng trnh KF1 theo
th.
.
E Y . E
.
I
6
.
b
d
I
4
c
.
I
5
.
I
3
.
E
4
.
I
1
a .
E
1
.
E
1
.
Z
5
Z
4
Z
2
I
2
.
Z
1
Z
3
Z
6
V du : Lp h phng trnh theo bin th
nh giai mach in nh hnh (h.3-6)
Chon nh d lam mc, vit phng trnh KF1 cho
cac nh con lai :
nh a : 0 I I I
6
.
3
.
1
.
=
nh b : 0 I I I
5
.
3
.
2
.
= + +
h.3-6
nh c : 0 I I I
6
.
5
.
4
.
= +
Thay cac dong in trong phng trnh trn theo bin nh :
V du thay vao nh a :
6 c a 6
.
3 b a 3
.
1 1
.
1 a 1
.
Y ). ( I , Y ). ( I , Y . E Y ). 0 ( I = = + =
Ta co : 0 Y ). ( Y ). ( Y . E Y ). 0 (
6 c b 3 b a 1 1
.
1 a
= +
0 Y Y Y Y Y E Y
6 c 6 a 3 b 3 a 1 1
.
1 a
= + + +
1 1
.
6 c 3 b 6 3 1 a
1 1
.
6 c 3 b 6 3 1 a
Y E Y Y ) Y Y Y (
0 Y E Y Y ) Y Y Y (
= + +
= + + + + +

Tng t nh vy cho cac nh khac :
nh b : 0 Y Y ) Y Y Y (
5 c 3 a 5 3 2 b
= + +
nh c :
4 4
.
6 a 5 b 6 5 4 c
Y E Y Y ) Y Y Y ( = + +
Qua cac phng trnh vit theo th cac nh, v du nh a ta co nhn xet : s hang u
tin
a
(Y
1
+Y
3
+Y
6
) la tch th cua nh vit vi tng tng dn cac nhanh ni vi nh
vit, (Y
1
+Y
3
+Y
6
) = Y
a
la tng tt ca tng dn cua cac nhanh co ni n nut a. Cac s
hang sau cua v trai :
b
.Y
3
,
c
.Y
6
la tch th cua nh co ni vi nh ang vit qua
mt nhanh vi tng dn cua nhanh o. K hiu
k
.Y
ka
, trong o Y
ka
la tng dn cua
nhanh ni gia nut ang vit a vi nut k,
k
Y
ka
lun mang du -. Con v bn phai
53
1 1
.
Y E : la tch cua S vi tng dn cua nhanh cha S, no co du "+" khi S E
hng vao nut vit. Ngc lai se co du "-". Nut nao co bao nhiu nhanh co cha S
ni vao th co by nhiu s hang cua v phai.
Tng quat phng trnh nut a la :

=
l
1
ma m
.
ka
n
1
k a a
Y E Y Y
Nut b la :

=
l
1
ib i
.
kb
n
1
k b b
Y E Y Y (3-13)
Nut c la :

=
l
1
pc p
.
kc
n
1
k c c
Y E Y Y
Khi co nhng ngun bm vao nh th ta phai a dong j vao v phai cua phng trnh
nh o.
a
. l
1
ma m
.
ka
n
1
k a a
J Y E Y Y =

b
. l
1
ib i
.
kb
n
1
k b b
J Y E Y Y =

(3-14)
Ta co trnh t giai mach bng phng phap th nh la :
Chon mt nh lam mc vi th 0.
Vit (d-1) phng trnh dang (3-14) cho cac nh con lai.
Qui c chiu dng cua cac dong nhanh sau khi giai ra cac th nh t h (3-
14) th t (3-11) tnh c cac dong nhanh.
Co th biu din h phng trnh th nh di dang ma trn :
[ ]
nh
.
nh t
.
E Y A J Y +
= (3-15)
[Y] : ma trn vung tng dn nh.
[] : ma trn ct in th nh.
[ ] : ma trn ct cac ngun dong nh.
.
J
Trng hp c bit khi mach gm nhiu nhanh ni // nh hnh (h.3-7). Mach co hai
nh nn ch co mt phng trnh th nh.
Phng trnh nh a :
4 4
.
3 3
.
1 1
.
4 3 2 1 a
Y E Y E Y E ) Y Y Y Y ( + = + + +
Xac nh c ngay ap gia hai nh a,b la :
Z
2
h.3-7
a
b
I
3
.
I
2
Z
3
E
3
.
.
I
4
.
E
4
.
I
1
.
E
1
.
E
1
.
Z
4
Z
1
) Y Y Y Y (
Y E Y E Y E
0 U
3 2 1
4
.
3 3
.
1 1
.
a b a ab
.
+ + +
+
= = =
4
4

T o rut ra cng thc tm ap cho mach co hai
nut rt tin dung la :
=
a
.
a
.
Y
Y E
U (3-16)
So sanh 3 phng phap giai mach :
Chung u la phng phap c ban v u da trn cac nh lut KF.
54
Phng phap bin nhanh cn lp va giai h m phng trnh nn khi lng tnh
toan ln.
Phng phap bin vong co (m-d+1) phng trnh.
Phng phap th nh co (d-1) phng trnh. Phng phap nay se rt thun tin cho
mach co hai nh.
Phuong phap tinh mach tuyn tinh co h cam :
Cac phng phap tnh :
Ta a bit mach co h cam ch khac mach khng co h cam la co thm in ap
h cam trn cac cun dy co quan h h cam vi nhau. V mt vt ly ban cht t cam
va h cam nh nhau. Nn mach co h cam vn nghim ung cac lut KF1, KF2. Vy
co th dung cac phng phap tnh mach in a nu trn tnh mach in co h cam.
Tuy nhin trong mach co h cam, ap mt nhanh (th hai u nhanh) khng nhng
phu thuc dong qua nhanh o ma con tuy thuc vao dong cac nhanh khac, luc nay vic
rut ra quan h th nh theo do ng se rt phc tap nn lp phng trnh mach theo
phng phap th nh rt phc tap. V vy, thng khng dung phng phap th nh
tnh mach in co h cam.
Khi dung phng phap dong nhanh va dong vong tnh mach co h cam nh
thm ap h cam vao phng trnh KF2. Ap h cam co th dng hay m tuy theo chiu
dong in, cc cung tnh va chiu dng cac vong. Ap h cam vit di dang phc :
M l
.
kl kl
.
jx M j , I M j U = = (3-17)
V du : Lp phng trnh giai mach in hnh (h.3-8)
I
2
.
jL
2
R
2

I
1
.
R
1
jL
1
U
.
I
.
h.3-8
R
jM
II
I
I
2
.
I
.
jL
2
R
2
jM
h.3-9
I
1
.
U
.
jL
1
R
1
H phng trnh theo bin dong nhanh :

= + + +
= + + +
=
.
1
.
2 2 2
. .
.
2
.
1 1 1
. .
2
.
1
. .
U I M j ) L j R ( I R I
U I M j ) L j R ( I R I
0 I I I
H phng trnh theo bin dong vong :
= + + + +
= + + + +
.
1 v
.
1 v
.
2 2 2 v
.
.
2 v
.
2 v
.
1 1 1 v
.
U R I I M j ) L j R R ( I
U R I I M j ) L j R R ( I
Tng tr cua cac cun dy mc ni tip co h cam :
Khi mc ni tip thun 2 cun dy th in cam cua mach : M 2 L L L
2 1
+ + =
55
Khi mc ni tip ngc 2 cun dy th in cam cua mach : M 2 L L L
2 1
+ =
Nn suy ra tng tr phc cua hai cun dy mc ni tip :
M 2 1
Z 2 Z Z Z + = (3-18).
M 2 1 ng M 2 1 th
Z 2 Z Z Z Z 2 Z Z Z + = > + + = nn nu cung ap t vao U th I
ng
> I
th
.
Tng tr hai cun dy co h cam ni song song :
Khi ni song song thun nh hnh (h.3-9).
T :
M 1
.
2 2
. .
M 2
.
1 1
. .
2
.
1
. .
Z I Z I U , Z I Z I U , I I I + = + = + =
Xac nh tng tr tng ng cua hai nhanh la :
M 2 1
2
M 2 1
th //
Z 2 Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
+

= (3-19)
Tng t khi hai cun ni song song ngc se co tng tr tng ng la :
M 2 1
2
M 2 1
ng //
Z 2 Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
+ +

= (3-20)
Nh vy : Z
//ng
< Z
//th
Cng hng trong mach h cam :
Trong ky thut in t va thng tin thng dung cac mach dao ng co h cam
vi h s phm cht cao nh hnh (h.3-10).
Ta xac nh c tng tr u vao cua mach la :
2
2
M
1
1
1
v
Z
Z
Z
I
U
Z = =

Trong o :
2
2 2 2 M
1
1 1 1
C
j
L j R Z , M j Z ,
C
j
L j R Z
+ = =
+ =
+
+
+
+ =
2
2
2
2
2
2
M
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
M
1 v
x R
x x
x j
x R
R x
R Z (3-21)
Qua biu thc phn thc cua Z
v
thy tr tac dung u vao nhn t hai cc cun
1 c tng thm lng
2
2
2
2
2
2
M
x R
R x
+
so vi R
1
. S tng nay la do s tiu tan nng lng
trn tr tac dung cua mach vong 2. Trong phn ao co thm thanh phn
2
2
2
2
2
2
M
x R
x x

no lam tng hoc giam khang u vao so vi x
1
iu nay tuy thuc vao du cua x
2
. S
tng hoc giam nay tng ng vi s tng hoc giam cua t thng tng so vi t thng
t cam (do h cam gy nn). Mach co h cam co th co nhiu dang cng hng do s
thay i cac thng s phan khang hay tn s.
Nu cho C
1
thay i at 0
x R
x x
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
M
1
=
+
(cac thng s vong 2 khng i)
th cac dong I
1
, I
2
se at tr s cc ai :
) x R /( R x R
U
I
2
2
2
2 2
2
M 1
1
max 1
+ +
=
2
2
2
2
max 1 M
max 2
x R
I x
I
+
=
56
y la trang thai cng hng c bit th nht.
Trang thai cng hng th hai co c khi thay i C
2
(cac thng s cua vong 1 gi
khng i) tao ra : 0
x R
x x
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
M
1
=
+
. Khi o :
2 1
1
max 2
1
1
max 1
R R 2
U
I ,
R 2
U
I = =
h.3-11
R
2
R
1
L
1
L
2
C
2
U
1
.
I
1
.
M

I
2
.
h.3-10
R
2
R
1
L
1
L
2
C
2
C
1
U
1
.
I
1
.
M

I
2
.
Khai nim v truyn nng lng in t gia cac cun dy h cam :
in ap h cam gy nn trn cun th k bi dong chay trong nhanh l bng
. in ap nay ( ) vung pha vi dong , nhng noi chung va
khng trung pha nhau nn ap thng khng vung pha vi dong . iu y co
ngha cun k nhn mt cng sut tac dung cua trng in t :
l
.
I
1
.
M
.
I M j U =
kl
.
U
l
.
I
l
.
I
k
.
I
kl
.
U
k
.
I
( ) ( ) ) 2 / I , U v ( 0 I , U cos I U P
k
kl
k
kl
k kl kM
=

V trn in cam L
k
khng co tiu tan nn cng sut nhn c o bt buc phai
c truyn tai t cun k n cac phn t co h cam vi no. Khi P
kM
> 0 ta noi cun k
nhn cng sut P
kM
truyn n cac phn t khac bng h cam. Khi P
kM
< 0 ta noi
cun k phat ra cng sut in t cho mach. Tt nhin luc nay cng sut phai do cac
phn t khac co h cam chuyn n no.
V du : Tnh mach in hnh (h.3-11) t o nhn xet v s truyn cng sut h
cam.
Phng trnh cho hai vong :
+ +
= + +
0
C
1
L j R I I M j
U I M j ) L j R ( I
2
2 2 2
.
1
.
.
2
.
1 1 1
.

Vi : U=10V, R
1
=100, R
2
=500, L
1
=500, L
2
=1500, M =700,
1/C=1800.
Thay s ta c :
( )
( ) 0 I 300 j 500 I 700 j
10 I 700 j I 500 j 100
2
.
1
.
2
.
1
.
= +
= + +
Giai ra ta c : .
0 3 0 3
2
.
0 3
1
.
7 , 107 10 . 7 , 9 72 10 . 7 , 9 I , A 7 , 48 10 . 8 I = = =

Do co h cam nn cun L
2
co cng sut in t :
57

( ) [ ] W 10 . 7 , 4 7 , 107 41 cos 10 . 7 , 9 . 67 , 5 P
V 41 67 , 5 7 , 48 10 . 8 . 700 j I M j U
) I , U ( cos I U P
3 0 0 3
M 2
0 0 3
1
.
M 2
.
2 M 2 2 M 2 M 2

= =
= = =
=
Du tr co ngha L
2
phat ra mt cng sut in t 4,7mW cho mach th cp. Cng sut
nay do phn t L
1
chuyn qua bng h cam va ung bng cng sut tiu tan mach th
cp W 10 . 7 , 4 500 . ) 10 . 7 , 9 ( R I
3 2 3
2
2
2

= = .
Ta cung thy no bng
= ) I , U ( cos I U P
1
.
M 1
.
1 M 1 M 1
Thay th ng tr nhng lin h h cam :
Thay th phn cua gian co cha h cam bng mt gian khng co h cam,
trong mt s trng hp se lam cho s phn tch va tnh toan mach in c n gian.
Phng phap o goi la thay th ng tr.
V du ta tm mt gian khng co h cam ng tr vi gian cua hai phn t co
h cam cua mach cung ni chung vao mt nut nh hnh (h.3-12)
Z
1
Z
2
M
3
I
2
.
1 2
I
1
.
I
3
.
I
3
.
Z
M
mZ
M
Z
1
Z
2
I
1
.
I
2
.
Z
M
m
2
3
1
h.3-13
h.3-12
Ta co ap gia cac cc :
1
.
M 2 2
.
23
.
2
.
M 1 1
.
13
.
I Z Z I U
I Z Z I U
=
=
Cac du pha trn khi cac cung tn ni vao nut, cac du pha di khi cac cc khac tn
ni vao nut (th t xp t cua cac du nay se c gi trong tt ca cac biu thc tip
sau). T phng trnh kh dong trong phng trnh th nht va kh
dong trong phng trnh th hai ta c :
0 I I I
3
.
2
.
1
.
= +
2
.
I
1
.
I
(3-22)
=
=
=
) Z Z ( I ) Z Z ( I U
I Z ) Z Z ( I U
I Z ) Z Z ( I U
M 2 2
.
M 1 1
.
12
.
3
.
M M 2 2
.
23
.
3
.
M M 1 1
.
13
.
m m
m
m
Ta dn ra c s nghim ung 3 phng trnh th no la s ng tr khng co h
cam cn tm. Vy loai tr lin h h cam phai thm vao cac tng tr Z
M
Z m
1
va Z
2
,
ngoai ra con ni vao nut chung hai cun dy tng tr
M
Z ni vao cc 3.
58
V du : Xac nh tng tr u vao
.
.
v
I
U
Z = cua s mach hnh (h.3-14).
Bit x
1
=L
1
= 20, x
2
=L
2
= 10, x
M
=M = 10, x
3
=1/C
3
= 20, R
3
= 10, Z
4
= 10
+ j10.
Dn ra s ng tr khng h cam nh hnh (h.3-15)
L
1
-M L
2
-M
C
3
R
4
R
3
M
I
.
U
.
M
L
2
L
1
C
3
R
4
R
3
U
.

I
.

h.3-14
h.3-15
Ta co : ) x x ( j R Z ), x x ( j Z ), x x ( j Z
C M 3 3 M 2 2 M 1 1
+ = = =
Nn tng tr u vao :
4 3 2
4 2 3
1 v
Z Z Z
) Z Z ( Z
Z Z
+ +
+
+ = thay s ta c Z
v
= 10 + j10 ()
D thj Tp cua mach din co dong diu hoa :
Ta a bit cach biu din bng th vect, anh phc, qua o thy ro s phn b
bin , goc pha cua dong, ap. Ro rang cac phng phap nay ch biu din c trang
thai, khng ch ra c cu truc. th biu din ng thi trang thai va cu truc cua
mach goi la th Tp. No la th vect cac anh phc in th
a
,
b
, ... cua cac
nh trn s mach (im nut cung nh nh ni gia hai phn t s )
Cach ve th Tp nh sau :
Chon mt nh lam mc, bng nhng phng phap a bit, tnh ra s phn b th
cac nh trn s ri ve t nh mc. V du : Ve th Tp cho mach in hnh
(h.3-16).
Chon nh 0 lam mc. Qua mt phn t anh du 1 nh. Gia s bng phng
phap dong nhanh tnh c cac dong in , ve c cac vect dong
3
.
2
.
1
.
I , I , I
3
.
2
.
1
.
I , I , I
E
2
.
E
1
.
C
3
L
2
R
3
R
1
R
2
g
c
d a
0
h.3-16
b
g
d
a
b
0
c
h.3-17
59
va . th Tp c ve nh hnh (h.3-17). ,
trung phng vi , co tr s R
3
.
2
.
1
.
I I I = + 0 U , 0
a
.
0
.
a
.
a
.
0
.
= = =
3
.
3 a
.
I R =
3
.
I
3
.I
3
, ly oan R
3
.I
3
trn phng dong ta
c im a. im b khac im a mt lng ap bng ap trn tu C la nn
ap trn tu C co tr s I
3
.
I
C 3
.
x I j
C 3
.
a
.
b
.
x I j =
3
.x
C
va chm sau goc /2, ta xac nh c
im b. Tng t ta xac th im d, ly trn phng oan R
3
.
I
1
.
I
1
.I
1
ta c im d, t d
qua xac nh b. Xac nh im g ly trn phng dong oan I
1
.
E
2
.
I
2
.R
2
c im g, t
g xac nh im c nm trn phng vung goc vi dong vi tr s I
2
.
I
2
.x
L
c v tr
im c, t im c qua ngun xac nh c im b phai trung vi cac im b a xac
nh qua cac ng khac trn.
2
.
E
Vy th Tp cho bit ngoai thng tin v trang thai nh bin , goc pha con
cho bit cu truc cua mach in : co bao nhiu nhanh, bao nhiu nh, bao nhiu phn
t, bao nhiu vong. Ngoai ra t th phc cua cac im trn s c biu din bi
mt vect trn mt phng phc ta co th xac nh ap gia hai im bt ky cua mach se
bng hiu 2 vect th phc. tm hiu o ch cn ve vect ni hai u cua hai vect
th phc 2 im tng ng, chiu cua vect hiu hng v u cua vect b tr.
V du : Ve th Tp cua mach in nh hnh ve sau :
Chon th nh 6 lam mc , th : 0
6
.
=
I.R
2
.
E
.
5
5
R
3
.I
4
I.R
1
jx
L
I
.
.
6
6 5
4
3 2
1
C
R
3
R
2
R
1
L
E
.
4
.
2
.
24
. . .
1 2
.
1
.
.
L 3
.
2
. .
2 4
.
3
. .
C
.
3
.
C 5
.
4
. .
3
.
3 6
.
5
.
U , E I R
I jx , I R , I jx I R I jx , I R I R
= = + =
+ = + = = = = + =

Trn th Tp chiu vect ap t 4 n 2 ngc chiu vi chiu dng cua ap trn s
(t im 2 n im 4) v o la quy tc tr vect, vect hiu cua hai vect lun
hng v vect b tr.

60
CHUONG 4
TINH CHT CO BAN CUA MACH TUYN TINH
Mach in xet la mach tuyn tnh h s hng nn cn lam ro tnh cht c ban
cua no la tnh tuyn tnh tc la quan h tuyn tnh gia cac bin trang thai. i vi cac
bin iu hoa, quan h nay c trng bi nhng ham truyn at anh phc. Ngoai ra con
co tnh i xng, tnh tng h, nn cn phai nm tht vng vn dung trong phn
tch, tnh toan mach tuyn tnh.
Quan h tuyn tinh giua cac bin
nh ngha :
Cac bin trang thai x
1
(t), ..., x
k
(t) goi la cac ap ng lin h vi nhau va vi kch
thch f
1
(t), ..., f
k
(t) bi mt h phng trnh vi tch phn tuyn tnh, ta bao cac bin y
quan h tuyn tnh vi nhau.
Ta xet trng hp ring rt ph bin la khi co cac h s hng. V du dong, ap
trong mach Kirhof tuyn tnh lin h vi nhau trong h phng trnh tuyn tnh dang :
=
=
=
=

e u
j u . Y
hay
e i . Z
j i
(4-1)
Trong o co :
C
D
R LD dt .
C
1
dt
d
L R Z
1
+ + = + + =

hay :
L
D
g D . C Y
1
+ + =
Y ngha cac quan h tuyn tnh :
Mt quan h tuyn tnh vi nhng toan t va h s a cho la c trng toan b
cua mach tuyn tnh. Do o dung nhng quan h tuyn tnh y co th xy dng nhng
phng phap khao sat mach. T quan h tuyn tnh o a ra hai tnh cht c ban cua
moi qua h tuyn tnh :
Tnh cht tuyn tnh gia ap ng va kch thch.
Tnh cht xp chng ap ng i vi cac kch thch.
Quan h tuyn tinh giua cac bin diu hoa
Quan h tuyn tnh gia cac anh phc :
Khi bin iu hoa dung biu din phc th h vi tch phn tuyn tnh thanh h ai s
vi anh phc. Ta se co quan h gia cac bin vi nhau qua h s phc :
=
=
=
=

. .
. .
. .
. .
E U
J U . Y
hay
E I . Z
J I
(4-2)
Trong o :
. . . .
U . Y I , I . Z U ,
Z
1
Y ,
C
1
L j R Z = = =
+ =
Mt s nh ly v quan h tuyn tnh gia cac ap ng va kch thch :
Da vao quan h tuyn tnh trn ta co cac nh ly :
Trong mt mach tuyn tnh m ta bi h phng trnh tuyn tnh nu ch co mt
kch thch duy nht (co th hay ) th mi ap ng (co th hay )
m
.
F
.
E
.
J
k
.
X
k
.
U
k
.
I
60
se lin h tuyn tnh vi kch thch dang : (4-3). Trong o T
m
.
km k
.
F T X =
km
phu
thuc vao tn s . T
km
la ham truyn at ring t nhanh m sang nhanh k tao ra
.
m
.
F
k
.
X
V du : Lp quan h tuyn tnh dong cac nhanh vi S trong s mach hnh
(h.4-1). T o xac nh cac ham truyn at tng ng. Giai ra cac dong in theo :
1
.
E
1
.
E
3 2 3 1 2 1
3 2 1
.
3 2
3 2
1
1
.
1
.
Z Z Z Z Z Z
) Z Z ( E
Z Z
Z Z
Z
E
I
+ +
+
=
+
+
=
3 2 3 1 2 1
3 1
.
3 2
3 1
.
2
.
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z E
Z Z
Z I
I
+ +
=
+
=
3 2 3 1 2 1
2 1
.
3 2
2 1
.
3
.
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z E
Z Z
Z I
I
+ +
=
+
=
11
3 2 3 1 2 1
3 2
11 1
.
11 1
.
Y
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z
T E T I =
+ +
+
= = la ham truyn at
21
3 2 3 1 2 1
3
21 1
.
21 2
.
Y
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z
T E T I =
+ +
= =
31
3 2 3 1 2 1
2
31 1
.
31 3
.
Y
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z
T E T I =
+ +
= =
Z
2
Z
1
Z
3
I
2
.
I
1
.
I
3
.
E
1
.
h.4-1
Trong mach tuyn tnh nu co n ngun kch thch ,..., th mi ap ng
se quan h tuyn tnh vi t nht n kch thch dang :
1
.
F
n
.
F
k
.
X
n
.
kn k
.
kk 1
.
1 k k
.
F T ... F T ... F T X + + + + = (4-4)
Trong o T
kn
() la nhng ham truyn at ring t mi kch thch nhanh th n
n ap ng nhanh th k. Ro rang dang (4-4) la s xp chng nhng ap ng dang
(4-3). Vy (4-4) la tnh xp chng ap ng i vi cac kch thch. Co th phat biu nh
sau : " Trong mt mach tuyn tnh co nhiu ngun tac dung th ap ng mt nhanh
do nhiu ngun tac ng ng thi gy ra bng tng ai s cac ap ng do tng ngun
ring re gy ra tai nhanh o ".
Minh hoa tnh xp chng bng hnh (h.4-2) :
31
.
33
.
3
.
23
.
21
.
2
.
13
.
11
.
1
.
I I I , I I I , I I I = + = =
Z
1
I
2
.
Z
2
I
1
.
I
3
.
Z
3
E
1
.
I
31
.
I
11
.
I
21
.
Z
3
Z
1
Z
2
=
E
3
.
E
1
.
I
33
.
I
13
.
I
23
.
Z
3
Z
1
Z
2
E
3
.
+
h.4-2
61
Trong o : la dong do mt mnh gy ra, la dong do mt mnh
gy ra. Vy nguyn ly xp chng giup thm mt giai phap tnh mach phc tap.
31
.
21
.
11
.
I , I , I
1
.
E
33
.
23
.
13
.
I , I , I
3
.
E
T o suy ra : trong mach co nhiu kch thch cung tn s, nu ch co mt kch
thch bin ng thng s (thay i v tr hiu dung va goc pha) con cac kch thch
khac xac nh, th co th vit mi ap ng lin h tuyn tnh vi ring dang :
(4-5).
1
.
F
k
.
X
1
.
F
0 k
.
1
.
1 k k
.
X F T X + =
T (4-4) ta thy chnh la tng nhng s hang va la mt s phc
xac nh v cac ngun tng ng gy nn chung la khng i.
0 k
.
X
l
.
kl
F T
0 k
.
X
Cung suy tng t nu co hai ngun bin thin la , th :
1
.
F
2
.
F
0 k
.
2
.
2 k 1
.
1 k k
.
X F T F T X + + = (4-6).
Nu co l ngun bin thin , ,..., :
1
.
F
2
.
F
l
.
F
0 k
.
l
.
kl 2
.
2 k 1
.
1 k k
.
X F T ... F T F T X + + + + = (4-7)
Quan h tuyn tnh gia cac ap ng :
Khi trong mach tuyn tnh co mt thng s bin thin (hoc mt ngun kch thch
thay i) th ap ng nhanh k la lin h tuyn tnh vi ap ng nhanh j bt
ky di dang : (4-8)
k
.
X
j
.
X
B X A X
j
.
kj k
.
+ =
Quan h nay c suy ra t (4-5)
+ =
+ =
0 j
.
1
.
1 j j
.
0 k
.
1
.
1 k k
.
X F T X
X F T X
coi la thay i
1
.
F
Thc hin vic bin i kh lp quan h gia ,
1
.
F
k
.
X
j
.
X
-
0 j
.
1 k 1 j 1
.
1 k 1 k j
.
0 k
.
1 j 1 j 1
.
1 k 1 j k
.
X T T F T T X
X T T F T T X
+ =
+ =
-----------------------------------
B X A )
T
T
X X (
T
T
X X X T X T T X T X
j
.
kj
1 j
1 k
0 j
.
0 k
.
1 j
1 k
j
.
k
.
0 j
.
1 k 0 k
.
1 j 1 k j
.
1 j k
.
+ = + = =
Khi trong mach tuyn tnh co hai thng s (hoc hai ngun) bin thin. Th ba ap
ng ba nhanh bt ky se lin h nhau trong biu thc tuyn tnh dang :
0 k
.
2
.
2 k 1
.
1 k k
.
X X A X A X + + = (4-9).
Nu co l thng s bin thin th cac ap ng lin h nhau nh sau :
0 k
.
l
.
kl 2
.
2 k 1
.
1 k k
.
X X A ... X A X A X + + + + = (4-10).
V du : Lp quan h vi trn tai Z
.
U
.
I
t
bin ng s mach nh hnh (h.4-3)
62
V mach co mt phn t bin ng nn la quan h bc nht dang (4-8). ) I ( U
. .
B I . A U
. .
+ =
Cn phai xac nh cac h s A, B. Ta thy
quan h trn phai ung vi moi ch cua mach
in. Ta xet quan h trn hai ch h mach
va ngn mach tai rut ra A, B (tt nhin co th
xet hai ch d bt ky).
b
a
I
.
U
.
Z
t
Z
2
Z
1
E
1
.
Khi h mach tai =
t
Z 0 I
.
= suy ra luc nay
h mach cc a, b nn :
2 1
2 1
.
h
. .
Z Z
Z E
U U
+
= = , luc nay co dang (4-8) la :
h.4-3
h
.
h
.
U B B 0 . A U = + = , cn tip tuc xac nh A.
Khi ngn mach tai : Z
t
= 0 nn
1
1
.
ngn
. .
Z
E
I , 0 U = = nn :
2 1
1 2
1
.
2 1
1 2 1
.
2 1
2 1
.
1
1
.
h
.
1
1
.
ngn
.
h
.
Z Z
Z Z
E ) Z Z (
Z Z E
A 0
Z Z
Z E
A
Z
E
U A
Z
E
B I . A 0 U
+
=
+
= =
+
+ = + = + = =
Vy :
2 1
2 1
.
.
2 1
2 1
.
Z Z
Z E
I
Z Z
Z Z
U
+
+
+
=
Cac ham truyn dat cua mach tuyn tinh h s hng
Ta xet ham truyn at T
km
trong nhng trng hp cu th :
Ham truyn at ap : Ch kha nng cp ap cho nhanh l t ring mt ngun ap
nhanh th k :
k
.
l
.
Ulk
E
U
K
= (4-11) ro rang V 1 E khi U K

k
.
l
.
Ulk
= =
Ham truyn at dong : o kha nng cp dong vao nhanh l t mt mnh ngun dong
nhanh th k :
k
.
l
.
Ilk
J
I
K
= (4-12) ro rang A 1 J khi I K

k
.
l
.
Ilk
= =
Ham tng dn : o kha nng truyn dong n nhanh th l t mt mnh ngun ap
nhanh th k :
k
.
l
.
lk
E
I
Y
= (4-13) goi la tng dn tng h. Khi

k
.
k
.
kk
E
I
Y
= (4-14)
goi la tng dn vao, ch ro kha nng tao dong nhanh k do mt mnh ngun ap chnh
nhanh o.
Ham tng tr :
63
Tng tr vao :
k
.
k
.
kk
J
U
Z
= (4-15)
Tng tr tng h :
k
.
l
.
lk
J
U
Z
= (4-16)
Cac ham truyn at la nhng thng s c trng cua mach co tnh toan cuc, no
phu thuc cu truc, thng s, tn s, khng phu thuc vao kch thch, no biu din theo
tn s goi la c tnh tn. Co th o, tnh bng thc nghim.
Hnh ve (h.4-4) cho m ta quan h tao tng tr, tng dn :
I
k
.
Z
l
U
l
.
I
l
.
U
k
.
I
k
.
Z
kk
Y
kk
U
k
.
h.4-4
Tinh di xung, tinh tuong h cua mach :
Tnh i xng : Truyn at gia nhanh k va l cua mach goi la i xng khi thoa
man : T
lk
= T
kl
vi tt ca 4 loai truyn at. Tc la bao am :
= =
= =
kl lk kl lk
Ikl Ilk Ukl Ulk
Z Z , Y Y
K K , K K
(4-17)
Tnh tng h : Mach co tnh tng h khi thoa man quan h :
=
=
kl lk
kl lk
Z Z
Y Y
(4-18)
T quan h (4-18) thy khi t ap vao nhanh k gy trong nhanh l dong
th khi chuyn ap o t sang nhanh l se gy trong nhanh k dong in
.
k
.
U
k
.
lk l
.
U Y I =
l
.
k
.
lk l
.
kl k
.
I U Y U Y I = = =
Tnh tng h i khi con goi la nguyn ly tng h nhiu khi c vn dung
giai ra ap ng cua mt nhanh theo ap ng cua mt nhanh khac ng vi s d tnh
toan hn. iu o c minh hoa qua s hnh (h.4-5) :
h.4-5a h.4-5b
E
.
6
2
5
I
5
.
4
1 3 1
5
3
E
.
2 4
I
6
.
6
64
Vic tnh nhanh 5 s hnh (h.4-5a) bng vic tnh toan nhanh 6 cua
s hnh (h.4-5b). Tc hnh (h.4-5a) bng hnh (h.4-5b).
5
.
I
6
.
I
5
.
I
6
.
I
Lu y chiu cua t vao nhanh 6 hnh (h.4-5b) cung chiu vi dong hnh
(h.4-5a). Ta thy mach Kirhof cha cac phn t thu ng R, L, C u co tnh tng h.
Con mach cha cac en in t, ban dn la mach khng tng h. Mach tng h th
bang Z
.
E
5
.
I
nh
, Y
se i xng qua truc cheo chnh.

[ ]
=
nn 2 n 1 n
n 2 22 21
n 1 12 11
nh
Z .. Z Z
.. .. .. ..
Z .. Z Z
Z .. Z Z
Z (4-19)
Cac phn t trn ng cheo chnh Z
11
, Z
22
, ..., Z
nn
la tng tr phc cac nhanh.
Cac phn t ngoai ng cheo chnh Z
ji
= Z
ij
(vi ij) la tng tr phc h cam gia cac
nhanh i va j suy ra Z
ij
= jX
ij
= jM
ij
.
Ma trn tng dn nhanh cua mach h cam la nghch ao cua ma trn Z
nh

: [ ] (4-20). [ ]
1
nh nh
Z Y

=
T (4-17), (4-18) ta thy mach co th tng h nhng cha chc a i xng.
Nhng mach a i xng th ng nhin la tng h. V du nh mach hnh (h.4-6) :
Co : M
12
= M
21
nn Y
12
= Y
21
, Z
12
= Z
21
vy mach
tng h. Nhng :
21 U 12 U
1
2
1
2
21 U
2
1
2
1
12 U
K K
W
W
U
U
K
W
W
U
U
K

= =
= =
vy mach khng i
xng.
W
2
W
1

M
h.4-6
66
CHUONG 5
MACH TUYN TINH CO NGUN CHU KY KHNG DIU HOA
Trong thc t ngoai kch thch iu hoa ta thng gp cac kch thch chu ky
khng iu hoa nh cac ngun chnh lu, ngun xung chu ky, cac ngun tn hiu iu
bin dung trong VT cung nh trong KT, nn cn dn ra phng phap tnh mach
nay ch xac lp, lam ro tnh la chon cua phan ng mach i vi tn s, t o a
n khai nim v ph la mt cach biu din tn hiu .
Phn tich kich thich chu ky khng diu hoa thanh tng cac ham diu hoa co
cac tn s khac nhau
Theo toan hoc : Bt ky mt ham chu ky nao thoa man iu ki n Diricle u co th
biu din di dang chui v han cua cac ham lng giac (iu hoa, chui Fourier)
(t) = (t + T) = A
o
+ . (5-1)
+
1
k km
) t . k cos( C
trong o : A
o
thanh phn hng ( = 0, = 0, T = )
k : s th t cua cac iu hoa, C
km
,
k
: Bin va goc pha u cua
iu hoa th k.
Nh vy mt ham chu ky khng hnh sin chnh la tng cua cac ng hnh sin co
tn s bi f
k
= k.f
1
va goc pha u
k
.Vi f
1
=1/ T la tn s c ban (tn s cua song
bc nht).
V mi iu hoa u co bin va pha ban u cua no nn chui noi trn (5-1) co
th di dang tng cac ng sin va cos, mi ng u co pha ban u bng 0.
(t) = A
0
+
=1 k
km
cos k.t + B
=1 k
km
sin k.t (5-2)
vi C
km
=
2
km
2
km
B A +
k
= arctg
km
km
A
B

Thanh phn hng A
0
la tr s trung bnh cua ham trong mt chu ky tn s c ban :
A
0
=
T
1
T
0
(t) .dt (5-3) A
km
=
T
2
T
0
(t) cos kt.dt (5-4)
B
km
=
T
2
T
0
(t) sin kt.dt (5-5)
Trong cac cng thc trn, k co gia tr nguyn dng chay t 1 n . Khi chui hi
tu, nhng thanh phn iu hoa cao phai nho dn. Do o mt cach gn ung ch ly mt
vai s han u thng cung u thoa man chnh xac yu cu. Nu goi mi ng
hnh sin ng vi mi iu hoa th k la mt song th tp hp cac song tao nn ham chu
ky khng iu hoa.
Song ng vi k =1, tn s f
1
vi
1
=2f
1
goi la song c ban.
Song ng vi k = 2 , f
2
= 2f
1
vi
2
= 2
1
goi la song bi 2.
Song ng vi k = 3 , f
3
= 3f
1
vi
3
= 3
1
goi la song bi 3.
T song bi 2 tr ln goi la song bc cao.
67
Trong thc t thng gp cac tn hiu chu ky i xng vi truc thi gian nh hnh
(h.5-1) tc la nhng tn hiu co ln tai thi im t bng ln tai thi im t +
nhng trai du :
f(t ) = -f(t +) (5-6)
Luc nay chui Fourier khng co nhng thanh
phn iu hoa chn, tc se trit tiu cac
im 2k. V nu tn tai nhng thanh phn
iu hoa chn 2k ta se co :
h.5-1
0
e(t)
t
t
e(t+)
T/2
2
T
e
2k
(t + ) = A
2km
cos[2k(t + ) +
2k
] =
A
2km
cos[2kt +
2k
] =
2k
(t)
iu nay trai vi (5-6)
V vy i vi tn hiu chu ky i xng qua truc thi gian ta phn tch Fourier ra
cac song c ban + song bc 3 + song bc 5 + ...(noi chung la song bc le). Trong o
ngoai song c ban ri n song bi 3 co bin ang k. Tht vy qua phn tch cac
iu hoa thy nu bin cua iu hoa c ban cua ap la 100% th bin cua iu hoa
bc 3ch co 15%, con bin cua iu hoa bc 5 ch con co 10%. Con cac iu hoa
khac v bin qua nho nn khng chu y n.
Thng thng cac chui cua nhng ham chu ky c cho cac cm nang toan ho c.
Cung co th phn tch t (5-3), (5-4) , (5-5).
Trj hiu dung va cng sut dong chu ky
Tr hiu dung : Ta a bit o kha nng sinh cng cua dong chu ky ta dung tr
hiu dung I la gia tr trung bnh bnh phng cua ham chu ky : I =
T
0
2
dt i
T
1
(5-7).
Gia s lng chu ky khng iu hoa i c phn tich thanh tng cac iu hoa co
tn s khac nhau i
0
,

i
1
, i
2
, i
k
: i = i
0
k
(5-8) ta c I
2
=
T
0
2
0
k
) i (
T
1
dt (5-9)
Tach bnh phng cua tng cac s hang i
k
thanh 2 tng, tng th nht gm nhng
s han i
k
2
va tng th hai gm nhng s hang dang i
k
i
l
vi i
k
i
l
. Ta a tch phn v
dang :
I
2
=
+
T
0
l k , 0 l , k
T
0
l k
2
k
0
dt i i
T
2
dt i
T
1
, s hang th hai bng 0, con s hang th nht :
I
2
=
T
0
2
k
0
dt i
T
1
.
Trong o i
k
la nhng ham iu hoa ng vi tn s khac nhau, nn :
=
0
2
k
2
I I
2
k
2
2
2
1
2
0
I ... I I I I + + + + = (5-10)
2
k
2
2
2
1
2
0
U ... U U U U + + + + = (5-11)
Tng t co :
2
k
2
2
2
1
2
0
E ... E E E E + + + + = (5-12)
Cng sut dong chu ky : Cng sut tac dung : P = I
2
R thay I
2
= I
k
2
ta co :
68
P = (I
2
0
+ I
2
1
+I
2
2
+...+ I
2
k
) R = P
0
+ P
1
+ P
2
+ ...+ P
K
=
(5-13)
0
K
P
Va v : P
k
= U
k
.I
k
cos
k
nn P = cos
k
0
K
I U
k
(5-14)
Tnh la chon i vi tn s cua cac thng s tng tr, tng dn :
Ta bit X
L
= L, X
c
= 1/.C, X
L1
= L th X
Lk
= kL = kX
L1
(5-15)
X
c1
= 1/C th X
Ck
= 1/k C = X
C1
/ k (5-16)
Nn tng tr vi song bc k :

=

+ =
< = + =
R
C k / 1 L k
arctg
)
C k
1
L k ( R z
z ) k / x kx ( j R Z
k
2 2
k
k k 1 C 1 L K
(5-17)
Phuong phap xet mach tuyn tinh co ngun chu ky khng diu hoa
V kch thch chu ky khng iu hoa theo Fourier c phn tch thanh tng cac
kch thch thanh phn chu ky iu hoa khac nhau, nn co th coi kch thch tac ng
vao mach gm cac kch thch thanh phn co tn s khac nhau. Theo nguyn tc xp
chng ta co th tnh ap ng ng vi tng kch thch thanh phn, xong xp chng cac
ap ng thanh phn ta se c ap ng chung, ng vi kch thch chu ky khng iu
hoa. Vic tnh ap ng thanh phn ng vi khch thch thanh phn (kch thch ng vi
mt tn s xac nh ) la chu ky iu hoa nn dung phng phap phc tnh rt thun li,
ch cn lu y luc tnh vi kch thch tn s nao th tng tr phai c tnh theo tn s
o.
Sau khi tnh c cac ap ng thanh phn di dang phc ta chuyn sang dang
tc thi xp chng c cac ap ng chung (lu y khng xp chng nhng anh
phc cua nhng iu hoa tn s khac nhau).
.i (t) = i
k
(t), u(t) = u
k
(t), e(t) = e
k
(t) (5-18)
Con gia tr hiu dung th ta co theo (5-10), (5-14). I =
2
k
I , U =
2
k
U , P = P
k
T phn tch trn rut ra cac bc giai mach chu ky khng iu hoa:
Phn tch kch thch chu ky khng iu hoa thanh tng nhng kch thch chu ky
iu hoa co tn s khac nhau (thng thng bc nay khng phai lam ma c cho
trc)
Tnh tng tr phc cac nhanh theo cac tn s.
Dung phng phap phc tnh cac ap ng thanh phn ng vi tng tn s.
Xp chng cac ap ng thanh phn c cac ap
ng chung.
u(t)
i(t)
R
L
C
V du : Giai mach in nh hnh (h.5-2). Bit u(t)
=100+141sin 100t, R=10, X
L1
= 20, X
C1
= 1/C=
10. Xac nh i, I , P trong mach ?
Giai:
h.5-2
y la bai toan mach chu ky khng iu hoa. Kch
69
thch gm thanh phn 1 chiu U
0
=100V thanh phn iu hoa tn s la u
1
(t) =
141sin100t (a c phn tch Fourier).
Ta tnh vi tng kch thch thanh phn .
Khi ch co U
0
=100V tac dung : I
0
=U
0
/R =100/10 =10 A cng sut tiu thu : P
0
= I
2
0

R =10
2
.10 =1000 W.
Khi ch co = 141 < 0
1
.
U
0
tac dung :
Tng tr nhanh L- C la : Z
1LC
= j (L- 1/ C) = j(20 - 10) = j10.
Dong qua nhanh L - C la :
LC 1
.
1
LC 1
.
Z
U
I = = 141/j10 = 14,1 < - /2.
Dong qua tr R la :
R
U
I
.
1
R 1
.
= = 141/10 = 14,1 < 0.
Dong trong nhanh chung : = - j14,1 + 14,1 = R 1
.
LC 1
. .
1
I I I + =
0
45 1 , 14 . 2
i
1
(t) = 1 , 14 . 2 sin (100t - 45
0
)
P
1
= I
2
1R
R = (14,1/ 2 )
2
.R= 14,1
2
.10/2 = 980 W
P
1
= U
1
.I
1
. cos =(
2
141
). 14,1. cos45
0
= 980 W
Tng hp kt qua :
Gia tr tc thi cua dong in trong mach :
i(t) = i
o
+ i
1
(t) = 10 + 2 .14,1 sin (100t - 45
0
)
Gia tr hiu dung dong in trong mach : I =
2
1
2
0
I I + =
2 2
1 , 14 10 + 17 A
Cng sut tac dung trong mach : P = P
0
+ P
1
= 1000 + 980 =1980 W .
Ph tn cua ham chu ky khng diu hoa
Ph bin va ph pha :
Ta bit co th khai trin mt ham thi gian chu ky khng iu hoa thanh chui Fourier
dang : (t) =
cos (kt +
0
km
F
k
).
trong o bin va goc pha cua cac thanh phn iu hoa phu thuc tn s theo nhng
qui lut hoan toan tuy thuc ring dang (t) : F
km
= F
km
() ,
k
=
km
() (5-19)
goi F
km
() : ph bin

km
() : ph pha cua ham chu ky - goi chung la ph tn s. Vi cp ph tn bin,
pha xac nh tng ng co ham thi gian xac nh .
V vy ta co quan h dong i gia mt cp ph tn vi mt ham thi gian .
(t) [ F
km
(),
km
() ] (5-20)
i vi cac ham chu ky (t) th F
km
() va
km
() khng trit tiu cac im ri rac
k (k nguyn dng 0,1, 2, 3...) trn truc tn s .
V du : Tm ph tn cua ham thi gian hnh (h.5-3) : e(t) =
< <
< <
2 t 0
t 0 1
70
t
3 0
h.5-3
e
2 -5 -
1
h.5-5 h.5-4
90
0
k

E
km
-3 -
-90
0
-5
5
0
3 5 -3
3
Vy ph cua ham chu ky la nhng ham ri rac va gian oan cua tn s nn goi la
ph gian oan hay ph vach.
T o cung thy khi ham khng chu ky, tc la ham co = T th luc o cac vach
ph se xt lai nhau, ph se lin tuc theo tn s. Vy mt ham khng chu ky se co cac
ph tn lin tuc, con goi la ph c.
Dang phc cua ph :
mi tn s k ph tn xac nh mt cp s mun - argumen (F
km
,
km
) v vy
co th biu din bng s phc . Cac s phc phn b ri rac
theo tn s lam thanh mt ph tn phc. Cn xac nh quan h gia ham thi gian f(t)
va ph tn . T :
km
j
km km
.
e F F

= ) ( F
km
.
) ( F
km
.
) ( j
km km
.
0 0 m 0
.
0
j
m 0
.
t jk
km
.
t jk j
km
1
t jk j
km
1
t jk j
km
1
0 k km 0
k
0 k
k k
e ) ( F ) ( F
0 , f 2 F f e F
2
1
, e F
2
1
e e F
2
1
e e F
2
1
e e F
2
1
f ) t k cos( F f ) t ( f

=
= = = = =
+ + = + + =

(5-21)
Vy dang phc cua ph hay ph phc la mt ham co gia tr phc ri rac cua tn
s . Tr tuyt i cua ham o la ph bin con argumen la ph pha. Ph phc la
mt cach biu din rt gon tn hiu thi gian bng mt ham gia tr phc cua tn s rt
tin dung trong tnh toan phn tch qua trnh.
Tnh ph phc theo tn hiu a cho :
T cng thc (5-21) ta tm c ham thi gian theo ph phc a cho. Ngc lai
ta tm c ph phc theo ham thi gian a cho.
tm ph phc cn tm s phc ng vi cac tn s k. Mun vy
nhn hai v cua (5-21) vi
) ( F
km
.
km
.
F
1
e
-jk
t
va ly tch phn theo t trong mt chu ky ta c :
l k , l
2
0
t ) k l ( j
lm
2
0
km
2
0
t jk
) t ( d e F
2
1
) t ( d F
2
1
) t ( d e ) t ( f
1

Theo Euler cac s hang dang vi lk la tng cua hai ham iu hoa nn
tch phn cua chung trong mt chu ky bng 0 va tch phn
t ) k l ( j
lm
.
e F

km
.
2
0
km
.
F ) t ( d . F
2
1
=
nn
ta c cng thc :
71
=
2
0
t jk
km
.
) t ( d e ). t ( f
1
F (5-22)
Nu k la mt s a cho th cng thc (5-22) cho la mt s phc ng vi tn
s k. Nu coi k la thng s chay th (5-22) cho mt ham s phc cua k hay cua va
o chnh la ph phc cn tm cua ham thi gian f(t).
km
.
F
72
CHUONG 6
MANG MT CUA TUYN TINH
Khai nim :
Trn thc t hay gp nhng thit b trao i nng lng, tn hiu qua mt cp cc
nh may phat in, dung cu o lng ... Nhng thit b, mach co 2 cc o goi la mang
mt ca (hay mang 2 cc)
Vi mang mt ca a bit kt cu, thng s, kch thch th co th tnh ap ng cn
thit theo cac phng phap tnh mach a nu.
Ngi ta quan tm chu yu n qua trnh trao i nng lng, tn hiu trn ca nn
nu mang 1 ca vi cu truc, thng s cu th bn trong th vic lp quan h trn cac
bin trn ca se rt phc tap. Vi muc tiu o cn dn ra m t thng s co tnh toan cuc
c trng cho mang 1 ca, t o m ta qua trnh trao i nng lng, tn hiu t
ca ra ngoai qua cac bin trang thai trn ca. Phng trnh trang thai o chnh la
phng trnh m ta hanh vi, phan ng cua mang mt ca. Qua phan ng o co th bit
ai v mang 1 ca ma khng cn bit cu truc bn trong.
Trn thc t co th gp nhng khi mt ca ch co cha ra 2 cc con khng bit g
v bn trong (nh la hp en). Luc nay nu nh ngha c mt thng s c trng
cho mang 1 ca th co th bng o lng xac nh thng s nay cho hp en. Khi a
bit thng s c trng cua no th ta co th tm mt mach co cu truc va thng s cu
th thc hin quan h truyn at cua hp en. Vic lam nh vy tc la tng hp
mang mt ca.
Vy vic a ra ly thuyt mang 1 ca la a ra thng s c trng cho no t o
nu ch quan tm n s truyn at nng lng trn ca th ta thay th mang 1 ca
bng thng s c trng lam cho mach in n gian, tin li cho tnh toan, ngoai ra
trn c s a bit thng s c trng ta thc hin bai toan tng hp mach in, tc la
thit k ra nhng mach in vi mt quan h truyn at bit trc.
Co th phn mang 1 ca ra cac loai sau y :
Mang 1 ca tuyn tnh.
Mang 1 ca phi tuyn.
Mang 1 ca khng ngun (con goi la mang 1 ca thu ng).
Mang 1 ca co ngun (con goi la mang 1 ca tch cc).
Trong chng trnh chu yu xet mang 1 ca tuyn tnh co va khng co ngun.
Mang mt cua tuyn tinh khng ngun o ch d xac lp diu hoa.
Phng trnh trang thai :
Mang 1 ca tuyn tnh khng ngun c biu din nh hnh ve (h.6-1). No la
mang 1 ca bn trong khng co ngun, tc la khi ngn mach ca th dong I
ng
= 0, hay
h mach th U
h
= 0.
V mach khng ngun, tuyn tnh iu hoa nn
ap va dong trn ca lin h nhau trong biu thc lut
m cua nhanh khng ngun tc la :
I
tuyn tnh
khng ngun
U
h.6-1
73
.
V
. .
V
.
U . Y I hay I . Z U = = (6-1).
Trong o, Z
V
, Y
V
la thng s c trng cho hanh vi, phan ng cua mang 1 ca.
Z
V
, Y
V
la thng s co tnh toan cuc cua mang 1 ca.
= = =

V
j
V .
.
V
z e . z
I
U
Z la tng tr vao cua mang 1 ca
i u V
;
I
U
z = =
Vy mang 1 ca tuyn tnh khng ngun c c trng bi Z
V
hay cp (z
V
, )
hoc bi Y
V
hay cp (y
V
, - ).
S thay th mang mt ca tuyn tnh khng ngun :
T cac c trng cua mang 1 ca khng ngun :
+ = + = = sin jz cos . z jX R z Z
V V V V

Thy rng co th dn ra s thay th tng ng cho mang 1 ca khng ngun
la mt nhanh co tng tr Z
V
gm in tr R ni tip vi in khang jX nh hnh ve
(h.6-2).
Khi c trng mang mt ca khng ngun bng
tng dn phc :
jb g sin jy cos . y y Y
V V V V
= = =
Th s thay th tng ng luc nay la Y
V

gm in dn g ni song song vi -jb nh hnh ve (h.6-3)
V du : Th nghim phan ng cua mang 1 ca
khng ngun mt tn s c U = 220V, I = 5A, P =
550W, > 0 nh hnh (h.6-4). Hay xac nh s thay
th mang 1 ca o.
T ap, dong, cng sut o c ta xac nh : tng
tr u vao ; 44
5
220
I
U
Z
V
= = = Goc lch pha =
0
60
5 . 220
550
arccos
I . U
P
arccos = =
jX R
I
h.6-2
-jb
h.6-3
g
I

U
Tng tr vao phc : ) ( 38 j 22 60 sin 44 j 60 cos 44 60 44 z Z

0 0 0
V V
+ = + = = =
Vy s thay th nh hnh (h.6-5)
Biu din tng dn phc :
0
0
V
V
60 0227 , 0
60 44
1
Z
1
Y =
= =

A
h.6-4
j38
U
h.6-5
22
W

V
tuyn tnh
khng
ngun
I

U

0114 , 0 j 0196 , 0 Y
V
=
S thay th nh hnh ve (h.6-6) :
74
Mang mt cua tuyn tinh co ngun o ch d
xac lp diu hoa.
Phng trnh trang thai :
Mang 1 ca co ngun c biu din trn
hnh (h.6-7). No la mang 1 ca gm nhng phn t
tuyn tnh bn trong co ngun, tc la khi ngn mach ca th I
ng
0 va khi h mach ca
th U
h
0.
V co ngun nn ap ng ca phu thuc ngun,
vi kch thch iu hoa ta co quan h (4-5) nn quan h
gia va trn ca la quan h bc nht :
.
U
.
I
B I . A U
. .
+ = (6-2) hay (6-3) D U . C I
. .
+ =
Cn xac nh cac h s c trng A, B, C, D.
Vy c trng cho mang 1 ca co ngun la cp h s A, B hoc cp h s C, D.
Ta thy quan h trn phai ung cho moi ch cua mach in nn xet hai ch
c bit dn ra cac h s xac nh A, B :
-j0,0114 0,0196
h.6-6
I
tuyn tnh
co ngun
U
h.6-7
Trng hp khi h mach ca :
h
. . .
U U , 0 I = = thay vao (6-2) ta co :
B 0 . A Uh
.
+ = B = h
.
U
Cac ngun bn trong mang 1 ca la xac nh th la xac nh nn B la xac
nh vi mt mang 1 ca.
h
.
U
Trng hp ngn mach ca :
ngn
. . .
I I , 0 U = = thay vao (6-2) ta co :
B I . A 0 ngn
.
+
= A =
V
ngn
.
h
.
ngn
.
Z
I
U
I
B
= =
Nn ta c dang phng trnh trang thai th nht : (6-4) h
. .
V
.
U I . Z U + =
Xac nh C, D :
Trng hp khi ngn mach ca :
ngn
. . .
I I , 0 U = = thay vao (6-3) ta co :
D 0 . C Ingn
.
+ = D = ; D hoan toan c xac nh vi mang 1 ca co ngun
xac nh.
ngn
.
I
Trng hp khi h mach ca :
h
. . .
U U , 0 I = = thay vao (6-3) ta co :
D U . C 0 h
.
+
= C =
V
V
h
.
bgn
.
h
.
Z
1
Y
U
I
U
D
= = =
Ta c dang phng trnh trang thai th hai : (6-5) ngn
. .
V
.
I U . Y I + =
75
S tng ng va cac nh ly v mang mt ca tuyn tnh tch cc :
Cac phng trnh trang thai (6-4), (6-5) ch ro co th m ta mang 1 ca tuyn tnh
co ngun bng hai s mang 1 ca tng ng di y :
S Thevenin - nh ly Thevenin : ( Thevenin (1857-1926) Ky s vin thng
Phap) :
Phng trnh trang thai dang (6-4) co dang lut Kirhof 2, no ng vi s ni
tip mang 1 ca khng ngun co tng tr vao Z
V
vi ngun ap ,
nh hnh ve (h.6-8)
h
.
U h
. .
V
.
U I . Z U + =
Trong o Z
V
la tng tr vao cua mang 1 ca
khng ngun tng ng tc la bo ngun ap bng
cach ni tt, bo ngun dong bng cach ct t mach
dong trong s mang 1 ca co ngun se c s
mang 1 ca khng ngun tng ng. T o co
nh ly Tvnin " Co th thay tng ng mt mang 1 ca tuyn tnh co ngun bng
mt ngun in co S bng in ap trn hai cc khi h mach, ni ni tip vi mt
tng tr trong bng tng tr vao cua mang 1 ca khng ngun tng ng".
U
h
.
Z
V
U
h.6-8
S Norton - nh ly Norton :
T dang phng trnh trang thai (6-5) , co dang nh lut Kirhof 1
cho 3 dong in , , , no ng vi s ngun dong gm ngun dong ni
song song vi tng dn vao Y
ngn
. .
V
.
I U . Y I + =
.
I
.
V
U . Y ngn
.
I
V
nh hnh ve (h.6-9).
Trong o, chnh la dong ngn
mach trn ca, Y
ng
.
I n
V
la tng dn vao cua
mang 1 ca khng ngun tng ng
V
V
Z
1
Y = .
I
Y
V
U
I
ngn
h.6-9
T o co nh ly Norton (Norton 1898 Ky s in, Cng ty in thoai Bell - My) :
" Co th thay th mang 1 ca tuyn tnh co ngun bng ngun in tng ng ghep
bi ngun dong bng dong in ngn mach trn ca ni song song vi tng dn vao
Y
V
cua mang 1 ca khng ngun tng ng.
Ta thy hai s trn la tng ng nhau, co th bin i qua lai cho nhau,
chon dung s nao la tuy s tin li. Tt nhin khi khng ngun : ,
th ta tr lai s va phng trnh mang mt ca tuyn tnh khng ngun a xet.
0 Ingn
.
= 0 Uh
.
=
Ung dung cac phuong trinh trang thai va so d tuong duong cua mang mt
cua tuyn tinh co ngun.
Khi gp mt mach in phc tap co nhiu nhanh nhiu nut nhng ch cn tm ap
hoc dong mt nhanh nao o th vn dung phng trnh va s Tvnin - Nortn
tnh toan se c thun li. Tht vy v du nh ta cn tnh dong in nhanh co
tng tr Z
k
trong mach nh hnh ve (h.6-10)
76
b
Z
k
a
Nu nh theo cac phng phap a hoc ta cn phai
giai h 13 phng trnh mi xac nh c dong qua
Z
k
.
I
k
. ng dung Tvnin (Nortn) ta ct nhanh cn quan
tm ra, phn con lai cua mach se la mang mt ca vi
hai cc a, b ni vao nhanh Z
k
cn xet. Ta se co c
mach in n gian va tnh c dong :
h.6-10
K V
h
.
k
.
Z Z
U
I
+
= ( 6-6)
Hoc co th
dung s
Nortn nh hnh
ve (h.6-12):
a
Z
V
Z
k
U
h
b b
a
Y
k
I
ngn
Y
V
h.6-12 h.6-11

T s ta tnh c dong qua Z
k
la :
K V
V
ngn
.
k
.
Z Z
Z
I I
+
= (6-7)

T o co cac bc tnh dong mt nhanh theo phng phap may phat in ng tr
nh sau :
Tnh ngun ap hoc ngun dong cua mang mt ca a tach ra khoi nhanh
cn xet.
h
.
U ngn
.
I
Tnh tng tr Z
V
hoc tng dn Y
V
cua mang mt ca khng ngun tng ng (T
mang 1 ca sau khi ct nhanh cn xet ta ngn mach cac ngun ap va ct mach cac
ngun dong co mang 1 ca khng ngun) nu mang mt ca a bit cu truc, thng
s th dung cac cach bin i tng ng xac nh Z
V
, Y
V
nu la hp en th dung
cac phng phap o lng xac nh = = =
V
V
V V V
y
Z
1
Y ; z Z
Cui cung tnh dong nhanh xet bng cng thc (6-6), (6-7).
V du : Cho s cu nh hnh (h.6-13). Hay tnh dong in qua in k bng
phng phap Tvnin
b
G
Z
1
Z
2
Z
4
Z
3
Z
G
d
E
.
h.6-13
a c
Z
1
Z
2
Z
4
Z
3
h.6-14
E
.
a
I
3
.
I
1
.
c
b
d
Z
1
Z
2
Z
4
Z
3
a
b
d
U
h
.
c
h.6-15
77
Ta quan tm n dong qua in k nn ct nhanh Z G
.
I
G
ra tai hai cc b va d se
c mang mt ca co ngun nh hnh (h.6-14). T o tnh c : bd
.
h
.
U U =
+ +
+ +
=
+
+
=
+
=
+
=
= = =
) Z Z )( Z Z (
) Z Z ( Z ) Z Z ( Z
E
Z Z
Z E
Z Z
Z E
U : nn
Z Z
E
I ;
Z Z
E
I : ma
Z I Z I U U U U
4 3 2 1
4 3 1 2 1 3
.
2 !
1
.
4 3
3
.
h
.
2 !
.
1
.
4 3
.
3
.
1
1
.
3
3
.
ab
.
ad
.
bd
.
h
.

Ni tt ngun ap E trong s (h.6-14) ta c s (h.6-15) dung tnh tng
tr vao. T hai cc b, d nhn vao mach ta xac nh c tng tr tng ng:
Z
V
= (Z
1
//Z
2
) nt (Z
3
//Z
4
)
) Z Z )( Z Z (
) Z Z ( Z Z ) Z Z ( Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
4 3 2 1
2 1 4 3 4 3 2 1
4 3
4 3
2 1
2 1
V
+ +
+ + +
=
+
+
+
=
Theo (6-6) ta tnh c dong in qua in k :
+ + + + + +
+ +
=
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ + +
+
+ +
+ +
=
+
=
) Z Z ( Z Z ) Z Z ( Z Z ) Z Z )( Z Z ( Z
) Z Z ( Z ) Z Z ( Z
E I
) Z Z ( Z Z ) Z Z ( Z Z ) Z Z )( Z Z ( Z
) Z Z )( Z Z (
) Z Z )( Z Z (
) Z Z ( Z ) Z Z ( Z
E I
) Z Z )( Z Z (
) Z Z ( Z Z ) Z Z ( Z Z
Z
1
) Z Z )( Z Z (
) Z Z ( Z ) Z Z ( Z
E
Z Z
U
I
2 1 4 3 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 G
4 3 1 2 1 3
.
G
.
2 1 4 3 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 G
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 1 2 1 3
.
G
.
4 3 2 1
2 1 4 3 4 3 2 1
G
4 3 2 1
4 3 1 2 1 3
.
G V
h
.
G
.
Qua biu thc ta thy cu se cn bng (tc = 0) khi tc la khi : G
.
I G
.
I 0 Uh
.
=
Z
3
(Z
1
+ Z
2
) - Z
1
(Z
3
+ Z
4
) = 0 Z
3
Z
2
- Z
1
Z
4
= 0 hoc
4
2
3
1
Z
Z
Z
Z
= (6-8)
Vy cu cn bng th phai thoa man (6-8).
Co th vn dung nh ly Tvnin - Nortn tnh dong trong tt ca cac nhanh
chng minh iu o theo nh ly bu ta thay mt nhanh bt ky bng mt ngun dong
nh hnh (h.6-16). Theo tnh cht xp chng, dong trong mi nhanh bt ky cua mach
in trong (h.6-16) se la tng hai thanh phn do cac ngun trong mang mt ca (h.6 -
17) gy ra cng vi do ngun dong (h.6-18) gy ra.
.
I
.
I
Co ngun
= +
I
.
Khng
ngun
I
.
Co ngun
h.6-16 h.6-17 h.6-18
Chu y khi tnh cac dong gy ra bi cac ngun bn trong mang mt ca (h6-17)
cn ngt mach ngun dong .
.
I
78
Khi xet ring ngun dong (h.6-18) ta co ngun dong
.
I
Z Z
U
I
V
h
.
.
+
= y la
ap h mach (h.6-17), Z
h
.
U
V
tnh t s hnh (h.6-17)
nhng loai bo cac ngun bn trong, Z la tng tr nhanh ta
ct thay th bng ngun dong. V nn
ta co th thay ngun dong bng ngun ap nh hnh
(h.6-19) tnh.
) Z Z ( I U
V
.
h
.
+ =
.
I h
.
U
U
h
.
Z
V

Khng
ngun
Z
h.6-19
Cac bc tnh toan nh sau :
Ct h mach mt nhanh bt ky, tm cac dong gy bi cac ngun trong mach, ng
thi tnh . h
.
U
Trit tiu cac ngun trong mach, t vao nhanh a ct S sau o tnh dong do
no gy ra trong cac nhanh cua mach.
h
.
U
Cng ai s cac dong thanh phn trong mi nhanh ng vi hai trng hp ta c
cac dong in.
Diu kin dua cng sut cuc dai ra khoi mang mt cua
Cho mang mt ca co ngun cung cp cho mt tai co th bin ng Z
t
. Xac nh
iu kin tai Z
t
cn thoa man mang mt ca a c n tai cng sut cc ai.
H thng c m ta nh hnh (h.6-20a)
Theo nh ly Thevenin ta thay mang mt ca bng mt ngun tng ng ,
Z
h
.
U
ng
, y Z
ng
la tng tr vao mang mt ca. Noi chung : Z
ng
= r
ng
+ jx
ng
ta c s
hnh (h.6-20b) vi Z
t
= r
t
+ jx
t
.
Cng sut a n tai bng :
2
ng t
2
ng t
t 2
h 2
2
h
t
2
t t
) x x ( ) r r (
r
U
z
U
r I . r P
+ + +
= = =
T biu thc cua P thy rng mun a n tai cng sut ln nht cn co hai iu
kin :
h.6-20b
U
h
.
I, P
Z
t
Z
ng
h.6-20a
Z
ng

Ngun
Z
t
Thoa man : x
ng
+ x
t
= 0 x
ng
= -x
t

Thoa man :
2
t ng
t
) r r (
r
+
ln nht.
V r
ng
= const nn iu kin (b) c thoa man khi : =
+
0
) r r (
r
dr
d
2
t ng
t
t
giai
ra ta c r
ng
= r
t
.
Vit gp hai iu kin di dang phc : r
ng
+ jx
ng
= r
t
- jx
t
hay (6-9)
=
t ng
Z Z
Khi iu kin nay thoa man th cng sut a ra n tai se cc ai va bng :
79
4
U
) r . 2 (
r . U
) r r (
r . U
P
2
h
2
t
t
2
h
2
t ng
t
2
h
= =
+
=
Luc nay hiu sut truyn tai nng lng t ngun in tng ng n tai bng :
5 , 0
r 2
r
I ) r r (
I r
P
P
t
t
2
t ng
2
t
ng
= =
+
= =
T cng thc cho thy se co hiu sut cao hn khi r
t
> r
ng
. Khi cng sut truyn
n tai at ln nht th hiu sut at c rt nho. Cn nm ro c im nay tuy
trng hp yu cu cu th ma cn i la chon gia hai mt. V du nh khi truyn tn
hiu thng tin, khi thit k cac b khuch ai cng sut nho, khi phat tn hiu co cng
sut nho, ta quan tm sao cho cng sut phat ra la cc ai con khng lu tm n hiu
sut.
Trn thc t Z
t
va Z
ng
thng khng t thoa man quan h (6-9), v vy thoa
man iu kin o ta phai ni thm gia ngun va tai mt b phn trung gian co thng
s thch hp tao quan h trn. Vic lam nh vy goi la hoa hp ngun vi tai.
Dc tinh tn mang mt cua thun khang gm L-C ni song song nhau (Fosto
song song)
Nhanh L-C ni song song nhau c Fost a ra goi la s Fost.
c tnh tn nhanh L
k
- C
k
:
Biu thc : V L
k
ni tip vi C
k
nn tng tr cua nhanh L
k
-C
k
bng :
k
k k
L j
1
L j ) ( Z
+ = (6-10) chia ca t va mu cho L

k
C
k
ta c :
+
=
j
C L
1
) j (
L ) ( Z
k k
2
k k
. Trong o :
k k
C L
1
la bnh phng tn s cng hng
ap cua nhanh L
k
-C
k
, tn s nay tng tr Z
k
() = 0 ta goi o la im khng cua
tng tr va ng nhin o la im cc cua tng dn (im co tn s lam cho tng dn
Y
k
() = ). Qui c anh s nhng im zro cua ham tng dn Y
k
() bng ch s le
t thp n cao
1
,
3
,...,
2n-1
va cac im cc cua no bng cac ch s chn :
2
,
4
,
...,
2n
. Vi nhanh th k co im cc cua tng dn
k k
2
k 2
C L
1
=
Vy no c c trng bi im cc
2k
va mt trong hai h s L
k
, C
k
.
Ta k hiu : = = j ,... N
L
1
,..., N
L
1
1
1
k
k
k hiu la S
S
S
L ) S ( Z ) j ( Z
2
k 2
2
k k k
+
= = (6-10)
2
k 2
2
k
2
k 2
2
k k
k
S
S
N
S
S
L
1
) S ( Z
1
) S ( Y
+
=
+
= = (6-11)
2 2
k 2
k k
jN ) ( Y

= (6-12)
Ve c tnh cua Z(), Y() :
80
V thun khang nn [ ] ) ( x ) ( x j ) ( jx ) ( Z
C L
= =
ng x() nh hnh (h.6-21) t o da vao cng thc
) ( x
1
) ( y ) ( Y
= = ve
ng y() nh hnh (h.6-22)
h.6-22
0
2k

1
j
y
1
x
C
x
x
L
y
1
h.6-21
x()

2k
x
C
x
x
L
L
k
C
k
Ta thy :
Tng dn Y() thun khang la mt ham gia tr ao cua bin
Ham Y() moi nhanh u trit tiu
1
= 0 va = , mi nhanh u co ring mt
im cc
k k
k 2
C L
1
= tn s thp <
2k
nhanh co tnh dung vi Y
k
() > 0, tn
s cao >
2k
nhanh co tnh cam vi Y
k
() < 0.
Z
k
= jx
k
z = x
k
z() la nghch ao cua y() nn moi nhanh u co tng tr v
cung ln
1
va

va mi nhanh u co im zro ring cua tng tr la
2k

Z() cua nhanh thun khang la ham gia tr ao cua tn s
Z() lun tng theo tn s nh hnh (h.6-22).
c tnh tn cua s L-C ni song song : (goi la Fost song song)
Biu thc : Nu s gm n nhanh L-C song song th ham tng dn co dang :
) 14 6 (
1
N j ) S ( Y : hoc
) 13 6 (
S
S
N ...
S
S
N
S
S
N ) S ( Y
Y ) S ( Y
n
1
2 2
k 2
k
n
1
2
k 2
2
k
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
1
n
1
k
+
= +
+
+
+
=
=

Qui ng mu s cho (6-13) ri cng lai ta c mt phn thc i vi bin S.
Mu thc la mt a thc bc n i vi bin S
2
. Sp xp lai t thc no se co dang tch
cua S vi mt a thc co bc (n-1) i vi S
2
. H s cua S
2
trong mu thc va t thc
u dng va thc.
Vi nhn xet o, co th vit ham Y(S) Fost song song di dang phn thc hu
t i vi S
2
(bc chn i vi S).
81
) s )...( s )( s (
a ... s a s a
s ) s ( Y
2
n 2
2 2
4
2 2
2
2
0
4 n 2
4 n 2
2 n 2
2 n 2
+ + +
+ + +
=

(6-15)
hoc
0
2
2
2 n 2
2 n 2
n 2
0
4 n 2
4 n 2
2 n 2
2 n 2
b s b ... s b s
a ... s a s a
s ) s ( Y
+ + + +
+ + +
=

(6-16)
Trong o cac h s a, b co quan h vi N
k
:

2
n 2
2
4
2
2 0
2
k 2
2
k 2
2
4
2
2
n
1
k 0
n
1
k 2 n 2
... b ;
...
N a ; N a =

= =

Ngoai nhng nhanh u L
k
- C
k
s con co th thm mt nhanh thun cam k
hiu L
0
(ly ch s 0 v in dn nhanh nay
0
0
L j
1
Y
= co cc
0
= 0, va thm mt
nhanh thun dung k hiu C

(v
cc cua in dn
= =

C j Y ). o la
nhng nhanh thiu va ngoai l
nh hnh ve (6-23)
C
C
1
C
2
C
3
L
3
L
2
L
1
h.6-23
L
0
Luc o c tnh tn co dang :
+ +
+
=

sC
s
N
s
1
N s ) s ( Y
n
1
0
2
k 2
2
k
(6-17)
Trong o :
0
0
L
1
N =

=

C j
N
j
N
j ) ( Y
n
1
0
2 2
k 2
k
(6-18)
Phn tch cac c tnh tn trn ta thy ham tng dn Fost thun khang song song
co nhng tnh cht sau :
Vi s Fost song song gm nhng nhanh u hoc co thm nhanh thun cam th
t thc kem mu thc mt bc i vi bin s. Ring khi co thm nhanh thun dung th
t thc cao hn mu thc mt bc. Noi chung bc t thc va mu thc lun sai khac
nhau khng qua mt bc i vi bin s.
T thc va mu thc la nhng a thc h s dng, thc i vi bin s (s = j).
Trng hp y nghim mu thc la nhng s thc m ...(hoc
). o la nhng im cc cua ham tng dn.
2
4
2 2
2
2
s ; s = =
,... j , j s
4 2
=
Suy ra nghim cua t thc i vi s cung la nhng s thc m : o la
nhng im zro cua ham tng dn Y(s).
,... ,
2
3
2
1

) s )...( s )( s (
) s )...( s )( s (
sa ) s ( Y
2
n 2
2 2
4
2 2
2
2
2
1 n 2
2 2
3
2 2
1
2
2 n 2
+ + +
+ + +
=

(6-19)
Nn chu y :
n 2 n 2 8 8 4 4 10 10 6 6 2 2 2
s ,..., s , s va ... s , s , ) j ( s = = = = = = = khi chuyn
sang vi bin th c tnh tn Y() la mt ham gia tr ao cua tn s vi mu va t
thc la nhng a thc an du.
82
0
2 n 2
2 n 2
n 2
0
4 n 2
4 n 2
2 n 2
2 n 2
b ... b
a ... a a
j ) ( Y
+ +
+ +
=

(6-20)
) )...( )( (
) )...( )( (
a j ) ( Y
2 2
n 2
2 2
4
2 2
2
2 2
3 n 2
2 2
3
2 2
1
2 n 2

=

(6-21)
c tnh tn s Fost song song vi cac nhanh u.
Theo (6-14) co

=
n
1
2 2
k 2
k
1
N j ) ( Y co bao nhiu nhanh u co by nhiu
s hang :
2 2
n 2
k
2 2
4
2
2 2
2
1
1
N j ...
1
N j
1
N j ) ( Y

+ +

+

=
Cac ng c tnh Y
1
(), Y
2
(),...,Y
k
() a bit trn th nn bng cach cng
tung cac c tnh tn Y
k
() ta c c tnh tn cua nhiu nhanh u song song.
V du : Ve c tnh tn cua s 2 nhanh u song song nh hnh (h.6-24)

Ta rut ra nhn xet :
Y

h.6-24b
0
Y
Y
1
Y
1
Y
2

Y

4

3
Y
2
2
1
C
1
L
1
h.6-24a
L
2
C
2
Y() thun khang la mt ham gia tr ao cua tn s vi nhng im cc
2
,
4
,...,
2k
. im
1
= 0 va
= la hai im zro cua mi nhanh.

Tng dn Y() lun tng theo tn s v no la tng cac ham Y
k
() tng theo tn s.
V vy suy ra cac im zro va cac im cc cua tng dn Y() xen ke nhau trn truc
tn s. V Y() lun tng nn khi tng t - n + gia hai im cc no phai ct
truc mt im zro nao o.
Vi s m nhanh song song co m im cc nn ng Y() co m+1 im zro la
1
= 0,
3
,
5
,...,

=
c tnh tn cua s Fost song song co thm nhanh L
0
, C
0
:
Khi co thm nhanh L
0
vi
0
L
L
1
) ( Y
= ng
hypebol Y() se tao c bng cach cng tung
cua cac Y
k
() vi Y
L
() nh hnh ve (h.6-25)
Nhanh L
0
lam thay i im zro = 0 v
0
L
L
1
) ( Y
= nn tai = 0 no bin thanh im cc,

h.6-25a
L
1
C
1
L
2
C
2
L
0
83
do o im zro u tin se nm gia
2 im cc
0
= 0 va
2
.
j
Y
L

Y
Y
L
0
Khi co thm nhanh C

co
dang ng thng.
Ta tng hp c Y() nh hnh ve
(h.6-26).
C ) ( Y
C
=
Nhanh C

lam thay i tnh cht
im zro

= bin no thanh mt
im cc, do o im zro cui cung
se nm gia hai cc
2n
va

= .

Khi co thm ca L
0
, C
ta se c
c tnh tn Y() nh hnh ve (h.6-
27)
V du : Xac nh c tnh tn Y() cua mang
mt ca hnh (h.6-28). Cho C

= C
1
= C
2
=
0,1F, L
1
= 25mH, L
2
= 4mH.
h.6-25b
h.6-26a
L
1
C
1
C
2
L
2
C
h.6-27a
L
1
C
1
L
0
L
2
C
2
h.6-26b
0
1

2

3
4
Y
c
( )
Y
5
Y

Y
Y
L

5
0
0

h.6-28
L
1
C
1
C
L
2
C
2

2 2
4
2
2 2
2
1
N
j
N
j C j ) ( Y

+

+ =

C

= 10
-7
F,
h.6-27b
= = =

/ s 40
10 . 25
1
L
1
N
3
1
1

84
= = =

/ s 250
10 . 4
1
L
1
N
3
2
2
, s / Rad 10 . 4
10 10 . 25
1
C L
1
8
7 3
1 1
2
2
= = =

s / Rad 10 . 25
10 10 . 4
1
C L
1
8
7 3
2 2
2
4
= = =

Vy :
2 8 2 8
7
10 . 25
250
j
10 . 4
40
j 10 . j ) ( Y

+ =

Dc tinh tn cua mang mt cua thun khang L
k
// C
k
ni tip nhau (Fosto ni
tip)
c tnh tn nhanh L
k
// C
k
:
Hnh (h.6-29) ve s L
k
// C
k
la nguyn t c ban cua s Fost ni tip. Biu
thc c tnh tn :
k
k
k
k k
sL
1
sC
L j
1
C j ) ( Y + =
+ = (6-22)
Cng thc (6-22) hoan toan ging c tnh Z
k
() cua nhanh L
k
-C
k
trong (6-10)
trong o lng C
k
, L
k
i ch cho nhau. Ta goi hai mang mt ca co ham Y() cua cai
no bng ham Z() cua cai kia nh vy la i ngu nhau.

Ta thy c tnh tn Z() hnh
(h.6-29b) ging ht dang Y() hnh
(h.6-22). Vy c tnh tn tng dn cua
L
k
-C
k
ging ht c tnh tn tng tr cua
L
k
// C
k.
.
Suy ra c tnh tn tng tr Z
k
()
cua L
k
// C
k
la :

=
+
=
2 2
k 2
k k
2 2
k 2
k k
jS ) ( Z
s
s
S ) s ( Z
(6-23)
Trong o :
k k
2
k 2
k
k
C L
1
;
C
1
s = = (6-24)
T biu thc thy c tnh tn Z
k
() cua nhanh L
k
// C
k
co 3 im bt thng :
0
= 0 Z(
0
) = 0
k k
k 2
C L
1
= Z(
2k
) = va

= Z(
) = 0,
2k
la
im zro cua tng dn Y
k
(
2k
) = 0 nhng la im cc cua tng tr Z
k
(
2k
) = j. Luc
o L
k
// C
k
co cng hng dong. P
k
(
2k
) = 0, Q
k
(
2k
) = 0. Khng co s trao i nng
lng gia nhanh vi bn ngoai ma ch co dao ng ni b gia hai kho L
k
, C
k
.
L
1
Y
h.6-29b
0
2

1
Z
Z
1
Y
L
Y
Y
C
Z
1
C
1
h.6-29a
85
c tnh tn mang mt ca thun khang gm L
k
// C
k
ni tip nhau :
Mang mt ca L
k
// C
k
ni tip nhau la s Fost ni tip. Co th co cac trng
hp sau y :
Khi Fost ni tip gm cac nhanh y u :
Ta co biu thc c tnh tn va ng cong th nh hnh ve (h.6-30) :

=
+
= =

n
1
2 2
k 2
k
n
1
2 2
k 2
k
n
1
k
1
S j ) ( Z
s
1
S s ) s ( Z ) s ( Z
(6-25)
So sanh Z() (6-25) vi Y() (6-14) ta thy chung i ngu nhau, do o co
th vn dung tt ca kt qua xet tng dn cua s Fost song song cho vic xet tng
tr cua s Fost ni tip. T o ta vit c Z(s
2
) di dang phn thc hu t i vi
s
2
:
+ + +
+ + +
=
+ + + +
+ + +
=
) s )...( s )( s (
a ... s a s a
s ) s ( Z
b s b ... s b s
a ... s a s a
s ) s ( Z
2
n 2
2 2
4
2 2
2
2
0
4 n 2
4 n 2
2 n 2
2 n 2
0
2
2
2 n 2
2 n 2
n 2
0
4 n 2
4 n 2
2 n 2
2 n 2
(6-26)
Khi s Fost ni tip con thm nhanh n thun dung C
0
:
Ly ch s 0 v tng tr
0
0
C j
1
Z
= co cc
0
= 0.
Luc nay ta co c tnh tn la :
s
S
s
1
S s
s
S
) s ( Z ) s ( Z
0
n
1
2 2
k 2
k
0
n
1
k
+
+
= + =

Hoc :
h.6-30a
Z()
0
Z
Z
1

3
4

Z
Z
2

Z
1
Z
2
h.6-30b
Z

2
1
C
2
L
2
C
1
L
1
h.6-31a
C
0
C
2
L
2
C
1
L
1

=

0
n
1
2 2
k 2
k
S
j
1
S j ) ( Z (6-27)
y
0
0
C
1
S = . ng c tnh Z() nh
86
hnh ve (h.6-31)
Khi s Fost ni tip con
thm nhanh n thun cam L

:
Ly L

v Y
L
= jL

co
cc tai

= . T o ta co biu
thc c tnh tn la :
+

=
+
+
=
L j
1
S j ) ( Z
sL
s
1
S s ) s ( Z
n
1
2 2
k 2
k
n
1
2
k 2
2
k
(6-28)
c tnh nh hnh ve (h.6-32)
Z()
0

0

1

2

3
h.6-31b
h.6-32a
Z()
5
0
L

C
2
L
2
C
1
L
1
4
h.6-32b
Khi s Fost ni tip con thm ca L

, C
0
ni tip:
Biu thc c tnh tn la :
+

=
+ +
+
=
0
n
1
2 2
k 2
k
0
n
1
2
k 2
2
k
S
j L j
1
S j ) ( Z
s
S
sL
s
1
S s ) s ( Z
(6-29)
th c tnh tn nh hnh (h.6-33)
h.6-33
0
Z()
5
0
L

L
1
C
1
C
2
L
2
C
0
87
Do tnh i ngu gia hai s Fost song song va Fost ni tip nn co th
chuyn cac c tnh tn Y() cua s song song lam ng c tnh Z() cua cac s
ni tip.
Khi chuyn cn lu y trao i nhng thng s L
k
, C
k
vi nhau trong 2 s va
trao i cach ghep ni tip cp L
k
, C
k
thanh cach ghep song song.
V du : Lp biu thc c tnh tn cua mang mt ca hnh (h.6-34). Xac nh
nhng im bt thng ca chung.
Bit L
1
= L
2
=1mH, C
1
= 25.10
-7
F, C
2
=
4.10
-7
F.
h.6-34
C
2
L
2
C
1
L
1
Theo cng thc (6-25) ta co :
2 2
4
3
2 2
2
1
S
j
S
j ) ( Z

+

=
2 2 4
5
2 2 4
5
4
7 3
2 2
4
4
7 3
1 1
2
5
7
2
3
5
7
1
1
) 10 . 5 (
10 . 25
j
) 10 . 2 (
10 . 4
j ) ( Z
s / Rad 10 . 5
10 . 4 . 10
1
C L
1
s / Rad 10 . 2
10 . 25 . 10
1
C L
1
s / 10 . 25
10 . 4
1
C
1
S ; s / 10 . 4
10 . 25
1
C
1
S

+

=
= = =
= = =
= = = = = =

Qui ng mu s a v dang (6-26) ta c :
[ ]
[ ][ ]
2 4 2 2 4 2
2 4 2 5
) 10 . 5 ( ) 10 . 2 (
) 10 . 61 , 2 ( 10 . 29
j ) ( Z

=
T y thy tng tr Z() co cac im zr tn s
1
= 0,
3
= 2,61.10
4
,
5

Z() co cac im cc
2
= 2.10
4
,
4
= 5.10
4
.
Tng hop mang mt cua
Bai toan tng hp mach in theo ngha n gian nht la xac nh kt cu, thng
s cac phn t cua mang mt ca thc hin mt quan h truyn at a cho nh Z()
hay Y() , K
u
(), K
i
()... Nh vy ro rang mun thc hin bai toan tng hp cn nm
chc cac c tnh tn mang mt ca nh a xet trn. Bai toan tng hp thng co nhiu
li giai, tc la co nhiu s cung thc hin mt ham Z() hay K(). V vy thng
t thm yu cu tm li giai ti u theo mt ngha nao o chon s thch hp. V
du chon s d thc hin nht, s t phn t nht hay co tin cy cao...
Ta xet s lc v tng hp mang mt ca tuyn tnh.
Tng hp mang mt ca thun khang theo s Fost :
Ta chng to mang mt ca thun khang L
k
va C
k
ni song song nhau co c tnh
tn tng dn
n
1
2 2
2
k
1
N j ) ( Y . Va mang mt ca thun khang L
k
// C
k
ni
tip nhau th c tnh tn tng tr :
88

=
n
1
2 2
k 2
k
1
S j ) ( Z cho nn ngc lai khi bit cac ham truyn at Y(),
Z() nu ta phn tch ra dang chun nh trn th ta c s Fost vi cu truc va
thng s xac nh thoa man quan h truyn at o.
Thc hin s Fost song song:
Ta phn tch c tnh tn tng dn a bit Y(s) ra dang chun
) s ( F
) s ( F
s ) s ( Y
2
1
=
thanh nhng phn thc ti gian :

+
=
n
1
2 2
k 2
k
s
1
N s ) s ( Y
Trong o N
k
la nhng h s khai trin cac phn thc. T N
k
xac nh
2
k 2
k
k
,
N
1
L = la nghim cua phng trnh F
2
(s) = 0. Bit
k k
2
k 2
C L
1
= va
k
k
L
1
N =
xac nh L
k
, C
k
; ngoai ra nu co s hang jB va
j
N
0
th tng ng co thm nhanh
khng u C

= B va
0
0
N
1
L = .
Co th khai trin Y(s) thanh phn thc ti gian bng phng phap cn bng hai
v vi h s N
k
bt nh hoc nhng phng phap ai s khac.
Thc hin s Fost ni tip
Cung tng t nh trn t truyn at Z(s) a bit :
) s ( F
) s ( F
s ) s ( Z
1
2
= ta khai trin no
thanh nhng phn thc ti gian dang

=
n
1
2 2
k 2
k
1
S s ) s ( Z . Trong o la nghim
cua phng trnh F
2
k 2
1
(s) = 0.
T S
k
co c
k
k
S
1
C = cung vi
k k
2
k 2
C L
1
= giai c L
k
ta se oc cac nhanh
L
k
// C
k
ni tip nhau. Khi trong biu thc khai trin co thm s hang
j
S
0
ta suy ra co
thm nhanh
0
0
S
1
C = ni tip thm vao, khi trong biu thc co thm s hang jA ta
suy ra L

= A la cun cam ni thm vao.
V du : Tm cac s Fost thoa man c tnh tn :
) 10 . 4 )( 10 (
) 10 . 5 10 . 2 ( j
) ( Z
8 2 8 2
14 2 6

=
S Fost ni tip :
Phn tch Z() :
8 2
3
8 2
1
8 2 8 2
14 2 6
10 . 4
S
j
10
S
j
) 10 . 4 )( 10 (
10 . 5 10 . 2
j ) ( Z

=

=
Cn bng cac s hang cung bc i vi
2
ta c hai phng trnh cho S
1
, S
3
:
89
= +
= +
14
3
8
1
8
6
3 1
10 . 5 S 10 S 10 . 4
10 . 2 S S
Giai h nay ta c S
1
= S
3
= 10
6
/s
Nn cng thc :
2 4 2
6
2 4 2
6
) 10 . 2 (
10
j
) 10 (
10
j ) ( Z

= t y xac nh theo
cng thc ta c : F 10
S
1
C ; F 10
10
1
S
1
C
6
3
2
6
6
1
1

= = = = =
H 0025 , 0
10 ) 10 . 2 (
1
C
1
L ; H 01 , 0
10 10
1
C
1
L
6 2 4
2
2
4
2
6 8
1
2
2
1
= =
= = =
=

C

C
1
L
1
(A)
C
2
L
2
C
1
L
1
L
0
(B)
S Fost song song :
T Z() rut Y() cng thc :
) 10 . 5 10 . 2 (
) 10 . 4 )( 10 (
j
) ( Z
1
) ( Y
4 2 6
8 2 8 2

=
=
V bc t cao hn bc mu nn chia t thc cho mu thc ta c :
) 10 . 5 , 2 (
10 . 2 125
j 10 . 5 j ) ( Y
8 2
10 2
7

=

Khai trin thanh phn thc ti gian :

=

=
0
8 2
1 7
8 2
10 2
7
N
j
10 . 5 , 2
N
j 10 . 5 j
) 10 . 5 , 2 (
10 . 2 125
j 10 . 5 j ) ( Y
Cn bng cac s hang cung bc i vi
2
ta c hai phng trnh cho N
1
, N
0

Giai ra ta c : N
=
= +
10
0
8
0 1
10 . 2 N 10 . 5 , 2
125 N N
0
= 80 1/s ; N
1
= 45 1/s
T o suy ra :
H 022 , 0
45
1
N
1
L
F 18 , 0 F 10 . 18
022 , 0 . 10 . 5 , 2
1
L
1
C
H 0125 , 0
80
1
N
1
L ; 10 . 5 C
1
1
8
8
1
2
k 2
1
0
0
7
= = =
= = =
=
= = = =
ng vi s (B).
Tng hp mang mt ca theo s Cauer :
Cng thc tr, dn s Cauer :
Khoang nm 1927 Cauer a a ra s mc xch (nh hnh cai thang) trong o cac
tng tr doc mang ch s la : Z
1
, Z
3
, Z
5
, ...cac tng dn ngang mang ch s chn : Y
2
,
Y
4
, Y
6
, ... nh hnh ve (h.6-35). Xet s n gian hnh (h.6-36) ta co tng dn la Z =
Z
1
+ Z
C1
Trong o : Z la tng tr tng ng ca mach, Z
C1
la tng tr tng ng phn mach
90
sau nhat ct C
1
.
C
1
Y
2
Y
2n
Y
2n-2
Y
4
Y
2
Z
3
Z
1
Z
2n-1
Z
3
Z
1

3
2
1
3
2
3 2
1 C
Z
1
Y
1
Z Z ;
Z
1
Y
1
Y Y
1
Z
+
+ =
+
=
+
=
h.6-35 h.6-36
Tng tr tng cua mach la :

3
2
1
Z
1
Y
1
Z
1
Z
1
Y
+
+
= =
Cung nh vy vi dy chuyn gm n phn t (gia s n chn) ta co cng thc (6-30) :
n
1 n
2 n
5
4
3
2
1
Y
1
Z
1
Y
...
1
Z
1
Y
1
Z
1
Y
1
Z Z
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ =

Vi
Z
1
Y = cung co dang phn thc dy chuyn nh vy.
Vy vi quy c anh s va k hiu cac phn t doc, ngang s moc xch Cauer
co dang phn thc dy chuyn. y la c s phin dch mt phn thc dy chuyn
sang dang s moc xch, tc la thc hin bai toan tng hp mach.
Tng hp theo s Cauer :
T phn tch trn cho thy vic tng hp mach thc hin quan h truyn at Z,Y a
cho theo s Cauer la tm cach vit chung di dang phn thc dy chuyn, sau o
phin dch sang s gm cac tng tr, tng dn ni moc xch (con goi la ni xu
chui).
Lu y rng phn thc dy chuyn (6-30) ung cho ca tr ng hp co tiu tan.
Vi Z(), Y() a bit ta thc hin phep chia ht phn thc hu t theo thut toan
chia clid co phn thc dy chuyn.
91
Khi Z() hay Y() co bc cua t s va mu s lun sai khac nhau 1 bc (vi Z,
Y thun khang), gia s bc cua t thc la n + 1, bc cua mu thc la n th :
) ( F
) ( F
) ( Z
n
1 n
=
+
(6-31) t y ta thc hin phep chia clid nh sau :
Ly s hang bc cao nht cua F
n+1
chia cho mu thc F
n
ta c mt s hang bc
nht i vi .
1 d 1
n
1 n
R a
) ( F
) ( F
+ =
+
d thy
n
1 n
1 d
F
F
R

= nn
) ( F
) ( F
a
) ( F
) ( F
n
1 n
1
n
1 n
+ =
+

Co th vit di dang sau va thc hin phep chia th 2 :
2 d 2
1
1 n
n
1
n
1 n
R a
1
a
) ( F
) ( F
1
a
) ( F
) ( F
+
+ =
+ =
+
vi :
) ( F
) ( F
1
) ( F
) ( F
R
2 n
1 n
1 n
2 n
2 d

Nn :
) ( F
) ( F
1
a
1
a
) ( F
) ( F
2 n
1 n
2
1
n
1 n
+
+ =
+
. C nh th tip tuc ta se c phn thc
dy chuyn.
Sau khi co phn thc dy chuyn tuy vao
) ( F
) ( F
n
1 n
+
la tng tr hay tng dn suy
ra a la in khang Z
k
= jL
k
hay in dung Y
k
= jC
k
ta se c s Cauer. Hoan
toan tng t co cach chia t va mu theo th t tng dn bc cua . Ro rang phng
phap tng hp Cauer n gian hn phng phap Fost v khoi phai giai phng trnh
ai s F
2
() = 0 la mt vic lam kho khn khi no la phng trnh bc cao. Luc F
2
() =
0 bc cao mun giai phai dung cac phng phap gn ung hoc may tnh s. Phng
phap Cauer con co u im la co th dung cho trng hp Z(), Y() co tiu tan. V
du : Xac nh s Cauer thc hin quan h truyn at :
) S ( F
) S ( F
S 3 S
8 S 9 S
) S ( Z
2
1
3
2 4
=
+
+ +
= trong o S = j
Thc hin thut chia clid theo th t giam dn :

0
48 / 10 . j Y 48 / s 10
8 0
6 / s 10
6 / s 10
6 , 3 . j Z 10 / s 36
6 / s 10 0
s 6
8 s 6
6 / j Y 6 / s
8 s 6 0
6 / s 8 s
s 3 s
L j Z s
s 3 s
s 3 s
8 s 9 s
4
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
1 1
3
2 4
2 4
= =
+
= =
+
+
= =
+ +
+
+
= =
+
+
+ +

92
T Z
1
= S = jL
1
H 6 , 3 L 6 , 3 j Z , F
6
1
C
6
1
j Y ; H 1 L
3 3 2 2 1
= = = = =
F
48
10
C
48
10
j Y
4 4
= = suy ra dang s Cauer nh hnh ve (h.6-37a)
Y
4
Z
3
L
2
Z
1
Y
2
C
3
C
1
C
2
= 10/48F C
2
= 1/6F
Y
4
Y
2
Z
1
Z
1
L
1
= 3,6H L
1
= 1H
L
4
h.6-37a h.6-37b
Thc hin thut chia clid theo th t tng dn :
=
j 3
8
Z
1
Z
1
phai la cua tu in co F
8
3
C
1
=
9
19
j
1
j 19
9
Y
2
= Y
2
phai la cun dy
9
19
L
2
= H
=
361
30
j
1
Z
3
Z
3
phai la cua tu in co F
361
30
C
3
=
10
19
j
1
Y
4
= Y
4
phai la cun dy
10
19
L
4
= H
T o co dang s Cauer nh hnh ve (h.6-37b).

Giao trnh C sKy thut in I Trang
93
CHUONG 7
MANG HAI CUA KIRHOF TUYN TINH
Khai nim v mang hai cua :
M hnh mang hai ca :
Trong thc t hay gp nhng thit b in co bn cc lam nhim vu nhn nng
lng, tn hiu t 2 cc nay truyn at ra 2 cc kia a n cho mt b phn khac,
v du nh mt ng dy tai in nng hoc tn hiu t may phat n tai (may thu),
mt may bin ap, mt b khuch ai nhm tng cng tn hiu t u vao nho n
u ra ln ap ng cho yu cu s dung. Mt cu Wheatstone co mt cc (2ca) ni
vi b ngun cung cp va ca ra (2 cc th 2) ni vao in k o lng ... Nhiu thit
b o lng - iu khin - tnh toan gm nhng khi ghep lai, mi khi thng co hai
ca (4cc) thc hin mt phep tac ng nao o ln tn hiu ca vao cho mt tn
hiu khac ca ra. Nhng mach nh vy goi la mang hai ca.
Nu bit cu truc, thng s cua mang hai ca ta co th vn dung cac phng phap
a hoc xac nh ap ng cn thit. Song iu ma ta quan tm la qua trnh nng
lng, tn hiu trn hai ca va mi lin h gia cac bin trn 2 ca. Nn cn thit phai
nh ngha phn t mang hai ca - La phn t c ban co tnh toan cuc m ta qua h
truyn at gia hai ca. Luc nay xet quan h truyn at ta tranh c vic sa vao bai
toan phc tap vi cu truc ni tai rt phc tap bn trong mang.
Vic xac nh cac c trng cho mang hai ca khng cn bit cu truc, thng s ni
tai bn trong chng nhng giup vic tnh truyn at gia hai ca d dang ma chnh la
c s thc hin bai toan tng hp mang hai ca. Tc la vi mt mang hai ca khng
bit cu truc, thng s bn trong (goi la hp en) co th lam th nghim xac nh
c thng s c trng. Vi b thng s c trng o co th xy dng mt mang hai
ca vi cu truc va thng s nao o thc hin quan h truyn at a bit.
Trong KT qua trnh nng lng trn cac ca thng c o bi hai cp bin
trang thai u
1
(t), i
1
(t) va u
2
(t), i
2
(t). o la mang hai ca Kirhof nh hnh (h.7.1)
V mang hai ca thng lam nhim vu
truyn at t ca vao 1 sang ca 2 nn chon chiu
dng nh hnh ve (h.7.1). Lu y v la nhng ca
ngo trao, nhn nng lng, tn hiu nn " dong
chay vao mt cc trn ca phai bng dong chay ra
cc kia". y chnh la iu kin cua mang hai ca la mang 4 cc (cung nh goi mang
mt ca la mang hai cc). Cach goi nay khng c ro v trn thc t co nhng mang
hai ca ma ch co ba cc v du nh b khuch ai in t hoc ban dn.
i
2
i
1
u
1
u
2
(h.7.1)
Vi mang hai ca Kirhof cac qui lut v truyn at c m ta bi h phng trnh
lin h 4 bin u
1
, i
1
, u
2
, i
2
. Tc la hanh vi cua mang c m ta bi cp phng trnh vi
tch phn lin h 2 bin nay vi 2 bin khac dang tng quat :
=
=
0 ) t . i , i ,..., u , u ,..., i , i ,..., u , u ( f
0 ) t . i , i ,..., u , u ,..., i , i ,..., u , u ( f
'
2 2
'
2 2
'
1 1
'
1 2
'
2 2
'
2 2
'
1 1
'
1 1
1
1
(7-1)
94
H phng trnh trang thai (7-1) la m hnh toan hoc cua mang hai ca, no la c s xy
dng ly thuyt mang hai ca.
Phn loai cac mang hai ca :
V mt nng ng lng ta chia ra :
Mang hai ca khng ngun (con goi la mang hai ca thu ng).
Mang hai ca co ngun (mang hai ca tch cc).
Mun xac nh mang hai ca co ngun hay khng th cn lam th nghin khng tai
hoc ngn mach trn ca.
V du : H mach ca (tc la cho i
1
= i
2
= 0) o ap trn ca 1 u
10
(t), trn ca 2
u
20
(t) nu u
10
(t) 0 hoc u
20
(t) 0 ta co mang hai ca co ngun, nu u
10
(t) = u
20
(t) = 0
ta co mang hai ca khng ngun. Hoc ngn mach ca (cho u
1
= u
2
= 0) o cac dong
ngn mach i
1ng
, i
2ng
trn ca. Nu i
1ng
0 hoc i
2ng
0 ta co mang hai ca co ngun,
nu i
1ng
= i
2ng
= 0 ta co mang hai ca khng ngun.
V mt tnh cht ta chia ra :
Mang hai ca tuyn tnh : khi h phng trnh trang thai tuyn tnh.
Mang hai ca phi tuyn : khi h phng trnh trang thai phi tuyn.
Trong chng nay se xet mt s vn m ta va phn tch nhng mang hai ca
khng ngun tuyn tnh h s hng xac lp iu hoa. Luc nay ta dung phng phap
anh phc m ta va khao sat mang hai ca.
Mang hai cua Kirhof tuyn tinh xac lp diu hoa :
H phng trnh trang thai dang [A] cua mang hai ca Kirhof tuyn tnh :
V mang hai ca tuyn tnh xac lp iu hoa nn phng trnh trang thai la
phng trnh lin h gia 4 bin . Do u vao va u ra ni vao hai phn
t tuy y nn noi chung mang hai ca luc nay nh mt mach co hai phn t bin thin
nn ta co quan h gia hai bin nay theo hai bin kia dang (4-9). Vi nhng cp bin
chon khac nhau se co nhng dang phng trnh trang thai khac nhau. V co 4 bin
nn ta co th t hp c 6 cp quan h khac nhau ng vi 6 dang
phng trnh trang thai cua mang hai ca. Tuy bai toan cu th se chon dung dang nao
thun tin.
2
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
I , U , I , U
2
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
I , U , I , U
H phng trnh trang thai dang [A] :
H phng trnh quan h gia cac bin theo goi la h phng trnh
trang thai dang A.
1
.
1
.
I , U
2
.
2
.
I , U
+ + =
+ + =
23 2
.
22 2
.
21 1
.
13 2
.
12 2
.
11 1
.
A I A U A I
A I A U A U
(7-2)
Nh a bit chng 4 (4-9) cac h s A
ik
ch phu thuc kt cu, thng s cac
phn bn trong mang hai ca. Vy A
ik
la thng s c trng mang hai ca. Vi mang
hai ca khng ngun tuyn tnh d thy A
13
= A
23
= 0. Cho nn h phng trnh trang
thai dang A cua mang hai ca khng ngun tuyn tnh la :
95
(7-3)
+ =
+ =
2
.
22 2
.
21 1
.
2
.
12 2
.
11 1
.
I A U A I
I A U A U
Y ngha cac thng s c trng A
ik
:
Ta khng nh A
ik
la thng s c trng cua mang 2 ca t (4-9). Cung co th lam
ro y ngha nh lng cua chung t cac th nghim ngn mach, khng tai hai ca
co cac biu thc sau :
0 I
U
U
A
2
.
2
.
1
.
11
= = va 0 I
U
I
A
2
.
2
.
1
.
21
= =
0 U
I
U
A
2
.
2
.
1
.
12
= = va 0 U
I
I
A
2
.
2
.
1
.
22
= = (7-4)
Lu y khi h mach ( ), ngn mach ( ) la khi khng truyn nng lng
n phn t nao ca, nn khng tuy thuc phan ng cua phn t ngoai khi hai ca.
Vy t (7-4) khng nh A
0 I
2
.
= 0 U
2
.
=
ik
thc s la c trng ring cua mang hai ca.
Cac thng s A
ik
phu thuc kt cu, thng s cua mang hai ca, do o no phu thuc
vao tn s. Chung la ham gia tr phc cua tn s. Tc s truyn at cua mang hai ca
co tnh chon loc i vi tn s. nm vng hanh vi cua mang i vi ca ph tn cac
bin trang thai, cn tnh hoc o xac nh c tnh tn A
ik
().
Co A
ik
cua mt mang hai ca th tm c 2 trong 4 lng theo 2
lng kia.
2
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
I , U , I , U
Khi 2 mang hai ca vi kt cu ni tai khac nhau nhng co A
ik
th t bng nhau th
chung tng ng v mt truyn at nng lng va tn hiu.
H phng trnh dang A tin dung xet cac mang hai ca ni xu chui. Tnh
c ap, dong ca vao theo ap dong ca ra.
Tnh cht cac thng s A
ik
:
Vi cac mang hai ca ghep bi cac phn t tuyn tnh, tng h (thng la cac
phn t thu ng R, L, C) ta thy trong b A
ik
ch co 3 thng s c lp v gia chung
co quan h ni tai A
11
A
22
- A
12
A
21
= |A| = 1 (7-5). Chng minh hng ng thc trn
bng cach s dung tnh tng h cua mach xet hai trang thai c bit : ngn mach
ca 2-2' va ngn mach ca 1-1' nh hnh (h.7.2).
Khi ngn mach ca hai (h.7.2a) , ap t vao ca mt theo (7-3) ta co : 0 U
2
.
=
ng 1
.
U
12
ng 1
.
ng 2
.
ng 2
.
12 ng 1
.
A
U
I I A U = =
U
'
2ng
=
.
U
1ng
.
I
'
.
U
1ng
.
I
2ng
.
1ng
(h.7.2)
96
Khi ngn mach ca 1 (h.7.2b) , t vao ca 2 ap theo (7-3) ta
co :
0 U
'
1
.
=
ng 1
.
'
ng 2
.
U U =
+ =
+ =
'
ng 2
.
22
'
ng 1
.
12
'
ng 1
.
'
ng 2
.
12
'
ng 1
.
11
I A U A I
I A U A 0
Rut
'
ng 1
.
12
11 '
ng 2
.
U
A
A
I = thay vao p/t di ta c :
+ =
12
22 11
21
'
ng 1
.
'
ng 1
.
12
11
22
'
ng 1
.
21
'
ng 1
.
A
A A
A U U
A
A
A U A I
Theo tnh cht tng h nn co :
'
ng 1
.
ng 2
.
I I =
'
ng 1
.
12
22 11
21
12
ng 1
.
U
A
A A
A
A
U
=
Rut ra : 1 A A A A
21 12 22 11
=
Cach xac nh cac thng s A
ik
:
Co th dung hai phng phap xac nh A
ik
:
Phng phap th nht : Da vao mach cu th vit quan h gia cac bin
theo rut gon v dang chun (7-3) cac h s cua chnh la cac thng s A
) I , U (
1
.
1
.
) I , U (
2
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
I , U
ik

cn tm.
Phng phap th hai : Theo cng thc (7-4) lam cac th nghim khng tai, ngn
mach ca, o cac s liu cn thit a vao biu thc tnh A
ik
. Phng phap nay dung
c cho ca trng hp mang hai ca cha bit cu truc, thng s.
V du : Xac nh A
ik
cua mang hai ca
hnh T hnh (h.7.3). Bit = 20 j Z
1 d
,
= = 10 j Z , 5 j Z
n 2 d
I
1
.
I
2
Z
d2
Z
d1
Z
n
U
2
.
U
1
.
.
Xac nh A
ik
theo phng phap vit
ghep dang chun :
+ + =
+
+ =
n
2 d
2
.
n
2
.
n
2 d 2
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
Z
Z
1 I
Z
U
Z
Z I U
I I
(h.7.3)
+ + +
+ = + + + + =
+ + + + = + + =
n
2 d 1 d
1 d 2 d 2
.
n
1 d
2
.
n
2 d 1 d
2
.
1 d 2
.
2
.
n
1 d
2 d 2
.
2
.
1
.
n
2 d
2
.
n
2
.
1 d 2 d 2
.
2
.
1 d 1
.
2 d 2
.
2
.
1
.
Z
Z Z
Z Z I
Z
Z
1 U
Z
Z Z
I Z I U
Z
Z
Z I U U
Z
Z
1 I
Z
U
Z Z I U Z I Z I U U

So sanh vi dang chun rut ra :
n
2 d
22
n
21
n
2 d 1 d
2 d 1 d 12
n
1 d
11
Z
Z
1 A ;
Z
1
A
Z
Z Z
Z Z A ;
Z
Z
1 A
+ = =
+ + = + =

97
Thay s vao ta c :
5 , 0 5 , 0 1
10 j
5 j
1 A ; 1 , 0 j
10 j
1
A
15 j 10 j j 25
10 j
5 j . 20 j
5 j 20 j A ; 1 2 1
10 j
20 j
1 A
22 21
12 11
= =
+ = =
=
= =
+ + = = =
+ =

1 5 , 1 5 , 0 ) 1 , 0 j . 15 j ( 5 , 0 . 1 A A A A
21 12 22 11
= + = =
Xac nh A
ik
qua th nghim khng tai, ngn mach ca 2 nh hnh (h.7-3a):
Khi h mach ca 2 ( ) : 0 I
2
.
=
n
n 1
.
1
.
h 2
.
1
.
12
n
1 d
n
n 1 d
n 1
.
n 1 d 1
.
h 2
.
h 1
.
11
Z
1
Z I
I
U
I
A
Z
Z
1
Z
Z Z
Z I
) Z Z ( I
U
U
A
= = =
+ =
+
=
+
= =

I
1
.
U
2h

.
U
1h
.
I
2
= 0
.
Z
d2
Z
d1
Z
n
I
1
. .
I
2
U
1
.
Z
d2
Z
d1
Z
n
U
2
= 0
.
h.7-3a

Khi ngn mach ca 2 : ) 0 U (
2
.
=
n
2 d
2
.
n
2 d 2
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
22
n
2 d 1 d
2 d 1 d
2
.
2 d
2
1 d
n
2 d 2
.
2
.
2
.
2 d 2
.
1 d 1
.
2
.
1
.
21
Z
Z
1
I
Z
Z I
I
I
I
A
Z
Z Z
Z Z
I
Z I Z
Z
Z I
I
I
Z I Z I
I
U
A
+ =
+
= =
+ + =
+
+
=
+
= =

Cac h phng trnh trang thai khac cua mang hai ca :
H phng trnh trang thai dang B :
Quan h gia theo la h phng trnh dang B cua mang hai ca tuyn tnh
khng ngun :
2
.
2
.
I , U
1
.
1
.
I , U
+ =
+ =
1
.
22 1
.
21 2
.
1
.
12 1
.
11 2
.
I B U B I
I B U B U
(7-6)
98
Trong o B
ik
la nhng thng s c trng cua mang hai ca. Co th c (7-6) t (4-9)
vit ngay c phng trnh trang thai dang B. Song cung co th c dang B bng
cach t h phng trnh dang A giai theo . Ta thy gia A
2
.
2
.
I , U
1
.
1
.
I , U
ik
va B
ik
co quan
h vi nhau nh sau :
21 21 11 22
12 12 22 11
A B A B
A B A B
= =
= =
(7-7)
B thng s B
ik
cung co y ngha, tnh cht va cach xac nh tng t b s A
ik
. H
phng trnh dang B tin dung tnh trang thai ca 2 theo ca 1 . ) I , U (
2
.
2
.
) I , U (
1
.
1
.
H phng trnh trang thai dang Z :
Quan h gia cac ap theo cac dong se la h phng trnh trang
thai dang Z.
) U , U (
2
.
1
.
) I , I (
2
.
1
.
Ta co h phng trnh trang thai dang Z mang 2 ca tuyn tnh khng ngun la :
+ =
+ =
2
.
22 1
.
21 2
.
2
.
12 1
.
11 1
.
I Z I Z U
I Z I Z U
(7-8)
D dang thy rng : 0 I
I
U
Z
2
.
1
.
1
.
11
= = va 0 I
I
U
Z
2
.
1
.
2
.
21
= =
0 I
I
U
Z
1
.
2
.
2
.
22
= = va 0 I
I
U
A
1
.
2
.
1
.
12
= =
Z
11
, Z
22
chnh la cac tng tr vao, Z
12
, Z
21
la tng tr tng h cua mang hai ca.
Chung la nhng ham c tnh tn cua mang hai ca. Vic s dung dang Z se c bit
tin dung cho trng hp 2 mang hai ca ni tip nhau. o la nhng mang hai ca co
ca vao va ca ra tng ng ni tip nhau nh hnh (h.7.4).
I
2
.
I
2
.
U
"
.
I
1
.
1
U
"
2
.
U
'
.
I
1
.
1
U
'
2
.
U
2
.
U
1
.
Z
"
ik
Z
'
ik
I
2
.
I
1
Z
ik
= Z
'
ik
+ Z
"
ik U
2
.
U
1
.
.
(h.7.4)
iu kin th hin mang hai ca la ni tip la dong chay vao mang hai ca nay
cung chnh la dong chay vao mang hai ca kia, dong chay ra mang hai ca nay cung
chnh la dong chay ra mang hai ca kia.
99
Tc la : ;
1
.
"
1
.
'
1
.
1
.
"
1
.
'
1
.
U U U va I I I = + = =
2
.
"
2
.
'
2
.
2
.
"
2
.
'
2
.
U U U va I I I = + = =
Trong o la 4 bin cua 1 mang hai ca ghep ni tip th nht va
la 4 bin cua mang hai ca ghep ni tip th hai. la 4 bin
cua mang hai ca tng ng vi hai mang hai ca ghep ni tip.
"
1
.
"
1
.
'
1
.
'
1
.
U , I , U , I
"
2
.
"
2
.
'
2
.
'
2
.
U , I , U , I
2
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
U , I , U , I
i vi ring mang hai ca th nht vi cac h s ta co :
'
ik
Z
+ =
+ =
2
.
'
22 1
.
'
21
'
2
.
2
.
'
12 1
.
'
11
'
1
.
I Z I Z U
I Z I Z U
i vi ring mang hai ca th hai vi cac h s ta co :
"
ik
Z
+ =
+ =
2
.
"
22 1
.
"
21
"
2
.
2
.
"
12 1
.
"
11
"
1
.
I Z I Z U
I Z I Z U
T o suy ra :
+ + + = + =
+ + + = + =
) Z Z ( I ) Z Z ( I U U U
) Z Z ( I ) Z Z ( I U U U
"
22
'
22 2
.
"
21
'
21 1
.
"
2
.
'
2
.
2
.
"
12
'
12 2
.
"
11
'
11 1
.
"
1
.
'
1
.
1
.

; Z Z Z ; Z Z Z ; Z Z Z ; Z Z Z
22
"
22
'
22 21
"
21
'
21 12
"
12
'
12 11
"
11
'
11
= + = + = + = +
Nn co :
+ =
+ =
2
.
22 1
.
21 2
.
2
.
12 1
.
11 1
.
I Z I Z U
I Z I Z U
Suy ra hai mang hai ca ni tip Z
'
ik
, Z
"
ik
th tng ng vi mt mang hai ca
co cac thng s bng : Z
ik
= Z
'
ik
+ Z
"
ik
(7-9).
Lu y cng y la cng tng ng.
H phng trnh trang thai dang Y :
Ngc vi h phng trnh trang thai dang Z, khi vit quan h gia
theo ta c h phng trnh trang thai dang Y cua mang hai ca khng
ngun : (7-10)
) I , I (
2
.
1
.
) U , U (
2
.
1
.
+ =
+ =
2
.
22 1
.
21 2
.
2
.
12 1
.
11 1
.
U Y U Y I
U Y U Y I
Y
ik
chnh la tng dn vao va tng dn tng h gia cac ca. No la thng s c
trng cho mang hai ca.
H phng trnh dang Y dung rt tin li cho trng hp cac mang hai ca ni
song song nh hnh (h.7.5)
(h.7.5)
I
2
.
I
1
.
Y
ik
= Y
'
ik
+ Y
"
ik U
2
.
U
1
.
Y
"
ik
Y
'
ik
I
1
.
I
2
.
I
"
.
1
I
"
.
2
I
'
.
1 2
I
'
.
U
1
.
U
2
.
100
Mang hai ca ni song song khi thoa man quan h :
2
.
"
2
.
'
2
.
1
.
"
1
.
'
1
.
2
.
"
2
.
'
2
.
1
.
"
1
.
'
1
.
I I I , I I I
U U U , U U U
= + = +
= = = =
Mang hai ca tng ng v mt truyn at vi 2 mang hai ca ni song co thng s
Y
ik
= Y
'
ik
+ Y
"
ik
(7-11).
Lu y cng tng ng :
"
22
'
22 22
"
21
'
21 21
"
12
'
12 12
"
11
'
11 11
Y Y Y ; Y Y Y ; Y Y Y ; Y Y Y + = + = + = + =
H phng trnh trang thai dang H :
Lp quan h gia cp theo cp ta co h phng trnh trang thai dang H
cua mang hai ca khng ngun : (7-12)
) I , U (
2
.
1
.
) U , I (
2
.
1
.
+ =
+ =
2
.
22 1
.
21 2
.
2
.
12 1
.
11 1
.
U H I H I
U H I H U
Trong o H
ik
la thng s c trng cho mang hai ca. No phu thuc kt cu,
thng s cua mang hai ca, phu thuc vao tn s.
H phng trnh trang thai dang H tin dung cho cac mang hai ca ni tip - song
song nh hnh (h.7.6)
(h.7.6)
I
1
.
I
2
.
H
ik
= H
'
ik
+ H
"
ik U
2
.
U
1
.
H
"
ik
H
'
ik
I
1
.
I
2
.
I
1
U
"
.
1
.
I
"
.
2
1
U
'
.
I
'
2
.
U
1
.
U
2
.
(a) (b)
Ni tip u vao nn co :
1
.
"
1
.
'
1
.
1
.
"
1
.
'
1
.
I I I , U U U = = = +
Song song u ra nn co :
2
.
"
2
.
'
2
.
2
.
"
2
.
'
2
.
U U U , I I I = = = +
Chng minh c co th thay 2 mang 2 ca ni tip - song song (h.7.6a) bng
mang 2 ca tng ng (h.7.6b) trong o : H
ik
= H
'
ik
+ H
"
ik
(7-13)
T hnh (h.7.6a) vit phng trnh : va
+ =
+ =
2
.
'
1
.
' '
.
2
.
'
1
.
' '
.
U H I H I
U H I H U
22 21 2
12 11 1
+ =
+ =
2
.
"
1
.
" "
.
2
.
"
1
.
" "
.
U H I H I
U H I H U
22 21 2
12 11 1
T hnh (h.7.6b) vit phng trnh : thay
+ =
+ =
2
.
22 1
.
21 2
.
2
.
12 1
.
11 1
.
U H I H I
U H I H U
"
.
'
.
2
.
"
.
'
.
1
.
2 2
1 1
I I I
U U U
+ =
+ =
Ta co : t o rut ra :
+ = +
+ = +
2
.
22 1
.
21
"
.
'
.
2
.
12 1
.
11
"
.
'
.
U H I H ) I I (
U H I H ) U U (
2 2
1 1
"
22
'
22 22
"
21
'
21 21
"
12
'
12 12
"
11
'
11 11
H H H ; H H H
H H H ; H H H
+ = + =
+ = + =
101
Nn : H
ik
= H
'
ik
+ H
"
ik
Trn thc t ta hay gp mach phan hi din ap - no chnh la hai mang 2 ca ni
tip song song.
H phng trnh trang thai dang G :
Ngc lai vi dang H, khi vit quan h theo ta se c h phng
trnh trang thai dang G cua mang 2 ca tuyn tnh khng ngun :
) U , I (
2
.
1
.
) I , U (
2
.
1
.
(7-14)
+ =
+ =
2
.
22 1
.
21 2
.
2
.
12 1
.
11 1
.
I G U G U
I G U G I
Trong o G
ik
la thng s c trng cua mang 2 ca, no phu thuc cu truc, thng
s cua mang 2 ca, phu thuc vao tn s.
Phng trnh dang G tin dung cho cac mang 2 ca ni song song - ni tip nh
hnh (h.7.7)
u ra ni tip nn co :
2
.
"
2
.
'
2
.
2
.
"
2
.
'
2
.
U U U , I I I = + = =
u vao ni song song nn co :
1
.
"
1
.
'
1
.
1
.
"
1
.
'
1
.
I I I , U U U = + = =
Chng minh rng co th tm c mang 2 ca (h.7.7b) tng ng vi 2 mang 2
ca ni song song, ni tip nh hnh (h.7.7a) v mt truyn at nng lng, tn hiu.
Mang 2 ca tng ng co thng s c trng : G
ik
= G
'
ik
+ G
"
ik
(7-15)
Tc la :
"
22
'
22 22
"
21
'
21 21
"
12
'
12 12
"
11
'
11 11
G G G ; G G G
G G G ; G G G
+ = + =
+ = + =

Mt kt cu hai ca ni song song - ni tip thng gp la mach phan hi dong
in. c s dung trong t ng iu khin va o lng.
U
"
2
.
(h.7.7)
I
1
.
I
2
.
G
ik
= G
'
ik
+ G
"
ik U
2
.
U
1
.
G
"
ik
G
'
ik
I
1
.
I
2
.
I
2
.
I
"
.
1
U
2
.
I
'
.
1
U
1
.
U
'
2
.
(a) (b)
Quan h cac thng s c trng gia cac dang :
Mt mang 2 ca oc c trng bi nhng b 3 thng s c lp A, B, Z, Y, H,
G. Chung u phu thuc cu truc, thng s cua mang nn nhng thng s c lp
thuc dang nay u lin quan va co th tnh theo cac thng s thuc dang khac. Mi
quan h gia cac thng s cua cac dang cho bang (7-1) sau :

102
Bang 7-1
Z Y H A

Z

22 21
12 11
Z Z
Z Z

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
11 21
12 22

22 22
21
22
12
22
H
1
H
H
H
H
H
H

21
22
21
21 21
11
A
A
A
1
A
A
A
A

Y
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
11 21
12 22

22 21
12 11
Y Y
Y Y

11 11
21
11
12
11
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
1

12
11
12
12 12
22
A
A
A
1
A
A
A
A

H
22 22
21
22
12
22
Z
1
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z

11 11
21
11
12
11
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
1

22 21
12 11
H H
H H

22
21
22
22 22
12
A
A
A
1
A
A
A
A

A
21
22
21
21 21
11
Z
Z
Z
1
Z
Z
Z
Z

21
11
21
21 21
22
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
1
Y
Y

21 21
22
21
11
21
H
1
H
H
H
H
H
H

22 21
12 11
A A
A A

Trong o :
21 12 22 11 21 12 22 11
21 12 22 11 21 12 22 11
Y Y Y Y Y ; H H H H H
A A A A A ; Z Z Z Z Z
= =
= =

M ta mang 2 cua bng ma trn :
Cac ma trn c trng qua trnh 2 ca tuyn tnh :
Nu coi bang s cac h s c trng cua mang 2 ca la nhng ma trn c trng nh :
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]

=
22 21
12 11
ik
22 21
12 11
ik
22 21
12 11
ik
22 21
12 11
ik
22 21
12 11
ik
22 21
12 11
ik
G G
G G
G ;
H H
H H
H ;
Y Y
Y Y
Y
Z Z
Z Z
Z ;
B B
B B
B ;
A A
A A
A

va thm nhng ma trn ct cac bin trang thai nh :
2
.
1
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
U
I
;
I
U
;
I
I
;
U
U
;
I
U
;
I
U

Th co th vit h phng trnh trang thai mang 2 ca cac dang di dang ma trn
rt tin va gon gang, hn na no con m ta vic ghep cac mang 2 ca Kirhof ni xu
chui, song song, ni tip ...
H phng trnh trang thai dang A : [ ]

2
.
2
.
ik
1
.
1
.
I
U
A
I
U
H phng trnh trang thai dang B : [ ]

1
.
1
.
ik
2
.
2
.
I
U
B
I
U
103
H phng trnh trang thai dang Z : [ ]

2
.
1
.
ik
2
.
1
.
I
I
Z
U
U
H phng trnh trang thai dang Y : [ ]

2
.
!
.
ik
2
.
1
.
U
U
Y
I
I
H phng trnh trang thai dang H : [ ]

2
.
1
.
ik
2
.
1
.
U
I
H
I
U
H phng trnh trang thai dang G : [ ]

2
.
1
.
ik
2
.
1
.
I
U
G
U
I
D thy rng ma trn A, Z, H la nghch ao cac ma trn B, Y, G.
Ma trn h s c trng mt h mang 2 ca ni xu chui :
Hai mang 2 ca la ni xu chui (hay ni tng - ni moc xch) khi u ra cua
mang nay la u vao cua mang 2 ca kia, v du nh hnh ve (h.7.7)
i vi cac mang 2 ca ni xu chui dung h s dang A la tin dung nht. Ta
chng minh co th thay th 2 mang 2 ca ni xu chui bng 1 mang 2 ca tng
ng co :
[ ] [ ][ ]
"
ik
'
ik
A . A A
ik
= (7-16)
Tht vy t (h.7.7a) ta co :
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
2
.
"
22 2
.
"
21
'
.
2
.
"
12 2
.
"
11
'
.
'
.
'
22
'
.
'
21 1
.
'
.
'
12
'
.
'
11 1
.
U A I A I
U A I A U
va
U A I A I
U A I A U

Dang ma trn : [ ] [ ]

2
.
2
.
"
ik
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
1
.
1
.
I
U
A
I
U
va
I
U
A
I
U
ik
Nn co : [ ][ ] [ ]

2
.
2
.
ik
1
.
1
.
2
.
2
.
"
ik
'
1
.
1
.
I
U
A
I
U
,
I
U
A . A
I
U
ik
Rut ra : A
ik
= A
'
ik
.A
"
ik
(nhn ma trn)
T cng thc (7-16) dn ra phng phap xac nh A
ik
cua mt mang 2 ca bt ky
c coi la chp ni xu chui cua nhng mang 2 ca n gian nht la mang 2 ca co
mt phn t doc hnh (h.7.8a) va mang 2 ca co mt phn t ngang hnh (h.7.8b)
Vi hnh (h.7.8a) co c im nn co phng trnh dang A :
2
.
1
.
I I =
U
2
.
I
2
.
U
'
.
I
'
.
U
1
.
I
1
.
A
"
A
'
U
2
.
I
2
.
U
1
.
I
1
.
A = A
'
. A
"
(h.7.7) (a) (b)
104
[ ]

+ =
+ =
1 0
Z 1
A co nn
I 0 I
Z I U U
d
d
2
.
1
.
d 2
.
2
.
1
.

Vi hnh (h.7.8b) co c im nn phng trnh dang A la :
2
.
1
.
U U =
[ ]

+ =
+ =
1
Z
1
0 1
A co nn
I
Z
U
I
0 U U
n
n
2
.
n
2
.
1
.
2
.
1
.

Nh vy ma trn [A
d
], [A
n
] c xac nh d dang.
U
1
.
1
'
1
I
1
.
2
2
'
Z
d
I
2
.
U
2
.
1 2
1
'
2
'
(h.7.8)
(a) (b)
U
1
.
U
2
.
I
1
.
I
2
.
Z
n
T o nu coi mang 2 ca thun la s ni xu chui 1 mang 2 ca 1 phn t ngang
vi 1 mang 2 ca 1 phn t doc th vn dung (7-16) ta co A
= A
n
.A
d
biu din hnh
(h.7.9a).
(a)
Z
d2
Z
n
(b)
Z
d1
Z
n
(h.7.9)
+
=
= =
1
Z
Z
Z
1
Z 1
1 0
Z 1
.
1
Z
1
0 1
A . A A
n
2 d
n
2 d
2 d
n
2 d n

+
=
= =
1
Z
1
Z
Z
Z
1
1
Z
1
0 1
.
1 0
Z 1
A . A A
n
1 d
n
1 d
n
1 d
n 1 d '

Tng t coi mang 2 ca hnh T la s ni xu chui cua 3 mang 2 ca 1 phn t
A
d1
, A
n
, A
d2
, mang 2 ca hnh la s ni xu chui cua 3 mang 2 ca 1 phn t th t
la A
n1
, A
d
, A
n2
biu din trn hnh ve (h.7.10)
105
+
+ + +
=
+
= = =

1
Z
Z
Z
1
Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z
1
1 0
Z 1
.
1
Z
1
Z
Z
Z
1
A . A A . A . A A
n
2 d
n
n
2 d 1 d
2 d 1 d
n
1 d
2 d
n
1 d
n
1 d
2 d ' 2 d n 1 d T
2 d 2 n d 1 n
A . A A . A . A A

= =
(h.7.10)
(a)
Z
d2
Z
d1
Z
n
(b)
Z
n2
Z
d2
Z
n1
Trn thc t ta gp cac h thng ni xu chui nh : h thng MBA, ng dy
truyn tai cung cp in, h thng khuch ai - ng dy truyn tin, o lng, b
khuch ai nhiu tn - b loc nhiu mt loc.
Ma trn cac h mang 2 ca ghep song song, ni tip :
Cac mang 2 ca ni tip tng ng vi 1 mang 2 ca co : Z= Z
1
+ Z
2
+...
Cac mang 2 ca ni song song nhau se tng ng vi 1 mang 2 ca co : Y = Y
1

+ Y
2
+ ...
Cac mang 2 ca ni tip - song song nhau se tng ng vi 1 mang 2 ca co : H
= H
1
+ H
2
+...
Cac mang 2 ca ni song song - ni tip se tng ng vi 1 mang 2 ca co : G =
G
1
+ G
2
+ ...
So d thay th hinh T cua mang 2 cua :
Mt mang 2 ca Kirhof c c trng bi 3 thng s c lp la nhng c tnh
tn cac dang A, B, Z, Y, H, G. Cac mang 2 ca co nhng b thng s tng ng
bng nhau la tng ng nhau v mt truyn at nng lng va tn hiu. Thng 3
thng s c lp cua mang 2 ca co th bit c nh tnh toan hay lam th nghim o
ac xac nh ma khng cn bit cu truc va thng s bn trong. Yu cu la lp mt
mang 2 ca vi cu truc va thng s cu th thc hin quan h truyn at a bit. Mang
2 ca o chnh la s thay th tng ng.
V ma ng 2 ca c trng bi mt b 3 thng s c lp nn co th lp mt s
2 ca gm 3 thng s ni vi nhau. Kt cu n gian nht la s gm 3 tng tr ni
hnh T (con goi la ni hnh sao - Y) hoc s gm 3 tng tr ni hnh (con goi la
ni hnh tam giac).
V du : Bit A
ik
cua 1 mang 2 ca. Hay xac nh gia tr cac tng tr trong s
ng tr hnh T nh hnh ve (h.7.11).
T s hnh T ta vit h phng trnh dang A :
)
Z
Z
1 ( I
Z
1
U I ,
Z
Z I U
I I
n
2 d
2
.
n
2
.
1
.
n
2 d 2
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
+ + =
+
+ =
106
Z
n1
Z
d2
Z
n2
Z
n
Z
d1
Z
d2
U
1
I
2
.
U
2
.
I
1
.
U
1
.
I
2
.
U
2
.
I
1
.
.
(h.7.12) (h.7.11)
+ + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + = + + =
)
Z
Z
1 ( I
Z
1
U I
)
Z
Z Z
Z Z ( I )
Z
Z
1 ( U U
Z )
Z
Z
1 ( I
Z
Z
U Z I U Z I Z I U U
n
2 d
2
.
n
2
.
1
.
n
2 d 1 d
2 d 1 d 2
.
n
1 d
2
.
1
.
1 d
n
2 d
2
.
n
1 d
2
.
2 d 2
.
2
.
1 d 1
.
2 d 2
.
2
.
1
.

T h phng trnh chun dang A ta rut ra quan h gia A
ik
vi cac tng tr hnh
T.

n
2 d
22
n
21
n
2 d 1 d
2 d 1 d 12
n
1 d
11
Z
Z
1 A ;
Z
1
A ;
Z
Z Z
Z Z A ;
Z
Z
1 A + = = + + = + =
T y tnh ra cac tng tr cua mang hnh T tng ng :

21
22
2 d
21
11
1 d
21
n
A
1 A
Z ;
A
1 A
Z ;
A
1
Z

=
= = (7-17)
Tng t nh vy xac nh tng tr mang hnh tng ng nh hnh (h.712)
Vit h phng trnh dang A cho mang 2 ca hnh (h.7.12) :

d 2
.
2 n
d
2
.
1
.
d 2
.
2 n
d
2
.
2
.
1
.
d
2 n
2
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
Z I )
Z
Z
1 ( U U
Z I
Z
Z
U U U
Z )
Z
U
I ( U U
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
&
)
Z
Z
1 ( I
Z
1
Z Z
Z
Z
1
U U
Z
U
I
Z
Z
I )
Z
Z
1 (
Z
1
U I
)
Z
U
I (
Z
U
I
1 n
d
2
.
2 n 2 n 1 n
d
1 n
2
.
1
.
2 n
2
.
2
.
1 n
d
2
.
2 n
d
1 n
2
.
1
.
2 n
2
.
2
.
1 n
1
.
1
.
+ +
+ + =
+ + + + =
+ + =

Rut ra :
1 n
d
22
2 n 1 n
d 2 n 1 n
2 n 1 n
d
2 n 1 n
21 d 12
2 n
d
11
Z
Z
1 A ;
Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z
1
Z
1
A ; Z A ;
Z
Z
1 A + =
+ +
= + + = = + =
T h trn giai ra :
1 A
A
Z ;
1 A
A
Z ; A Z
22
12
1 n
11
12
2 n 12 d
= = (7-18)
Co th dung bin i Y tnh qua lai cac tng tr Z
d
, Z
n1
, Z
n2
va Z
n
, Z
d1
, Z
d2
.
Vic thay th mang 2 ca bng mt s tng ng hnh T hoc hnh se tin
li cho vic khao sat mang 2 ca xet.
107
Thc cht vic tm mt s tng ng thc hin mt b thng s truyn at a
cho chnh la thc hin bai toan tng hp mang 2 ca.
V du : Cho mt mang 2 ca bit cac thng s A
11
= A
22
= 0,5, A
12
= -j75. Hay
xac nh cac thng s s hnh T, hnh tng ng ?
T quan h ni tai A
11
A
22
- A
12
A
21
= 1 xac nh :
S 01 , 0 j ) 1 5 , 0 . 5 , 0 (
75 j
1
) 1 A A (
A
1
A
22 11
12
21
=
= =
T (7-17) tnh cac thng s s hnh T tng ng :
=
=
=
= =
= =
50 j
01 , 0 j
1 5 , 0
A
1 A
Z
50 j
01 , 0 j
1 5 , 0
A
1 A
Z ; 1000 j
01 , 0 j
1
A
1
Z
21
22
2 d
21
11
1 d
21
n

S thay th hnh T nh hnh (h.7.13)
T (7-18) tnh cac thng s s hnh tng ng :
Z
d
Z
d2
Z
d1
Z
n2
Z
n1
Z
n
(h.7.13) (h.7.14)
=
= =
= = = 500 j
1 5 , 0
75 j
1 A
A
Z ; 500 j
1 5 , 0
75 j
1 A
A
Z ; 75 j A Z
22
12
1 n
11
12
2 n 12 d

S thay th nh hnh (h.7.14)
Cac ham truyn dat ap, dong cua mang 2 cua :
Khi ch quan tm n s truyn at tn hiu dong hoc ap gia hai ca ma dung
ca h phng trnh vi 4 bin theo cac dang A, B, Z, Y, H, G th khng tin, nn ta cn
lp quan h gia hai bin qua mt ham truyn at vic xet c d dang.
Khi ch xet s truyn at ap trn 2 ca ta cn lp quan h : vi K
1
.
u 2
.
U K U =
U
la
ham truyn at ap.
Khi ch xet s truyn at dong trn 2 ca ta cn lp quan h : vi K
1
.
I 2
.
I K I =
I
la
ham truyn at dong.
Vi mach nng lng co th co thm quan h gia cng sut gia hai ca :
vi K
1
~
S 2
~
S K S =
S
la ham truyn at cng sut.
S truyn at t mt ca n ca kia vi mt phu tai Z
2
nao o thc hin mt
muc ch nao o th mi co y ngha, nn ta cn xet cac ham truyn at trong h thng
mang 2 ca co tai Z
2
nao o nh hnh (h.8.15)
Luc nay co ham truyn at dong :
108
) , Z , A ( f
A Z A
1
I A Z I A
I
I A U A
I
I
I
K
2 ik i
22 2 21
2
.
22 2 2
.
21
2
.
2
.
22 2
.
21
2
.
1
.
2
.
I
=
+
=
+
=
+
= =
(7-19)
2
'
2 1
U
2
.
U
1
.
Z
n
Z
d1
I
2
.
I
1
.
I
2
.
I
1
.
A
ik Z
2
U
2
.
U
1
.
R
2
(h.7.15) (h.7.16)
Ham truyn at dong phu thuc thng s A
ik
(tc phu thuc cu truc, thng s
mach), phu thuc phu tai, phu thuc vao tn s.
Co ham truyn at ap :
) , Z , A ( f
A Z A
Z
I A Z I A
Z I
I A U A
U
U
U
K
2 ik u
12 2 11
2
2
.
12 2 2
.
11
2 2
.
2
.
12 2
.
11
2
.
1
.
2
.
U
=
+
=
+
=
+
= =
(7-20)
Ham truyn at ap phu thuc thng s A
ik
, phu thuc tai, phu thuc vao tn s.
Ham truyn at cng sut :
) , Z , A ( f K K
I U
I U
S
S
K
2 ik S I
^
U
1
^
1
.
2
^
2
.
1
~
2
~
S
= = = = (7-21)
Ham truyn at cng sut phu thuc thng s A
ik
, phu tai va tn s.
V du : Xac nh ham truyn at cua mang 2 ca hnh (h.7.16).
Cho bit : Z
d1
= r
d1
= 10
6
, Z
n
= -j10
3
, tai Z
2
= r
2
= 10
5
.
j C r
j
jX r
jX
10 j 10
10 j
r Z
Z
I
r Z
Z
I
I
I
K
2 c 2
c
3 5
3
2 n
n
1
.
2 n
n
1
.
1
.
2
.
I

=
+
=
+
= =
2
1 d
1 d 1 d
2 1 d
2
2
U
2 1 d
2
2
I
1 d
2
2
1 d I 2
I 2
U
I 2
1 d
1 d
I 2
2
.
2
.
2
.
1 d
I
2
.
2
.
2
.
1 d 1
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
U
r
r
Cr j 1
1
r
j
C r r
r
r
K
j
) j C r ( r
r
r
K
Z
r
r
Z K r
K r
K
K r
Z
1
1
Z
K r
U
U
U
Z
K
I
U
U
Z I U
U
U
U
K
+ +
=
+
+
=

+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
= =

109
Khi
1 d
c
1 d
1
.
2
.
U
1 d 2 2
1 d
1 d
r
X
j
Cr j
1
U
U
K : Th
r
1
r
1
C hay 1
r
r
Cr =
= + >> + >>
T biu thc thy ap ra chm pha 90
2
.
U
o
so vi ap vao va co bin ln ln
1
.
U
1 d
c
1 d
r
X
Cr
1
=
ln.
Khi o s xet thanh mt mach tch phn n gian nht v r
2
>> X
c
va r
d1
>> X
c

nn dong qua tu
C
1 d
1
1 d
1
.
C
.
i
r
u
r
U
I = = . Bit ap trn tu :
= dt i
C
1
u
C C
, thay
1 d
1
C
r
u
i = vao
ta co :
= dt u
Cr
1
u
1
1 d
C
, ro rang in ap trn tu t l vi tch phn in ap vao u
1
theo t.
Khi kch thch iu hoa dung anh phc chuyn c quan h
= dt u
Cr
1
u
1
1 d
C

1 d
1
.
2
.
U
1 d
1
.
C
.
Cr j
1
U
U
K va
Cr j
U
U
= =
= nh a xet trn.
Tng tro vao cua mang 2 cua :
Tng tr vao : Khi ch xet qua trnh nng lng, tn hiu t ca 1 n ca kia cp
cho mt tai th h thng gm mang 2 ca vi tai nh 1 mang 1 ca.
Luc nay phan ng, hanh vi cua h thng th hin phng trnh trang thai lin h
gia 2 bin ap, dong trn ca. Thng s lin h gia 2 bin ap, dong trn ca la tng
tr vao (hoc tng dn vao). Ta xac nh biu thc tng tr vao t ca 1 nh hnh ve
(h.7.17a).
Z
v1
1
'
1
(a)
I
2
.
I
1
.
Z
2
Z
v2
2
'
2
(h.7.17)
1
I
'
.
Z
2
U
2
.
2
= - I
2
.
I
'
.
U
1
.
U
2
.
U
1
.
(b)
) , Z , A ( f
A Z A
A Z A
I A Z I A
I A Z I A
I A U A
I A U A
I
U
Z
2 ik 1
22 2 21
12 2 11
2
.
22 2 2
.
21
2
.
12 2 2
.
11
2
.
22 2
.
21
2
.
12 2
.
11
1
.
1
.
1 V
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
= =
(7-22)
Ngc lai nu truyn t ca 2 sang ca 1 ta xac nh tng tr vao t ca 2 nh hnh
(h.7.17b)
1
.
11 1
.
1 21
1
.
12 1
.
1 22
1
.
11 1
.
21
1
.
12 1
.
22
1
.
22 1
.
21
1
.
12 1
.
11
2
.
2
.
'
.
2
.
2 V
I A ) I Z ( A
I A ) I Z ( A
I A U A
I A U A
I B U B
I B U B
I
U
I
U
Z
2
+

=
+

=
+
+
= = =
110
vi :
1 1
.
1
'
.
1
.
Z I Z I U
2
= = ) , Z , A ( f
A Z A
A Z A
I A I Z A
I A I Z A
Z
1 ik 2
11 1 21
12 1 22
1
.
11 1
.
1 21
1
.
12 1
.
1 22
2 V
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
(7-23)
Tng tr vao ngn mach va h mach : Ngn mach va h mach ca la 2 trang thai
c bit cua tai, tng tr vao phu thuc tai nn 2 trang thai c bit cung se co tng
tr vao c bit.
Khi ngn mach tai ca 2 :
22
12
ng 1 V 1 V 2
.
2
A
A
Z Z th 0 U 0 Z = = = = (7-24)
Khi h mach tai ca 2 :
21
11
h 1 V 1 V 2
.
2
A
A
Z Z th 0 I , Z = = = = (7-25)
Khi ngn mach tai ca 1 :
11
12
ng 2 V 2 V 1
.
1
A
A
Z Z th 0 U 0 Z = = = = (7-26)
Khi h mach tai ca 1 :
21
22
h 2 V 2 V 1
.
1
A
A
Z Z th 0 I , Z = = = = (7-27)
Ta thy Z
1ng
, Z
1h
, Z
2ng
, Z
2h
ch phu thuc A
ik
, khng phu thuc tai nn chung la
nhng thng s c trng ring cua mang 2 ca, nn qua chung co th vit h phng
trnh trang thai mang 2 ca, hoc qua chung tnh ra b thng s c trng A, B, X, Y,
H, G.
V du : Xac nh A
ik
theo tng tr vao ngn mach, h mach. Theo cac quan h (7-
24), (7-25), (7-26) ta co :
) 28 8 (
Z
A
A ;
Z
A
A ; Z A A ;
) Z Z ( Z
Z Z
A
A
A . A
1
.
A
A
A . A
A . A
) Z Z ( Z
Z Z
;
A
A
Z
A . A
1
A . A
A A A A
A
A
A
A
Z Z ;
A . A
A . A
Z Z
ng 1
12
22
h 1
11
21 ng 2 11 12
ng 1 h 1 ng 2
h 1 ng 1
11
2
11
22 21 11
12
21 22
11 12
ng 1 h 1 ng 2
h 1 ng 1
11
12
ng 2
22 21 22 21
21 12 22 11
22
12
21
11
ng 1 h 1
21 22
11 12
h 1 ng 1
= = =
=
= =
=
=
= = =

Trn thc t hay s dung cng thc tin xac nh A
ik
cho mang 2 ca cha bit
kt cu (hp en). Bng cac th nghim khng tai va ngn mach ca o c cac
tng tr vao ngn mach va h mach ri a vao cng thc tnh A
ik
.
V du : Xac nh b thng s A
ik
bng cng thc tng tr vao ngn mach, h
mach cho mang 2 ca hnh (h.7.18).
T s xac nh cac tng tr vao ngn mach
va h mach.
n h 2
1 d ng 1
n 1 d h 1
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z Z
=
=
+ =

Z
d1
Z
n
2
'
2
1
'
1
(h.7.18)
111
n 1 d
n 1 d
n 1 d ng 2
Z Z
Z . Z
Z // Z Z
+
= =
Dung cng thc (7-28) tnh c :
) 29 8 (
Z Z
Z
A c tnh Cung 1
Z
Z
Z
A
A
Z
Z Z
Z . Z
.
Z
Z Z
Z . A A ;
Z
1
Z ) Z Z (
Z Z
Z
A
A
Z
Z
1
Z
Z Z
) Z Z Z .(
Z Z
Z . Z
) Z Z ( Z
A
ng 2 h 2
h 1
11
1 d
1 d
ng 1
12
22
1 d
n 1 d
n 1 d
n
n 1 d
ng 2 11 12
n n n 1 d
n 1 d
h 1
11
21
n
1 d
n
n 1 d
1 d n 1 d
n 1 d
n 1 d
n 1 d 1 d
11
= = = =
=
+
+
= = =
+
+
= =
+ =
+
=
+
+
+
=

Theo cng thc nay va cng thc (7-28) se co 2 gia tr cua A
11
do o cac h s
con lai cung co 2 gia tr, s d cac h s co tnh a tr v chung chng nhng phu thuc
vao cac thng s cua mang ma con phu thuc vao vic chon chiu dng cua dong, ap
i vi cac cc cua mang.
Ta cung thy co h thc sau y :
22
11
h 2
h 1
ng 2
ng 1
A
A
Z
Z
Z
Z
= = (7-30)
Mang 2 cua di xung :
Mang 2 ca i xng la mang 2 ca khi thay i chiu truyn at trn cac ca th
tnh cht va phng trnh truyn at vn khng thay i.
T cac s mang 2 ca hnh T va tng ng thy ngay c im cua mang
2 ca i xng la co A
11
= A
22
.
Vy mang 2 ca i xng ch c trng bi 2 thng s c lp. Ta tm cach xac
nh 2 thng s c trng ring cho mang 2 ca i xng va qua chung vit h phng
trnh trang thai m ta mang 2 ca i xng.
D nhin v mang 2 ca i xng cung la mang 2 ca nn co th dung cac dang
A, B, Z, Y, H, G khao sat.
Tng tr c tnh Z
C
:
T biu thc tng tr vao :
22 2 21
12 2 11
1 V
A Z A
A Z A
Z
+
+
=
Ta thy noi chung Z
V1
Z
2
, y Z
2
co th thay i, nn co th tm mt gia tr
tai Z
2
= Z
c
nao o Z
V1
= Z
c
tc la :
21
12
c
11 c 21
12 c 11
c 1 V
A
A
Z ra rut ta
A Z A
A Z A
Z Z =
+
+
= =
(7-31).
Ta thy Z
c
ch phu thuc A
ik
, khng phu thuc tai. Vy vi mt mang 2 ca i
xng xac nh th co Z
c
hoan toan xac nh. Vy Z
c
la thng s c trng ring cho
mang 2 ca i xng, Z
c
c goi la tng tr c tnh hay tng tr lp lai (theo ngha
nu ly tai Z
2
= Z
c
th tng tr u vao se co gia tr ung ngay Z
c
o).
Mang 2 ca i xng co tai hoa hp :
112
Ta xet mt ch c bit cua mang 2 ca i xng la no truyn at n mt tai
co tng tr ung bng tng tr c tnh Z
c
cua mang. Goi o la ch mang hai ca
truyn at n tai hoa hp.
Vi
21
12
c 2
A
A
Z Z = = ta co phng trnh dang A la :
( )
) 33 8 ( ) A . A A ( I
A
A
A A I I
) Z A A ( I I A I Z A I A U A I
) 32 8 ( A . A A U
A
A
A
A U U
)
Z
A
A ( U
Z
U
A U A I A U A U
21 12 11 2
.
21
12
21 11 2
.
1
.
c 21 11 2
.
2
.
11 2
.
c 21 2
.
11 2
.
21 1
.
21 12 11 2
.
21
12
12
11 2
.
1
.
c
12
11 2
.
c
2
.
12 2
.
11 2
.
12 2
.
11 1
.
+ =
+ =
+ = + = + =
+ =
+ =
+ = + = + =

y ta thy phng trnh dang A lai cho quan h tuyn tnh ring gia 2 bin
cung loai ap vi va gia dong vi .
1
.
U
2
.
U
1
.
I
2
.
I
T o rut ra cac ham truyn at ap, dong va thy chung bng nhau :
21 12 11
1
.
2
.
I
1
.
2
.
U
A . A A
1
I
I
K
U
U
K
+
= = = = (7-34)
Ro rang K
u
= K
I
ch phu thuc mang 2 ca. Nn no la c trng ring cua mang 2
ca i xng. ch nay ham truyn at cng sut cung rt c bit.
0 K K K . K
I . U
I . U
S
S
K
2
I
2
U I
^
U
1
^
1
.
2
^
2
.
1
~
2
~
S
> = = = = = (7-35)
K
S
thc dng. iu nay ch thoa man khi goc lch pha :
2
2 2
1
1 1 I , U I , U =
= =

Luc nay ta co : 0
Q
Q
P
P
S
S
S
S
S
S
K
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 1
2 2
1
~
2
~
S
> = = =

= = (7-36)
T o suy ra nu mang co tiu tan P
2
< P
1
nn :
1 K K K
Q
Q
P
P
S
S
0
2
I
2
U S
1
2
1
2
1
2
< = = = = = < (7-37)
Vy kt lun mang 2 ca i xng co tiu tan tai hoa hp th :
Cng sut phan khang a ra cung du va co gia tr nho hn ca vao.
H s truyn at g = a + jb :
113
Ta cung thy khi mang 2 ca i xng tai hoa hp th
21 12 11
I U
A . A A
1
K K
+
= = la
mt c trng ring. Va v vy co th dung no cung vi Z
c
vit cac phng trnh m
ta mang 2 ca i xng.
co dang cho thun tin ta ly :
21 12 11
I U
A . A A
K
1
K
1
+ = = noi chung la mt
s phc nn co th vit di dang mu :
jb a g
21 12 11
e . e e A . A A = = + (7-38)
g = a + jb : goi la h s truyn at (goi la h s ch khng goi la ham v g khng
phu thuc tai ma ch phu thuc mang 2 ca i xng).
2 i 1 i
2
1
2 i 2
1 i 1
2
.
1
.
g
2 u 1 u
2
1
2 u 2
1 u 1
2
.
1
.
jb a g
jb a g
21 12 11
2
.
1
.
2
.
1
.
I
I
U
I
I
I
e
U
U
U
U
U
U
e . e e
e . e e A . A A
I
I
U
U
=

= =
=

= = =
= = + = =

T o rut ra :
= =
= =
2
1
2
1
nepe
2
1
2
1 g
I
I
Ln
U
U
Ln a
I
I
U
U
e
(7-39)
Vy a la s o mc tt tn hiu truyn at qua mang 2 ca i xng ch
hoa hp tai. Goi a la h s tt, a c o theo n v nepe hoc bel, decibel =0,1 bel.
= =
= = =
2
1
bel db
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
bel
U
U
lg 20 a 10 a
U
U
lg 2
U
U
lg
S
S
lg a
(7-40)
Chng minh c (7-40) t :
( )
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
bel
2
2
1
2
2
1 a
2
21 12 11
2
U S 2
1
U
U
lg 2
U
U
lg
S
S
lg a
I
I
U
U
10 A . A A
K
1
K
1
S
S
=
= =
= = + =
= =

T
2 i 1 i
2
1
2 u 1 u
2
1 jb a
I
I
U
U
e e = = con rut ra c :
2
.
1
.
2
.
1
.
I arg I arg U arg U arg b = = (7-41)
2 i 1 i 2 u 1 u
b = =
b goi la h s pha, b c o theo n v Raian hay goc.
114
Vy ham phc g = a + jb biu din s truyn at v bin, pha cua tn hiu qua
mang 2 ca i xng tai hoa hp. Tt nhin g phu thuc vao tn s g() = a() + jb()
H phng trnh trang thai dang ham hyperbol :
Ta a lam ro Z
c
va g la cp thng s c trng cho mang 2 ca i xng nn co
th lp h phng trnh trang thai lin h cac bin qua cp thng s o m ta mang 2
ca.
Vit phng trnh trang thai dang A cua mang 2 ca i xng vi h s Z
c
va g.
T :
2
.
22 2
.
12 1
.
2
.
12 2
.
11 1
.
I A U A I ; I A U A U + = + =
Tm cach chuyn A
ik
theo Z
c
, g.
Ta co :
21 12 11
g
A . A A Shg Chg e + = + =
21
21
12
21 12
c
12
21
12
21 12 c 21 12 c
21 12
11
2 2
21 12
2
A
A
A
A A
Z
Shg
; A
A
A
. A A Z . A A Z . Shg
A A Shg
Chg A
ra rut
1 g Sh g Ch
1 A A A
11
= = = = =
=
=
=
=

Thay
c
21 c 12 11
Z
Shg
A ; Shg . Z A ; Chg A = = = vao h phng trnh dang A ta co :
+ =
+ =
2
.
2
.
c
1
.
2
.
c 2
.
1
.
I Chg U
Z
Shg
I
I Shg . Z U Chg U
(7-42)
T (7-42) thy Z
c
va g co th xac nh trc tip t cac th nghim h mach va
ngn mach ca.
Khi h mach ca 2
h 2
.
c
h 1
.
h 2
.
h 1
.
2
.
U
Z
Shg
I ; U Chg U 0 I = = =
Tng tr vao luc nay :
Thg
Z
Shg
Z . Chg
I
U
Z
c c
h 1
.
h 1
.
h 1 V
= = =
Khi ngn mach ca 2 th :
Thg . Z
Chg
Shg
Z
I
U
Z
Chg . I I
Shg . I . Z U
, 0 U
c c
ng 1
.
ng 1
.
ng 1
ng 2
.
ng 1
.
ng 2
.
c ng 1
.
2
.
= = =
=
=
=
T Z
1h
, Z
1ng
o c xac nh Z
c
, g.
) 44 8 (
Z
Z
Thg g Th
Thg
Z
Thg . Z
Z
Z
) 43 8 ( Z . Z Z Z
Thg
Z
. Thg . Z Z . Z
h 1
ng 1 2
c
c
h 1
ng 1
h 1 ng 1 c
2
c
c
c h 1 ng 1
= = =
= = =

115
Vy ta co bang [ ]

=
Chg
Z
Shg
Shg . Z Chg
A
c
c
(7-45)
H phng trnh dang ham hyperbol dung rng rai m ta va xet qua trnh truyn
at nng lng, tn hiu qua cac mang ng dy truyn tai, h thng loc in i
xng...
V du : Xac nh Z
c
, g cua mang 2 ca i xng co A
11
= 0,5 , A
21
= j0,02 Sm.
Trc ht xac nh : =
= 5 , 37 j
02 , 0 j
1 5 , 0
A
1 A
A
2
21
2
12
11

Tng tr c tnh : = = = 25 , 43
02 , 0 j
5 , 37 j
A
A
Z
21
12
c

H s truyn at :
3
b , 0 a ) e ( Ln g
) 865 , 0 j 5 , 0 ( Ln A . A A ( Ln jb a g
3 / j
21 12 11
= = =
+ = + = + =

V du : Xac nh Z
c
, g cua mang 2 ca i xng hnh T trong hnh ve (7-19).
Bit L = 0,01H, C = 4F tn s = 10
5
rad/s.
Vi mang 2 ca hnh T co :
C j
1
Z Z ;
2
L
j Z Z
c n 2 d 1 d
= = = =
Xac nh c A
ik
t cac tng tr :
C j
Z
1
A ;
4
LC
1 L j A
C j
2
L j
L j
Z
Z Z
Z Z A
2
LC
1
Z
Z
1 A A
n
21
2
12
2
n
2 d 1 d
2 d 1 d 12
2
n
1 d
22 11
= =

+ = + + =
= + = =

T o tnh

= =
4
LC
1
C
L
C j
4
LC
1 L j
A
A
Z
2
2
21
12
c

( )

= + = + =
1
4
LC
LC
2
LC
1 Ln g
4
LC
1 LC j
2
LC
1 Ln A . A A Ln jb a g
2 2
2
2
2
21 12 11
Thay s vao ta co :
+ = = + =
= = = = =
j LnA ) Ae ( Ln jb a g
10 1 50 Z ; 10 . 4 10 . 4 . 01 , 0 LC ; 2500
10 . 4
01 , 0
C
L
j
2 8
c
8 6
6

L/2 L/2
C
(h.7.19)
116
) 1 10 . 10 . 2 10 . 2 1 ( Ln g
2 8 4 2 8
+ =

tn s =10
3
Rad/s :
Th = =

49 ) 10 .( 10 1 50 Z
2 3 8
c

[ ]
( )
2 , 0 j j g
2 3 8 3 4 2 3 8 j g
e 1 2 , 0 j 98 , 0 09 , 0 2 , 0 02 , 0 1 Ae e
1 ) 10 ( 10 10 10 . 2 ) 10 ( 10 . 2 1 Ae e
= + = + = =
+ = =

T y rut ra : Rad 2 , 0 b ; 0 1 Ln LnA a = = = = =
tn s =10
4
Rad/s:
0 ) 10 .( 10 1 50 Z
2 4 8
c
= =

[ ]
( )
Rad b ; 0 1 Ln LnA a
e 1 1 0 2 1 e
1 ) 10 ( 10 10 10 . 2 ) 10 ( 10 . 2 1 e
j g
2 4 8 4 4 2 4 8 g
= = = = =
= = + =
+ =

tn s =10
5
Rad/s :
= =

498 j ) 10 .( 10 1 50 Z
2 5 8
c

[ ]
Rad b ; nepe 03 , 6 399 Ln LnA a
e 399 399 e
1 ) 10 ( 10 10 10 . 2 ) 10 ( 10 . 2 1 e
j g
2 5 8 5 4 2 5 8 g
= = = = =
= =
+ =

117
CHNG 8
BIN I TNG NG MACH TUYN TNH
Phep bin i tng ng :
Ta a bit vic xet, tnh toan mach in la lp va giai h phng trnh Kirhof 1, 2
ma s phng trnh nay tuy thuc vao s nut, nhanh cua mach in. S phng trnh
cang t th vic giai cang nhanh, gon, n gian.
V s phng trnh tuy thuc s nut, nhanh cua s mach nn ta t vn tm
cach dn ra mt s khac t nhanh, t nut hn nhng tng ng vi s a co,
nn co th giai mach in tng ng o ri suy ra ap ng mach in a co. Vic
lam nh vy goi la bin i tng ng mach in. Ch co th dn ra c s
tng ng khi vi c bin i thoa man iu kin nht nh goi la iu kin bin i
tng ng. Thng gi nguyn khng ung cham mt s nhanh hoc nut cn xet
dong, ap, ch tm cach bin i nhng nhanh, nut khac sao cho vic xet dong, ap
nhanh xet c tin, gon nht. T o thy ro iu kin bin i tng ng la : "
Nhng trang thai dong, ap trn nhng nhanh, nut khng b bin i phai gi nguyn
gia tr vn co cua no".
Thoa man iu kin trn th :
Cng sut a vao mi b phn cung nh a vao tt ca nhng b phn khng b
bin i, gi nguyn gia tr vn co .
Do toan mach thoa man iu kin 0 P
k
=
, nn cng sut tng a vao nhng b

phn b bin i cung gi nguyn khng i.
Phep bin i thoa man iu kin o goi la phep bin i tng ng.
Cac bin i tng ng thng gp :
Vn dung nguyn tc bin i tng ng ta co c cac s tng ng
thng gp nh sau :
Mach in gm cac tng tr ni tip Z
k
tng ng vi tng tr Z
t
= Z
1
+ Z
2
+ ...+
Z
k
= Z
k
(8-1).
U
. I
.
U
.
Z
t
Z
k
Z
1
I
.
(h.8.1)
.
t
. .
k 2 1
.
I Z U I ) Z ... Z Z ( U = + + + =
Mach in gm cac nhanh co tng dn ni song song nhau tng ng vi tng
dn
(8-2).
k
Y
I
.
U
.
Y
1
...
(h.8.2)
I
.
U
.
Y
t
Y
k
118
.
t
. .
k 2 1
.
U Y I U ) Y ... Y Y ( I = + + + =
Mt nhanh gm cac S ni tip tng ng vi 1 nhanh co S
(8-3).
k
.
2
.
1
.
E ..., , E , E
=
k
.
t
.
E E
E
k
.
E
1
.
E
t
.
(h.8.3)
Nhng ngun dong bm vao mt nut tng ng vi mt ngun dong
(8-4).
k
.
2
.
1
.
J ..., , J , J
=
k
.
t
.
J J
J
1
.
...
J
k
.
(h.8.4)
J
t
.
Mt nhanh gm ni tip Z (ngun S - S Tvnin) tng ng mt s
ngun dong ni song song vi Y (ngun dong in - S Norton) va ngc lai.
.
E
.
J
= =
=
. .
t
.
t
J . Z Y / J E
Y / 1 Z
,
= =
=
Y . E Z / E J
Z / 1 Y
. .
t
.
t
(8-5)
(h.8.5)
Z
Y
t
J
t
.
U
.
I
.
I
.
E
.
U
.
Cac ngun ap gm , Z
1
.
E
1
ni song song , Z
2
.
E
2
...vi , Z
k
.
E
k
tng ng vi s
ngun dong ni song song tng dn Y
t
.
J
t
:
= =
= =

k k
.
k
.
t
.
k k t
Y E J J
Z / 1 Y Y
(8-6).
I
.
(h.8.6)
U
.
U
.
I
.
Y
t
Z
k
Z
1
J
t
.
E
1
.
E
k
.
119
T hnh (h.8.6) thy co th tm mt s tng ng
ngun S ni tip Z
t
.
E
k k k t t
.
t
.
t t
Y / Y Y / J E
Y / 1 Z
t
nh hnh (h.8.7) vi quan h :
(8-7).
= =
=

.
E
Z
t
E
t
.
U
(h.8.7)
.
Bin i tng ng Y - :
3
.
I
3

2
I
2
.
I
1
.
1
Z
23
Z
13
Z
12
1
2 3
I
1
Z
3
Z
2
Z
1
I
2
.
I
3
.
.
(h.8.8)
Bin i t Y sang theo cng thc :
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
2
1 3
1 3 31
1
3 2
3 2 23
3
2 1
2 1 12
Z
Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z Z
(8-8)
Bin i t sang Y theo cng thc :
(8-9)
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
31 23 12
13 23
3
31 23 12
23 12
2
31 23 12
13 12
1
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
Thay tng ng mt s hnh sao khng ngun n canh bng mt s a giac
toan chnh n nh.
a giac toan chnh la mt graph co n nh va mi nh u co nhng nhanh ni
u (n-1) nh khac. Suy ra a giac co n(n-1)/2 nhanh.
V du : S hnh sao 5 canh co th i thanh mt s ngu giac toan chnh nh
hnh (h.8.9).
Trong o Y
1
, ..., Y
k
la tng dn cac nhanh hnh sao, Z
1
, ..., Z
k
la tng tr cac
nhanh hnh sao, Y
12
, ..., Y
1k
la tng dn cac nhanh a giac ni cac nh ghi ch s, Z
12
,..., Z
1k
la tng tr cac nhanh a giac tng ng.
Co th chng minh ra cng thc bin i :
=
n
1
k
l k
kl
Y
Y Y
Y (8-10).
120
1 5
4 2
3
Z
35
Z
24
Z
14
Z
13
Z
25
Z
15
Z
12
Z
23
Z
34
Z
54
1
(a) Z
3
Z
2
Z
4
Z
5
Z
1
3
2 4
5
(b)
(h.8.9)
Trong trng hp tng quat bai toan ngc lai : bin i hnh a giac thanh hnh
sao n canh ng tr. Khi n > 3 la khng c v s tng tr (hoc tng dn) cn tm cua
cac nhanh hnh sao be hn s iu kin n(n-1)/2 ma chung phai thoa man. Nhng khi
n=3 th s iu kin bng n(n-1)/2 = 3 do o lun lun co th bin i Y - .
V du : Xac nh ch s cua ampemet trong mach hnh (h.8.10). Bit :
A
J
.
E
2
.
E
1
.
Z
4
Z
2
Z
1
a b
c d
Z
5
E
3
.
Z
3
A
Z
ac
E
ac
.
Z
5
E
bd
.
Z
bd
d c
b a
(a) (h.8.10) (b)
A 10 J , V 120 E E E , 10 j Z , 20 Z Z , 10 j Z Z
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
3 4 2 5 1
= = = = = = = = =
Bin i cac nhanh ni song song gia hai nut a, c va b, d a v s tng
ng d dang tnh dong in qua ampemet :
0
2 1 2 1 ac
63 112 , 0 1 , 0 j 05 , 0 20 / 1 10 j / 1 Z / 1 Z / 1 Y Y Y = = + = + = + = S.
nn + = = = = 8 j 4 63 95 , 8 63 112 , 0 / 1 Y / 1 Z
0 0
ac ac
.
) V ( 96 j 72 6 , 53 120 120
63 112 , 0
6 , 116 112 , 0
120
63 112 , 0
05 , 0 1 , 0 j
Y
Y E Y E
E
0
0
0
0
ac
2 2
.
1 1
.
ac
.
= =
=
0
4 3 4 3 bd
63 112 , 0 1 , 0 j 05 , 0 20 / 1 10 j / 1 Z / 1 Z / 1 Y Y Y = + = + = + = + =
nn = = = = 8 j 4 63 95 , 8 63 112 , 0 / 1 Y / 1 Z
0 0
bd bd

) V ( 32 j 136 13 139
63 112 , 0
50 6 , 15
63 112 , 0
10 1 , 0 j . 120
Y
J Y E
E
0
0
0
0
bd
.
3 3
.
bd
.
= =
+
=
+
=
T s hnh (h.8.10b) tnh c dong qua ampemet :
) A ( 83 1 , 19
3 , 51 8 , 12
6 , 31 244
10 j 8
128 j 208
) 8 j 4 ( 10 j ) 8 j 4 (
) 32 j 136 ( ) 96 j 72 (
Z Z Z
E E
I
0
0
0
bd 5 ac
bd
.
ac
.
.
=
=
+
=
+ + +
+ +
=
+ +
+
=

121
CHUONG 9
LOC DIN
Cac khai nim co ban va djnh ngha :
Ta a xet mang 2 ca, thy ro thng s c trng cua chung A(), Z(), K
u
(),
K
i
() tuy thuc kt cu, thng s cua mang va co tnh chon la tn s. Nhng mang 2
ca ma truyn at K
u
(), K
i
() co tnh la chon vi tn s theo mt lut c bit : Cho
truyn at qua mt cach d dang ph tn hiu dong (ap) thuc mt dai tn nao o goi la
dai thng va lam tt nhng tn hiu thuc nhng dai tn khac goi la dai chn. Mang 2
ca c bit y goi la mach loc in.
Trong lnh vc KT nh thng tin tai ba, ky thut dao ng, ky thut tao xung,
chnh lu... cn nghin cu s dung va thit k loc in.
Phn loai cac b loc in theo nhiu cach :
Tuy theo ph tn c chia ra 4 loai mach loc :
B loc tn s thp (loc thng thp) : Cho thng qua tn s t 0 n
o
0 < <
o
va chn dai tn s cao hn.
B loc thng cao : Cho thng qua mt dai tn cao
o
va chn nhng dai tn
thp hn
o
.
B loc mt dai thng : Cho thng qua mt dai tn
1

2
va chn nhng dai
tn thp <
1
cung nh cao hn >
2
.
B loc mt dai chn : Chn mt dai tn
1

2
va cho thng dai tn thp 0
<
1
cung nh dai tn cao hn
2
< < .
Hnh ve (h.9-1) ve dai thng va chn cua cac loai loc in o :
1

2

Loc chn mt dai
1

2

Loc thng mt dai
o

Loc thng cao
o

Loc thng thp
0
0

0
0
(h.9-1)
Tuy theo cac phn t dung cu truc b loc chia ra cac loai :
B loc thun khang : Gm cac phn t L, C.
B loc ap in : Cu truc chu yu t cac phin thach anh.
B loc khng cam ng, thu ng : Gm cac phn t r, C.
B loc tch cc rC
Cung phn loai theo cach thc lin kt cac phn t : Nn co loc dang , T, , hnh
cu.
Theo dang c tnh tn th co cac b loc loai K, loai m.
S d mang 2 ca co c tnh cht c bit trn v chung c ghep bi cac phn
t L va C nn X
L
, X
C
co tnh la chon vi tn s. in cam d dang cho thng qua tn
s thp v X
L
= L, ngc lai in dung cho thng qua d dang tn s cao v X
C
=
122
1/C. Nhanh L-C d dang cho thng qua mt dai tn quanh tn s cng hng
LC
1
o
= , nhanh L // C chn cac dong thuc dai quanh dai tn s cng hng.
Ta d dang khao sat b loc thun khang la loai loc gm hp thanh bi cac phn t
L va C. T loai loc nay co th xem xet cac b loc co cht lng cao thng co tiu tan
rt be co th bo qua. Vic xet b loc thun khang cho ta phan oan c nhng net chu
yu cua qua trnh loc coi la co tiu tan. Trn thc t loai tr loc thng thp r - C ra con
vic khao sat loc co tiu tan kha phc tap. Khi tnh toan thit k b loc co tiu tan phai
s dung cac bang s, ng cong c bit.
Thng cac b loc c ni theo dang dy chuyn (moc xch) nng cao cht
lng loc nh hnh (h.9-2)
Trong o cac tng tr ni doc k
hiu Z
1
, ni ngang Z
2
. nghin cu
b loc ta ct chung thanh nhng cai loc
thanh phn ni xu chui lai th thanh
cai loc chung, co hai cach chia nh sau :
Z
2
Z
2
Z
2
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Cach th nht la ct qua cac tng tr
doc Z
1
ta se c cac b loc thanh phn hnh T ni vi nhau nh hnh (h.9-3)
(h.9-2)
Cach chia th hai la ct qua cac tng tr ngang Z
2
ta se c cac b loc thanh phn
hnh nh hnh (h.9-4)
2Z
2
2Z
2
2Z
2
2Z
2
2Z
2
2Z
2
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
2
Z
2
Z
2
(h.9-3)
Z
1
/2 Z
1
/2 Z
1
/2 Z
1
/2 Z
1
/2 Z
1
/2 Z
1
/2 Z
1
/2
(h.9-4)
Vy ro rang vic xet b loc hnh T, i xng la rt c ban trong toan b vic
nghin cu b loc v no la c s cho vic xet cai loc hnh va nhng chui loc.
Diu kin d mang 2 cua di xung thanh b loc tn s :
Ta cn xac nh nhng iu kin mt mang 2 ca i xng co nhng dai
thng tc la co tac dung loc tn s.
Quan h gia ap, dong ca vao, ca ra cua mang 2 ca i xng tai hoa hp :
Trong mang 2 ca i xng tai hoa hp ta co biu thc lin h :
123

jb a g
2
1
2
1
e e e
I
I
U
U
= = =

(9-1)
T s mun :
a
2
1
2
1
e
I
I
U
U
= = (9-2)
T y thy khi tai hoa hp co th co nhng iu kin nao o trong mt dai
tn nht nh c a() = 0 tc e
a(
)
= 1 th co : U
2
() = U
1
() va I
2
() = I
1
().
Khi o tn hiu dong, ap thuc dai tn o se t ca vao n ca ra ma khng b
tt, luc nay mang 2 ca la mt mach loc tn. Mach cho thng qua tn hiu thuc dai tn
o, con se khng cho qua (chn) nhng tn hiu thuc dai tn khac.
Vy h s tt trn mt dai tn cua mt mang 2 ca i xng tai hoa hp trit tiu
(a() = 0) chnh la iu kin mang 2 ca o thanh b loc in.
iu kin a() = 0 trn mt dai tn :
Vi mang 2 ca co tiu tan th : P
2
< P
1
nn U
2
< U
1
, I
2
< I
1
nn a() > 0, thy ngay
khng th dung mang 2 ca co tiu tan lam loc in ly tng vi a() = 0.
Vy ch con mang 2 ca thun khang i xng tai hoa hp la co th lam cai loc.
Vi mang 2 ca thun khang i xng tai hoa hp ta co tng tr c tnh la
21
12
C
A
A
Z = , trong o A
12
, A
21
la nhng s ao (v thun khang) nn Z
C
ch co th co
hai loai gia tr :
dai tn ma A
12
(), A
21
() la ao cung du th 0
) ( A
) ( A
21
12
>
nn Z
C
() co gia tr
thc.
dai tn ma A
12
(), A
21
() la ao trai du nhau th 0
) ( A
) ( A
21
12
<
nn Z
C
() co gia tr
ao.
Xet mang 2 ca thun khang tai hoa hp vi Z
C
ao :
Luc nay A
12
() va A
21
() la trai du nhau nn A
12
.A
21
> 0 nn t A
2
11
- A
12
.A
21
= 1 ma
A
11
= Chg rut ra 0 ) ( g Re ) ( a nn 1 ) jb a ( Chg , 1 A A 1 Chg
21 12
> = > + > + = tn
hiu b tt khng lam cai loc c.
Xet mang 2 ca thun khang tai hoa hp vi Z
c
thc :
Tc A
12
va A
21
la ao cung du nhau nn A
12
.A
21
< 0. Do mang 2 ca khng tiu
tan nn P
1
= P
2
co :
0 ) ( a va ) ( I ) ( I ), ( U ) ( U 1
P
P
I
I
U
U
1 2 1 2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
= = = = =
, ta co
mach loc tn s.
T o phat biu iu kin thng cua mach loc i xng la :
Mang hai ca la thun khang.
Va trong nhng dai tn y tai hoa hp Z
c
() la thun tr.
124
Tt nhin nhng dai tn ma Z
c
() thun ao se co a() > 0, tn hiu se tt, khng
cho qua.
Tiu chun oan nhn dai thng va dai chn :
Dai thng la dai tn s a() = 0.
Dai chn la dai tn s a() > 0.
Ta goi nhng tn s phn gii cac dai thng va dai chn la nhng tn s ct
c1
,
c2
...
T nhng phat biu trn ta a ra nhng tiu chun oan nhn dai thng va
dai chn cua loc i xng thun khang :
Dai thng la dai tn trong o Z
c
() cua b loc la thun tr, tc co gia tr thc :
Z
c
() = r
c
() (9-3).
Dai chn la dai tn trong o Z
c
() la thun khang, tc co gia tr ao :
Z
c
() = jX
c
() (9-4)
Hin tng cng hng toan phn trong toan dai thng :
Qua phn tch trn ta thy trong dai thng co ) ( r ) ( Z ) ( Z
c 2 u 1 u
= = chng to
trn mi ca khng co s trao i nng lng, dao ng qua lai (ma trn ca ch co
tiu thu).
Trong khi o v la 2 ca thun khang nn co cac kho L, C trong mach u co
dao ng tch phong nng lng. Vy cac kho ch trao i nng lng vi nhau va phai
trao i va ht vi bt k mang 2 ca co kt cu n gian hay phc tap. Ta noi mang
2 ca cng hung ni b toan phn vi nhau trn ca mt dai thng cua tn s hay cng
hng toan mang trn ca mt dai tn (co th hiu rng cng hng xay ra khi Z = R +
jX co X = 0 Z = R = thc).
Khac vi cng hng thng thng ma chung ta a xet trc y la ch cng
hung trn mt s hu han tn s, con cng hng ni b toan phn la cng hng xay
ra trn ca mt dai tn ng vi dai thng. Cng hng toan phn la hin tng c sc
cua nhng mang 2 ca thun khang va cung la mt hin tng c trng dai thng cua
mach loc thun khang, ng nht vi tiu chun oan nhn dai thng Z
c
() = r
c
().
Dai thng va tn s ct cua loc di xung hinh T va :
Ta xet dai thng, tn s ct cho loc i xng hnh T va chun nh hnh (h.9-3)
va (h.9-4).
Dai thng, dai chn, tn s ct :
T s loc i xng hnh T va ta co c tng tr c tnh :

+
=
+ =
2
1
2 1
c
2
1
2 1 cT
Z 4
Z
1
Z Z
Z
Z 4
Z
1 Z Z Z
(9-5)
v la thun khang : Z
1
= jx
1
, Z
2
= jx
2
nn co :
125

+ =
2
1
2 1
c
2
1
2 1 cT
x 4
x
1
x x
Z
x 4
x
1 x x Z
(9-6)
iu kin tn tai dai thng :
T cac cng thc trn ta thy nu moi dai tn co x
1
() va x
2
() lun cung du,
tc nhanh nhanh doc va nhanh ngang co kt cu ging nhau vi thng s t l nhau th
selun co x
1
().x
2
() 0, 0
) ( x
) ( x
2
1
nn Z
c
() lun co gia tr ao, v vy khng tn tai
dai thng.
T o rut ra vi mang 2 ca ma nhanh doc va nhanh ngang cung loai ( cung L
hoc cung C hoc cung L-C...) th khng th lam loc in c.
Z
cT
va Z
c
thc th buc phai co quan h : x
1
().x
2
() < 0, 0
) ( x
) ( x
2
1
<
(9-7).
Tc la x
1
() va x
2
() phai trai du nhau, ma x
1
, x
2
u la khang nn chung trai
du nhau khi khac tnh cht nhau, tc chung phai tng nghch nhau (v du : nhanh doc
L th nhanh ngang la C...).
Vy tn tai dai thng Z
c
() = r
c
() th phai s dung mang 2 ca thun khang
i xng hnh T hoc co cac nhanh doc va ngang tng nghch nhau.
Bt phng trnh dai thng va dai chn :
T iu kin dai thng thy Z
c
() thc buc x
1
(), x
2
() khac du va
0
x 4
x
1
2
1
+ tc la : 4
) ( x
) ( x
va 0
) ( x
) ( x
2
1
2
1

Ta c bt phng trnh dai thng : 0
) ( x
) ( x
4
2
1
<
< (9-8)
Ngc lai co h bt phng trnh dai chn :
<
>
4
) ( x
) ( x
hoc
0
) ( x
) ( x
2
1
2
1
(9-9)
Phng trnh cua tn s ct (tn s bin) :
T (9-8) ta c h phng trnh tn s ct :
=
0
) ( x
) ( x
) ( x 4 ) ( x
c 2
c 1
1 c 2 1 c 1
(9-10)
Trong o 0
) ( x
) ( x
c 2
c 1
=
co nghim
c
trong hai trng hp : x
1
(
c
) = 0 hoc x
2
(
c
)
= vi x
1
(
c
) hu han.
V du : Xac nh dai thng va chn cua cai loc hnh (h.9-5). Bit L
1
= 10mH, C
1
=
1F, C
2
= 0,5F.
126
in khang doc
1
1 1
C
1
L x
= , in khang ngang
2
2
C
1
x
= .
Tn s ct
1
,
2
la nghim cua cac phng trnh :
T
1 1
1
1 1
1 1 1 1
C L
1
co nn 0
C
1
L co 0 ) ( x = =
=
Va t
+ = =
2 1 1
2 2 2 2 1
C
4
C
1
L
1
co ) ( x 4 ) ( x
Thay s ta c
1
= 10
4
Rad/s,
2
= 3.10
4
Rad/s.
Dai thng la dai tn [
1
,
2
]
2

1
x
2
x
1
x
L
1
/2
2C
1
2C
1
C
2
L
1
/2
(h.9-5)
Cac dc tinh tn cua loc din :
khao sat va s dung cac b loc cn nm cac c tnh tn cua chung, tc s
phu thuc vao tn s cua cac c trng cua b loc nh Z
c
(), g() = a() + jb().
Muc ch xet cac c tnh tn :
Trong dai thng cn bit Z
c
() = r
c
() phi hp b loc vi tai Z
2
sao cho thoa
man Z
2
() = Z
c
() = r
c
() trn toan b dai thng.
V trong dai thng a() = 0 nn cn quan tm h s pha b() =
u1
-
u2
=
i1
-
i2
ch goc lch pha gia tn hiu ra va tn hiu vao.
Do co s lch pha nay dn n lam meo tn hiu khng iu hoa (thng tn
hiu u vao cua loc la chu ky khng iu hoa)
Tuy nhin tng thanh phn iu hoa trong dai thng u khng suy giam (v
a() = 0) . khoi meo tn hiu th b() t l vi tn s .
Co th thy mt thanh phn iu hoa tn s khi vao b loc co goc pha t th
khi ra co goc pha
=
b
t b t ; ) ( t
b
=
la thi gian tr. Nu b t l vi th

thi gian tr o se nh nhau vi moi thanh phn iu hoa khin cho ca tn hiu se ch
b tr mt quang thi gian ma khng b meo.
Trong dai chn tt q() cang ln nhanh tn s ct th tac dung chn cua loc
cang tt, ta noi cai loc cang sc.

127
Vy ln q() va tc tng cua no la thng s quan trong o sc va phm
cht cua b loc.
c tnh tn cua tng tr c tnh Z
c
() :
T biu thc :
+ =

2
1
2 1
c
2
1
2 1 cT
x 4
x
1
x x
Z va
x 4
x
1 x x Z
Ta thy c tnh tn s Z
c
() co cac tnh cht sau :
Trong dai thng Z
c
() co gia tr thc, con trong dai chn no co gia tr ao.
Trong dai chn Z
c
() = jx() lun tng theo tn s.
tn s ct 0
x 4
x
1
2
1
= + nn Z
cT
= 0, Z
c
= .

c tnh tn truyn at g() = a() + jb() :
Vi mang 2 ca thun khang i xng tai hoa hp co dang chun T, nh a
xet ta co Chg = A
11
ma A
11
cua hnh T va u la :
2
1
2
1
11
x 2
x
1
Z 2
Z
1 A + = + = nn :
2
1
2
1
x 2
x
1 b sin . jsha b cos . cha : co nn ), jb a ( ch
x 2
x
1 Chg + = + + = + = rut ra cac phng
trnh cn bng thc, ao :
=
+ =
0 b sin . sha
x 2
x
1 b cos . cha
2
1
(9-11)
T quan h (9-11) ta xet c tnh tn a(), b().
Trong dai thng :
Trong dai thng a() = 0 nn cha() =1, sha() = 0 nn co
2
1
x 2
x
1 b cos + = rut
ra :
+ =
) ( x 2
) ( x
1 cos ar ) ( b
2
1
(9-12)
b() cung du in khang doc x
1
() va lun tng theo tn s.
Trong dai chn :
Trong dai chn a() 0 nn sha() 0, nn thoa man (9-11) suy ra trong dai
chn lun co sinb() = 0.
T o thy b() co mt trong hai gia tr : (9-13)
=
=
) ( b
0 ) ( b
Khi b() = 0 nn cosb() =1 theo (9-11) suy ra
2
1
x 2
x
1 ) ( cha + = rut ra c :
+ =
2
1
x 2
x
1 arch ) ( a (9-14)
V dai chn xet co a() > 0 nn cha() > 1 ma
2
1
x 2
x
1 ) ( cha + = nn 0
x 2
x
2
1
>
128
tc la x
1
() phai cung du vi x
2
() va dai chn nay ln cn tn s ct
c1
ng vi
x
1
(
c1
) = 0.
Khi nn cosb() = -1 nn suy ra : = ) ( b

+ =
2
1
x 2
x
1 ) ( cha rut ra c
+ =
2
1
x 2
x
1 arch ) ( a (9-15)
V cha() >1 nn trong dai chn nay co : 4
) ( x
) ( x
ra rut 1
) ( x 2
) ( x
1
2
1
2
1
<
<
+
Tc la trong dai chn nay x
1
() va x
2
() trai du nhau va ln cn tn s ct
c2

ng vi phng trnh tn s ct x
1
(
c2
) = -4x
2
(
c2
).
B loc loai K :
o la b loc thun khang ma tch in khang doc x
1
() vi in khang x
2
()
lun la mt hng s thc, dng K
2
nao o : Z
1
().Z
2
() = jx
1
().jx
2
() = -x
1
().x
2
()
= K
2
> 0 (9-16).
bao am (9-16) th x
1
() va x
2
() lun ngc du nhau trong ca dai tn 0
va chung co mun la nghch ao cua nhau vi phng trnh K. o la nhanh tng
nghch nhau vi tch in khang bng K
2
.
V du : nhanh doc la L
1
th nhanh ngang la C
2
vi const K
C
L
C
1
. L
2
2
1
2
1
= = =

Vy mt b loc loai K hoan toan xac nh bi x
1
() (hoc x
2
()) vi phng
tch K
2
, v c im loc loai K co x
1
(), x
2
() trai du nhau trong ca dai tn t 0
nn trong dai chn h s pha b ch co gia tr = ) ( b , ta co
+ =
2
1
x 2
x
1 ) ( cha va
co
+ =
) ( x 2
) ( x
1 arch
x 2
x
1 arch ) ( a
2
1
2
1
.
Loc thng thp loai K :
S : nh hnh (h.9-6) :
C/2 C/2
U
2
.
L
I
1
.
I
2
.
U
1
.
C
I
1
.
I
2
L/2 L/2
.
U
2
.
U
1
.
(h.9-6)
loc thng thp ta kt cu b loc nh hnh ve. Trong o cac tng tr doc la
in cam d dang cho thng qua tn s thp (x
L
= Lnho khi nho). Con nhanh
ngang dung tu in khang
C
1
x
c
= , tn s cang ln th x
c
cang nho nn tu d dang
129
cho thng qua cac tn s cao. trong mach loc thng thp nay no co vai tro cho khep
mach cac song cao tn ch cho cac song tn thp chay n ca ra.
T const
C
L
K nn K
C
L
) ( x ) ( x co
C
1
x , L x
2
2 1 2 1
= = = =
= =
Co th noi vi moi cp L, C bt ky s xet u la loc loai K.
Dai thng :
Tnh tn s ct :
0

o

Cho 0 co 0 L ) ( x
1 c 1 c 1 c 1
= = =
Cho
o 2 c
2 c
2 c 2 c 2 2 c 1
LC
2
c
C
4
L co ) ( x 4 ) ( x = =
= =
Vy dai thng la oan tn s 0
o
con t
o
la dai chn.
Cac c tnh tn :
+ =
2
1
2 1 cT
x 4
x
1 x x Z
Trong o -x
1
().x
2
() = K
2

2
0
2 2
2
1
4
LC
C
1
L
) ( x
) ( x
= =
a co :
2
o
o
4
LC nn
LC
2
= =
c
2
o
2
1
2 1
c
2
o
cT
1
K
x 4
x
1
x x
) ( Z va 1 K ) ( Z
+
=
=

dai thng co : a() = 0,
+ =
2
o
2
2
1
2 1 arccos
x 2
x
1 arccos ) ( b
dai chn co :
+ =
= =
2
o
2
2
1
2 1 arch
x 2
x
1 arch ) ( a , ) ( b
Cac c tnh tn nh hnh ve (h.9-7) :
o

(h.9-7)
o
a = 0
b =
a()
b()
b

0
a
0
K
Z()
Z
c
(Dung)
Z
cT
(Cam)
Z
cT
Tr
Z
c
Loc thng cao loai K :
130
S : cho thng qua cac tn s cao th s gm cac phn t doc, ngang phai
tng nghch vi cac phn t tng ng loc thng thp nh hnh (h.9-8)
Tng tr doc la tu thng qua d dang tn s cao, chn tn s thp, tng tr
ngang la cam khep mach dai tn s thp v ngun.
T const
C
L
K nn K
C
L
) ( x ) ( x co L x ,
C
1
x
2
2 1 2 1
= = = = =
=
U
2
.
U
2
.
U
1
.
I
1
.
I
2
.
2C
I
1
.
I
2
.
L
C
2L 2L
2C
U
1
.
(h.9-8)
Dai thng :
Cho = =
=
2 c
2 c
2 c 1
c 0
C
1
) ( x
0

o

Cho
o 1 c
1 c
1 c 1 c 2 1 c 1
LC 2
1
c
C
1
L 4 co ) ( x 4 ) ( x = =
= =
Vy dai thng cua b loc la [
o
]
Cac c tnh tn :
2
o
c
2
o
cT
2
2
o
2
2
1
1
K
) ( Z , 1 K ) ( Z nn
LC 4
1
L 4
C
1
x 4
x
=

dai thng
= =
2
2
o
2 1 arccos ) ( b , 0 ) ( a
dai chn
+ = =
2
2
o
2 1 arch ) ( a , ) ( b
c tnh tn nh hnh (h.9-9)
(h.9-9)
a
0
-
b
a()
b()
a = 0
o
b
Z
c
(cam)

Z
cT
Z
cT
Z
c
(tr)

Z(
)
K
0
o

(dung)
131
Loc thng mt dai loai K :
S : Ni xu chui b loc thng thp co tn s ct
2
vi b loc thng cao co
tn s ct
1
vi
2
>
1
th ta c b loc thng
mt dai vi dai thng t
1
n
2
.
S b loc thng mt dai nh hnh (h.9-
10).
V cac tng tr doc va ngang tng nghch nhau nn tai im zr cua tng tr
doc
1 1
o
C L
1
= phai la im cc cua tng tr ngang
2 2
o
C L
1
= t o ta co :
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
C L C L ra rut
C L
1
C L
1
= = vy cac thng s cua s phai thoa man iu
kin trn. Ta co
1 C L
L
x ,
C
1 C L
x ,
C
L
K ,
L
L
) ( Z ). ( Z
2 2
2
2
2
1
1 1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2 1

=

= = = .
0
C
2
/2 2L
2
C
2
/2 2L
2
C
1
L
1
L
2
C
2
L
1
/2 2C
1
L
1
/2 2C
1
(h.9-10)
Dai thng :
Tnh tn s ct t :
2 2 1 1
2 2
2
2
1
1 1
2
2 1
C L C L y chu
1 C L
L 4
C
1 C L
co ) ( x 4 ) ( x =

=

=
Bin i ta c : ( )
1 2 1 1
2
1 2
2
2
1 1
2
C L 2 1 C L C L 4 1 C L = =
Chia hai v cho L
1
C
1
co :
2 1
1 1
2
C L
2
C L
1
=
Giai ra chon nghim dng ta c tn s ct :
2 1
1 2 2 1
2 , 1
C L
1
C L
1
C L
1
m + = qua
cac ng cong x
1
(), x
2
() thy c dai thng la [
1
,
2
]. Hoc ly mt tn s trong
quang [
1
,
2
] phng trnh dai thng : 0
) ( x
) ( x
4
2
1
nu nghim ung th kt
lun dai thng la [
1
,
2
].
Vi loc loai K co x
1
, x
2
lun trai du, tng nghch nhau, v vy noi chung im
khng
o
cua x
1
() hay im cc cua x
2
() thng thuc dai thng,
o
co c t
x
1
() = 0,
1 1
o 1 1
2
C L
c 0 1 C L = =
1
do o nu
1
<
o
<
2
th [
1
,
2
] la dai
132
thng, t biu thc
1
,
2
,
o
thy
2 1 o
= ,
o
la trung bnh nhn cua
1
,
2
.
c tnh tn : c ve hnh (h.9-11)

0
-
a()
a()
b
b()
a = 0
1

o

2

b()
(h.9-12)
Z
c

dung
0
o

1
dung
Z
cT
Z
c

Z
c

tr
Z
cT
tr
cam Z
c
2

K
Z
c
(h.9-11)
x
0
o
x
2

x
1
x
2
1

1
2
2
o
o 1
2
2
o
o 1
2
2
o
o 1
2
1
2
c
2
o
o 1
2
1
2
cT
C
L
K ,
C 2
C
1 arccos ) ( b ,
C 2
C
1 arch ) ( a
C 4
C
1
C
L
Z ,
C 4
C
1 .
C
L
Z
=
=

Loc chn mt dai :
S : Nu ni song song loc thng cao co
tn s ct
2
vi loc thng thp co tn s ct
1

ma
1
<
2
th ta se co b loc chn mt dai vi
dai chn la (
1
,
2
). S loc chn mt dai nh
hnh (h.9-13) co tng tr doc, ngang tng nghch vi s thng mt dai.
2
1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
1
2 1
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
2
1
1
C
L
C
1 C L
.
1 C L
L
x . x ,
C
1 C L
x ,
1 C L
L
x =

=

=
1
0
133
v L
2
C
2
= L
1
C
1
,
2
1
C
L
K =
C
1
C
2
/2 C
2
/2
2L
2
2L
2
2C
1
2C
1
C
2
L
2
L
1
/2 L
1
/2 L
1
(h.9-13)
Dai thng : T
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
1
2 1
C
) 1 C L ( 4
1 C L
L
co ) ( x 4 ) ( x

=

=
c
2 1
2 2 1 1
2
o
1 2
2 2 1 2
2 , 1
C L
1
C L
1
,
C L
1
C L
16
C L
1
4
1
= = =
+ = m
Thy dai thng la [0,
1
] va [
2
, ], dai chn la [
1
,
2
], ta c loc chn mt
dai.
Cac c tnh tn :
2
o
o
1
2
2
1
2
1
c
2
o
o
1
2
2
1
2
1
cT
C 2
C
1
C
L
x 4
x
1
1
K Z
C 2
C
1 .
C
L
x 4
x
1 K Z
=
+
=
+ =

Trong dai thng : a() = 0,
=
2
o
o
1
2
C 2
C
1 arccos ) ( b
Trong dai chn :
= =
2
o
o
1
2
C 2
C
1 arch ) ( a , b

Cac c tnh tn nh hnh ve (h.9-14)
134
Ta thy trong dai tn >
o
cac c tnh tn ging loc thng cao, trong dai tn
<
o
th lai ging loc thng thp.

a b
a a
b
a = 0

-
0
1

o

2

b
a = 0
(a)
0 0
K K
(c)
Cam
Dung
Tr Tr

2
1
(b)
1

o

2

Dung
Cam
Tr Tr
Z
cT
(h.9-14)
Nhn xet v cac b loc :
Nhn xet v loc loai K :
Qua vic phn tch loc loai K i xng co u im la n gian, d ch tao, thit
k, trong vung chn cang xa tn s ct a() tng n . Tuy nhin chung co mt s
nhc im sau :
Trong dai chn v a() tng theo ham arch nn ln cn tn s ct tc tng chm,
i khi khng u thoa man yu cu v sc cua loc.
Trong dai thng tng tr c tnh Z
c
() bin thin nhiu, ch co th coi gn ung
Z
c
() = r
c
() = K trong oan chng < 0,4 dai thng. Trong khi o ngun va tai thng
co tr thun tiu tan r
1
, r
2
coi nh la khng i sut dai thng, nn trong phn kha ln
dai thng co r
c1
() r
2
, r
c1
r
1
tc la loc khng hoa hp gia tai va ngun khin cho
thc t a() > 0, loc kem cht lng.
Cac cun dy, tu in lam loc thng co tiu tan nn h s phm cht Q be (c 100
tr lai) kho thoa man yu cu cao v loc thun khang. Do Q nho nn kho thc hin
chnh xac cac tn s ct
c1
,
c2
trong loc thng hoc chn mt dai vung thng cao
va chung sat nhau.
135
Vi nhng cach ch tao L, C thng thng, khi loc tn s cao cn L,C rt nho
(c mH, pF) nn kho ch tao chnh xac, khi loc tn s thp cn L,C ln (c 1-10 mH,
F) th phai ghep cng knh, tn kem.
V cac b loc khac :
Nng cao cht lng loc bng cach thc hin cac phn t L,C vi cht lng cao
hn :
Dung nhng loi c bit nh alsifer, oxyfer... ch tao cac cun cam cao tn.
Dung nhng lat ap in, ap t, gm...ch tao nhng mach dao ng cao tn vi
thng s chnh xac, n nh cao, h s phm cht Q cao (ti 10
6
).
Dung nhng oan cap ng truc, ng dn song kim loai ch tao nhng mach dao
ng hoc nhng phn t x() siu cao tn.
Dung mang 2 ca khng i xng hnh :
Loc hnh sao cho va lam nhim vu loc nh mang i xng va bao am hoa
hp phu tai.
Co th nng cao cht lng loc bng cach dung cac b loc nhiu mc loc song se
dn n s phc tap.
Dung b loc loai m, no c bin tng t loc loai K nh hnh (h.9-15) vi hnh T.
C
2
/n
mL
1
/2 mL
1
/2
pL
1
nZ
2
mZ
2
/2
pZ
1
mZ
2
/2
Z
2
Z
1
/2 Z
1
/2
(h.9-15)
Vi loc hnh T ta ni tip thm pZ
1
vao nhanh ngang, i gia tr Z
1
c thanh
mZ
1
va Z
2
cu thanh nZ
2
. H s m ly trong khoang 0 m 1 :
m 4
m 1
p ,
m
1
n
2
= = .
Vi loc loai m nay lam nng cao tc tng h s tt a ( vung gn tn s ct
lam tng sc loc ng thi lam Z
c
() bt bin ng trong dai thng.
Ta thy m cang be hn 1 th Z
c
() cang gn

th trong dai chn a() cang dc.
Khi m = 0,6 th c tnh tn Z
c
() tng i t thay i trn phn ln dai thng.
T loc m hnh T chuyn sang loc m hnh nh hnh (h.9-16)
mZ
1
/2 mZ
1
/2 mZ
1
(h.9-16)
2nZ
2
2pZ
1
2nZ
2
2pZ
1
nZ
1
pZ
1
136
Dung loc thun khang s cu : Nh hnh (h.9-17)
Ta co :
2 1 c
Z . Z Z = . H s truyn at :
1 c
1 c
Z Z
Z Z
+
jb a
U
e . e K

= =

Tn tai dai thng vi : 0 ) ( a 1 K
U
= = .
La dai tn co Z
c
() thc,
2 1 c
Z . Z Z = vi Z
1
=
jX
1
, Z
2
= jX
2
nn X
1
, X
2
thun khang va trai du nhau,
co th chon X
1
() va X
2
() thch hp tng dc
a() trong dai chn. Co th tao quan h b() tuyn tnh theo lam giam meo v
pha.
Z
1
Z
1
Z
2
Z
2
h.9-17
Dung loc R-C tn s thp (b loc khng cam ng) :
Khi cn loc (thng thp, cao, thng mt dai, chn mt dai) tn s thp chng
vai Hz n vai chuc KHz dung loc thun khang cng knh v L qua ln, nu yu cu
chnh xac cac c tnh khng cao, co th dung mach loc r-C gon nhe nh hnh (h.9-18)

r/2
C
(c) (a) (b)
r
2C
(h.9-18)
(a) loc thng thp.
(b) loc thng cao.
(d) loc chn mt dai.
(c) loc thng mt dai.

(d)
S (a), (b) co th la (a'), (b')
r
2C 2C
C
r/2 r/2
(a') (b')
Trn y ch nu ln nhng net c ban nht v nguyn tc loc tn s. Con trn thc t
con co th kt hp nhng s nguyn tc o vi cac mach in t, ban dn. Co th
nghin cu ky vn loc qua cac tai liu chuyn v loc.
137
CHUONG 10
MACH BA PHA O CH D XAC LP DIU HOA
Khai nim v mach din 3 pha :
truyn tai nng lng t ngun n tai cn phai co hai dy dn : mt dy
i va mt dy v . Trong thc t v ngun va tai thng rt xa nhau nn dy ni co
th rt dai.
Nu lin kt mt s mach hoan toan ging nhau, trong mi mach u co ngun
va phu tai va dong in bin thin cung tn s nhng ln lt lch pha nhau th tng
cac dong trn dy v bng khng. Nu nh vy co th bo ng dy v ma vn
am bao cung cp in. Va ro rang h thng na y rt kinh t. o la h thng nhiu pha -
Mach nhiu pha.
Vy tp hp cac mach in trong o co s tac dung cua S hnh sin cung tn
s va ln lt lch pha i vi nhau goi la h thng nhiu pha. Mi mt mach in o (
goi la mach mt pha ) tham gia h nhiu pha goi la mt pha cua h nhiu pha.
May phat in nhiu pha c ban c cu tao nh may phat in mt pha, trong
o Stato co mt s cun dy t lch nhau trong khng gian mt goc nao o, khi may
phat lam vic (Roto quay) th trong mi cun dy cam ng nn S hnh sin lch pha
nhau mt goc phu thuc vao s i cc va goc trong khng gian gia truc cua cac cun
dy. H nhiu pha dung rt li khi bin dong xoay chiu thanh dong mt chiu qua b
chnh lu co th co s lng pha la 6, 12, 24, 48.
Trn thc t ta gp ph bin la h thng ba pha - mach ba pha. Mach ba pha la
mach in ma phn t tac ng la ngun in ba pha.
Ngun in ba pha thng la may phat in xoay chiu ng b 3 pha i xng.
No gm Roto la mt nam chm in c t hoa bng dong ly t ngun kch thch
bn ngoai. Roto c quay bi ng c s cp (ng c iezen, Tuabin hi, Tuabin
nc ... ) va stato co 3 cun dy : AX, BY, CZ ging ht nhau nhng t lch nhau
trong khng gian goc 120P
0
P . Roto quay th trong mi dy qun stato se phat sinh mt
S cam ng xoay chiu hnh sin. Cac S nay hoan toan ging nhau nhng lch pha
nhau goc 120P
0
P ng vi thi gian 1/3 chu ky ( T/3 ) ta co biu thc cac S cua may
phat in 3 pha i xng: eB
A(t) =
B 2 Esint
eB
B(t) =
B 2 Esin(t - 120P
0
P) ( 10-1 )
eB
C(t) =
B 2 Esin(t - 240P
0
P)
Biu din th thi gian va th vect nh hnh (h.10-1a,b)
T (10-1) va t cac th thy moi thi im tng cac S 3 pha u trit tiu.
eB
A
B + eB
B
B + eB
C
B = 0
0 E E E C B A = + +

(10-2)
0 E E E C B A = + +

Nu mi dy qun (mi pha) cua ngun u ni ra tai ta se c mach ba pha
khng lin h nhau. No nh 3 may mt pha ghep lai. Nh ta a phn tch trn mach
nay khng dung v khng kinh t.
138
Vy phai ni dy qun stato lai vi nhau sau o mi ni n tai th ta mi c
mach ba pha ( h thng ba pha ).
Co hai cach ni cun dy stato (ni ngun). Lu y 3 cun dy stato nm trong
khng gian gn nhau nn co vn h cam nn phai chu y n cc cung tnh khi ni
chung vi nhau. Ta quy c 3 u dy cua 3 cun dy cung tnh vi nhau la u u
thng ky hiu A, B, C, th cac u con lai cung cung tnh vi nhau goi la u cui ky
hiu X, Y, Z.
+ Cach ni hnh (Y) la em 3 cc cui X, Y, Z chum vi nhau lai tai mt im
O goi la im trung tnh (tt nhin co th ngc lai ly cac u A, B, C chum nhau
cung c).
+ Cach ni hnh () la ly u cui cua pha nay (v du X) ni vi u u cua
pha k tip (v du B) ri Y ni vao C va Z ni vao A thanh vong kn AX - BY - CZ -A.
S d ni ngun hnh ma khng tao s ngn mach v trong vong kn nay co
eB
A
B + eB
B
B + eB
C
B = 0.
Ba tai cua 3 pha cung co th ni Y hoc sau o ni vao dy dn cua ngun ra.
Cach ni dy cua tai va cua ngun khng phu thuc nhau va co th khac nhau,
cach ni dy cua tai sao cho am bao ap trn mt pha cua tai bng ap nh mc cua
mt pha la c.
Ta goi mi b phn (ngun, ng dy, tai) hp thanh h thng ba pha la mt
pha cua mach in ba pha. V du : mt pha cua ngun, mt pha cua tai...
Mang in 3 pha 3 dy thng dung cung cp in san xut, co tai phn ln
la ng c in 3 pha keo cac may cng cu.
Mang i n 3 pha 4 dy (mach nay vi ngun va tai u ni Y, co thm mt dy
trung tnh) thng dung cung cp cho nhu cu sinh hoat, thp sang. Li in nay
co ap 380/220V hoc 220/127V.
Trong mach 3 pha cn phn bit hai loai ai lng la cac lng dy va cac
lng pha.
Cac dong, ap trn cac pha cua tai hoc ngun goi la cac dong pha, ap pha IB
f
B , UB
f
B.
Cac lng dy thng dung hn cac lng pha v mach 3 pha coi la mt h thng
nht va cac lng dy c trng qua trnh nng lng cua toan h, khng cn bit kt
cu pha nh th nao.
e(t)
t
t
eB
A
eB
B
eB
C
TB
EB
A
EB
B
EB
C
120P
0
(h.10-1) (b) (a)
120P
0
139
Mach 3 pha co ngun i xng, tai i xng, tng tr cac pha cua ng dy
bng nhau goi la mach ba pha i xng. Ngc lai mach khng ap ng u 3 iu kin
trn goi la mach 3 pha khng i xng.
Dc dim cua mach ba pha di xung :
Mach ba pha thng lam vic trang thai i xng : tc la am bao ngun i
xng nh dang (10-1a,b) S bng nhau v modul nhng goc pha ln lt lch nhau
120P
0
P. Tng tr dy dn ba pha nh nhau va tai ba pha i xng tc la :
ZB
A
B = zB
A
B<B
A
B = ZB
B
B = zB
B
B<B
B
B = ZB
C
B = zB
C
B<B
C
B
zB
A
B = zB
B
B = zB
C
B va B
A
B = B
B
B = B
C
B (10-3)
Vi mach ba pha i xng th cac h thng dong, ap moi b phn cua mach
u i xng, tt ca cac im trung tnh cua ngun va tai u ng th.
US ni Y - YU : nh hnh (h.10-2)
Ngun 3 pha i xng co cac S trn cac pha A, B, C lin h nhau qua (10-1)
co th biu din di dang biu thc :
; e E E ; e E E ; e E E
c
C
b
B
a
A
j
m
j
m
j
m

= = =
= B
a
B - B
b
B = B
b
B - B
c
B = B
c
B - B
a
B =
3
2
(nu quan h n pha th =
n
2
)
Nu goc pha u bng 0 th : ; 120 E E ; 0 E E
0
m m
B A
< = < =

120 va ; 240 E 120 E E
0 0
m
0
m
C
= < = < =

vit biu thc n gian ta s dung toan t quay :

2
3
j
2
1
120 sin j 120 cos a 120 1 e
0 0 0
3
2
j
+ = + = = < =

La s phc co modul = 1, arcgumen bng 120P
0
P, nn mt s phc bt ky nhn
vi a se co modul khng i nhng se quay i mt goc 120P
0
P ( tc arcgumen thay i
120P
0
P)
Ta co th vit : ; E a E a E hay ; E a E ; E a E ; E a E
C B A A C C B B A
2

= = = = =
H thng ngun ba pha theo th t A, B, C nh xet trn y la h thng th t thun.
Vy ngun i xng thng gp la ngun i xng th t thun.
in ap gia hai im trung tnh cua ngun va tai (vn dung phng phap 2 nut)
120P
0
EB
A
EB
C
EB
B
AB
EB
B
EB
C
CB BB
AB
CB BB
OB
EB
A
IB
A
IB
B
IB
C
UB
A
UB
B
UB
C
ZB
(h.10-2)
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
120P
0
O'B
140

0
3
E E E
Y Y Y
Y E Y E Y E
Y
Y E
U
C B A
C B A
C
C
B
B
A
A
O ' O =
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
= =

V YB
A
B = YB
B
B = YB
C
B , hai im trung tnh ngun O va trung tai O ng th nhau, nn nu
ni cac im trung tnh bng mt dy dn goi la dy trung tnh th dong trong dy
trung tnh bng 0.
Xac nh in ap trn cac pha cua tai : Vit phng trnh lut Kirhof 2 cho vong
OAOA ta co :
U U U E U U U E U U U E C
.
O ' O
.
C
.
C
.
B
.
O ' O
.
B
.
B
.
A
.
O ' O
.
A
.
A
.
= + = = + = = + =
Vy h thng trn tai cung i xng nh hnh (h.10-3)
; 120 U U ; 120 U U ; 0 U U
0
f
C
.
0
f
B
.
f
A
.
< = < = < =
T th tp cua mach (h.10-3) thy h thng
in ap dy CA BC AB U , U , U

cung i xng. Rut ra c
quan h gia in ap dy va in ap pha, qua tam giac
vung OHA co :

f d A
0
A AB
U 3 U tc U 3 30 cos U 2 U = = =
v tr s hiu dung ap dy ln hn ap pha 3 ln. V
goc pha ta thy UB
AB
B vt trc UB
A
B goc 30P
0
P. Nn co quan
h chung gia ap dy va ap pha la :

0 0
0
30 j
C
.
CA
.
30 j
B
.
BC
.
0 30 j
A
.
AB
.
e U 3 U , e U 3 U
30 goc ng tng pha ap c vt tr dy ap , e U 3 U
= =
=
(10-4)
H thng dong in trong mach cung i xng : ; U Y I ; U Y I ; U Y I C
.
C
.
B
.
B
.
A
.
A
.
= = =
Trn hnh (h.10-3) ve h thng dong pha i xng vi tai cam. Trong mach ni
Y dong in pha bng dong in dy IB
f
B = IB
d
B.
US ni tam giac - tam giac (-)U : hnh (h.10-4)
H thng in ap trn tai cung i xng : CA CA BC BC AB AB E U , E U , E U

= = = ;
H thng dong in pha trn tai cung i xng nh hnh (h.10-5) :
IB
AB
B= YUB
BA
B; IB
BC
B = YUB
BC
B ; IB
CA
B = YUB
CA
B
A
B
UB
CA
B

C
UB
A
UB
C
IB
A
UB
B
IB
B
IB
C
(h.10-3)
UB
BC
B
UB
AB
B
A
C B
A
C B
EB
CA
B EB
AB
B
EB
BC
B
UB
CA
B UB
AB
B
UB
BC
B
IB
C IB
B
IB
A
UB
CA
B
UB
AB
B
UB
BC
B
IB
A
IB
B
IB
C
B
IB
BC
B IB
CA
B
(h.10-4)
(h.10-5)
IB
AB
B
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
141
Da vao lut Kirhof 1 tnh c dong in dy theo cac dong in pha
nut A co :
CA
.
AB
.
A
.
I I I =
nut B co :
AB
.
BC
.
B
.
I I I =
nut C co :
BC
.
CA
.
C
.
I I I =
T th vect thy quan h gia cac dong in :

0
0
0
30 j
CA
.
C
.
30 j
BC
.
B
.
30 j
AB
.
A
.
e I 3 I
e I 3 I
e I 3 I
=
=
=

Tr s dong dy ln hn dong pha 3 ln. Dong dy chm sau dong pha tng
ng goc 30P
0
P.
Do quan h n gian gia cac lng dy va lng pha nn co th o qua trnh
mach 3 pha i xng bng cac bin trang thai trn mt pha la u. Va ch cn bit dong
ap trn mt pha la u. Con cac pha kia c suy ra cung co tr s ging pha a bit
nhng lch v pha120P
0
P.
Vy 3 pha i xng ni th : UB
d
B = UB
f
B ; IB
d
B = 3 IB
f
B
Cng sut tc thi cua mach i xng bng : PB
A
B = uB
A
BiB
A
B; PB
B
B = uB
B
BiB
B
B; PB
B
B = uB
C
BiB
C
B;
uB
A
B = UB
m
Bsin(t + ) , iB
A
B = IB
m
Bsin(t + - )
uB
B
B = UB
m
Bsin(t + - 120P
0
P) , iB
B
B = IB
m
Bsin(t + - - 120P
0
P)
uB
C
B = UB
m
Bsin(t + - 240P
0
P) , iB
C
B = IB
m
Bsin(t + - - 240P
0
P)
P = PB
A
B + PB
B
B + PB
C
B= 3UIcos - UI[cos{2(t + ) -} + cos{2(t + - 120P
0
P) -}
+ cos{2(t + - 240P
0
P) -}]
V tng cua 3 ham cos cung bin va lch pha nhau 120P
0
P bng 0 nn :
P = PB
A
B + PB
B
B + PB
C
B = 3UIcos = const (10-6)
H ba pha thoa man iu kin trn goi la h ba pha cn bng.
Tinh mach ba pha di xung :
Do c im cua mach ba pha i xng nn ta khng cn phn tch mach in trn
ca ba pha ma tm cach a v bai toan cho mt pha gian tin hn.
UVi mach ni Y - YU :
Vi mach nay cac im trung tnh ngun va tai ng th nhau, nn nu ni chung
lai bng mt dy dn co tng tr bng khng th trang thai mach khng i. T y
thy co th tach mt pha ra th khng anh hng g n mach. Va ro rang co th tnh
toan cho mt pha ri suy ra dong, ap, cng sut hai pha con lai qua quan h i xng
trong h thng.
V du : Mt mach 3 pha i xng nh hnh (h.10-6) co S E = 125V; tai ZB
1
B =
20
Tai ZB
2
B = 25<36P
0
P50, ng dy co tng tr Z = 3,5<53P
0
P. Xac nh dong, ap trn cac
nhanh ?

142
V mach i xng ta ni cac im trung tnh lai ri tach ra s pha A giai
nh hnh (h.10-7)
t 0 125 0 E EA
.
= = . T (h.10-7) tnh c dong in dy pha A :
A 26 56 , 8
' 50 36 25 20
' 50 36 25 . 20
53 5 , 3
0 125
Z Z
Z Z
Z
E
I
0
0
0
0
2 1
2 1
A
.
.
< =
< +
<
+ <
<
=
+
+
=
Sut ap trn tng tr ng dy : = = Z I U A
.
d
.
A
8,56<-26P
0
P.3,5<53P
0
P = 30<27P
0
P
(V)
in ap trn tai : = = =
A A
d A A U E U U
. .
2
.
1
.
125 - 30<27P
0
P = 100<-7P
0
P50 (V)
Dong in qua tai ZB
1
B : (A) 50 7 5
20
50 7 100
0
0
1
1
.
1
.
< =
<
= =
Z
U
I
A
A
Dong in qua tai ZB
2
B : (A) 44 4
50 36 25
50 7 100
Z
U
I
0
0
0
2
2 A
.
2 A
.
< =
<
<
= =
Suy ra dong trn cac dy pha B, C :
A 94 56 , 8 e . e 56 , 8 e I I
A 146 56 , 8 e . e 56 , 8 e I I
0 120 j 26 j 120 j
A
.
C
.
0 120 j 26 j 120 j
A
.
B
.
0 0 0
0 0 0
< = = =
< = = =

th tp va th vect nh hnh (h.10-8)
Vi mach ni - Y v ngun ni nn EB
f
B chnh bng ap dy cp cho tai - va v
tai ni Y nn ap trn mt pha cua tai = UB
d
B/ 3 . T y ta tnh oc dong pha. Sau khi
co ap, dong cho mt pha ta suy ra cac dong pha con lai.
UVi mach ni - U : Nh hnh (h.10-9)
giai mach nay ta cn bin i tai ni Y, sau o nhp tng tr ZB
d
B vao
tng tr tng pha c mach 3 pha ni - Y oo co UB
d
B = EB
f
B a bit cp cho tai ni Y
nn ap pha cua tai la UB
d
B/ 3 t y ta tnh dong pha sau o suy ra cac pha khac.
Z
ZB
1
ZB
2
IB
A
B IB
A2
B
IB
A1
B
EB
A
A
Z
Z
O
EB
A
B A
O EB
B
B B
EB
C
B C
ZB
2
ZB
2
ZB
2
ZB
1
B ZB
1
B ZB
1
B
O
(h.10-6)
(h.10-7)
Z
A'
B'
C'
A'
143
Vi mach ni Y - : v ngun ni Y nn UB
d
B = 3 EB
f
B , ap dy nay dung cung
cp cho tai ni cho nn nu khng co tng tr cac dy pha th th ap trn pha cua tai
chnh bng ap dy ngun nu k ca tng tr cac dy pha th ta phai bin i tai -Y ri
gp tng tr dy vi tng tr mt pha tai va luc nay ap trn mt pha cua tai chnh bng
ap pha ngun EB
f
B. t o giai bai toan tip tuc.
Tinh mach ba pha khng di xung :
Mach in khng thoa man mt trong nhng iu kin i xng se la mach in
ba pha khng i xng. Mach ba pha thng gp cung cp in cho thp sang, sinh
hoat, ng c in mt pha, bin ap han, lo h quang in... la nhng mach lam vic
thng khng i xng.
Trong muc nay ta xet mach ba pha khng i xng ma h cam gia cac pha
khng thay i theo trang thai dong, ap pha. Ta goi la khng i xng tai tnh.
Vi mach ba pha khng i xng tai tnh - no khng co t c im nao cua h
thng i xng nn no nh m t mach co nhiu ngun phc tap. Vy tnh toan no bng
cac phng phap cua mach a hoc nh phng phap dong nhanh, dong vong, th nh,
xp chng, may phat in ng tr... Ro rang phai tnh mach ba pha khng i xng
theo mt th thng nht ; khng th tach ra mt pha tnh nh mach ba pha i xng.
Ta dn ra cng thc tnh mach ba pha khng i xng cho cac trng hp hay gp.
UTnh mach ba pha bn dy : YUBU
o
UBU - YUBU
o
UBU nh hnh (h.10-10)
Luc nay ta co mach hai nut, nn ap dung phng phap in th nh c biu
thc ap gia trung tnh ngun O va trung tnh tai O' la :
N C B A
C
C
.
B
B
.
A
A
. .
O ' O
.
Y Y Y Y
Y E Y E Y E
Y
Y E
U
+ + +
+ +
= =

T o xac nh ap trn tng pha cua tai theo lut Kirhof 2 la :
, U E U , U E U , U E U
o ' o
.
C
.
C
.
o ' o
.
B
.
B
.
o ' o
.
A
.
A
.
= = =
th tp nh hnh (h.10-11)

EB
A
B A
UB
dA
B
UB
A2
B A
IB
A
IB
A1
B
IB
A2
B
EB
B
EB
C
CB CB
BB
BB
IB
C
IB
B
(h.10-8)
A
C B
A
C B
EB
CA
B EB
AB
B
EB
BC
B
ZB
t
ZB
t
ZB
t
ZB
d
ZB
d
ZB
d
(h.10-9)


144
Sau khi co ap pha ta tnh c dong in pha :

o ' o
.
N N
.
C
.
C C
.
B
.
B B
.
A
.
A A
.
U Y I , U Y I , U Y I , U Y I = = = =
T th tp thy khi mach ba pha khng i xng im trung tnh ngun va
tai khng trung nhau, oan OO chnh la ap gia hai im trung tnh ( vi mach ba pha
i xng th O, O' trung nhau ).
T cng thc tnh
o ' o
.
U (10-7) thy nu tng tr dy trung tnh rt nho ZB
N
B 0
th tng dn cua no = =
N
N
Z
1
Y luc nay 0 U
o ' o
.
= mc du mach ba pha khng i
xng.
Th ap trn cac pha tai : ) 8 10 (
0 E U
0 E U
0 E U
C
.
C
.
B
.
B
.
A
.
A
.
=
=
=

Thng cac ngun cung cp in ba pha i xng con tai cac pha khng i
xng : nn ZB
N
B 0 th cac ap pha cua tai tng ng ap pha ngun i xng. Vy trng
hp nay mc du tai khng i xng nhng ap trn chung vn i xng bng tng ng
ngun S i xng. T y thy ro vai tro cua dy trung tnh, no giup gi cho ap trn
cac pha tai khng i xng gia tr tng ng ap pha ngun khng tuy thuc vao gia
tr cua tai. Nn nu mt pha co s c th cac pha khac khng b anh hng. V vy
mach ba pha bn dy dung ph bin cho sinh hoat .
UTnh mach ba pha ba dyU :
Trong thc t thng d bit in ap dy khng bit ap tng pha cua ngun, o
la mach ba pha ba dy. Ta cn dn ra cng thc tnh toan trong trng hp nay nh
hnh (h.10-12) :
Bit cac ap dy ngun
CA
.
BC
.
AB
.
U , U , U ,bit YB
A
B, YB
B
B, YB
C
B cn xac nh
C
.
B
.
A
.
U , U , U ,
C
.
B
.
A
.
I , I , I
EB
A
B A IB
A
B YB
A
B
EB
B
B B IB
B
B YB
B
B
EB
C
B C IB
C
B YB
C
B
IB
N
YB
N
EB
A
AB
BB CB
OB
OB
UB
oo
B
EB
C
EB
B
UB
B
UB
A
UB
C
(h.10-11) (h.10-10)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
O' O
145
H thng in ap dy
CA
.
BC
.
AB
.
U , U , U co th coi la do mt h thng ba ngun
hoc h thng hai ngun tao ra (chon cac ngun sao cho am bao in ap dy a cho la
c). Tc la ta a h thng ngun ni Y tao ra cac in ap dy a cho.
tnh in ap pha A trn tai ta thay h thng in ap dy khng i xng bng
2 S tng ng nh hnh (h.10-13). Ly
AC
.
C
.
AB
.
B
.
U E , U E = = th am bao hai ngun
tng ng nay cp ra h thng ap dy a cho nh hnh hnh (h.10-14). T s 2
nut hnh (h.10-13) ta xac nh c in ap :
9a) - (10
Y Y Y
Y U Y U
Y Y Y
Y E Y E
U U
C B A
C
AC
.
B
AB
.
C B A
C
C
.
B
B
.
O ' O
.
A
.
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
= =
- Tng t nh vy tnh ap pha B thay
BC
.
C
.
BA
.
A
.
U E , U E = =
9b) - (10
Y Y Y
Y U Y U
U
C B A
C
BC
.
A
BA
.
B
.
+ +
+
=
Tng t cho pha C thay
CB
.
B
.
CA
.
A
.
U E , U E = = ta co biu thc :
9c) - (10
Y Y Y
Y U Y U
U
C B A
B
CB
.
A
CA
.
C
.
+ +
+
=
Sau khi co cac ap pha ta xac nh cac dong qua tai :

C
.
C C
.
B
.
B B
.
A
.
A A
.
U Y I , U Y I , U Y I = = = B

th tp hnh (h.10-15)
Khi tai i xng YB
A
B = YB
B
B = YB
C
B = Y th co :
UB
A
B,YB
A
UB
B
B,YB
B
UB
C
B ,YB
C
UB
AB
B
UB
AC
B

UB
BC
B
OB
IB
A
IB
B
IB
C
UB
A
B,YB
A
UB
B
B,YB
B
UB
C
B ,YB
C
OB
EB
B
EB
C
OB
A

B

C
(h.10-12) (h.10-13)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A UB
A
B O
UB
CA
B UB
C
B UB
AB
B
UB
BC
B UB
B
(h.10-15)
A
B
C
UB
BA
B
UB
CA
B
UB
AB
B
UB
BC
B
UB
AC
B
UB
A
(h.10-16)
A UB
AB
B = EB
B
EB
C
B = UB
AC
C
B
(h.10-14)
UB
C
UB
B
O'

146
2
U U
U ;
g
b
j 1
U
U ;
g 2
b
j 1
2
U U
g
b
j 2
U U
jb g 2
g U g U
U U
AC
*
AB
*
HA
*
c
HA
OA
*
c
AC
*
AB
*
c
AC
*
AB
*
c
AC
*
AB
*
A
*
OA
*
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
= =
;
3
U U
U ;
3
U U
U ;
3
U U
U
CB
.
CA
.
C
.
BC
.
BA
.
B
.
AC
.
AB
.
A
.
+
=
+
=
+
=
T o co th xac nh cac ap pha cua tai bng hnh hoc nh hnh (h.10-16).
im trung tnh O cua tai nm giao im 3 ng trung tuyn tam giac in ap dy.
Vy khi ve c tam giac nay th ta xac nh c in ap pha cua tai.
Lu y khi tai khng i xng th im trung tnh nm ch khac (h.10-15)
V du : mt mach in 3 pha gm ngun i xng, tai khng i xng ni hnh Y co
YB
a
B = jbB
c
B ; YB
b
B = YB
c
B = g Hay xac nh quy tch im trung tnh O cua tai khi bB
c
B bin thin
t O n .
Mach in nh hnh (h.10-17) :
Khi bB
C
B bin thin th in ap
OA
.
U biu din bng vect vi gc A, mut O - cung
bin thin u mut O se ve nn quy tch im trung tnh cua tai. Biu thc in ap pha
cua tai :
C B A
C AC
.
B AB
.
A
.
Y Y Y
Y U Y U
U
+ +
+
=
2
U U
U ;
g
b
j 1
U
U ;
g 2
b
j 1
2
U U
g
b
j 2
U U
jb g 2
g U g U
U U
AC
.
AB
.
HA
.
c
HA
OA
.
c
AC
.
AB
.
c
AC
.
AB
.
c
AC
.
AB
.
A
.
OA
.
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
= =

bng na tng hnh hoc hai vect
AB
U
va
AC
U
. No chnh la vect ni t nh A n
im H nm gia oan BC. Ta thy khi bB
C
B = 0 th
HA
.
OA
.
U U = . Khi bB
C
B = th 0 U
OA
.
= .
Vy khi bB
C
B thay i t 0 th
OA
U
chay t H n A (tc im trung tnh O

chay t H n A trn mt na ng tron ng knh UB
HA
B nh hnh (h.10-18).
Trn hnh ve ly v tr trung tnh O tng ng vi mt gia tr bB
C
B nao o ma o
UB
B
B > UB
C
B ; nu thay cac in dn g bng hai bong en si t nh nhau, th luc nay en
pha B co ap ln se sang hn en pha C.
YB
C
B YB
B
YB
A
AB
BB
CB
OB
(h.10-17)
UB
AC
B
UB
AB
B
UB
CA
B
UB
BC
B
H
CB
A (bB
C
B= )B
BB
bB
C
B = 0 UB
B
UB
A
UB
C
(h.10-18)
147
T o thy rng nu ch tao mt thit b gm mt pha la tu, con hai pha kia la
en si t nh nhau ni sao th co th qua o ch c th t cac pha A la pha co tu,
pha B la pha co en sang, pha C la pha co en ti. o la thit b ch th t pha.
Tinh va do cng sut mach ba pha :
UCng sut cua mach ba pha bng tng cng sut tng phaU :
jQ P I U I U I U S S S S C
^
C
.
B
^
B
.
A
^
A
.
C
~
B
~
A
~ ~
+ = + + = + + =
Trong o : P = PB
A
B + PB
B
B + PB
C
B = UB
A
BIB
A
BcosB
A
B + UB
B
BIB
B
BcosB
B
B + UB
C
BIB
C
BcosB
C
B
Q = QB
A
B + QB
B
B + QB
C
B = UB
A
BIB
A
BsinB
A
B + UB
B
BIB
B
BsinB
B
B + UB
C
BIB
C
BsinB
C
B
Mun o cng sut mach ba pha ta o cng sut cua tng pha ri cng lai.
Dung watmet o cng sut tng pha, th ni cun dy ap cua watmet vao ap pha cua
tai, cun dy dong cua watme ly dong cua tai. Phng phap ni watmet o nh vy
goi la phng phap mt watmet. Nh hnh (h.10-19)
Khi mach ba pha i xng khng co trung tnh ta dung im trung tnh gia nh
hnh (h.10-20) o cng sut mt pha.
Khi tai ni th dung phng phap mt watmet o cng sut tng pha nh hnh
(h.10-21)
UKhi mach ba pha i xngU : cng sut cac pha bng nhau nn ch cn tnh va o
cng sut trn mt pha ri nhn ba ln c cng sut toan mach.
jQ P I U 3 S 3 S S S S A
^
A
.
A
~
C
~
B
~
A
~ ~
+ = = = + + =
P = 3PB
A
B = 3UB
f
BIB
f
BcosB
f
B
Q = 3QB
A
B = 3UB
f
BIB
f
BsinB
f
B
w
w
w
Ba pha
i xng
khng
trung tnh
w
r rB
y
B r
A

B

C
(h.10-19) (h.10-20)
A
B
C
O

PB
A
B

PB
B
B

PB
C
B
ZB
A
B
ZB
B
B
ZB
C
B

w
w w
PB
C
B PB
A
C
B
A
PB
B
B ZB
BC
B
ZB
AB
B ZB
CA
B
A

B

CB
Tai ni Y
hoc , i
xng hoc
khng i
xng
w
w
EB
1
B EB
2
B
A * PB
1
*
B * PB
2
*
C
(h.10-21) (h.10-22)
. .

148
Vi B
f
B la argumen cua tng tr pha hay goc lch pha gia in ap pha va dong
in pha.
T o thy vi mach ba pha i xng ch cn dung mt watmet o cng sut
mt pha nh hnh (h.10-19) nu co trung tnh, nh hnh (h.10-20) nu khng co trung
tnh; sau o nhn 3 a ra cng sut ca mach ba pha.
Trong thc t thng o trang thai mach ba pha i xng bng cac lng dy,
nn ta dn ra cng thc tnh cng sut theo cac lng dy UB
d
B, IB
d
B :
+ Vi mach ni Y co UB
d
B = 3 UB
f
B ; IB
d
B = IB
f
+ Vi mach ni co UB
d
B = UB
f
B ; IB
d
B = 3 IB
f
B
Nh vy ca hai cach ni u co UB
d
BIB
d
B = 3 UB
f
BIB
f
B nn
P = 3UB
f
BIB
f
BcosB
f
B = 3 UB
d
BIB
d
BcosB
f
B
Q = 3UB
f
BIB
f
BsinB
f
B = 3 UB
d
BIB
d
BsinB
f
B (10-11)
Ui vi mach ba pha ba dy i xng hoc khng i xngU : ta co th s dung cng
thc tnh toan va o cng sut tin li sau y nh hnh (h.10-22) :
Ta thy th h thng in ap dy bng hai ngun S tng ng
U E ; U E BC
.
2
.
AC
.
1
.
= =
Cac ngun tng ng se phat ra cng sut bng cng sut tiu thu trn tai :
( ) 12 - 11 I , U R I , U R P P P B
^
BC
.
C
A
^
AC
.
2 E 1 E tai
= + =
t y thy co mt cach o cng sut na la ni watmet nh hnh (h.10-22), dong in
qua watmet la dong in dy, in ap trn watmet la ap dy th tng ch s cua 2
watmet se la cng sut cua ca mach ba pha. Phng phap o cng sut nh vy thng
goi la phng phap 2 watmet. Cng sut cua ca mach ba pha bng : P = PB
1
B + PB
2
B
Ta co th chng minh iu o t : C
~
B
~
A
~ ~
S S S S + + = = P + jQ

= + = + =
+ = + =
+ = + + =
B
^
BC
.
E
A
^
AC
.
E
B
^
BC
.
A
^
AC
. ~
B
^
C
.
B
.
A
^
C
.
A
.
B
^
C
.
A
^
C
.
B
^
B
.
A
^
A
. ~
B
^
A
^
C
.
B
^
B
.
A
^
A
. ~
I U R I U R P nn jQ P I U I U S
I ) U U ( I ) U U ( I U I U I U I U S
jQ P ) I I ( U I U I U S

T y thy rng dung phng phap nay khi thoa man quan h : 0 I I I
C
.
B
.
A
.
= + +
Uo cng sut phan khang mach ba pha i xng bng 1 watmetU : nh hnh (h.10-
23)

A
C B
UB
BC
B
IB
A

90P
0
P -
Ba pha
i
xng
A *
B *
C
w
(h.10-23)
149
Ch s o = UB
BC
BIB
A
Bcos(

A BC I , U ) = UB
BC
BIB
A
Bcos(90P
0
P - ) = UB
d
BIB
d
Bsin =
3
Q

Vy Q : cng sut phan khang cua mach ba pha i xng bng ch s dung cu
o nhn vi 3 .
V du : cho mach in ba pha i xng nh hnh (h.10-24) co ap dy ngun
220V, tng tr tai 50<70P
0
P .
Xac nh s ch cac watmet, tnh cng sut tiu thu trong mach.
Gia thit V 0 220 U
AB
.
= , V 120 220 U
o
BC
.
= , V 120 220 U
o
CA
.
= , V 60 220 U
o
AC
.
=
pha dong la 70 4 , 4
70 50
0 220
Z
U
I
0
0
AB
.
AB
.
=

= =
suy ra dong dy t quan h i xng :

o
30 j
AB
.
A
.
e . I 3 I

= = 3 eP
-j70
PeP
-j30
P.4,4 = 7,62<-100P
0
P

B
.
I = 3 eP
-j70
PeP
-j30
PeP
-j120
P.4,4 = 7,62<-220P
0
P = 7,62<140P
0
P
Ch s watmet :
[ ]
[ ]
) W ( 332 70 cos 4 , 4 . 220 ) I , U cos( I U P
) W ( 292 ) 140 120 cos 62 , 7 . 220 ) I , U cos( I U P
) W ( 1288 ) 100 ( 60 cos 62 , 7 . 220 P
} I , U Re{ ) I , U cos( I U P
o
AB AB
AB AB 3
0 0
B BC
B BC 2
0 0
1
A
^
AC
.
A AC
A AC 1
= = =
= = =
= =
= =

PB
2
B co tr s m v mc ngc cc cun ap, dong watmet nn watmet se quay
ngc; mun oc c ch s cn hoan v 2 cc cua cun ap hoc cun dong.
Ta c cng sut tiu thu theo phng phap 2 watmet :
P = PB
1
B + PB
2
B = 1288 - 292 = 996(W)
Cng sut tnh theo 1 watmet : P = 3PB
3
B = 3.332 = 996(W)
Tu truong quay trong may din :
Ta a bit mi cun dy co dong in hnh sin chay qua u tao ra trong no
mt t trng p mach. Bng giai tch chng minh c nu cung cp mt h thng
w
w
PB
3
B
A
ZB
BC
B
ZB
AB
B
IB
AB
B
ZB
CA
B
w
UB
AB
B
UB
CA
B UB
BC
B
120P
0
60P
0
h(1-24)
A
B
C
IB
A
IB
B
IP
'
PB
2

.
.
.
.
. .
UB
AC
B
.B
PB
1
PB
2
150
dong in ba pha i xng lch nhau trong thi gian 1/3 chu ky vao ba cun dy cua
may in t lch nhau trong khng gian goc 120P
0
P th se hnh thanh mt t trng quay
trong may in nh la t hp cac t trng p mach.
Ta m ta s hnh thanh t trng quay bng vic xet mt may in Stato co 3
dy qun AX, BY, CZ ging ht nhau t lch nhau trong khng gian goc 120P
0
P, cac
dy qun nay c cung cp bi h thng dong in ba pha i xng (tc cac dong
lch nhau v thi gian 1/3T). Trong tng cun dy se tao ra cac t trng cac pha BB
A
B,
BB
B
B , BB
C
B ( la cac t trng p mach)
Tng hp t trng cac pha se c t trng chung cua may. Biu din quan
h gia cac t trng nh hnh ve (h.10-26)
tin ta coi mi cun dy gm hai thanh dn - may gm 3 cun dy 6 thanh
dn :
Cung cp vao 3 cun dy AX,
BY, CZ h thng cac dong in i
xng theo th t iB
A
B , iB
B
B, iB
C
Bnh hnh
(h.10-25). Ta xet t trng may
cac thi im :
+ Thi im t = 0 , dong qua
cac pha la :
iB
A
B = IB
m
B sr1 dong qua pha A
at gia tr IB
m
B tao trong cun dy
pha A t cam pha at BB
A
B = BB
m
B co
chiu vung goc vi truc dy qun pha A.
con iB
B
B = iB
C
B = -
2
I
m
dong qua pha B va C at gia tr
2
I
m
tao trong pha B, pha C t
cam BB
A
B = BB
C
B=
2
B
m
co phng vung goc vi truc dy qun tng pha B,C.
T trng tng trong may luc nay la C B A B B B B

+ + = : ta co th cng ba
vect C B A B , B , B

c
B nh hnh (h.10-26a)
Lu y dong pha A la iB
A
B = IB
m
B quy c chiu i t X n A
iB
B
B = iB
C
B = -
2
I
m
nn chiu ngc lai i t B n Y, C n Z nh hnh ve (h.10-
26a)
Cng cac vect C B A B , B , B

ta c t trng tng trong may tai t = 0 la
m
B
2
3
B =
co phng trung phng A B
la phng co dong ang cc ai.

Co th xac nh c chiu
B bng cach coi may luc nay thanh hai cc t : t

o dung quy tc xac nh c chiu t trng chung trong may.
Tng t nh vy xet t = T/3 : dong pha B at cc ai iB
B
B = IB
m
B tao t trng
pha B la BB
B
B = BB
m
Bco phng vung goc vi truc cun dy pha B, dong iB
B
B chay t Y n
T/3 2T/3 T
t O
i iB
A
iB
B
iB
c
(h.10-25)
151
B. Dong pha A, C at iB
A
B = iB
C
B = -
2
I
m
chay t A n X, va t C n Z tao nn t trng
pha A va C co tr s : BB
A
B = BB
C
B=
2
B
m
, co phng vung go vi truc dy qun pha va
pha C, tng hp 3 t trng tai thi im nay c t trng tng co tr s
m
B
2
3
B =
va co chiu trung chiu t trng pha B la pha ang co dong cc ai nh

hnh (h.10-26b)

Xet 2T/3 : dong pha C at cc ai iB
C
B = IB
m
B tao ra t trng BB
C
B = BB
m
Bco
phng vung goc truc pha C. Dong pha A, B at iB
A
B = iB
B
B = -
2
I
m
chay t A n X, va t
B n Y tao nn t trng BB
A
B = BB
B
B=
2
B
m
co phng vung goc truc pha A, B tng
hp 3 t trng tai thi im nay c t trng tng trong may co tr s
m
B
2
3
B =
va co phng trung phng C B
la pha ang co dong cc ai nh hnh

(h.10-26c)
Nh vy phng cua t trng tng trong may lun lun thay i trong khng
gian. C sau thi gian t = T/3 th t trng quay c mt goc khng gian 120P
0
P, nh
vy sau mi chu ky T th t trng quay c 1 vong, ma tn s cua dong in la f,
nn tc quay cua t trng la n = t vong/phu f 60 sec / vong f
T
1
= = vi may co
mt i cc nh v du trn.
Nu may co p i cc th phut / vong
p
f 60
n =
Khi cung cp vao may h thng ngun ba pha th t A, B, C th ta c t
trng quay theo chiu kim ng h; nu ta thay i th t hai pha th se tao c t
trng quay ngc lai. y chnh la cach ao chiu quay cua ng c in.
Ta thy trong v du trn t trng quay co tr s
m
B
2
3
B =
= const va quay vi
tc n = 60f (v/p) = const ; t trng quay nh vy goi la t trng quay tron.
+
+
+
Z B
X A
Y C
BB
B
BB
C
BB
A
BB

+
Z B
X A
Y C
BB
C
BB
B
BB
A
BB
+
+
+
Z B
X A
Y C
BB
B
BB
C
BB
A
BB
+
+
(h.10-26b) (h.10-26a) (h.10-26c)
152
T v du ta cung rut ra c iu kin tao nn t trng quay la phai co t
nht hai cun dy t lch nhau trong khng gian mt goc nao o va dong chay qua
chung phai lch nhau v thi gian.
ng dung vic tao ra t trng quay ( ma khng phai dung ng c s cp nao
tao ra ) ngi ta ch tao ra cac loai ng c in - la ng c c dung ph bin
trong cuc sng, trong cng nghip va san xut...
May in vi 3 cun dy t lch nhau trong khng gian goc 120P
0
P cung cp cho
no mt h thng dong ba pha i xng , trong may c tao ra t trng quay lam phat
sinh cac dong cam ng trong cun dy rto, tao s quay roto vi tc nB
1
B < n goi la
ng c in khng ng b.
Ngi ta cung vn dung s hnh thanh t trng quay lam ng c in 1
pha no co 2 cun dy t lch nhau trong khng gian nhng hai cun dy u c
cung cp t mt pha nn mun hai dong lch nhau v thi gian th mt cun dy c
ni tip thm vao mt tu in. Ta goi cun ni tu la cun khi ng. Vi ng c co
mt pha cc nho ngi ta dung vong ngn mach trn mi cc thay th tu khi ng.

153
CHUONG 11
PHUONG PHAP THANH PHN DI XUNG
1. Khai nim chung :
Ta a xet mach ba pha khng i xng vi tai tnh la tai co L, M xac nh nn
co th dung phng phap c ban a hoc tnh toan nh la mach nhiu ngun tac
dung.
Ta con gp nhng mach ba pha khng i xng ma cac h s h cam, t cam va
do o tng tr cac pha khng c nh. Chung thay i mt cach phc tap theo mc
khng i xng cua trang thai dong in ba pha . Co ngha la ta khng xac nh c
tng tr Z cua mt pha tai theo t s ap chia dong khng i xng , tc la Z
I
U
.
.
= bin
thin; ma Z bin thin khng xac nh th khng th tnh c ap ng bai toan.
Nhng tai co c im nh vy thng la cac may in ba pha : Cu tao chung
gm nhng cun dy loi thep, chung c thit k, lp t sao cho khi cac cun dy ba
pha lam vic mt trang thai dong ba pha i xng a nh th cac dong t thng khep
kn mach trn loi thep theo cac ng nht nh, vi ln nht nh th L, M va do o
tng tr xac nh. Co ngha la nu t ln cac cun dy trang thai dong ba pha khng
i xng th cac dong t thng se khng i theo cac ng nht nh lam cho L, M
thay i dn n tng tr khng xac nh.
Ta goi nhng mach ba pha co L, M thay i la mach ba pha khng i xng tai
ng, i khi con goi la tai co may - H ba pha co may.
giai bai toan nay phai tm cach xac nh tng tr cua tai, ma ta a bit tng
tr ch xac nh ng vi cac h thng kch thch nht nh v vy cn tm cach phn
tch nhng kch thch khng i xng thanh tng cac kch thch i xng thanh phn
ma ng vi mi kch thch thanh phn ta co c tng tr xac nh nn se tnh c
ap ng thanh phn tng ng va cui cung xp chng cac ap ng thanh phn se c
ap ng chung khng i xng .
Co nhiu cach phn tch khac nhau: ta xet phng phap Fortexkiu phn tch
kch thch ba pha khng i xng thanh ba thanh phn i xng th t thun, nghch
khng.
2. Phn tich mt h trang thai ba pha khng di xung thanh cac thanh
phn di xung :
Ta thanh lp cng thc xac nh cac thanh phn i xng th t thun,
nghch, khng theo h trang thai khng i xng . Va ngc lai khi a bit cac lng
i xng thanh phn cn co cng thc tng hp c ap ng khng i xng .
1. UCng thc phn tchU :
Gia s co h thng ap ba pha khng i xng
C
.
B
.
A
.
U , U , U cn tm h thng i
xng th t thun
1 C
.
1 B
.
1 A
.
U , U , U , h thng i xng th t nghch
2 C
.
2 B
.
2 A
.
U , U , U va

154
h thng i xng th t zero
0 C
.
0 B
.
0 A
.
U , U , U .
Vi nh ngha h thng th t thun la h thng cac pha AB
1
B, BB
1
B, CB
1
B lin h nhau
nh hnh (h.11-1). Ngha la cac pha bng nhau v tr s nhng lch nhau 120P
0
P theo th
t AB
1
B, BB
1
B, CB
1
B. Chnh la h thng i xng ma ta a gp mach ba pha i xng a hoc.
Biu thc quan h gia chung :
) 1 11 ( 0 ) 1 a a ( U
U a U , U a U , 0 U U U
2
1 A
.
1 A
.
1 C
.
1 A
.
2
1 B
.
1 C
.
1 B
.
1 A
.
= + +
= = = + +

H thng i xng thanh phn th t ngc
nh th vect hnh (h.11-2). Cac pha bng nhau v
tr s nhng th t la AB
2
B, CB
2
B, BB
2
B.
Biu thc quan h gia chung :
= + +
= =
0
,
2
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
2
2
.
2
.
2
.
C B A
A C A B
U U U
U a U U a U
(11-2)
H thng th t khng : La h thng 3 pha bng nhau va cung pha vi nhau nh
hnh (h.11-3).
= + +
= =
0
.
0
.
0
.
0
.
0
.
0
.
0
.
3 A C B A
C B A
U U U U
U U U
(11-3)
Goi la h thng i xng th t khng ch la i xng quy c. V h nay khng cn
bng.
Ta co cng thc lin h gia ap khng i xng va ap i xng thanh phn trn
mt pha.
) 4 11 (
U U U U
U U U U
U U U U
0 C
.
2 C
.
1 C
.
C
.
0 B
.
2 B
.
1 B
.
B
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

v cac thanh phn i xng nn ta ch cn xac nh mt pha nn ta vit (11-4) theo mt
pha. V du pha A :
120P
o
UB
A1
B
.B
UB
B1
B
.B
UB
C1
B
.B
(h.11-1)
120P
o
UB
A2
B
.B
UB
C2
B
.B
UB
B2
B
.B
(h.11-2)
UB
A0
B
.B
UB
B0
B
.B
UB
C0
B
.B
(h.11-3)

155
) 5 11 (
U U a U a U
U U a U a U
U U U U
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
C
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
B
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

T (11-5) ta giai ra
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
U , U , U theo
C
.
B
.
A
.
U , U , U
Lu y toan t quay co cac quan h sau :
3 aj 1 a ; 3 j a a - 1
a a ; 3 j a - a ; 1 a
a a ; 0 a a 1
2 2
4 2 3
^
2 2
= =
= = =
= = + +

Cng 3 phng trnh (11-5) tng v vi nhau :
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
C
*
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
B
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
U U a U a U
U U a U a U
U U U U
+ + =
+ + = +
+ + =

6a) - (12
3
U U U
U ra Rut
U 3 ) a a 1 ( U ) a a 1 ( U U U U
C
.
B
.
A
.
0 A
.
0 A
.
2
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
C
.
B
.
A
.
+ +
=
+ + + + + + = + +

Nhn phng trnh 2 vi a, phng trnh 3 vi aP
2
P ri sau o cng 3 phng trnh ta
c.
0 A
.
2
2 A
.
4
1 A
.
3
C
.
2
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
3
B
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
U a U a U a U a
U a U a U a U a
U U U U
+ + =
+ + = +
+ + =

6b) - (12
3
U a U a U
U ra Rut
) a a 1 ( U ) a a 1 ( U ) a a 1 ( U U a U a U
C
.
2
B
.
A
.
1 A
.
2
0 A
.
4 2
2 A
.
3 3
1 A
.
C
.
2
B
.
A
.
+ +
=
+ + + + + + + + = + +

Lu y : 1 + aP
3
P + aP
3
P = 3 ; 1 + aP
2
P + aP
4
P = 0 ; 1 + a + aP
2
P = 0
Nhn phng trnh 2 vi aP
2
P , phng trnh 3 vi a ri sau o cng 3 phng trnh ta
c.
0 A
.
2 B
.
3
1 A
.
2
C
.
0 A
.
2
2 A
.
3
1 A
.
4
B
.
2
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
U a U a U a U a
U a U a U a U a
U U U U
+ + =
+ + = +
+ + =


156
6c) - (12
3
U a U a U
U ra Rut
) a a 1 ( U ) a a 1 ( U ) a a 1 ( U U a U a U
C
.
B
.
2
A
.
2 A
.
2
0 A
.
3 3
2 A
.
4 2
1 A
.
C
.
B
.
2
A
.
+ +
=
+ + + + + + + + = + +

vy ta co cng thc phn tch dang (11-6a,b,c)
Cng thc phn tch trn la cho moi h thng bin trang thai ba pha : ap, dong,
s, t thng...
2. UCng thc tng hpU :
La cng thc xp chng cac lng thanh phn c cac lng mt i xng :
Ta co cng thc xp chng cac lng thanh phn cac pha :
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
0
.
2
.
1
. .
0
.
2
.
1
. .
0
.
2
.
1
. .
C C C C
B B B B
A A A A
U U U U
U U U U
U U U U
(11-7)
thng dung cng thc tng hp theo mt pha :
) 8 12 (
U U a U a U
U U a U a U
U U U U
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
C
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
B
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

Dang cng thc tng hp cung dung cho moi bin trang thai ba pha ap, dong, S, t
thng...
3. UMt s th duU :
V du 1 : Cho mach in ba pha khng i xng , bit ap pha trn tai :
V 0 U , V 120 120 U , V 120 U C
.
o
B
.
A
.
= = = ; nh hnh ve (h.11-4)
Ap dung cng thc phn tch ta c :
=
+
=
+ +
=
= + +
=
+
=
+ +
=
3
U a U
3
U a U a U
U
V 80 ) 120 120 120 120 (
3
1
3
U a U
3
U a U a U
U
B
.
2
A
.
C
.
B
.
2
A
.
2 A
.
0 0
B
.
A
.
C
.
2
B
.
A
.
1 A
.

V 60 40 ) 120 120 120 (
3
1
3
U U
U
V 60 40 ) 240 120 120 120 (
3
1
0 0
B
.
A
.
0 A
.
0 0 0
= + =
+
=
= + +

Suy ra thanh phn i xng cua pha B, C :
UB
A

UB
B

UB
C
(h.11-4)
.
.
.

157

V 60 40 U U U
V 60 40 60 40 e U a U
V 180 40 60 40 e U a U
V 120 80 U a U
V 120 80 240 80 80 e U a U
o
0 A
.
0 C
.
0 B
.
0 0 240 j
2 A
.
2
2 C
.
0 0 120 j
2 A
.
2 B
.
0
1 A
.
1 C
.
0 0 240 j
1 A
.
2
1 B
.
= = =
= = =
= = =
= =
= = = =

Co th phn tch ra cac thanh phn i xng bng hnh hoc nh hnh (h.11-5)
V du 2 : Mach in ba pha i xng tai ng co dong in i xng th t cua
cac pha tai A 90 5 I , A 90 5 I
o
2 A
.
o
1 A
.
= =
S dung cng thc tng :
o o o
o 2 o
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
C
.
o o
o o 2
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
B
.
o o
2 A
.
1 A
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
180 3 5 150 5 150 5
90 5 . a 90 5 . a I I a I a I
A 3 5 30 5 30 5
90 5 . a 90 5 . a I I a I a I
0 90 5 90 5 I I I I I I
= +
= + = + + =
= +
= + = + + =
= + = + = + + =
P
Co th tng hp t th vect
cac lng thanh phn i xng c
cac dong khng i xng nh hnh
(h.11-7).
3. Tinh cht cac thanh
phn di xung cua dong va ap trong
mach ba pha :
T cac cng thc phn tch va
tng hp ta rut ra cac tnh cht sau :
1. UTng 3 lng cua h bng 3
ln gia tr thanh phn th t khngU :
iB
A
B

iB
B

iB
C
(h.11-6)
+1
j
iB
A1
B
iB
A2
B
iB
B2
B
iB
B
B iB
c
B
iB
c1
B
iB
c2
B
iB
B1
B
(h.11-7)
120P
0
P
UB
A
B aUB
B
UB
B
aP
2
PUB
B
240P
0
UB
B
UB
A
3UB
A0
B
(h.11-5)
3UB
A1
B 3UB
A1
B
.
. .
UB
B
.
3UB
A1
B 3UB
A2
B
.
UB
A
.
.
.
.
.
.

158
0
. . . .
A 3 C B A = + + (11-9)
2. UHiu hai lng pha cua h khng cha thanh phn th t khngU :
o o
30 j
1
.
30 j
1
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
0
.
2
.
1
.
0
.
2
.
1
. . .
e A 3 e A 3 ) B A ( ) B A (
) B B B ( ) A A A ( B A
+ = + =
= + + + + =
(11-10)
Hiu hai lng pha ch gm thanh phn th t thun, ngc nh hnh ve.
3. UT hai tnh cht trn ta rut ra nhng c im cua ap, dong ba pha khng i
xngU :
a. Dong trong dy trung tnh bng 3 ln thanh phn th t khng :
0
.
N
.
C
.
B
.
A
.
I 3 I I I I = = + + theo (11-9)
Nu mach khng co dy trung tnh th : 0 I I I C
.
B
.
A
.
= + + do o 0 I 3 I 0
.
N
.
= = tc
la dong trong cac pha se khng co thanh phn th t khng ma ch co thanh phn th
t thun va ngc.
b. in ap dy lun khng co thanh phn th t khng
T tnh cht (11-10) thy ro trong ap dy khng co thanh phn TT0 ma ch co
TT+ va TT-
Trong mi h thng th t thun, ngc ta co UB
d1
B = 3 UB
f1
B ; UB
d2
B = 3 UB
f2
B
Mc khng i xng c anh gia qua h s :
1 d
2 d
U
U
= goi la h s khng
i xng thng tnh ra %. Khi < 5% th coi la h thng i xng .
c. Tnh cht in ap pha cac tai ni hnh sao
Khi tai ba pha i xng hnh (11-16) im trung tnh O se nm tai trong tm
giac in ap dy. Do o trn th Tp tng hnh hoc ba vect in ap pha tai bng 0
: 0 U U U C
.
B
.
A
.
= + + . Vy h thng in ap pha cua tai i xng khng co thanh phn
th t khng. Nh biu din hnh (h.11-8)
Khi tai ba pha khng i xng th trung tnh O se lch khoi trong tm in ap
dy.
T th Tp ta co
' ' O ' O
.
C
.
' C
.
' ' O ' O
.
B
.
' B
.
' ' O ' O
.
A
.
' A
.
U U U
U U U
U U U
+ =
+ = +
+ =

' ' O ' O
.
C
.
B
.
A
.
' C
.
' B
.
' A
.
U 3 U U U U U U + + + = + +
AB
1
CB
1 BB
1
AB
2
CB
2 BB
2
AB
1
B-BB
1
B=UB
d1
B UB
d2
B=AB
2
B-BB
2
.
.
. .
.
.
. . . . . .

159
O
.
' C
.
' B
.
' A
.
U 3 U U U = + + (tnh cht 11-9)
Do 0 U U U C
.
B
.
A
.
= + + (theo muc trn)
nn " O ' O
.
0
.
" O ' O
.
0
.
U U U 3 U 3 = =
Vy thanh phn th t khng in ap pha cua mt tai khng i xng bng in ap
gia trung tnh cua no vi trung tnh cua mt tai i xng ni song song vi no. Biu
din nh hnh (h.11-8).
4. Tng tro dng co va may
bin ap di voi cac ngun kich thich ba
pha di xung :
1. UTng tr ng c in khng
ng b ba phaU :
a. Tng tr th t thun :
Cung cp cho 3 cun dy cua ng
c in khng ng b h thng in ap i
xng th t thun theo th t AB
1
B, BB
1
B, CB
1
B. H
thng dong trong Stato se tao ra trong may mt t trng quay tron vi tc theo
chiu thun kim ng h AB
1
B, BB
1
B, CB
1
B
T trng bin thin tao trong cun dy Rto
dong in cam ng. Tac dung ng lc hoc gia t
trng quay va dong cam ng rto lam rto quay vi
tc B
1
B theo cung chiu t trng quay tc B
1
B <
mt t nn - B
1
B = s goi la h s trt rt nho (s
thng c tnh theo %, khoang 1,5 - 4%) nn
chuyn ng tng i gia rt va t trng quay nho nn dong cam ng trong rto
nho, do o dong in trong stato cung nho. Trong tnh trang i xng nay ng c co
tng tr mt pha
1 A
.
1 A
.
1
I
U
Z = . y chnh la tng tr ta a dung trong tnh toan mach ba
pha i xng trc y ; ZB
1
B goi la tng tr th t thun
b.Tng tr th t ngc :
Cung cp cho ng c h thng in ap i xng
th t ngc. Tc la h thng co th t pha ngc lai AB
2
B -
CB
2
B -BB
2
Ly 1 A
.
2 A
.
U U = ( v ban cht la trao i 2 pha B,
C so vi trng hp th t thun ) nn trong may se tao
nn t trng quay theo chiu ngc lai, cho rto vn quay theo chiu cu vi tc
B
1
B ( mun vy phai dung ng c s cp quay truc rto)
Nu khng quay rto theo chiu cu th rto se quay theo chiu t trng quay.
Luc nay se ao chiu quay so vi trng hp trn va tng tr pha cung khng co g
B C
A
O
O
UB
oo
B
UB
B'
B
UB
C
UB
B
UB
A
B
(h.11-8)
.
.
.
.
UB
C'
B
.
.
UB
A
.
UB
A1
B
UB
B1
B UB
C1
B
B
B
1
.
. .
UB
A2
B
UB
B2
B UB
C2
B
B
1
B

.
. .

160
thay i. V rto va t trng quay ngc chiu nhau nn tc trt s = B
1
B + rt
ln so vi trng hp trn. V s ln nn dong cam ng trong rto ln lam cho dong
stato cung ln hn trng hp trn rt nhiu. Trong tnh trang i xng nay ng c
in co tng tr mt pha la :
1 A
.
1 A
.
1
2 A
.
2 A
.
2
I
U
Z
I
U
Z = < = do 1 A
.
2 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
I I nn U U > = ; ZB
2
B
goi la tng tr th t ngc.
c. Tng tr th t khng :
Cung cp cho ng c in h thng
in ap i xng th t khng. Tc la
0 C
.
0 B
.
0 A
.
U U U = = chung bng nhau va cung
pha nhau ly tr s bng 0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
U U U = = .
H thng ap i xng ba pha th t
khng cung cp cho ng c in nh hnh
(h.11-9) th h thng dong trong cun dy
stato cung i xng kiu cung pha nh ap nn
t trng do chung tao ra la t trng p
mach, ngha la trong may khng co t trng quay nn rto khng quay c. Luc nay
ly t s ap pha trn dong pha ta c tng tr mt pha
0
0 A
.
0 A
.
Z
I
U
= goi la tng tr th t
khng ZB
0
B ZB
1
B ZB
2
B , ZB
1
B > ZB
2
B.
Vy tng tr cua ng c in i vi cac h thng trang thai i xng khac
nhau th khac nhau. Vi mi ng c cac tng tr ZB
1
B, ZB
2
B, ZB
0
B la xac nh (thng c
cho trong cm nang).
2. UTng tr cua may bin ap ba phaU :
a. Tng tr th t thun :
Cung cp h thng in ap i xng th t thun ln may bin ap ba pha 3 tru
nh hnh (h.11-10) th trong may se co 3 t thng B
A
B, B
B
B , B
C
B i xng th t thun
tng t nn se co : B
A
B + B
B
B + B
C
B = 0 nn t thng ch khep mach trong loi thep la vt
liu t co t dn ln nn ch cn mt h thng dong in kch thch u nho trong cun
dy cac pha. Trong tnh trang i xng nay tng tr mt pha cua may bin ap
1 A
.
1 A
.
1
I
U
Z = goi la tng tr th t thun .
b. Tng tr th t ngc :
Khi cung cp cho may bin ap ba pha h thng th t ngc, tc la h thng
trao i 2 pha B, C cho nhau so vi h thng th t thun th trong 3 tru cung c tao
ra cac t thng B
A
B , B
B
B , B
C
B v h thng ap la i xng 0 U U U 2 C
.
2 B
.
2 A
.
= + + nn h
thng t thng cung i xng B
A
B + B
B
B + B
C
B = 0 nn h thng dong kch thch cung u
UB
A0
B UB
B0
B UB
C0
B
A
B
(h.11-9)
. . .
C

161
nho. Trong tnh trang i xng nay tng tr mt pha cua may bin ap
2 A
.
2 A
.
2
I
U
Z = =
1 A
.
1 A
.
1
I
U
Z =
Tng tr th t thun va th t ngc cua may bin ap ba pha bng nhau. Co
th thy iu nay ngay v may bin ap la thit b khng quay (khac ng c in) nn
s trao i 2 pha khng tao nn s khac bit nao v phn b t thng .
S phn b t thng khi cung cp h thng ap i xng th t thun va th t
ngc nh hnh (h.11-10).
c. Tng tr th t khng cua may bin ap ba pha :
Cung cp cho may bin ap ba pha 3 tru h thng ap i xng th t khng nh
hnh ve (h.11-11) V h thng ap ng pha nn sinh ra trong may bin ap cac t thng
B
A
B , B
B
B, B
C
B cung ng pha nn B
A
B + B
A
B + B
A
B= 3B
A
B nn cac t thng bt buc phai khep
mach ra ngoai khng kh.
Ma khng kh la vung co t tr ln
hn loi t rt nhiu nn mun co B
A
B , B
B
B, B
C
u
Bln ng vi in ap t vao th dong in
trong cac pha bt buc phai ln, tc cung UB
A1
B
= UB
A2
B = UB
A0
B th IB
A0
B > IB
A1
B
Ta xac nh tng tr mt pha nay la :
1 A
.
1 A
.
2 1 0
0 A
.
0 A
.
I
U
Z Z Z
I
U
= = < =
ZB
0
B goi la tng tr th t khng.
5. Tinh mach ba pha khng di xung tai co may bng phuong phap
thanh phn di xung :
1. UTnh ch d xac lp cua mach ba pha co may khi ngun khng i xngU :
Gia s cho mach ba pha tai co may co cac tng tr th t ZB
1t
B , ZB
2t
B , ZB
0t
B c
cung cp bi ngun ba pha khng i xng co s C
.
B
.
A
.
E , E , E co tng tr thc t cua
ngun la ZB
1ng
B , ZB
2ng
B , ZB
0ng
B ni nh hnh ve (h.11-12). Cn tnh dong in trong cac pha
cua tai .

(h.11-10)
AB
1
B BB
1
B CB
1
B
A
B
B
B
C
AB
2
B CB
2
B BB
2
B
A
B
C
B
B
B
A
B
B
B
C
(h.11-11)
AB
0
BB
0
CB
0

162
V y la mach ba pha khng i xng tai co may nn u tin ta phai phn tch kch
thch khng i xng ra cac thanh phn i xng th t (theo cng thc phn tch)
Biu din cac s th t trn s nh hnh (h.11-13).
V la mach tuyn tnh nn ta tach ra thanh ba bai toan i xng th t :
a. Bai toan i xng th t thun :
Ngun tac ng la h thng i xng th t thun 1 C
.
1 B
.
1 A
.
E , E , E vi tng tr cua
ngun la tng tr th t thun ZB
1ng
B tng
tr cua tai la tng tr th t thun ZB
1t
B nh
hnh (h.11-14).
Vi h thng i xng th t thun co
0 I I I 1 C
.
1 B
.
1 A
.
= + + nn dong trung tnh
bng 0, v vy khng a dy trung tnh
vao s nay.
n y ta tr v bai toan i xng a hoc chng 10 nn tnh dong, ap
cua h thng ta tach ra mt pha nh hnh (h.11-15) goi la s th t thun :
T s nay tnh c dong th t thun cua
pha A la
t 1 ng 1
1 A
.
1 A
.
Z Z
E
I
+
= . Sau o suy ra
cho cac pha con lai.
b. Bai toan i xng th t ngc :
ZB
1ng
B

ZB
2ng
B

ZB
0ng
B
EB
A
B A

EB
B
B B

EB
C
B C
ZB
1t
B

ZB
2t
B

ZB
0t
B
ZB
N
(h.11-12)
.
.
.
. . .
(h.11-13)
EB
A1
B EB
A2
B EB
A0
B A
ZB
1ng
B

ZB
2ng
B O

ZB
0ng
B
ZB
1t
B

O' ZB
2t
B

ZB
0t
B
ZB
N
EB
B1
B EB
B2
B EB
B0
B B
EB
C1
B EB
C2
B EB
C0
B C
. . .
. . .
Ngun Tai
ZB
1ng
B

ZB
1ng
B

ZB
1ng
B
EB
A1
B A

EB
B1
B B

EB
C1
B C
ZB
1t
B

ZB
1t
B

ZB
1t
B
(h.11-14)
.
.
.
O' O
ZB
1ng
B EB
A1
B IB
A1
B ZB
1t
B
(h.11-15)
. .

163
Ngun tac ng la h thng i xng th t ngc 2 C
.
2 B
.
2 A
.
E , E , E vi tng tr cua
ngun la ZB
2ng
B, tng tr cua tai la ZB
2t
B nh hnh (h.11-16).
V mach ba pha i xng nn tach ra mt pha nh hnh (h.11-17) goi la s th t
ngc tnh cho mt pha
t 2 ng 2
2 A
.
2 A
.
Z Z
E
I
+
=
c.Bai toan i xng th t khng :
Ngun tac ng la h thng i xng th t khng 0 C
.
0 B
.
0 A
.
E , E , E vi tng tr
cua ngun la ZB
0ng
B , tng tr cua tai la ZB
0t
B nh hnh (h.11-18).
V 0 C
.
0 B
.
0 A
.
E E E = = nn tao ra trong cac pha dong dong in th t khng la
0 C
.
0 B
.
0 A
.
I I I = = , 0
.
0 C
.
0 B
.
0 A
.
I 3 I I I = + + , v dong trong dy trung tnh bng 0
.
I 3 nn s
tach ra mt pha nh hnh (h.11-19) goi la s th t zro.
Tnh c dong in th t khng
N t 0 ng 0
0 A
.
0 A
.
Z 3 Z Z
E
I
+ +
=
d. Tng hp cac ap ng thanh phn c dong cac pha cua tai :
Thng dung cng thc tng hp theo mt pha ta c dong in cac pha la

+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
C
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
B
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
I I a I a I
I I a I a I
I I I I

ZB
2ng
B EB
A2
B IB
A2
B ZB
2t
B
(h.11-16)
(h.11-17)
ZB
2ng
B

ZB
2ng
B

ZB
2ng
B
EB
A2
B A

EB
B2
B B

EB
C2
B C
ZB
2t
B

ZB
2t
B

ZB
2t
B
.
.
.
. .
O' O
ZB
0ng
B

ZB
0ng
B

ZB
0ng
B
EB
A0
B A

EB
B0
B B

EB
C0
B C
ZB
0t
B

ZB
0t
B

ZB
0t
B
(h.11-18)
(h.11-19)
ZB
0ng
B EB
A0
B IB
A0
B ZB
0t
B
3ZB
N
.
.
.
.
.
ZB
N

164
Ta thy tnh cac thanh phn th t thng a ngay ra cac s th t cho
mt pha ri tnh ch khng cn qua cac bc trung gian nh ly thuyt. ng qun
trong s th t khng co 3ZB
N
B
V du : Cung cp h thng ap 3 dy ba pha khng i xng UB
AB
B = UB
AC
B = 365V,
UB
BC
B = 312V vao mt ng c in co tng tr ZB
1
B = 3,6 + j3,6 ; ZB
2
B = 0,15 + j0,5
mach khng co dy trung tnh. Hay tnh cac dong in dy.
Giai : Bai toan cho ap ngun la ap dy; trong cac cng thc tnh s dung cac ap
pha nn ta co th chon cac pha tng ng mt cach tuy y ch cn hiu s cua chung
bng cac in ap dy a cho la c nh hnh ve (h.11-20). Vic chon tuy y cac ap pha
nh vy khng anh hng n thanh phn th t thun, th t ngc nhng no anh
hng n thanh phn th t khng. Nhng vi bai toan nay khng co dong in th t
khng nn tuy y chon nh vy la c.
T tam giac ABC xac nh c :
V 330 156 365 U , V 156
2
312
U U
2 2
A C B
= = = = =
Gia thit
o
A
.
0 330 U = V; th V 156 j U , V 156 j U C
.
B
.
= =
Theo cng thc phn tch xac nh c cac thanh phn i
xng th t thun la :
V 220
2
3
j
2
1
2
3
j
2
1
( 156 j 330
3
1
U
)] a a ( 156 j 330 [
3
1
U
) U a U a U (
3
1
U
1 A
.
2
1 A
.
C
.
2
B
.
A
.
1 A
.
=
+ =
+ + =
+ + =

ap th t ngc la : V 20 )] a a ( 156 j 330 [
3
1
) U a U a U (
3
1
U
2
A
.
A
.
2
A
.
2 A
.
= + + = + + =
T s th t thun
Tnh c dong th t thun pha A :
0
1
1 A
.
1 A
.
45 3 , 39
6 , 3 j 6 , 3
220
Z
U
I =
+
= =
T s th t ngc pha A :
Tnh c dong th t ngc :
' 18 73 3 , 38
5 , 0 j 15 , 0
20
Z
U
I
0
2
2 A
.
2 A
.
=
+
= =
Ta dung cng thc tng hp xac nh dong cac pha :
A 2 , 75 I A 5 , 64 j 8 , 38 ' 18 73 3 , 38 45 3 , 39 I I I I I I
A
o o
2 A
.
1 A
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
= = + = + = + + =
A 7 , 17 j 7 , 11 ' 42 46 3 , 38 195 3 , 39 I a I a I I a I a I
o o
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
B
.
= + = + = + + =
A
B C
UB
C
UB
B
UB
A
UB
AC
B UB
AB
B
(h.11-20)
UB
BC
B
. .
.
. .
.
UB
A1
B ZB
1
IB
A1
B
.
.
UB
A2
B ZB
2
IB
A2
B
.
.

165
A 1 , 54 I A 8 , 46 j 1 , 27 7 , 17 j 7 , 11 5 , 64 j 8 , 38 I I I
A 2 , 21 I
C
B
.
A
.
C
.
B
= + = + + = =
=

Qua v du trn thy rng trng hp khng co dy trung tmh (ZB
tt
B = ) va khi a
cho cac in ap dy trn nhng cc cua no, tnh cac dong in ch cn dung s
th t thun va th t ngc .
2. UTnh mach ba pha tai co may b s cU :
Cac mach ba pha tai co may thng la h thng i xng (i xng bnh thng
la i xng th t thun ) t khi gp phu tai khng i xng, nhng khi h thng b cac
s c nh ngn mach, t dy, lam vic vi ng dy hoc may bin ap ct mach mt
pha v.v..th se xut hin h thng ba pha khng i xng tai ng Vy cn a ra cach
tnh mach ba pha tai co may bnh thng lam vic i xng, khi co s c th ap, dong
ch o tr nn khng i xng nn bai toan la khng i xng tai co may.
a.Cac s c thng gp, phng trnh m ta s c:
- S c t dy mt pha nh hnh (h.11-21)
V t dy pha A lam cho tng tr
doc dy pha A tr thanh v cung ln, con
tng tr dy pha B, C ni s c vn bng
khng nh trc. Vung co s c mt xng
nn C
.
B
.
A
.
U , U , U la ap ba pha vung s c
mt i xng 0 U U , 0 U C
.
B
.
A
.
= = .
Phng trnh m ta s c : 0 U U , 0 I C
.
B
.
A
.
= = =
Nhng s c lam thay i tng tr cac pha doc ng dy goi la s c doc.
- Ngoai ra con co 2 dang s c doc khac biu din hnh ve (h.11-22) va hnh
ve (h.11-23).
Phng trnh m ta s c : A
.
A
' AA
.
I Z U =
0 U ' BB
.
=
0 U ' CC
.
=
Phng trnh m ta s c : A
.
A
' AA
.
I Z U =
B
.
B
' BB
.
I Z U =
0 U ' CC
.
=
- S c ngn mach 2 pha v tr
gia pha B va C nh hnh (h.11-24).
Ging nh mc vao vung s c 1
tai khng i xng ni Y tai im M vi
ZB
AM
B= ; ZB
BM
B = ZB
CM
B = 0 nn h thng ap
A
B
C
A
B
C
UB
A
UB
B
UB
C
(h.11-21)
.
.
.
(h.11-22)
A
B

C
A
B
C
IB
A
B

IB
B

IB
C
ZB
A
.B
.B
.B
(h.11-23)
A
B

C
A
B

C
IB
A
B

IB
B

IB
C
ZB
A
.B
.B
.B

166
C
.
B
.
A
.
U , U , U cung lam thanh mt h thng khng i xng .
Phng trnh m ta s c :
0 U
0 U
0 I
C
.
B
.
A
.
=
=
=

S c nay lam thay i tng tr cach in gia cac
pha ng dy vi nhau va vi t. Nhng s c
co c im nay goi la s c ngang.
- S c ngn mach mt pha qua tng
tr tip xuc ZB
n
B nh hnh (h.11-25)
=
=
=
0 I
0 I
I Z U
B
.
A
.
C
.
N
C
.

0 I I a I a
0 I I I
) I I a I a ( Z U U a U a
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
N
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
= + +
= + +
+ + = + +

Ngoai ra con co s c ngang nh hnh (h.11-
26).
) I I a I a ( Z U U a U a I Z U
) I I a I a ( Z U U a U a I Z U
0 I I I
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
C
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
C
.
C
C
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
B
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
B
.
B
B
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
+ + = + + =
+ + = + + =
= + +

Qua phn tch cac s c ta thy : cac s c ngang ng dy ging nh mc vao
ng dy tai ba pha khng i xng (tai tnh) ni Y. Tai nay khng i xng nn ap
ba pha trn vung s c la khng i xng .
Nu ta tai ba pha khng i xng o trong mach tnh toan th rt phc tap
(v lin quan n cac thanh phn th t ). n gian tn dung nguyn ly bu thay th
phu tai ba pha khng i xng bng ngun in ap chnh la h thng in ap khng i
xng trn tai khng i xng ma ta cha bit.
Sau khi thay th nh vy toan mach se tr thanh i xng va i vi mach y
nhng thanh phn i xng khac nhau cua dong in va in ap se khng phu thuc
ln nhau. Trn c s o ta se tach ra tng s th t tnh toan.
Tc la thay th ch s c ngang nh hnh (h.11-27)
A
B
C
A
B
C
M
(h.11-24)
UB
A
.B
UB
C
.B
UB
B
.B
(h.11-25)
A
B
C
A
B
C
ZB
N
ZB
N
UB
C
UB
A
UB
B
.
.
.
(h.11-26)
A
B
C
A
B
C
ZB
B
B ZB
C
IB
A
B B
IB
B
B IB
C
.B
.B .B

167
Tng t nh vy s c hnh (h.11-24), (h.11-26) cung c thay th vung s c
nh trn.
Tng t nh vy cac s c doc c thay th bng h thng ap khng i xng
doc dy nh hnh ve (h.11-28).
Tng t s c doc hnh (h.11-22), (h.11-24) cung c thay th nh vy.
Vi s c co ca doc va ngang nh hnh (h.11-29) ta thay th bng ca h thng
doc va ngang
b.Tnh mach ba pha tai co may b s c :
Ta bit tr phn s c ra, mach in con lai hoan toan i xng ; nn nu thay
th h thng in ap khng i xng ch s c C
.
B
.
A
.
U , U , U bng nhng thanh phn
i xng cua no th se c h thng mach in i xng thanh phn va luc nay ch
cn tach tng s th t se tnh c ap ng th t cho mt pha va cui cung tng
hp cac ap ng th t se c ap ng cn tm.
Cn nh rng h thng in ap ch s c C
.
B
.
A
.
U , U , U la cha bit va phai tnh
nn luc nay s n s cua bai toan ngoai 3 n s nh bai toan thng thng con thm 3
n s va nu na (nu s c va doc va ngang th s n s se la 6). Vy co u s
A
B
C
A
B
C
(h.11-29)
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
ZB
N
A
B
C
A
B
C
UB
A1
UB
A2
UB
A0
B
UB
B1
UB
B2
UB
B0
B
UB
C1
UB
C2
UB
C0
B
(h.11-27)
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .
. . .
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
UB
A
UB
B
UB
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
UB
A1
B UB
A2
B UB
A0
B
UB
B1
B UB
B2
B UB
B0
B
UB
C1
B UB
C2
B UB
C0
B
(a) (b)
(c) (h.11-28)
.
.
.
. . .
. . .

168
phng trnh ng vi s n s th ngoai 3 phng trnh co c t s th t cn co
thm cac phng trnh phu ly t phng trnh m ta s c.
Co th minh hoa phng phap tnh mach ba pha tai co may b s c bng v du
giai mach hnh (h.11-30) Trong o ngun s la i xng 0 E E E C
.
B
.
A
.
= + + .Tai i
xng ni Y (tai tnh), tai may ni Y. Vung co s c (gia s s c doc - t mach mt
pha A) nn IB
A
B = 0.
Ta thc hin theo cac bc tnh toan nh sau :
- Thay th vung s c bng h thng thanh phn th t nh (h.11-31)
- Tach ra cac s th t thun ,nghch, khng cho pha A nh hnh (h.11-32)

Vung
s
c
A
B
C
A
B
C
ZB
1t
B
ZB
2t
ZB
0t
B
EB
A
EB
B
EB
C
ZB
1ng
ZB
2ng
ZB
0ng
B
Z
ZB
N
(h.11-30)
Z Z
.
.
.
ZB
1ng
B EB
A
B UB
A1
B ZB
1t
B
IB
A1
B
ZB
ZB
2ng
B UB
A2
B ZB
2t
B
IB
A2
B
ZB
ZB
0ng
B UB
A0
B ZB
0t
B
iB
A0
B
3ZB
N
S th t thu nB S th t ngcB
S th t khngB
(h.11-32)B
.
.
.
.
.
.
A
B
C
A
B
C
ZB
1t
B
ZB
2t
ZB
0t
B
EB
A
EB
B
EB
C
ZB
1ng
ZB
2ng
ZB
0ng
B
Z
ZB
N
UB
A1
B UB
A2
B UB
A0
B
UB
B1
B UB
B2
B UB
B0
B
UB
C1
B UB
C2
B UB
C0
B
(h.11-31)
.
.
.
Z Z
. . .
. . .
. . .

169
Khi gp s phc tap ta gi nguyn nhanh co s c, phn con lai co th bin
i tng ng cho mach n gian, t o lp biu thc dong, ap nhanh co s c.

)
Z
1
Z
1
( Z
E
Y Y
Y E
E
ng 1
ng 1
A
.
ng 1
ng 1
A
.
Atd
.
+
=
+
=
ng 1
A
.
Atd
.
Z Z
Z E
E
+
= ;
ng 1
ng 1
td 1
Z Z
Z Z
Z
+
= ;
ng 1
ng 2
td 2
Z Z
Z Z
Z
+
=
Vit phng trnh Kirhof 2 cho cac s th t thun, ngc, khng c ba
phng trnh :

+ + + =
+ + =
+ + =
) Z 3 Z Z ( I U 0
) Z Z ( I U 0
) Z Z ( I U E
N t 0 ng 0
0 A
.
0 A
.
t 2 td 2
2 A
.
2 A
.
t 1 td 1
1 A
.
1 A
.
Atd
.

Ta thy co 3 phng trnh nhng 6 n s : 0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
I , I , I , U , U , U nn cn s dung
3 phng trnh s c co u 6 phng trnh :

+ + = =
+ + = =
+ + = =
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
C
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
B
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
U U a U a 0 U
U U a U a 0 U
I I I 0 I

Giai h 6 phng trnh c : 0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
I , I , I , U , U , U
- Sau o thay 0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
U , U , U va tm c vao s th t thun, th t
ngc, th t khng hnh (h.11-32) tm cac dong ap th t thun, th t ngc, th
t khng moi nhanh cua s .
- Cui cung dung cng thc tng hp tnh cac dong, ap khng i xng :
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
C
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
B
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
I I a I a I
I I a I a I
U U U U

V du 1 : Mt may phat in vn hanh khng tai b ngn mach u cc pha C
vi t hnh (h.11-33). May phat in i xng co S i xng E=230V, co tng tr
ZB
1td
B EB
Ang
B UB
A1
B ZB
1t
B IB
A1
B
S th t thunB
ZB
2td
B UB
A2
B ZB
2t
B IB
A2
B
S th t ngcB
. . . . .

170
th t la : ZB
1
B= j2, ZB
2
B= j0,5, ZB
0
B= j0,2.Hay tnh dong in ngn mach va in ap
pha cua may.
- Thay th vung s c bng h thng i xng thanh phn nh hnh (h.11-34)
- Tach cac s th t thun, th t ngc, th t khng :

T cac s th t vit 3 phng trnh Kirhof 2 :
+ =
+ =
+ =
0
0 A
.
0 A
.
2
2 A
.
2 A
.
1
1 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
Z I U 0
Z I U 0
Z I U E

- Vit phng trnh s c - v ngn mach mt pha cham t nn co phng
trnh :
0 I , 0 I , 0 U B
.
A
.
C
.
= = =
Vit cac phng trnh s c theo cac thanh phn th t :
+ + = =
+ + = =
+ + =
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
B
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
C
.
I I a I a 0 I
I I I 0 I
U U a U a U

- Giai h 6 phng trnh bng cach th dn ta c :
o
0 2 1
A
.
1 A
.
90 2 , 85
2 , 0 j 5 , 0 j 2 j
230
Z Z Z
E
I =
+ +
=
+ +
=
EB
A
. ZB
1
IB
A1
B
UB
A1
B
.
.
ZB
2
IB
A2
B
UB
A2
B
.
.
IB
A0
B
UB
A0
B
.
.
ZB
0
EB
A
.
EB
B
.
EB
C
.
A
B
C
ZB
1
ZB
2
ZB
3
(h.11-34)
EB
A
.
EB
B
.
EB
C
.
A
B
C
UB
C
.
UB
B
.
UB
A
.
ZB
1
ZB
2
ZB
0
(h.11-33)
UB
B1
B
.
UB
B2
B
.
UB
B0
B
.
UB
A1
B
.
UB
A0
B
.
UB
A2
B
.
UB
C1
B
.
UB
C0
B
.
UB
C2
B
.

171
A 90 a 87
2 , 0 j
a 4 , 17
Z
U
I
A 90 a 2 , 85
5 , 0 j
a 6 , 42
Z
U
I
aV 4 , 17 90 2 , 0 . 90 2 , 85 a Z I a U
V a 6 , 42 90 5 , 0 . 90 2 , 85 a Z I a U
V 60 90 2 . 90 2 , 85 230 Z I E U
o
0
0 A
.
0 A
.
o 2
2
2
2 A
.
2 A
.
o o
0
1 A
.
0 A
.
2 o o 2
2
1 A
.
2
2 A
.
o o
1
1 A
.
A
.
1 A
.
= =
=
= =
=
= = =
= = =
= = =

- Tng hp cac lng thanh phn c dong ngn mach la :
A 20 256 I 3 90 a 87 90 2 , 85
90 2 , 85 90 a 87 90 2 , 85 a . a 90 2 , 85 a I I a I a I
o
1 A
.
o o
o o o 2 2 o
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
C
.
= + +
= + + = + + =

in ap gia cac pha vi t :
V ' 50 133 5 , 92 a 4 , 17 6 , 42 60 a U U a U a U
V ' 50 13 5 , 92 a 4 , 17 a 6 , 42 60 U U U U
o 2
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
B
.
o 2
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
= = + + =
= = + + =

- th vect c ve nh hnh (h.11-35)
Trong o ap i xng la ng net t, ap
luc ngn mach la ng net lin.
V du 2 : Mt h thng in ap dy i
xng UB
AB
B = UB
BC
B = UB
CA
B = 380V cung cp cho ng
c in khng ng b 3 pha co cac tng tr pha
th t ZB
1
B = 3,6+j3,6, ZB
2
B= 0,15+j0,5 =
0,522<73P
o
P18'. Dy dn pha A b t. Hay tm cac
dong in trong cac dy dn va cac in ap ' AA
.
U ,
' O ' C
.
' O ' B
.
' O ' A
.
U , U , U nh hnh ve (h.11-36).
Ta coi nhng ap dy gia cac cc A, B, C c tao nn bi ba ngun in ap
pha i xng co S V 220
3
380
E
f
= = nh hnh ve h(13-26b).
A
B
C
A'
B'
C'
O'
A
B
C
A'
B'
C'
EB
A
.B
EB
B
.B
EB
C
.B
ZB
1
B, ZB
2
O'
(h.11-36) (h.11-36b)
13P
o
P50'
UB
A'
B
UB
C
B= 0
.
.
UB
B
.
UB
A
.
UB
C'
B
.
UB
B'
B
.
(h.11-35)
IB
C'
B
.

172
Thay th vung s c bng s th t - lu y y s th t khng khng
co v khng co dy trung tnh nh hnh ve h(13-37)
Tach cac s th t thun, ngc nh hnh (h.11-37)
Vit phng trnh mach :
+ =
+ = =
2
2 A
.
2 A
.
1
1 A
.
1 A
.
f
.
A
.
Z I U 0
Z I U E E

Phng trnh s c :
+ + = =
+ + = =
= + = + + =
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
' CC
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
' BB
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
U U a U a 0 U
U U a U a 0 U
0 I I I I I I

Giai h phng trnh c : 0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
U U U = = thay 1
.
2
.
U U = va 1 A
.
2 A
.
I I = vao
phng trnh
2
2 A
.
2 A
.
Z I U 0 + = c 1 A
.
1 A
.
2
U I Z 0 + = cung 1 A
.
1 A
.
1
f
.
U I Z E + = ta c :
2 1
f
.
1 A
.
1 A
.
2 1
f
.
Z Z
E
I c tnh I ) Z Z ( E
+
= + =
2 A
.
o
1 A
.
I A ' 33 47 6 , 39
25 , 0 j 15 , 0 6 , 3 j 6 , 3
220
I = =
+ + +
=
Tnh 0 A
.
1 A
.
o o
2
2 A
.
2 A
.
U U ' 45 25 67 , 20 ' 18 , 73 522 , 0 '. 33 47 6 , 39 Z I U = = = = =
= + = = + =
= = + + =
= = = = + =
2 1
' O ' A
.
' O ' A
.
1 A
.
2 1 2
2 A
.
1
1 A
.
' O ' A
.
o
2 A
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
' AA
.
C
.
o 2
1 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
B
.
U U I ) Z Z ( Z I Z I U
V ' 45 25 67 , 20 . 3 U 3 U U U U
I ' 33 137 5 , 68 ' 33 , 47 6 , 39 3 j ) a a ( I I a I a I

V ' 36 5 5 , 183 ' 33 47 6 , 39 ). 5 , 0 j 15 , 0 6 , 3 j 6 , 3 ( U
o o
' O ' A
.
= + =
V ' 43 116 5 , 203 ) aZ Z a ( I U
Z I a Z I a Z I Z I U U U
o
2 1
2
1 A
.
' O ' B
.
2
2 A
.
1
1 A
.
2
2
2 B
.
1
1 B
.
' O ' B
.
' O ' B
.
' O ' B
.
2 1
= =
+ = + = + =

V 26 114 219 I ) Z a aZ ( Z I a Z I a Z I Z I U
o
1 A
.
2
2
1 2
2 A
.
2
1
1 A
.
2
2 C
.
1
1 C
.
' O ' C
.
= = + = + =

A'
B'
C'
ZB
1
B, ZB
2
UB
A1
B
.B
UB
A2
B
.B
UB
A0
B
.B
UB
B1
B
.B
UB
B2
B
.B
UB
B0
B
.B
UB
C1
B
.B
UB
C2
B
.B
UB
C0
B
.B
EB
A
.B
EB
B
.B
EB
C
.B
O'
(h.11-37)
EB
A
.B
UB
A1
B
.B
ZB
1
IB
A1
B
.B
UB
A2
B
.B
ZB
2
IB
A2
B
.B
(h.11-38)

173
6. Tinh cng sut mach ba pha theo cac thanh phn di xung :
T biu thc cng sut phc tng quat cua mach ba pha :
jQ P I U I U I U S S S S C
^
C
.
B
^
B
.
A
^
A
.
C
~
B
~
A
~ ~
+ = + + = + + =
Thay th ap, dong bng cac lng thanh phn i xng :
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
0 A
^
2 A
^
2
1 A
^
C
^
0 A
^
2 A
^
1 A
^
2
B
^
0 A
^
2 A
^
1 A
^
A
^
0 A
.
2 A
.
2
1 A
.
C
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
2
B
.
0 A
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
A
.
I I a I a I
I I a I a I
I I I I
va
U U a U a U
U U a U a U
U U U U

Trong o lu y : a a , a a
2 2
^
= =

Ta co : jQ P S S S I U 3 I U 3 I U 3 S 0
~
2
~
1
~
0 A 0 A
.
2 A 2 A
.
1 A 1 A
. ~
+ = + + = + + =

0 2 1 0 0 A 0 A 2 2 A 2 A 1 1 A 1 A
0 2 1 0 0 A 0 A 2 2 A 2 A 1 1 A 1 A
Q Q Q sin I U 3 sin I U 3 sin I U 3 Q
P P P cos I U 3 cos I U 3 cos I U 3 P
+ + = + + =
+ + = + + =

B
1
B, B
2
B, B
0
B la goc lch pha gia ap vi dong th t tng ng.
Vy co cng sut cua mach ba pha bng tng cac cng sut th t trong mach.
7. Cac diu hoa bc cao cua ap va dong trong mach ba pha :
Ta bit may phat in 3 pha thng phat ra S 3 pha i xng hnh sin. Tuy
nhin v nhiu ly do nn co th tao ra S chu ky khng iu hoa. Co ngha la S se
gm nhiu iu hoa co tn s khac nhau.
Tc la ngoai song c ban tn s con co nhiu song bc cao tn s 3, 5. Ta
se xem xet trong tnh trang 3 pha i xng nhng song iu hoa nay co nhng tnh ch t
g. V may phat in co cu tao i xng, ngha la sut in ng cac pha hoan toan
ging nhau, ch lch nhau v thi gian 1/3 chu ky nn bit song iu hoa th K cua pha
A la eB
KA
B = EB
Km
BsinKt th song iu hoa th K cua pha B la eB
KB
B = EB
Km
BsinK(t - T/3) va
song iu hoa th K cua pha C se la : eB
KC
B = EB
Km
BsinK(t + T/3) = EB
Km
Bsin(Kt +2K/3).
Tc la, i vi song iu hoa th K, pha sau chm pha so vi pha trc mt goc
2K/3. Ta xet quan h 3 pha vi song bc K khac nhau se co c im g.
1. Khi K = 3n (vi n la s nguyn dng, le) : Goi la nhng song bi 3 gm bc
3, 9, 15, 21...Luc nay goc lch pha : B
3n
B = K2/3 = 3n.2/3 = 2n.
eB
KA
B = EB
Km
BsinKt, eB
KB
B = EB
Km
Bsin(Kt -2n), eB
KC
B = EB
Km
Bsin(Kt + 2n).
Ca 3 pha moi thi im u co cung tr s cung chiu. Vy cac song bi 3 cua
3 pha hp thanh nhng h thng i xng th t khng.
2. Nhng song iu hoa bc le K = 3n +1 : Gm cac song bc 1, 7, 9, 13, 19 ...
Luc nay goc lch pha gia cac pha :
3
2
n 2
3
2
) 1 n 3 (
3
2
K

+ =
+ =
= tc la
pha sau chm sau pha trc mt goc
3
2
n 2

+ = , nn 3 pha hp thanh nhng h
thng th t thun.

174
TTK TTT

TTN + +
)
3
2
n 2 t K sin( E e ),
3
2
n 2 t K sin( E e , t K sin E e
Km KC Km KB Km KA
+ + =
= =
3. Nhng song iu hoa bc le K = 3n + 2: Gm cac song iu hoa bc 5, 11,
17, 23...
Luc nay goc lch pha gia cac pha :
3
4
n 2
3
2
) 2 n 3 (
3
2
K

+ =
+ =
= tc
la pha sau chm pha so vi pha trc mt goc
3
4
nn 3 pha hp thanh nhng h thng
th t ngc.
Vy cac iu hoa cao trong mach 3 pha tuy theo tn s hp thanh cac h thng
th t thun, ngc, khng.
eB
KA
B = eB
A0
B + eB
A1
B + eB
A2
B + ...
eB
KB
B = eB
B0
B + eB
B1
B + eB
B2
B + ...
eB
KC
B = eB
C0
B + eB
C1
B + eB
C2
B + ...
4. Ap dung tnh cht cua cac thanh phn th t rut ra mt s tnh cht cua cac
dong, ap trong mach 3 pha i xng khng hnh sin nh sau :
a . Nu ngun S ba pha i xng khng hnh sin ni tam giac h, th in
ap trn hai cc h cua ngun AZ
.
U se gm tng tt ca cac song iu hoa bc 3n cua
in ap. Tc la 0
.
CZ
.
BY
.
AX
.
AZ
.
U 3 U U U U = + + = (tnh cht 1)
Gia tr hiu dung : ... U U U 3 U
2
15
2
9
2
3 AZ
+ + + = ngha
la trong UB
AZ
B ch co cac ap bi ba, tc la cac ap th t
khng.
b . Dong in trong dy trung tnh ch cha
cac song iu hoa bc 3n cua dong pha.
0
.
C
.
B
.
A
.
N
.
I 3 I I I I = + + =
Tr hiu dung : ... I I I 3 I 3 I
2
15
2
9
2
3 0 N
+ + + = =
Vy dong in dy trung tnh ch cha cac lng th t khng. Khi khng co dy trung
tnh th cac dong th t khng trn mi pha u bng 0.
c . in ap cac pha co th gm tt ca cac song iu hoa, nn gia tr hiu dung
cua ap pha la : ... U U U U U U
2
9
2
7
2
5
2
3
2
1 f
+ + + + + =
d . in ap dy khng cha thanh phn th t khng, tc la khng cha song
bi 3 : ... U U U U . 3 U
2
11
2
7
2
5
2
1 d
+ + + + = nn noi chung 3
U
U
f
d
< .
5. Nu cac cun dy cua may phat in ni th cac S se tao nn dong th t
khng chay trong cac cun dy. Khi nay ap trn cc cua khng cha thanh phn th
t khng bi v S th t khng tao nn trong bng vi ap giang trn cac tr trong
cun dy may phat in. Nn luc nay co :
... U U U U U
2
7
2
5
2
1 f d
+ + + = =
A
X B
Y
C Z

175
Nu trn cac cc may phat ni co ni phu tai th do trong ap khng co cac
thanh phn th t khng nn cac dong mach ngoai khng cha thanh phn th t
khng.
Giao trnh C s Ky thut in II Trang
1

CHUONG 12
MACH DIN PHI TUYN O CH D XAC LP VA CAC PHUONG PHAP
PHN TICH
A. CAC KHAI NIM :
- Xet mt cach tuyt i trong cac iu kin thc t, tt ca cac mach in va t
u khng tuyn tnh.
- Cac mach ch c coi la tuyn tnh khi dong in va in ap co tr s trong
mt pham vi han ch nao o luc o cac thng s c trng R, L, C la hng s. Tht
vy, khi dong in qua ln th vt dn se b phat nong a n s bin i t ngt cua
in tr sau o gy nn s bin i trang thai vt ly cua no nh s nong chay cua vt
liu ...Vi in ap qua cao lam cho cac tnh cht cua in mi cac tu in b pha huy.
1. Djnh ngha phn tu phi tuyn, mach phi tuyn.
1. Phn t phi tuyn : La phn t ma phng trnh trang thai cua no la mt
phng trnh vi tch phn phi tuyn lin h cac bin.
V du : Phng trnh trang thai cua cun dy phi tuyn, tu in phi tuyn, in tr
phi tuyn nh sau :
u
L
= L(i
L
)i'
L
; u
C
= C(u
C
)u'
C
; u
r
= R(i)i
(la phn t ma cac thng s c trng cua no lai phu thuc vao bin s nh : L(i
L
),
C(u
C
), R(i
r
). Khac mach tuyn tnh la L, C, R = const.)
2. Mach phi tuyn : La mach trong o co phn t phi tuyn ng vi h phng
trnh vi phn phi tuyn, tc h phng trnh vi phn co h s bin i theo bin.
V du : mach phi tuyn gm L(i)_C(u)_r(i) ni tip vao ngun e(t) co phng
trnh :
) t ( e idt
C
1
' i ) i ( L i ) i ( r = + +

2. Biu din phn tu phi tuyn.
1. Ham c tnh :
Quan h ham gia hai bin o qua trnh trn mt vung nng lng noi ln ban
cht ring cua vung nng lng o goi la ham c tnh
cua vung nng lng.
U
h.12-1
i
V du : Vung tiu tan nng lng r(i) co quan h
ham s gia hai bin u, i la u = r(i).i = u(i) v r phu thuc i
nn u(i) la ng cong (vi mach tuyn tnh co r = const
nn u(i) la ng thng). Vy u(i) trn in tr la ham c
tnh cua in tr phi tuyn goi la c tnh Vn - Ampe.
U
h.12-2
i
c tnh V-A cac phn t phat nong (en si t,
dung cu phat nong) n iu lin tuc nh hnh (h.12-1)
c tnh V-A dung cu chn khng lam vic theo
nguyn tc s phong in toa sang co c V-A t thc
nghim nh hnh (h.12-2)
Trng ai Hoc Ky Thut - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in
2
Vung tch phong nng lng t trng L(i) khng co quan h ham u
L
(i
L
) cun
dy ( v u
L
= L(i).i'), y co quan h ham gia vi i i qua cun dy tc (i) la
ham c tnh cua cun dy goi la c tnh Wb-A - ng cong t hoa co bng thc
nghim nh hnh (h12-3)
Vung tch luy nng lng in trng C(u) khng
co quan h ham u
C
(i
C
) v (i
C
= C.u'
C
). Quan h q(u) mi
noi ln ban cht tch in cua tu, q(u) la ham c tnh cua
tu in co bng thc nghim nh hnh (h12-4).
i
h.12-3
2. Cac dang biu din ham c tnh :
a. Biu din ham c tnh di dang cac ng
cong thc nghim : u(i). (i), q(u).
b. Biu din ham c tnh y(x) di dang cac bang
s.

c. Biu din ham c tnh dui dang cac ham s
gn ung (xp x ham)
u
q
i

i
u
h.12-4
u
q
V du : Nh ham c tnh Wb-A : (i) = a.i - b.i
3

nh hnh (h12-5). T biu thc xp x thy v co tnh phi
tuyn nn xut hin s hang bc cao trong biu thc giai
tch biu din ham c tnh.
Biu din phn t phi tuyn trn s nh hnh (h.12-
6a,b,c) :
i
h.12-5
h.12-6a
r(i)
u(i)
i
L(i)
(i)
L(i)
(i)
i
C(u)
q(u)
u
u
C(u)
q(u)
u(i)
u
r(i)
h.12-6b
h.12-6c
3
Ham c tnh co th i xng, khng i xng, n tr hoc a tr (loi thep),
lin tuc, gian oan (ban dn) nh hnh (h12-7a,b)
u
i
u
i
U
g0
U
g1
U
g2
h.12-7b : Ho c tnh u
a
(i
a
) cua en 3 cc in t h.12-7a : c tnh V - A cua iod
3. c tnh h s cua phn t phi tuyn :
U
M M
u(i)
i
h.12-8a
(i)

M
M
i
I
M

u a. H s tnh : K
t

x
y
K
t
= (12-1)
H s tnh tai mt im trn ham c tnh la ty s
gia tung va hoanh tai im o. V du tai im
M hnh (h.12-8a).
Tai M :
tM
M
M
tM
R tg
I
U
K = = = in tr tnh tai M.
Tng t : =
= tg
I
L
M
M
tM
: in cam tnh tai M.
= = tg
U
q
C
M
M
tM
: in dung tnh tai M.
I
M
b. H s ng :
x
y
K
= (12-2) (H s vi sai).
K
K
t
.
h.12-8b
H s ng tai mt im trn ham c tnh chnh bng dc tai im o.
V du : Tai im M trn hnh (h.12-8b)
= =
= tg ' y
x
y
K
x
: h s ng tai im M. Nh vy ta co :
=
= tg ) M (
i
u
R
M
: in tr ng tai im M.
=

= tg ) M (
i
L
M
: in cam ng tai im M.
=
= tg ) M (
u
q
C
M
: in dung ng tai im M.
T cac h s tnh, ng biu din cac ham c tnh cua phn t phi tuyn:

+ = + =
+ = + =
u
u
0
i
i
0
i
i
0
x
x
0
0 0
0 0
du ). u ( C ) u ( q ) u ( q ; di ). i ( L ) i ( ) i (
di ). i ( R ) i ( u ) i ( u ; dx ). x ( K ) x ( y ) x ( y
(12-3)
4
3. Muc d phi tuyn - tinh thn tuyn tinh hoa
1. Phi tuyn nhiu (ln), phi tuyn nho (t) :
a. V mt toan hoc : Ta bit do co tnh phi tuyn nn xut hin s hang bc cao
trong ham xp x c tnh nn nu s hang bc cao co vai tro ang k trong biu thc
th mach phi tuyn ln, ngc lai la mach phi tuyn nho.
Vy khi phi tuyn nho, s hang bc cao khng co vai tro trong biu thc nn gn
ung ta co th bo qua, luc o mach coi la tuyn tnh, y la tinh thn phng phap
tuyn tnh hoa la phng phap se dung tnh gn ung mach phi
tuyn.
V du : xet mach cun dy loi thep nh hnh (h.12-9). V la
mach phi tuyn nn co :
e(t)
(i)
r
) t ( e ' i . i . b 3 ' i . a r . i : c ta ) i ( thay ) t ( e
dt
di
.
i
r . i ra dn
) t ( e
dt
d
r . i co
) t ( e u u : t / P T
i . a i . b i . a ) i (
2
L r
3
= + =

+
=
+
= +
+ =

h.(12-9)
co phng trnh : ) t ( e ' i . a r . i = + la tuyn tnh nn tnh c d dang theo cac phng
phap tuyn tnh.
b. V mt hnh hoc :
Phi tuyn nho : S hang phi tuyn co vai tro khng ang k, tuyn tnh hoa
mach lam vic nh tuyn tnh nn im lam vic x dch trn mt oan thng.
iu nay xay ra khi bin lam vic co cng nho (quanh gc) hoc gia tr bin
thin ln nhng trong qua trnh lam vic bin ch thay i trong pham vi nho (oan
nho coi nh la oan thng) nh biu din hnh (h.12-10) luc o R
= const,
Vy phi tuyn nho th im lam vic cua mach
bin thin trn oan thng, luc o mach tuyn tnh, la
tinh thn phng phap tuyn tnh hoa.
2. Tnh quan tnh cua phn t phi tuyn - quan
tnh hoa.
Co mt s vt liu co tnh quan tnh (v du tnh
quan tnh nhit). Vi vt liu co tnh quan tnh nhit
th R(I), ng vi nhit nht nh se co R xac nh
ng vi dong in I
hd
, khi dong in thay i u nhanh (ng vi I
hd
trn) th do quan
tnh nhit ma nhit dy se hu nh hng s trong thi gian t, khin R(I) hng trong
quan h tc thi gia in ap va dong in, tc la :
Pham vi bin thin nho
h.(12-10)
i
u(i) = R(I).i ma R(I) la hng nn u(i) la tuyn tnh.

Ta co quan h tc thi u(i) la tuyn tnh.
Con quan h U(I) = R(I).I la phi tuyn (12-4), quan h (12-4) noi ln tnh quan
tnh.
5
tnh h phi tuyn ch chu ky co luc coi cac phn t phi tuyn la co quan
tnh nh tinh thn trn, tc la coi tn tai U(I) phi tuyn nhng vi tr hiu dung xac
nh th quan h tc thi la tuyn tnh, luc o co th vit h phng trnh tc thi di
dang anh phc khi chu ky hnh sin.
y la tinh thn phng phap quan tnh hoa - Coi la tuyn tnh hoa c bit.
V du : Xet mach cun dy loi thep nh hnh (h.12-11). Ta co phng trnh :
u
r
+ u
L
= e(t)
e(t)
L(i)
r
U
L
= .L(I).I
U
L
(I) phi tuyn, u
L
(i) = L(I).i' tuyn tnh nn :

= +
= +
=
E I ). I ( L j r . I : ra Dn
E U U : trnh / p Co
I ). I ( L j U : phc din Biu
L
L
r
h.12-11
4. Tinh cht cua mach phi tuyn.
1. Tnh tao tn : La tnh cht ch co mach phi tuyn khi kch thch co tn s
th ap ng co cac tn s
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
...khac .
3
= m
4
= /n
Phi tuyn

V du : phn t phi tuyn co ham c tnh y = x
2
nu kch thch x = Asint th ap ng
t 2 cos
2
A
2
A
t sin A y
2 2
2 2
+ = = cha iu hoa 2. Noi chung ap ng co th cha
iu hoa n bc n bng s bc cao nht trong cac s hang cua ham c tnh y(x). Tnh
cht nay c ng dung trong ky thut nhn, chia tn s.
2. Hai hay nhiu kho co th trao i nng lng qua lai vi nhau gy nn t dao
ng, co th iu chnh s x dch li keo tn s t dao ng.
3. H phi tuyn co th co nhiu trang thai cn bng.
4. Co th xay ra hin tng Trig
5. Co th xay ra cng hng st t.
6. Khng co tnh xp chng.
5. Cac huong nghin cuu tinh toan mach phi tuyn :
1. Thc cht vic giai mach phi tuyn la giai h phng trnh K1, K2 dang vi
phn phi tuyn. V la h vi phn phi tuyn nn
khng co cach giai chung ma la nhng phng
phap gn ung, tim cn cho tng bai toan cu th.
h.12-12
0
I
U
2. Cac phng phap th.
3. Cac phng phap giai tch.
4. Phng phap m hnh.
Tnh cht khng tuyn tnh khng ch la do
6
cac phn t thu ng gy nn (trn o xay ra s bin i in nng thanh nng lng
khac) ma con do ca phn t tch cc gy ra (phn t bin i nng lng khac thanh
in nng). Nh c tnh ngoai cua cac may phat in hnh (h.12-12). Song noi n
mach phi tuyn chu yu cp n cac phn t thu ng R, L, C phi tuyn, con cac
phn t tch cc phi tuyn co th c quan tm nhng chuyn khac.

B. MACH PHI TUYN O CH D XAC LP HNG (MT CHIU)
1. H phuong trinh cho mach phi tuyn xac lp hng :
V xac lp hng (mt chiu) co = 0 nn :
in ap trn cun dy : 0
t
i
). i ( L u
L
=
= nn cun dy nh ni tt vi dong in
mt chiu.
Dong in qua tu in : 0
t
u
). u ( C i
C
=
= nn tu in nh h mach vi dong
in mt chiu.
Do o L(i), C(u) b loai ra khoi s mach phi tuyn mt chiu, v vy h
phng trnh se la h phng trnh ai s phi tuyn lin h cac in ap, dong in trn
cac in tr phi tuyn.
Tng ng se la s gm cac in tr phi tuyn (co th ca tr tuyn tnh) ni
vi nhau thanh s mach phi tuyn.
Cho nn thc cht vic giai mach phi tuyn mt chiu la giai h phng trnh ai
s phi tuyn vit theo lut K1, K2. Va o chnh la m hnh cua mach in phi tuyn
xac lp mt chiu.
V du : Xet mach in nh hnh (h.12-13)
E
r
R
3
R
h.12-13
V la mach mt chiu nn t hnh (h.12-13) chuyn thanh s hnh (h.12-14)
giai.
H phng trnh ai s phi tuyn :
I
E
r
I
2
I
1
R
3
R
I = I
1
+ I
2
E = I.r + I
1
.R
E = I.r + I
2
.R
3
(I
2
)
Nh a bit : Khng co cach chung giai
h phi tuyn nay (v ngay cac ham c tnh cung t
thc nghim va gn ung) ma ch co nhng
phng phap gn ung ng vi cac bai toan cu th
h.12-14
7
theo bn nhom a nu. Nn ta se nu mt s phng phap giai mach phi tuyn xac lp
mt chiu nh sau :
2. Giai mach phi tuyn xac lp hng bng phuong phap d thj :
1. Ni dung, tinh thn phng phap :
Thc cht la giai bng th nhng quan h va phng trnh ai s phi tuyn.
Da trn c s la nhng ng cong ham c tnh a bit cung vi h phng
trnh khao sat m ta mach, thc hin nhng phep tnh ai s va phep cn bng trn
th c nghim bai toan.
Thc hin theo cac bc nh sau :
- Vit h phng trnh mach
- Thc hin cac phep ai s trn th.
- Thc hin phep cn bng cho ra nghim.
2. V du giai cho mt vai mach n gian :
a. Giai mach phi tuyn khng phn nhanh (ni tip) nh hnh (h.12-15a). Bit
kch thch E, cu truc, cac ham c tnh U
1
(I), U
2
(I) di dang ng cong.
Xac nh I, U
1
, U
2
.
I
U
2
(I)
U
1
(I)
E
0 I I
h.12-15b
U
1
(I)
U
2
(I)
U(I)
M
U
E
U
2
U
1
T phng trnh theo
nh lut K2 :
U
1
(I) + U
2
(I) = E.
Thc hin phep cng
th : U
1
(I) + U
2
(I) = U(I).
h.12-15a
Cho cn bng vi E
tai im lam vic c I.
Hoc E - U
1
(I) = U
2
(I) hoc E - U
2
(I) = U
1
(I) nh hnh (h.12-15b)
b. Giai mach phi tuyn co phn nhanh (ni song song) nh hnh (h.12-16a)
J = I
1
(U) + I
2
(U)
J = I(U) hoc J - I
1
(U) = I
2
(U) cho cn bng c nghim nh hnh (h.12-16b)
0 I J I
2
I
1
U
I
2
(U)
I
1
(U)
I(U)
U
h.(12-16a)
J
I
1
(U) I
2
(U)
h.(12-16b)
c. Giai mach phi tuyn hn hp : nh hnh (h.12-17a)
Phng trnh mach :
I
2
(U
2
) +I
3
(U
2
) = I
1
(U
2
).
Thc hin trn th phep cng nay (cung in ap cng theo dong in). Bit
U
1
(I), thc hin phep tnh theo K2 :
U
1
(I
1
) + U
2
(I
1
) = U(I
1
) (cung dong in cng theo in ap).
Thc hin phep cn bng E = U(I
1
) c nghim nh hnh (h.12-17b).
8
Ro rang phng phap nay ch thch hp cho bai toan n gian.
U
2
I
2
I
1
h.(12-17b)
I
3
U
1
E
U
I
1
(U
2
)
I
3
(U
2
)
I
2
(U
2
)
U
1
(I
1
)
U(I
1
)
E
U
1
(I
1
)
I
2
(U) I
3
(U)
h.(12-17a)
3. ng dung phng phap th xet mt s hin tng trong mach phi tuyn
mt chiu :
a. Mach n ap mt chiu :
La mach in ap vao thay i nhiu, in ap ra thay i t ( U
1
ln, U
2
nho)
Ta co :
2
2
1
1
n
U
U
U
U
K
= la h s n ap - ch cht lng n ap (cang ln cang tt)

Thng K
n
t 50 - 100.
Co nhiu s thc hin khac nhau.
Ta xet s gm R
m
(co th tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn) vi U
m
(I) co tr ng
ln (bin ng in ap nhiu) ni tip tr phi tuyn U
2
(I) co tr ng be (t bin ng
in ap khi dong in bin ng nhiu) nh hnh (h.12-18a), (h.12-18b).
in ap ly ra cung cp cho tai U
2
, ta thy in ap nay bnh n v U
2
(I) = E -
U
m
. Giai thch bng th nh sau :
E - U
m
: phu thuc vao R
m
.
a)
E
R
m
U
2
(I)
I
U
2
E - U
m
c)
U U
2
(I)
U
1

h.12-18b
U
2
(I) U

Nu R
m
la tuyn tnh th E - U
m
la ng thng.
Nu R
em
la phi tuyn th E - U
m
la ng cong. im lam vic se la giao im
ng E - U
m
vi ng U
2
(I) nh hnh (h.12-18c)
V ly do nao o in ap vao thay i lng U
1
ln th tng ng co s thay i
in ap ra U
2
(v trn oan U
2
(I) co h s ng nho nn U
2
nhoso vi U
1
) nh hnh
(h.12-18d), (h.12-18e), (h.12-18g)
9
U
U
2
(I)
h.12-18e
U
2
(I) en n ap co kh
U
U
2
(I)
d)
Khi R
m
phi tuyn
E - U
m
U
1

U
2

I
E - U
m
U
1

U
2

g)
U
2
(I) cua it Zenner
I
U
U
2
(I)
U
2

U
1

E - U
m
b. n dong mt chiu : Mach n dong la mang 2 ca gm tai ni tip vi tr
phi tuyn co I(U) t bin ng khi in ap bin ng nhiu nh hnh (h.12-19a,b)
E
Tai
I(U
1
)
Giai thch s n dong bng
phng phap th nh hnh (h.12-
19c,d) :
U
b)
h.12-19
I(U
1
) I
T phng trnh :E = U
1
(I) + U
tai
(I)
a)
Co : E - U
tai
(I) = U
1
(I)
Khi tai tuyn tnh :
E - U
tai
(I) ng thng.
Khi tai phi tuyn :
E - U
tai
(I) ng cong.
T th thy in ap vao
thay i nhiu U
v
ln, con
I ly trn oan h s ng nho nn bin ng dong in nho - tao c s n dong
in.
E - U
tai
I I(U
1
)
h.12-19
U
c)
I
U
V
I(U
1
) I
d)
U
I
U
V
E - U
tai
b. B tao ham tr :
Trong ky thut m hnh va iu khin cn dung nhng b tao cac ham tao ra
tn hiu y la ham a cho cua tn hiu vao x, y = f(x).
Thng co hai loai ham phai tao :
y = f(x) x
Ham tr thc hin quan h u(i).
Ham truyn at thc hin quan h u
2
(u
1
).
Co nhiu cach thc hin b tao ham : C kh, in c, in t.
Ta xet b tao ham tr :
Thc cht b tao ham la tao quan h ham I(U) a
cho la mt ng cong nao o. Coi o la chp ni bi
nhng oan thng co dc va ngng khac nhau. Vy
cang nhiu oan thng th cang tim cn n ng I(U)
nh hnh (h.12-20)
I
3
(U)
I
1
(U)
I
2
(U)
I
I(U) = I
1
(U) + I
2
(U) + I
3
(U).
By gi vn lp s thc hin cac oan
thng vi dc khac nhau. Ta dung s iod - in tr
(h.12-21).
U
h.(12-20)
Bo qua in ap trn iod ta co phng trnh :
10
r
U U
i
01
=
U
r
i
iod ch chay mt chiu thun khi U - U
01
> 0 nn ch
co dong in trong mach khi U > U
01
.
Khi U U
01
van khoa, khng co dong in nh hnh
(h.12-21a)
U
01
h.12-21
Vy bng mach iod - in tr tao ra c nhng oan
thng vi dc 1/r ng vi cac ngng U
01
> 0.
I
r'
1
r
1
Dung s hnh (h.12-21b).
Vi chiu dng quy c nh cu ta co phng trnh :

r
U U
i
02
+
=
U
01
U'
01 U
h.12-21a
nn mun co dong in th U + U
02
< 0. Vy U < - U
02

th iod thng va U -U
02
th khoa. Vy s tao c nhng
oan thng pha -U nh hnh (h.12-21c).
r
i
U
h.12-21b
Sau khi co nhng oan thng nh vy ch cn chp ni
nhng s lai ta se c mach tao ham cn thit nh hnh
(h.12-21d). U
02

U
I
U
-U
02
h.12-21c
h.12-21d
3. Phuong phap do giai mach din phi tuyn xac lp hng
Phng phap nay tin li giai mach ni hnh mc xch (xu chui). Bit kch
thch, s , ham c tnh cac phn t phi tuyn th nu bit c nghim mc xch
cui co th ln tm dn ra c kch thch, nu nghim ung vi kch thch a cho th
coi nh bai toan giai xong.
V du : Giai mach hnh (h.12-22)
E
E
k
(I
k
5
)
I
5
E
5
h.12-22a
0
I
R
4
U
5
(I)
U
1
(I)
R
2
E
U
3
(I)
h.12-22
11
Tuy y gia thit dong in nhanh cui (nhng v tuy y nn chc la khac
nghim I
1
5
I
5
thc nn k hiu la ). T tra U
1
5
I
1
5
I
5
(I). Cho , tnh
1
5
U =
1
4
U
4
1
4 1
4
R
U
I = tnh
tra theo U
1
5
1
4
1
3
I I I + =
3
(I) cho , tnh tnh
1
3
U
1
4
1
3
1
2
U U U + =
2
1
2 1
2
R
U
I = tnh ,
tra theo U
1
3
1
2
1
1
I I I + =
1
(I) cho tnh a cho.
1
1
U E U U E
1
2
1
1
1
+ =
Nu sai khac nhiu ta tnh lai t u cho n khi E
k
E la xong, qua trnh do tnh
la qua trnh dong i quan h ) cho nn trong qua trnh o ta c gng ly nhiu
cac gia tr quanh E(I
I ( E
k
5
k
5
) ve c ng nay sau o t E a bit dong ln xac nh I
5
,
co th s dung cac cng thc ni suy toan hoc xac nh gia tr sau khi chon
va nh hnh (h.12-22a). Tc t cp suy ra theo
cng thc :
1 k
5
I
+ k
5
I
1 k
5
I

) E , I ( ); E , I (
1 k 1 k
5
k k
5

) E , I (
1 k 1 k
5
+ +
1 k
1 k
5
1 k
5
k
k
5
1 k
5
E E
I I
E E
I I
+ +
.
4. Phuong phap lp
E
U
2
(I)
U
1
(I)
Trong mt s bai toan co th lp phng trnh dang :
=
=
x ) x ( y
) x ( f ) x ( y
(12-5)
V du : Mach in nh hnh (h.12-23)
) U ( )] U ( f [ f E U
) I ( f E ) I ( U E U
) U ( f I ) I ( f ) I ( U
) I ( f ) I ( U
2 2 3 1 2
1 1 2
2 3 2 2
1 1
= =
= =
= =
=

h.12-23
Luc nay chung ta co th giai h nh sau :
u tin tuy y gia thit nghim x
1
(v tuy y se khng ung ngay nghim) tng
ng co thay x
1 1
x y =
1
vao f(x
1
) nu ung la nghim th f(x
1
) phai bng y
1
nhng v tuy
y nn f(x
1
) = y'
1
va y'
1
y
1
(nu f(x
1
) = y
1
= x
1
th xong) v sai khac o nn ta phai chon
lai x, luc nay ta khng tuy y na ma ly f(x
1
) = y
1
= x
2
(ln chon th hai) thay vao f(x
2
)
= y'
2
x
2
th tip tuc chon x
3
= f(x
2
) thay vao f(x
3
) = y'
3
x
3
c th tip tuc n x
k
=
f(x
k
) y
k
th xong.
Y ngha hnh hoc : Vic tnh lp biu din hnh (h.12-24a,b,c,d)


y = x
0
y'
y'
1
x
3
x
2
a.
x
1
x
y
y = f(x)
y = x
x
1
y
y = f(x)
x
0
b.
12

y = x
x
1
x
y
y = f(x)
y = x
0
x
y
y = f(x)
x
1
c.

0
h.(12-24) d.

T o thy iu kin lp hi tu la 1 ) x ( ' f < .
V du : Tnh mach in (h.12-25)
U

I
1 2 3 4
b. c tnh V-A cua U
2
(I)

4
E = 6V
U
2
(I)
r = 3

2

0 h.(12-25a)

Phng trnh mach theo bin I la :
) I ( U
3
1
2 ) I ( U
3
1
3
6
I ;
r
) I ( U
r
E
r
) I ( U E
I
2 2
2 2
= = =
=
Ta bt u lp : Chon I
0
=1
I
0
=1 tra c tnh V-A c tnh I 3 , 0 U
0
2
=
1
= 2 - 0,33.0,3 = 1,9
Tnh lp I
2
= 1,9 tra tnh I 1 U
2
2
=
3
= 2 - 0,33.1 = 1,67
Lp tip I
4
= 1,67 tra tnh I 7 , 0 U
4
2
=
5
= 2 - 0,33.0,7 = 1,77
Lp tip I
6
= 1,77 tra tnh I 8 , 0 U
6
2
=
7
= 2 - 0,33.0,8 = 1,74 I
6
Bai toan giai xong ta co nghim : I = 1,77A.
5. Mach tu
I. Khai nim : Nhiu TB c tao nn trn nguyn tc la phai tp trung
ng sc t trng thanh cac dong t thng theo nhng ng nht nh nn cn
xet cu truc nay.
1. Ngun t : tao B, cn co ngun t :
Co hai loai ngun t :
- Nam chm vnh cu : c lam t cac vt liu co tnh gi t cao. Xac nh
ngun nay qua cac ng cong t tr va kch thc cua nam chm.
- Nam chm in la cun dy loi thep co dong in, co iw = F goi la sc t
ng (nh S mach in).
2. Gng t : Vt liu dn t c ghep lai vi nhau tao nn ng i cho t
thng goi la gng t.
13
Vt liu t hay vt liu st t (VLST) (pecma li, tn silic,...) co tnh dn t cao.
anh gia dn t h s :t thm (ging nh in dn trong mach in)
0
= 4.10
-7
H/m ( t thm cua khng kh)
(h)VLST
> 1 tuy loai vt liu st t (t 1000 10000
Gaus). Gng t thng c ghep t cac tm silic thanh cac dang , ri ghep thanh
mach t khng phn nhanh, co phn nhanh tuy vao yu cu s dung.
3. iu kin mach hoa - s phn b t thng :
Nu xet mt cach tuyt i, noi chung phn b ca thi gian, khng gian nn
bai toan mach t tng ng la bai toan trng ( h phng trnh vi phn ring phn) rt
phc tap. Nn vi chnh xac u dung ta ch xet phn b theo t, m hnh mach
(nn goi la mach t, qua trnh phn b t c xet di m hnh mach)
Mun ch phn b theo thi gian phai thoa man iu kin mach hoa :
+ Bc song kch thch u ln so vi kch thc cun dy, loi thep ( >>
kch thc).
+ Gng t co >> mi trng.
+ Dy dn co >> mi trng.
Khi thoa man cac iu kin trn th coi chay trn mt oan mach t la nh
nhau. Tc la (t). Luc o h phng trnh lin h cac bin se la h phng trnh K1,
K2 - ta co m hnh mach t.
Vy nh ngha : Mach t la h thng gm ngun t, gng t chay trong o
dong t thng phn b theo thi gian.
4. oan mach t : Ta bit VLST khac nhau th khac nhau, kch thc gng t
gm l, S khac nhau th khac nhau v = B.S
Vy mt oan mach t c c trng bi : VLST (tc quan h B = .H ) va
kch thc (l, S).
Phai xac nh mt biu thc gm cac c trng trn m ta, biu din oan
mach t (ging nh biu din vung tr phi tuyn bng ham c tnh U(I), R(I)). T B =
.H (cua VLST nao o), y (H) nn quan h ng cong (ng cong t hoa) co
c bng thc nghim, nh hnh (h.12-26a,b)

a thng s kch thc vao quan h B = (H).H c B.S = (H).H.S, hay co
th vit : = f(H.l), con k hiu la = f(U
M
) chnh la ng cong tao c cho tng
oan mach t.
H.l = U
M
(t ap ri)
H
B
ng trung bnh
H
B
h.12-26a : co tr, xoay h.12-26b
14
Vy mt oan mach t c c trng bi quan h ham = f(H.l) = f(U
M
) y
chnh la ham c tnh cua oan mach t ; la thng s c trng c ban cua mt oan
mach t trong m hnh mach.
Trong o :
: la dong t thng (ging dong in trong mach in).
H.l = U
M
: la t ap ri (ging in ap ri).
Nn , H.l la hai bin o qua trnh h thng t c m ta bi m hnh mach.
Vy ta co ngun t F = i.W, oan mach t (U
M
) phai c dn ra mt thng s
c trng nao no (R
M
), vi hai bin s la , U
M
lin h nhau trong lut K1, K2 qua R
M

tao nn h phng trnh cua mach t.
II. Cac lut va phuong trinh mach tu - so d mach tu :
1. Lut m mach t :
Ta thy co vai tro nh dong in i trong mach in va U
M
= H.l co vai tro nh
in ap U lp t s gia hai bin ta co :
M
M
R
S .
l
S . H .
l . H
S . B
l . H U
=
= =
goi la t tr.
V phu thuc H nn :
S ). H (
l
R
M
= nn (U
M
) la
ng cong. Biu din hnh hoc t tr R
M
nh hnh (h.12-27).
Lp t s :
M
M
M
R
1
g
l
S .
l . H
S . H .
l . H
S . B
U
= =
= =
goi la t dn.
Vy co th biu din mt oan mach t bng thng s R
M
(hay g
M
). T o nh
ngha mt nhanh t la tp hp cac oan mach t trong o co mt dong . Tng t
nh mach in ta cung co cac nut (nh) cua mach t, cac vong cua mach t.
(U
M
)
R
M
h.12-27
2. Lut Kirhof 1 cua mach t c phat biu nh sau : "Tng ai s cac dong t
tai mt nh trit tiu".
V du : Mach t hnh (h.12-28)
co hai nh a, b ta co phng trnh K1
cho nh a la :
= + = 0 0
3 2 1 k

S
1
, l
1
,
1
S
2
, l
2
,
2 a
b
w
1
I
1
w
2
I
2
3
(lut nay la h qua cua lut Macxuel 3
khi bao am tnh lin tuc cua dong t
thng)
h.12-28

= = = =
k k k
S
S . B 0 dS . B 0 divB
3. Lut Kirhof 2 cua mach t c phat biu nh sau :
"Theo mt vong kn tng ai s cac sut t ap cn bng vi tng ai s cac sc t
ng".
Ta co biu thc la :
15

=
= =
k k k k
k k k Mk
w . i l . H
w . i F U

(Lut nay suy t phng trnh Macxuel 1 khi thoa man iu kin mach hoa).
V du : T mach t hnh (h.12-28) co hai vong c lp ta vit phng trnh K2 :
Vong I :
3 3 1 1 1 1
l . H l . H w . i + =
Vong II :
3 3 2 2 2 2
l . H l . H w . i + =
4. S mach t : Ta a co i.w = F la sc t ng nh S trong mach in
con R
M
la t tr ging nh in tr phi tuyn, chp ni vi nhau thanh nhanh, nut,
vong thoa man K1, K2 lin h cac bin , U
M
la s mach t.
Nh vy co s tng t hoan toan gia mach t vi mach in phi tuyn. Nn
co th dung cac phng phap tnh mach phi tuyn tnh toan mach t. Co th chuyn
s mach t dang (h.12-28) thanh dang (h.12-29) ging nh s mach in phi
tuyn.
1
(H
1
,l
1
)
2
(H
2
,l
2
)
(co th biu din mach t bng s gm ngun
t i.w, gng t vi nhng oan mach t S, l ni vi
nhau thanh nhanh, nut, vong chay qua nhng dong
t thng nh mach t tht trn. Nh hnh
(h.12-30a,b)
R
M3
R
M1
3
(H
3
,l
3
)
R
M2
F
1
= i
2
.w
2
F
1
= i
1
.w
1

h.12-29
b.
S
3
, l
3
S
2
, l
2
S
1
, l
1
w
i
U
M2
()

U
M1
()
i.w
R
kk
R
M2
R
M1

a.
h.12-30

III. Tinh mach tu : Co hai bai toan mach t :
1. Bai toan thun : Bit kt cu, sc t ng, cn tm ?
2. Bai toan ngc : Bit kt cu, bit , cn xac nh F = i.w c nh a
bit.
V du : Giai mach t hnh (h.12-31a) bng phng phap th (h.12-31b)

U
M1
U
M2
U
M2
()
U
M1
()
U
M
()
U
M
= H.l
U
M2
()
a.
U
M1
()
F
R
M2
R
M1

F

h.12-31
b.

16
Bai toan cho bit mach t gm st F ni tip vi oan mach t co ham c tnh
U
M1
() va U
M2
() (hoc hai t tr R
M1
, R
M2
) vi U
M1
(), U
M2
() la cac ng cong
a bit. Phng trnh K2 cho vong mach t la :
) ( U ) ( U ) ( U F
M 2 M 1 M
= + =
ng cong U
M
() co c bng cach cng theo truc U
M
hai ng cong
U
M1
() va U
M2
() cn bng F vi U
M
() cho ra nghim cua bai toan. Ta co :
Bai toan thun : T F dong ra ng U
M
() c .
Bai toan ngc : T dong ln ng U
M
() c F ma F = i.w t o xac nh
i hoc w cn thit tao ra theo yu cu.
3. Tnh mach co nam chm vnh cu (NCVC)
Ta bit NCVC lam bng hp kim Fe-Al-Ni-Co co tnh nng gi t cam d Bo,
NCVC c dung lam ngun t cho cac TB nho, nn ta cn xet mach t co NCVC.
Bai toan la tm B (hay ) trong khe khng kh khi bit kch thc VLST va c
tnh t hoa B(H) hay (H.l) cua NCVC. Thng sut ap t trn mach st non nho so vi
sut ap t trn khe khng kh nn con goi y la bai toan NCVC - khe khng kh nh
hnh (h.12-32a).

V khng co thm sc t ng (St) i.w nao khac nn c tnh lam vic cua
NCVC la oan trong goc vung th 2 (oan kh t), trong oan nay B, H ngc chiu
nhau (h.12-32b).
b.
H.l
H
, B
B
0

B
0
=.H
0
l
0

0
, S
0

B
S
, H
S
l
S
,
S
a.
h.12-32
T B(H) oan kh t a kch thc l, S vao ta c :
B.S = , H.l = U
M
ve (H.l) tng t (h.12-32b). o chnh la thng s cua
ngun t NCVC.
Ta co phng trnh K2 cn bng cac t ap ri theo vong kn la :
0 M 0 0 0 M
0 M MS 0 0 S S M
R . l H U : o Trong
U U l H l H 0 U
= =
+ = + = =

) ( U
S .
l
. U : h quan Co
0 M
0 0
0
0 M
=
= la ng thng v R
M0
= const.
Con : U
MS
= H
S
.l
S
= R
MS
= U
MS
() la oan cong kh t goc phn t th 2
nh hnh (h.12-32b). Vy giao im cua ng cong U
MS
() va ng thng U
M0
()
goc phn t th 2 se la nghim nh hnh (h.12-32c) ( v co U
MS
() = - U
M0
().
17
Vi bai toan thun : Bit H
S
l
S
dong ln ct
ng U
MS
() dong sang ta c la t thng
qua khe khng kh.
h.(12-32c)
H.l = U
M
B.S =

B
0

(H
0
.l
0
)
(H
S
.l
S
)
H
S
.l
S
Vi bai toan ngc :T a bit dong
sang ct ng U
MS
(), dong xung c H
S
l
S
=
U
MS
= R
MS
=
0
0
S
S
S ). H (
l
S ). H (
l
. T o
chon c NCVC. y khe khng kh hep nn
co
S
0 S S 0
S
B B S S

= = = .

C. MACH DIN PHI TUYN O CH D XAC LP XOAY CHIU.
1. Cac dc dim
1. Mach phi tuyn xac lp dao ng la trang thai ph bin nh : MBA, ng c,
may phat tn s, phat xung, b dao ng a hai, n ap ... Dao ng phi tuyn xac lp
chia thanh hai loai :
+ Dao ng cng bc xay ra trong mach co kch thch cng bc. c biu
din bi h phng trnh vi phn phi tuyn co v 2.
r
e(t)
(i)
V du : Mach hnh (h.12-33)
Phng trnh cua mach la :
) t ( e
dt
di
.
di
d
i . r : c
) t ( e
dt
d
i . r : co
) t ( e u u
L r
=
+
=
+
= +

h.12-33
+ Dao ng t do (t dao ng) la qua trnh xay ra trong mach khng co kch
thch cng bc. c biu din bi phng trnh vi phn khng v 2. y la s phong
tch gia cac kho sau khi c tch luy.
2. c im ring cua cac dao ng phi tuyn :
a. Ph tn cua dao ng phi tuyn thng cha nhiu iu hoa bi (v nguyn
tc la v han)
Co th xp phng trnh mach phi tuyn thanh dang :
0
thch kch
) t (
tuyn phi hang s Nhom
) t , ' x , x (
2
f
tnh tuyn hang s Nhom
) t , ' x , x (
1
f = + +
3 2 1 43 42 1 43 42 1

Trong o : f
1
(x,x',t) = 0 la phng trnh tuyn tnh suy bin, co nghim x la iu
hoa co tn s va f
2
(x,x',t) = 0 cho nghim co nhiu tn s khac nhau. Cac nghim
tn s khac nhau ng vi cac ham cos, sin c lp tuyn tnh. Nn co s cn bng
th nghim cua mach phi tuyn phai chu ky khng sin gm tng cua nhiu iu hoa
thanh phn. y chnh la c s cua nguyn ly cn bng iu hoa dung tnh mach phi
tuyn dao ng.
18
b. T dao ng phi tuyn khng co tn s ring, no tuy thuc cng qua
trnh, mc phi tuyn (dao ng tuyn tnh co tn s ring
LC
1
0
= )
c. Di kch thch chu ky c nh v bin, tn, pha co th tn tai mt s ap
ng cng bc co bin, pha khac nhau (trong o co th co nhng im khng n nh).
d. M hnh cua mach phi tuyn xac lp xoay chiu la h phng trnh vi phn
phi tuyn vit theo lut K1, K2. V vy khng co phng phap chung giai ma ch co
cac phng phap gn ung cho tng bai toan cu th. Ta nu mt s phng phap nh
sau :
2. Phuong phap d thj giai mach phi tuyn xac lp dao dng
Khi phng trnh mach dang y = f[x(t)]. Trong o y
= f(x) va x = x(t) dang th, ta co th t ng y =
f(x) va x = x(t) ve ng y(t) bng cach lp bang nh
hnh (h.12-34).
t t
1
t
2
t
3
x x
1
x
2
x
3
y y
1
y
2
y
3
h.12-34
Ta minh hoa phng phap bng cac v du sau :
1. Xet dong in, in ap trong mach khuch ai in t :
Mach khuch ai in t la mang 2 ca c bit (h.12-35). Ca vao gK co tr
va rt ln nn i
g
= 0, ch co U
g
(t) (tn hiu vao a bit). Ca ra co U
a
, i
a
.
U
gK
iu khin dn cua en i
a
(U
gK
).
r
a
A
u
a
U
0
h.12-35
K
u
g
g
) t ( u
u
i
) t ( i
g
g
a
a
=
Ta co : i
a
= S.u
g
(t)
Vi S : h dn cua en.
u
g
(t) : tn hiu vao a bit.
Quan h nay la c tnh ring cua tng en,
bng thc nghim co c (no la mt ng cong). U
0
la in ap lam lch khin u
g
(t) bin thin theo y mun
theo c tnh lam vic. Cn xac nh i
a
(t), t o xac
nh U
a
. Ta thc hin nh trn hnh
(h.12-35a).
0
t
i
a
i
a
(t) i
a
= S.u
g
U
0
u
gK
t
t
4
u
g
(t)
t
3
t
1
t
2
t
4
t
3
t
2
t
1
2. Xet dong in, in ap trong
cun dy loi thep :
Mach cun dy loi thep thng
gp nh : may bin ap, rle, cun cam,
may in ...co ham c tnh cun dy loi
thep : (i) tuy thuc vao quan h B(H)
cua VLST lam loi, y t thng bin
thin theo thi gian c tao nn do
dong xoay chiu, nn mach cun dy loi
h.12-35a
19
thep chnh la mach t co t thng bin thin.
- Khi khng k xoay, t tr, th (i) la ng trung bnh n tr nh hnh
h(12-36a).
- Nu co k xoay, t tr th (i) la ng chu trnh t tr a tr nh hnh (h.12-
36b).

a. h.12-36
0
i

b.
H.l
H
, B
B
0
a. Khi t vao cun dy loi thep in ap hnh sin : u(t) =
U
m
cos(t) nh hnh (h.12-37a)
(i) u(t)
Cn xac nh i(t) ? Bit (i) nh hnh (h.12-36). Nhng
y khng co quan h ham gia u vi i nn trc ht ta tm quan
h gia va u nh sau :
h.12-37a
)
2
t cos( t sin
)
2
t cos(
U
t sin
U
tdt cos U udt ) t ( nn
dt
d
u V
m m
m m
m
=
=
= = =
=

Vy : nu u(t) hnh sin th (t) hnh sin va chm pha goc /2. T (t) hnh sin
va (i) a bit giai th cho ra i(t) cn tm.
Xet trng hp bo qua t tr, mach khng co tn tht, co (i) n tr va (t)
hnh sin ta ve c i(t) nh hnh (h.12-37b).

h.12-37b
0

0
i
i
2
i
1
t
u, i,
(t) : sin
t
1
t
2
u(t) : sin
i(t) : khng sin
20
Ta thy u(t) sin, (t) sin chm pha /2 va i(t) khng sin, nhon u nhng chu ky
nn phn tch thanh cac song hnh sin c ban va bc cao. V i(t), (t) cung chu ky nn
i(t) c ban chm pha so vi u(t) goc /2 ((t), i(t) cung qua 0 va cc ai). iu hoa c
ban cua i(t) chm sau u(t) goc /2 nn cng sut P
1
= 0 = U
1
.I
1
.cos90
0
mach khng co
tn hao nh gia thit a t ra.
y u(t) ch co song c ban. Con i(t) ngoai song c ban con co cac song bc
cao i
3
, i
5
,...nhng v khng co u
3
, u
5
... nn P
3
, P
5
...= 0. Ro rang do tnh cht bao hoa cua
c tnh t hoa trn loi thep ma khi t vao cun dy loi thep in ap hnh sin th ap
ng la dong in khng sin ma la chu ky nhon u.
Xet trng hp co t tr, (i) a tr :
Giai bng th nh hnh (h.12-38)

h.12-38
u(t) : sin
(t) : sin
i(t)
t
0 t
2
t
1 i
0

, u, i
Qua th ta thy : u(t) hnh sin, (t) hnh sin chm pha /2 con i(t) khng sin,
chu ky, cung qua max nhng khng cung qua 0 vi (t) nn iu hoa c ban cua i(t)
khng cung pha vi (t). V vy iu hoa c ban cua i(t) va u(t) khng vung pha
nhau nn P
1
= U
1
.I
1
.cos
1
0. Vy h co tiu tan.
b. Khi kch thch dong in iu hoa : i(t) = I
m
sint.
Cn xet in ap u(t) trn cun dy co dang g khi i(t) hnh sin.

i, u, i
0 0
u(t) : nhon u
(t) : bng u
i(t) : hnh sin
t
2
t
1
-
t
h.12-39

21
T i(t) hnh sin ly tng thi im dong c i ri dong sang i() c , ve
(t) co dang bng u. Thc hin phep d/dt c u(t) nhon u , co song bc cao nh
hnh (h.12-39) cho trng hp bo qua t tr. (t) va i(t) cung qua cc ai va 0, u(t)
vt trc pha (t) goc /2 nn i(t) va song c ban cua u(t) vung pha nhau, nn P
1
=
0 (khi co tr, xoay th P
1
0).
Vy khi t vao cun dy loi thep dong in (in ap) hnh sin th ap ng xac
lp dao ng chu ky nhng nhon nh do cha nhiu iu hoa bc cao (chu yu bc 3).
Loi thep cang bao hoa cang ro.
- Khi khng k tiu tan, t tr : th (t), i(t) cung qua cc ai va 0 nn P = 0.
- Khi co t tr : P 0 = U.I.cos
1
= f
1
.S

Vi : f
1
: la tn s t hoa
Con : S

: la din tch c bao bi ng t tr.
3. Phuong phap cn bng diu hoa giai mach phi tuyn xac lp dao dng
La phng phap c ban giai mach dao ng phi tuyn ch xac lp, da
trn nguyn tc cn bng iu hoa.
1. Tinh thn phng phap :
V mach phi tuyn co tnh tao tn nn gn ung coi nghim gm nhiu s hang
iu hoa ng vi cac tn s khac nhau. Nghim dang chui Fourier :

+ = . t k sin b t k cos a ) t ( x
K K
(*)
Nu la tn s song c ban (ng tn s kch thch cng bc) a bit th
nghim x(t) hoan toan xac nh khi xac nh c a
K
, b
K
(la bin cua cac song).
Nu co n iu hoa th cn xac nh 2n h s a
K
, b
K
(mi iu hoa co mt ham cos, mt
ham sin).
Vy cn 2n phng trnh lin h cac a
K
, b
K
.
Co c 2n phng trnh bng cach thay nghim x(t) di dang khai trin (*)
vao h phng trnh mach th phai nghim ung. V cac thanh phn coskt, sinkt la
c lp tuyn tnh nhau va c lp tuyn tnh vi song bc k nn t phng trnh cn
bng chung rut ra 2n phng trnh cn bng ring re cho cac thanh phn cos, sin ng
vi cac bc k.
Sp xp 2n s hang theo tng tn s, theo cos va sin ta co :

t k sin ). , b ... b , a ... a ( S
t k cos ). , b ... b , a ... a ( C
. . .
. . .
t sin ). , b ... b , a ... a ( S
t cos ). , b ... b , a ... a ( C
n 1 n 1 k
n 1 n 1 k
n 1 n 1 1
n 1 n 1 1
(12-6a) 2n phng trnh.
T o rut ra 2n phng trnh :

=
=
0 ) , b ... b , a ... a ( S
0 ) , b ... b , a ... a ( C
n 1 n 1 k
n 1 n 1 k
(12-6b)
Giai h nay cho ra a
K
, b
K
theo .
22
Nu la dao ng cng bc th la tn s kch thch a bit. Nu la t dao ng
th tuy thuc vao cng qua trnh - nn cn xac nh qua mt s iu kin b
sung na cua bai toan.
V du 1: Cho mach in hnh (h.12-40). Bit u(t), (i) = ai - bi
3
. Tnh dong in
i ?
Ta t nghim di dang khai trin :
u(t)
r (i)
i(t) = A
1
cost + B
1
sint
va thay vao phng trnh mach :
) t ( u ' i . bi 3 ' i . a i . r
dt
di
.
i
i . r ) t ( u
dt
d
i . r
2
= +

+ = =
+

h.12-40
r(A
1
cost + B
1
sint) + B
1
.a..cost - A
1
.a..sint -
- 3.b(A
1
.cos.t + B
1
sint)
2
.(B
1
.a..cost - A
1
.a..sin.t) = u(t)
Bin i rut ra 2 phng trnh theo cos.t, sin.t giai ra A
1
, B
1
ri thay
vao biu thc i(t).
V du 2 : Giai mach in hnh (h.12-41)
Bit (i) = 0,5.i - 0,01.i
3
va u(t) = 300.cos.t , = 314 rad/s. (Bit i thay i
trong khoang -4 < i < 4). Xac nh i(t) ?
Ta t nghim : i(t) = A
1
cos.t + B
1
sin.t (ch
xet iu hoa c ban cua i(t) )
Do mach thun cam nn iu hoa c ban cua
dong in, in ap vung pha nhau nn co i =
B
1
sin.t, i' = .B
1
.cos.t.
L = 0,5H
u(t)
(i)
h.12-41
Thay vao phng trnh :
0 t cos U t cos . B . ). a L ( t 3 cos . . B . b .
4
3
t cos . . bB .
4
3
: co nn ) t 3 cos t (cos
4
1
t cos . t sin ma
0 t cos U t cos B ). a L ( t cos . t sin . . bB 3
0 t cos U t cos B ). a L ( t cos B . . t sin bB 3
t cos U ' i ). a L ( ' i . i . b 3 ' i ). i . b 3 a L (
dt
di
.
i
' i . L ) t ( u
m 1 1
3
1
3
1
2
m 1 1
2 3
1
m 1 1 1
2 2
1
m 1
2 2
1 1
= + + +

= + +
= + +
= + + = + =

+ =

Cn bng cac iu hoa cung cp :
0 300 B 314 B 36 , 2 : co nn ban c song xet ch Ta
t 3 cos theo 0 . B . b .
4
3
t cos theo 0 U B . ). a L ( . B . b .
4
3
1
3
1
3
1
m 1
3
1
=
=
= + +

Giai c cac nghim B
1
= 0,96; 11; -12
Theo cho : -4 < i < 4 ta chon B
1
= 0,96.
23
Vy : i(t) = 0,96.sin314t (A).
2. Cac bc thc hin :
- t nghim di dang khai trin.
- Vit phng trnh mach in
- Thay nghim vao h phng trnh va thc hin cac phep bin i lng giac
(ha bc, bin tch thanh tng).
- Rut ra cac phng trnh cn bng thanh phn ri giai tm ra cac bin .
- Lp vao biu thc nghim.
4. Phuong phap diu hoa tuong duong
1. C s phng phap :
- Vi mach phi tuyn trong ap ng co song bc cao nhng bin nho dn
theo tn s nn thanh phn iu hoa c ban cua ap ng (cung tn s kch thch) la
ang k, coi gn ung ap ng la iu hoa cung tn s vi kch thch, nn luc o quan
h tc thi gia kch thch va ap ng la quan h tuyn tnh, nhng v mach la phi
tuyn nn phai th hin tnh cht nay bng quan h hiu dung gia kch thch va ap
ng la quan h phi tuyn. Luc nay ta co :
R(I) = U(I)/I ; X
L
(I) = U
L
(I)/I = L(I) .
V u(i) la tuyn tnh nn ta co th s dung cac phng trnh tuyn tnh vit cho
mach (phng trnh phc) nhng trong o cac h s
lai th hin s phi tuyn.
V du : Xet mach hnh (h.12-42) phng trnh
K2 di dang tc thi la :
C L r
u u u e + + = (12-7)
u(t)
r C
(i)
h.12-42
v quan h tc thi la tuyn tnh va e(t) la hnh sin
nn chuyn sang dang anh phc la :
C L r U U U E

+ + =
chuyn sang bin va lu y cun dy phi tuyn nn co :
I

+ = I ). I ( L j I . X . j r . I E
C

T phng trnh phc dung phng phap do giai ra dong in.
2. Giai thch hin tng Trig trong mach gm C tuyn tnh ni tip L phi
tuyn, nh hnh (h.12-43)
S dung phng phap iu hoa tng ng ta co phng trnh ,
nu bo qua tn tht, ch xet iu hoa c ban, v thun khang nn dong in vung pha
vi in ap ( vt trc , chm sau ) nn , ngc pha nhau.
C L U U U

+ =
I C U
L U
C U
L U
Do o ta co phng trnh : U(I) = U

L
(I) - U
C
(I)
V tu C la tuyn tnh nn U
C
(I) la ng thng, con U
L
(I) la ng cong, cng
ai s hai ng nay ta c U(I) nh hnh (h.12-43a). Vy bng phng trnh iu
hoa tng ng ta co ng U(I) dang N cua toan mach. Bit ng U(I), bit ap t
vao mach U ta se xac nh c ap ng I cung nh U
L
, U
C
cua mach.
24
T ng U(I) a co ta phn tch mach in :

I I
2
I
03
I
02
C
h.12-43a
I
1
I
01
D
U(I)
U
C
(I)
U
L
(I)
B
0
A
U
0
U
ng
U

U
I
L(I) C
h.12-43

- ng vi kch thch la in ap U
0
ta co th co 3 im lam vic ng vi 3 ap
ng dong in la I
01
, I
02
, I
03
.
Khi cp vao mach ngun ap U tng dn t 0 ln n U
ng
im lam vic la I
1
, nu
tng qua U
ng
th im lam vic t I
1
nhay ln I
2
, co hin tng nhay vot dong in khi
in ap n ngng goi la hin tng Trig dong in.
- Trc ngng mach co tnh cam, in ap vt trc, sau ngng (sau Trig)
mach co tnh dung in ap chm sau dong in. Vy sau Trig co s ao pha.
Nu ta a in ap t U > U
ng
ha dn n ngng cung se xay ra Trig theo chu
trnh ngc lai.
- V a in ap n ngng th co s nhay vot (Trig) nn ta ch ve c
oan OA va BD ch khng xac nh c oan AC, CB. Vy mun ve c toan b
ng U(I) dang ch N nay ta cn cung cp vao mach ngun dong in.
- Khi cp vao mach ngun dong in va o U(I) ta se ve c ng N thc t
khac ng N ly thuyt mt t (ng cong chm chm).
- Tai im C ta co U
L
(I) = U
C
(I) nn U(I) = 0 ta noi mach co cng hng ap
st t, no khac cng hng ap trong mach tuyn tnh ch, y thay i cng
qua trnh se tao c cng hng. ( mach tuyn tnh co c cng hng bng bin
i thng s).
- Trong cac im lam vic ch co mt im la n nh.
- S d ng U(I) thc t khac ng U(I) ly thuyt chut t v trn thc t
cun dy co tn tht nn co song bc cao, con ng ly thuyt ta ch ly song c ban,
bo qua song bc cao.
- Vy quan sat Trig th cp ngun ap - Con ve U(I) cn cp ngun
dong (khng quan sat c Trig).
- iu kin co Trig la ng U
C
(I) phai ct ng U
L
(I).
- ng dung Trig lam rle khng tip im.
3. Hin tng Trig trong mach gm C tuyn tnh ni song song vi L phi
tuyn hnh (h.12-44)
- Theo phng phap iu hoa tng ng , ch xet iu
hoa c ban th co : I(U) = I
) U ( I ) U ( I I C L

+ =
L
(U) - I
C
(U). Ta co th nh hnh (h.12-44a).
- Khi cp cao mach ngun dong va nng t 0 n I
ng
, khi at I
ng
, im lam
vic t U
1
nhay ln U
2
(2 im lam vic - nhay vot in ap - trig ap). Vy ng vi mt
25
kch thch co th co hn mt ap ng, trong o ch co mt ap ng n nh. Ngc lai
cho dong in I > I
ng
ha dn xung ta cung quan sat c hin tng trig ap t U
2

xung U
1
. Vy cp ngun dong ta quan sat c trig nhng khng ve c ng
I(U) ch S.

I
I
C
(U)
I
L
(U)
I(U)
U
2
A
B
C
U
1
I
ng
0
U
(i)
C
I
C
I
L I
h.12-44
h.12-44a
- Sau nhay vot cung co s ao pha.
- Tai C co cng hng st t.
- ve c ng I(U) ta phai cp ngun ap. Luc o khng quan sat c
hin tng trig, ng I(U) thc t khac ng ly thuyt chut t v bo qua tn tht
xoay, tr (biu din bi ng chm chm).
4. Mach n ap xoay chiu :
U
ra
(i)
C U
V
h.12-45a I
U
0
U(I)
U
C
(I)
U
L
(I)
U
V
U
ra
h.12-45
Mach n ap c dung rt nhiu trong ky thut va i sng. Co nhiu nguyn ly
tao ra mach n ap xoay chiu. y ta vn dung mach C tuyn tnh ni L phi tuyn
lam mach n ap xoay chiu nh hnh (h.12-45).
Phn tch s n ap hnh (h.12-45a). in ap u vao U
V
ly t ng U(I),
in ap cung cp cho tai U
ra
ly cun dy U
L
(I), ta thy khi in ap vao thay i
lng U
V
kha ln th in ap ra thay i lng U
ra
kha nho, nn co th dung mach
nay lam n ap xoay chiu, thng goi la n ap st t. y co lu y la cn co mach
loc in ap ra U
ra
khng co song bc cao mi am bao cp cho thit b in ap hnh
sin nh yu cu. S n ap xoay chiu nu trn la phn nguyn ly c ban nht, con
cac n ap thc t do nhng yu cu v cht lng nn con co thm cac b loc, b phan
hi ...Mun quan tm nhiu hn v n ap xoay chiu co th tham khao giao trnh Thit
b in.
26
5. Phuong phap tuyn tinh hoa doan dc tinh lam vic tinh mach phi
tuyn xac lp - dao dng.
1. Tn hiu nho va tinh thn phng phap tuyn tnh hoa oan c tnh lam vic
Ta thng gp mach co phn t phi tuyn lam vic vi tn hiu bin thin nho
chu ky nh : B khuch ai ap, khuch ai t, cun cam iu khin, cac thit b nay
lam vic vi tn hiu xoay chiu bin thin nho tai im lam vic c xac nh bi
trang thai mt chiu (ngun nui mt chiu xac nh im lam vic).
Tn hiu c coi la "nho" nu pham vi bin thin trong qua trnh lam vic cua
no ch thuc mt oan c tnh trang thai coi c la mt oan thng (oan co K
=
const xac nh).
Thng gp trng hp tn hiu nho o bin thin quanh im lam vic M
0
(x
o
,
y
0
) c xac nh bi trang thai hng nh hnh (h.12-46).
oan c tnh lam vic AB la oan thng.

Vi kch thch ) t ( x x x
0
+ =
co ap ng ) t ( y y y
0
+ =
, v co quan h giai tch

y(x) nn thc hin khai trin luy tha y(x) quanh im M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) ta co :
k
0
k
k
2
0
2
2
0 0 0 0 0
x ) M (
x
y
.
! k
1
x ) M (
x
y
.
! 2
1
x ) M (
x
y
) x ( y ) x ( y ) x ( y y
+ = + =

A
Vung bin thin cua x
Vung bin thin cua y
0
M
0
B
y
0
x
0 x
y
y
0
+y(t) x
0
+x(t)
h.12-46
V tn hiu bin thin nho nn cac ao ham bc cao :
k
k
k
x va
x
y
.
! k
1
la nho nn gn
ung ta co : x ) M ( K ) x ( y x ) M (
x
y
) x ( y ) x ( y
0 0 0 0 0 0
+ =
(12-8)
Vi ) x ( y y y
0
+ =
rut ra y(x) = K
(M
0
).x la quan h gia ap ng va kch thch xoay
chiu bin thin nho. V K
= const nn quan h nay la tuyn tnh. Biu thc (12-8) la

c s phng phap tuyn tnh hoa oan c tnh lam vic tnh mach phi tuyn xac lp
dao ng.
T o rut ra ni dung c ban cua phng phap la :
Trong mt gii han lam vic nho co th coi ap ng y
(x) la kt qua xp chng

thm trang thai hng y
0
(x
0
) mt trang thai bin thin co quan h tuyn tnh ring vi
kch thch bin thin x(t).
2. Trnh t giai bai toan theo phng phap nay nh sau :
a. Trc ht giai bai toan mt chiu phi tuyn theo cac phng phap mt chiu
phi tuyn xac nh im lam vic M
0
ri xac nh h s ng trn c tnh lam vic
tai im M
0
c K
(M
0
).
27
b. Sau khi co K
(M
0
) lp quan h tuyn tnh gia kch thch vi ap ng xoay
chiu, giai bai toan tuyn tnh nay theo cac phng phap tuyn tnh a hoc ta c
nghim xoay chiu.
c. Tng hp nghim mt chiu vi nghim xoay chiu ta c nghim bai toan
phi tuyn xac lp dao ng.
V du : Cho mach in nh hnh ve (h.12-47)
I 1 2
h.(12-47a)
0
U(V)
M
0


i L
U(I)
e
(t)
110
100
h.(12-47)

Bit kch thch e
(t) = 110 + 10.sin628t (V), in cam tuyn tnh co L= 0,1H

,
in tr phi tuyn co c tnh U(I) nh trn hnh (h.12-47a). Xac nh iu hoa co ban
cua dong in i(t) ?
Bai toan nay co kch thch gm hai thanh phn : U
0
= 110V = const la kch thch
mt chiu va u(t) = 10.sin.t la kch thch xoay chiu bin thin nho nn ta s dung
phng phap tuyn tnh hoa oan c tnh lam vic tnh.
+ Tnh ch phi tuyn mt chiu : Dung phng phap th hnh (h.12-47a)
T U
0
= 110Vtheo ng U(I) co c I
0
= 1A (in ap mt chiu cun dy khng co
tac dung) xac nh im lam vic M
0
(110V, 1A), tnh h s ng :
R
(M
0
) = =
25
I
U
) M (
i
U
.
+ Tnh ch xoay chiu : Dung phng phap tuyn tnh iu hoa.
Phng trnh K2 di dang tc thi tuyn tnh la :
dt
di
L i ). M ( R u u ) t ( u
0 d L r
+ = + =
V kch thch la iu hoa nn chuyn phng trnh sang dang anh phc :
m m
I . L j I . R U

+ =
0
0
m m m
0
58 148 , 0
1 , 0 . 628 . j 25
0 10
I ; I . 1 , 0 . 628 j I . 25 0 10 =
+

= + =

ap ng xoay chiu bin thin nho :
) A ( ) 58 t 628 sin( 148 , 0 ) t ( i
0
=
ap ng dong in chung trong mach la :
) A ( ) 58 t 628 sin( 148 , 0 1 ) t ( i I i
0
0
+ = + =

3. Xet cun cam iu khin :
Co hai loai cun cam, cun cam c nh va cun cam co iu khin. y la loai
cun cam dung nhiu trong cac mach t ng iu chnh. Cu truc cun cam iu
khin gm cun dy lam vic t vao in ap xoay chiu co dong i, s vong dy W,
28
con cun dy iu khin co s vong dy W
0
, t vao in ap mt chiu co dong i
0
cung
qun ln mt loi thep. Khi thay i dong in mt chiu i
0
lam thay i mc bao
hoa cua loi thep do o lam thay i gia tr in cam L cua cun xoay chiu. S
cun cam iu khin (h.12-48)


h.12-48
i
W
i
0
U
0
i
0
W
0
h.12-48a
F

0
M

L
0
W
0

u
a. Giai thch hin tng cun cam iu khin co tn hiu bin thin nho.
Khi tn hiu cun dy cng tac la bin thin nho ta s dung phng phap tuyn
tnh hoa oan c tnh lam vic phn tch thy ro s thay i cua gia tr in cam
pha xoay chiu theo gia tr iu khin cua dong mt chiu i
0
nh hnh (h.12-48a).
Trong o :
L
0
: in cam cun chn xoay chiu.
i, W : dong in xoay chiu va s vong dy trn cuc dy lam vic, gy ST
iW tao ra t thng trong loi thep.
i
0
, W
0
: dong in mt chiu va s vong dy cua cun iu khin, gy ST
i
0
W
0
tao ra t thng
0
trong loi thep.
Tng ST F

= iW +i
0
W
0
tao ra t thng tng trongloi thep :

= +
0
.
im lam vic c xac nh bi trang thai hng nn t i
0
W
0
dong ln ng
cong
(F
)

xac nh
0
c im lam vic M. dc tai im M la
) M ( L ) M (
i

: H s ng nay la in cam ng.
in cam cua cun dy chnh la h s ng tai mt im lam vic. Vy im
lam vic thay i th h s ng thay i. Ma khi thay i dong in iu khin i
0
th
im lam vic thay i lam L thay i. Ta thy i
0
cang ln loi thep tin n bao hoa
(tc la tin n oan h s ng giam) nn L
(i
0
) la ng giam dn nh hnh (h.12-
48b).
V vy co th iu khin thay i c gia tr in cam cua cun dy pha xoay
chiu bng cach thay i dong in mt chiu i
0
.
kh S h cam sang cun dy mt chiu ngoai s dung cun chn co th
dung mach cun cam iu khin gm hai cun dy ni nh hnh (h.12-48c)
b. Giai thch hin tng cun cam iu khin co tn hiu bin thin ln. y la
trng hp thng hay gp trong mach ng lc co cun cam iu khin.
29
Z
tai
i
0
u
0
u
i
i
0
h.12-48b
0
L
(i
0
)
L

h.12-48c
Khi iW ngang c vi i
0
W
0
luc o pham vi bin khng con trn mt oan thng
trn ng c tnh na. Ta khng s dung phng phap tuyn tnh hoa c. V luc
o u(t) iu hoa, i(t) meo, nn gn ung xet bng phng phap iu hoa tng ng.
in cam phi tuyn L(I) = /I ma c tao bi I va con bi i
0
nn ta co quan h L(I,
i
0
). Ta lp lun co quan h L(I, i
0
) nh sau :
- Gia s i
0
= const, nu I tng th mach t tin n bao hoa lam L giam.
- Nu gi I = const, nu i
0
tng lam tng bao hoa, lam L giam.
Nn L(I, i
0
) co dang nh hnh ve : (h.12-48d). Trong o i
01
< i
02
< i
03
. Vy thay
i dong iu khin i
0
lam thay i c in cam cua cun xoay chiu.

U
L
U
1
I
0
i
03
i
02
i
01
I
3
I
1
I
2
h.12-48e

h.12-48d
i
03
i
02
i
01
0 I
L
thy ro s iu khin cua dong i
0
ta dung phng phap iu hoa tng ng
vit biu thc ap trn cun dy xoay chiu : U
L
(I, i
0
) = L(I, i
0
).I. Ve ho c tuyn
U
L
(I, i
0
) theo cac dong iu khin i
01
, i
02
, i
03
se thy ro tac dung iu khin cua dong
iu khin nh hnh (h.12-48e). T th ta thy :
- Nu gi gia tr U
L
xac nh, khi tng i
0
th L giam va I = U
L
/L. tng.
- Con gi gia tr I xac nh khi tng i
0
th L giam va U
L
= L.I giam.
- Khi I, i
0
kha ln, loi thep bao hoa, cac ng cong st lai nhau th tac dung
iu khin cua i
0
giam.
Cun cam iu khin c s dung nhiu trong mach t ng iu khin, dung
lam khuch ai cng sut st t theo ngha dung dong iu khin i
0
nho nn cng sut
30
P
0
mt chiu nho ma khng ch c dong i xoay chiu
ln co cng sut P
t
xoay chiu ln hn nhiu.
K
p
(P
0
)
P
t
(P
0
)
P
t
P
0
Thay i i
0
lam cho P
t
trn tai thay i theo. P
0

cang ln (do i
0
tng) lam loi thep tin n bao hoa th L
giam lam P
t
tai tng t nn K
p
= P
t
/ P
0
giam xung nh
hnh (h.12-49)
- Bit ho c tuyn U
L
(I, i
0
), bit in ap t vao
U, tai tr R co th dung ho c tuyn nay lp quan h
U
L
(RI) = U
L
(U
R
) nh hnh (h.12-50a,b) giai ra I, P
t

h.12-49
Khi in ap vao hnh sin ap dung phng phap iu hoa tng ng vit
phng trnh mach pha xoay chiu di dang phc : . L R U U U

+ =
V cun dy khng tiu tan nn dong in cung pha vi in ap , con
chm pha vi goc 90
I R U
I L U
0
nn ta rut ra quan h : R L U U

2
L
2
U ) RI ( U + = . Lp
quan h U
L
(U
R
) bng cach da vao ng U
L
(I, i
0
) a co nhn truc I vi R c U
R
.
xac nh U
L
, ta ly tm O ve cung tron ban knh bng U se ct ng cong tai im
cho li giai U
L
va U
R
= RI, t o tnh I = U
R
/R va xac nh P
t
= U
R
.I = U
R
2
/R.
i
03
i
01
U
L
U
R
= I.R
0 U
R
U
L
i
02
h.(12-50b)
i
0
U
L
I
U
R
h.(12-50a)
4. S thay th tnh en 3 cc co tn hiu bin thin nho :
a. en ba cc in t c dung lam mach khuch ai tn hiu, en lam vic
vi tn hiu bin thin nho. im lam vic c xac nh bi trang thai mt chiu (bi
ngun nui mt chiu). y la mach phi tuyn xac lp dao ng vi tn hiu bin thin
nho nn ta dung phng phap tuyn tnh hoa oan c tnh lam vic giai. en ba
cc in t la mang hai ca c bit co i
g
= 0 nn ch co ba bin u
g
, u
a
, i
a
. V kch thch
gm ca mt chiu va xoay chiu nn co :
u
g
= u
g0
+ u
g
; u
a
= u
a
+ u
a0
; i
a
= i
a0
+ i
a
.
lp quan h ham gia u
g
, u
a
, i
a
vi nhau, ta cho mt bin c nh se ve c
c tnh vi cp bin con lai u
a
(i
a
, u
g
) hay i
a
(u
a
, u
g
).
b. Phng trnh vi tn hiu bin thin nho :
T biu thc khai trin luy tha quan h gia ap ng va kch thch tai im lam
vic M
0
nhng ch quan tm n quan h gia ap ng va kch thch vi tn hiu bin
thin nho ta co phng trnh t biu thc khai trin :
31
+
=
g 0
g
a
a 0
a
a
a
u ) M (
u
u
i ) M (
i
u
u Cac s hang bc cao
Hoc dang : +
=
g 0
g
a
a 0
a
a
a
u ) M (
u
i
u ) M (
u
i
i Cac s hang bc cao
V tn hiu nho nn bo qua cac s hang bc cao ta co :
g 0
g
a
a 0
a
a
a
u ) M (
u
u
i ) M (
i
u
u
=
Trong o : ) )( M ( r ) M (
i
u
0 i 0
a
a
=
la in tr ng tai im lam vic (ni tr

cua en), con =
) M (
u
u
0
g
a
: (khng th nguyn) la h s khuch ai ring tai im
lam vic cua en.
g 0
g
a
a 0
a
a
a
u ) M (
u
i
u ) M (
u
i
i
=
Trong o : ) S (
r
1
g ) M (
u
i
i
i 0
a
a
= =
la in dn ring cua en tai im lam vic,

con ) S ( s ) M (
u
i
0
g
a
=
la h dn cua en tai im lam vic.

Cac thng s r
i
, g
i
, , s co c vi mi en t thc nghim, t cac ho c tnh
cua en.
Vy ta co phng trnh vi tn hiu bin thin nho :
g a i a
u . i . r u + = (12-9a)
hoc dang khac la :
g a i a
u . s u . g i + = (12-9b)
c. S thay th en 3 cc in t vi tn hiu bin thin nho :
+ T phng trnh : u
a
= r
i
.i
a
+ .u
g

Vi u
g
(t) la in ap li a bit nn .u
g
a bit nh mt ngun ap. T phng trnh
(12-9a) dn ra s nghim ung th o chnh la s thay th en 3 cc in t.
Vy vi tn hiu bin thin nho, en 3 cc in t c thay th bng mang mt
ca tuyn tnh co ngun ap bng .u
g
ni tip vi in tr trong r
i
(dang Thvnin) nh
hnh (h.12-51)

.u
g

r
i
u
a
i
a
h.12-51
g
i
i
a
s.u
g
h.12-52
u
a

+ T phng trnh : i
a
= g
i
.u
a
+ s.u
g

32
Dn ra s thay th nh hnh (h.12-52), s nay ging nh s ngun
dong. Trong o : s.u
g
nh la mt ngun dong a bit.
Vy en 3 cc in t c thay th bng mang mt ca tuyn tnh co ngun
dong s.u
g
ni song song vi g
i
= 1/r
i
(dang Norton).
Co th t : u
a
= r
i
.i
a
+ .u
g
giai ra i
a
= u
a
/r
i
- .u
g
/r
i
so vi : i
a
= g
i
.u
a
+ s.u
g
rut ra
: g
i
= 1/r
i
, s = -/r
i
, = -s.r
i
ma r
i
> 0, s > 0 nn < 0.
< 0 la v khi tng du
g
> 0 khin i
a
chay d hn nn mun gi nguyn i
a
= const
( xet ring =
g
a
u
u
) cn giam bt u
a
tc la cn du
a
< 0.
Thng 1 >> nn lng tng u
a
thng ln hn u
g
v vy dung en 3 cc
khuch ai tn hiu.
5. S tnh toan en 3 cc ban dn vi tn hiu bin thin nho :
a. en tranzito : La mang hai ca nhng ch co ba cc nn xac nh ca vao,
ra phai xet gc chung. Co ba cach ni gc chung gm : B chung, E chung hoc K
chung. Mach Tranzito co y u 4 bin s : i
1
, i
2
, u
1
, u
2
cung gm co thanh phn mt
chiu va xoay chiu nn co :
i
1
= i
10
+ i
1
.
i
2
= i
20
+ i
2
.
u
1
= u
10
+ u
1
.
u
2
= u
20
+ u
2
.
V Tranzito lam vic vi tn
hiu bin thin nho nn ta co quan h gia cac bin theo khai trin luy tha. Ta ch xet
n quan h gia bn bin s u
1
, u
2
, i
1
, i
2
v mt xoay chiu se c phng trnh vi
tn hiu bin thin nho.
E
B
K
B
E K
b. Phng trnh vi tn hiu nho :
Vit quan h gia ap u vao, ap u ra theo dong u vao, dong u ra ta co :
22 0
2
2
21 0
1
2
12 0
2
1
11 0
1
1
1 0
1
2
2 0
2
2
2
2 0
2
1
1 0
1
1
1
r ) M (
i
u
r ) M (
i
u
: con
r ) M (
i
u
r ) M (
i
u
: o Trong
cao bc ... i ) M (
i
u
i ) M (
i
u
u
cao bc ... i ) M (
i
u
i ) M (
i
u
u
=
=
+
=

Cac h s ng nay co th nguyn tr c xac nh bng thc nghim khi bit
im lam vic r
ik
(M
0
) va tuy thuc vao gc chung. Ta co ma trn :
22 21
12 11
ik
r r
r r
r Z = = va h phng trnh trang thai dang Z :
+ =
+ =
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
i . r i . r u
i . r i . r u
Tng t ta co th dn ra cac dang quan h khac na cua mang hai ca la
Tranzito :
33
Cac dang hay s dung nh : Z(Z
B
, Z
C
, Z
K
), Y(Y
B
, Y
C
, Y
K
), H(H
B
, H
C
, H
K
),
G(G
B
, G
C
, G
K
). Lu y la b thng s cua mi dang con tuy thuc vao gc chung.
T phng trnh ta co th dn ra s thay th :

i
1
r
12
.i
2
r
11
u
1
i
2
r
21
.i
1
r
22
u
2

u
1
= r
11
.i
1
+ r
12
.i
2
u
2
= r
21
.i
1
+ r
22
.i
2
.
h.12-53
Vi s nay b thng s r
ik
, ..., tuy thuc gc chung nn khng tin dung v
vic chuyn t b r
ik
gc chung nay sang b r
ik
gc chung khac rt kho khn.
Hn na theo s trn ta co r
21
>> r
12
v in dn cac lp p -n theo hai chiu
khng ging nhau nn h tr r
21
, r
12
khng bng nhau, ma trn Z khng i xng,
mang 2 ca khng tng h.
V s bt tin o ta tm a ra s thay th quen thuc, tin li hn, khng phu
thuc gc chung va tng h.
c. S thay th : T h phng trnh :
+ =
+ =
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
i . r i . r u
i . r i . r u
do r
21
>> r
12
ta t r

, r
21
= r
12
+ r

; r

= r
21
- r
12
ta co

phng trnh :
+ + = + + =
+ =
1 2 22 1 12 2 22 1 12 2
2 12 1 11 1
i . r i . r i . r i . r i ). r r ( u
i . r i . r u

Ap dung mach Baz chung Z
B
=
22 21
12 11
r r
r r
luc nay ap u vao u
1
, ap u ra u
2
,
con dong u vao i
1
= i
e
la dong cc phat, dong u ra la i
2
= i
k
ta co h phng trnh
la :
+ + =
+ =
e k 22 e 12 2
k 12 e 11 1
i . r i . r i . r u
i . r i . r u
Trong o : r
.i
e
nh ngun ap phu thuc vao dong phat i
e
, no m ta tnh khng
ch in ap ra cua dong emit.
Rut ra h phng trnh dang : (*)
+ =
+ =
k 22 e 12 e 2
k 12 e 11 1
i . r i . r i . r u
i . r i . r u
Theo phng trnh dang (*) ta co : u
1
, u
2
- r
.i
e
, i
e
, i
k
quan h nhau trong mt
mang 2 ca tuyn tnh, khng ngun, tng h.
Trong o : r
11
, r
22
: in tr ring cua vong vao va vong ra.
r
12
: la h tr chung cua hai vong.
r
.i
e
: ngun ap l thuc.
T h phng trnh (*) ta dn ra s nghim ung nh hnh (h.12-54).
T hnh (h.12-54) ta t cho in tr :
34
Ni vi cc e la R
E
, ni vi cc B la R
B
, ni vi cc K la R
K
.
Cho s nghim ung phng trnh :
r
.
i
e
i
k
B
h.12-54
K
u
2
u
1
i
e
R
B
R
K
R
E
E
Vong 1 co : u
1
= (R
E
+ R
B
)i
e
+ R
B
.i
k
Vong 2 co : u
2
- r
.i
e
= (R
K
+ R
B
)i
k
+ R
B
.i
e
So sanh vi h phng trnh dang (*)
ta rut ra :
12 22 B 22 K B K 22
12 11 B 11 E
B 12
B E 11
r r R r R R R r
r r R r R
R r
R R r
= = + =
= =
=
+ =

Vy ta xac nh c R
E
, R
B
, R
K
la cac in tr cac cc phat, gc, gop theo Z.
Ro rang R
E
, R
B
, R
K
khng phu thuc gc chung, no xac nh khi bit Z vi bt ky gc
chung nao. Bit R
E
, R
B
, R
K
ta co th dn ra s tnh toan vi bt ky gc chung nao
mt cach d dang.
Ta a a ra c s thay th co dang cac ni gavanic 3 cc E, B, K theo
lut Kirhof va quan h iu khin trong en.
V du : Cho Tranzito T
13
co Z
B
=

6 6
10 . 1 , 1 10 . 045 , 1
120 142

Lp mach khuch ai Emit chung. Lp s tng ng hnh T vi E chung,
t o lp h phng trnh dang Z
E
xac nh K
i
, K
u
, in tr R
vao
khi in ap u
1
= e
1
=
0,02.sin.t, tai r
2
= 2K. Tm in ap ra trn tai ?
Giai :
T Z
B
a cho lp s hnh T vi baz chung nh (h.12-55a).
T s hnh (h.12-55a) xac nh c : R
B
= r
12
= 120.
R
E
= r
11
- R
B
= 142 -120 = 22.
R
K
= r
22
- R
B
= 1,1.10
6
- 120 1,1.10
6
.
r
=

r
21
- r
12
= 1,045.10
6
- 120 1,045.10
6
.

r
.
i
e
i
k
B
K
i
e
R
B
R
K
R
E
E

h.12-55a

Sau khi co R
b
, R
e
, R
k
, r

ta lp s hnh T vi E chung nh hnh (h.12-55b)

K
E
B
r
2
u
1
u
1
r
.
i
e
R
b R
k
R
e
i
b
K
E
i
k
r
2
B

h.12-55b
35
T s T vi E chung ta vit phng trnh cho cac vong 1, 2 di dang anh
phc theo phng phap dong vong :
Vong 1 : vit gon lai : 1
E
k
E B
b E R I ) R R ( I

= + + 1
12
k
11
b E R I R I

= +
Vong 2 :
0 ) r R ( I ) r r R R ( I
0 I r I r R I ) r R R ( I
I I I
0 I r R I ) r R R ( I
E
b
2 E K
k
b k
E
b
2 E K
k
b k e
e
E
b
2 E K
k
= + + +
= + + +
+ =
= + + +

Vit gon :
= +
= +

0 R I R I
E R I R I
22
k
21
b
1
12
k
11
b
T y xac nh h s truyn at dong :
) K . R R ( I I K R I R E
r r R R
r R
R
R
I
I
K
i 12 11
b b
i 12
b
11
1
2 K E
E
22
21
b
k
i
+ = + =
+ +

= = =

Xac nh R
vao
:
+ +

+ =
= = + = =
r r R R
r R
. R R R
R
R
R
R K . R R
I
E
R
2 K E
E
B B E
12
22
21
11 i 12 11
b
1
V

Xac nh h s truyn at ap :
V
2 i
b
V
2
k
1
2
u
R
r K
I R
r I
E
U
K = = =

Thay s vao ta c kt qua cu th nh sau:
R
11
= 142 , R
22
= 0,571M , K
i
= 1,85 , R
V
= 182 , K
u
= -20
) V ( 0 4 , 0 02 , 0 . 20 E . K U
0
1
u
2 = = =

36

CHUONG 13
KHAI NIM QUA TRINH QUA D TRONG MACH DIN
1. Djnh ngha qua trinh qua d trong mach din.
Nh ta a bit, mach in tn tai hai ch :
Ch xac lp : Mach in i vao lam vic sau khi ong ngun vi thi
gian u ln. Noi chung qua trnh i n n nh nn ap ng cua ch nay mc du
cung la nghim cua h vi phn nhng khng phu thuc vao s kin, ap ng co cung
tn s vi kch thch.
Ch th hai la ch qua , y la giai oan tn tai khi mach mi c
ong (ct) ngun (cha i n xa c lp ), nn ro rang nghim cua qua trnh tuy thuc
vao gia tr ban u la gia tr tai thi im ong (m) goi la s kin , nn y la bai toan
phng trnh vi phn cho thoa man s kin.
V du : ong khoa K vao mach mt chiu nh hnh ve (h.13-1). Ta xet xem co
nhng qua trnh g xay ra. Trc khi ong khoa K (thi
gian u ln ) coi la mach trang thai xac lp A, co
phng trnh la E = I.(R+r), y la phng trnh cu ng
vi s ngun E cp vao mach R ni tip vi r. Tai
thi im t
0
(la mc thi gian ong, m) ta ong khoa
K lam kt cu mach thay i (ni tt in tr R), nn
phng trnh thay i co dang :
E
L,r
R
K
h.13-1
E = r.i + L.i'.
y la phng trnh tn tai trong khoang thi gian t luc ong khoa K cho n
luc mach xac lp sau. Nghim i cua phng trnh nay phu thuc vao gia tr dong in i
tai thi im ong khoa K. Ro rang y la h phng trnh cua giai oan qua . Sau
khi ong khoa K vi thi gian u ln mach in at n ch xac lp mi ta co
phng trnh la : E = I
mi
.r. Vic tnh ch xac lp cu va mi ta a phn tch ky
phn mach xac lp, by gi cn phn tch nghim cua giai oan qua na th se lp
y qua trnh thi gian trong mach in t luc ong (ct) ngun n luc xac lp.
1. nh ngha v mt toan hoc :
T phn tch v du trn ta thy khi co s thay i trong mach (thay i cu
truc, thng s hoc kch thch) th s thay i, h phng trnh mach thay i va
dn n xay ra qua trnh qua trong mach. Nn co th noi : Qua trnh nghim ung
h phng trnh mi t ln cn mt thi im t
0
nao o la qua trnh qua .
V mt Toan hoc chung ta a bit bai toan qua trnh thi gian la bai toan
Cauchy - bai toan s kin - Bai toan qua trnh qua . T y thy s khac nhau c ban
gia bai toan qua trnh qua va bai toan qua trnh xac lp la giai bai toan qua trnh
qua la giai h phng trnh vi phn cua mach trong khoang thi gian qua trnh qua
cho thoa man s kin, con giai bai toan qua trnh xac lp la giai h phng trnh vi
phn cua mach t thi im qua trnh a i vao xac lp khng quan tm n s kin.
37
- Goi nhng thay i c tnh, thng s, kt cu dn n qua trnh qua la
nhng tac ng ong, m.Trong KT hnh dung nh ong m khoa K. Vy mi ng
tac ong m kt thuc mt qua trnh cu ng vi h phng trnh cu, s cu chuyn
sang mt qua trnh mi ng vi h phng trnh mi, s mi.
- Mc thi gian chuyn i o goi la thi im ong m, chon ky hiu t
0
(
tin li hn chon t
0
= 0) qua trnh nghim
ung h phng trnh mi t khi im
nghim cu tai t
0
goi la qua trnh qua . Biu
din cac qua trnh cu, qua trnh mi va mc
thi gian nh hnh (h.13-2)
t
0
t
Vic ong m hoan thanh trong thi
gian u ngn (trong thi gian o qua trnh rt phc tap)
Do nhng tnh cht c ban cua qua trnh mi - qua trnh qua - th hin ro
sau thi gian ong m, cho nn coi qua trnh ong m hoan thanh trong mt ln cn u
nho quanh mc thi gian t
0
.
T nh ngha qua trnh qua thy ro nghim qua trnh qua chnh la
nghim cua h phng trnh vi phn m ta mach in giai oan qua cho thoa man
s kin. Cho nn di mt s kch thch chun nh ham mu, chu ky nu thng s cua
h la thun li th xut phat t b s kin, nghim qua trnh co th dn ti gia tr xac
lp, hu han. Luc o co th nh ngha qua trnh qua la qua trnh chuyn tip t ch
xac lp cu sang ch xac lp mi (cung co nhiu qua trnh khng chuyn n xac
lp ma tng trng v cung ln... )
Va ta co th chon s kin sao cho x(+0), x'(+0) va kheo bng x
xl
(+0), x'
xl
(+0)
th qua trnh qua khng xay ra, ma tin n xac lp ngay.
T y co th ly giai s tn tai cua qua trnh qua nh sau : qua trnh cu (ng
vi h phng trnh cu bc n ) tin n qua trnh mi (ng vi h phng trnh vi phn
mi bc n ) bin x(t), do thay i lin tuc, phai kha vi n cp (n-1), do o qua trnh
phai bin thin lin tuc t gia tr u x(+0) (gia tr nay quyt nh bi trang thai cu va
h phng trnh cu x(-0) ).
Song qua trnh xac lp mi x
xl
(+0) lai khng tuy thuc qua trnh cu nn lun co
x(+0) x
xl
(+0) , do o trong h cn co chuyn tip qua dn n qua trnh xac lp.
V du : ong mach r - C vao ap hng nh hnh
(h.13-3). Trc khi ong khoa K co u
C
(-0) = 0. Sau khi
ong K, ap trn tu u
C
phai bin thin t u
C
(-0) = 0 =
u
C
(+0) n u
CXL
(0) = E nn t u
C
(0) = 0 n u
CXL
(0) = E
la qua trnh qua . Ta co phng trnh cua giai oan qua
la : u
C
+ u
r
= E = u
C
+ C.r.u'
C
v co i
C
= C.u'
C
i sang
bin s u
C
ta c : E u
dt
du
. r . C
C
= +
Qua trnh mi
h.13-2
Qua trnh cu
h.13-2
E
r
K
giai phng trnh vi phn biu din qua trnh qua trn ta c nghim tng quat la :
38

C . r
t
C
Ae E u

+ =
Trong o A la hng s tch phn se xac nh khi bit s kin u
C
(0), ro rang ng vi cac
s kin khac nhau th A khac nhau. Ve ng
cong u
C
qua vi s kin u
C
(0) = 0 nh hnh
(h.13-3a).
2. nh ngha v mt vt ly :
Mach in ta xet thuc h thng nng
ng lng, trong mach co nhng kho nng
lng in, t (ng vi s hang ao ham, tch
phn trong phng trnh, ng vi L, C trong s ), nn nng lng phai tng, giam
lin tuc, khng th tng, giam t ngt v cng sut ngun la hu han (khng co ngun
v cung ln), v vy cn co thi gian nng lng trong cac kho phn b lai dn t
trang thai cu sang trang thai mi.
ng u
C
ng vi u
C
(0) = 0
t
u
C
E
h.13-3a
Tc la mt trang thai, cac kho co mc nng lng nht nh, khi chuyn sang
trang thai khac cn co thi gian phn b lai nng lng cac kho ng vi ch mi.
Thi gian o chnh la thi gian qua trnh qua .
3. Ta thy qua trnh qua cac TB mc du xay ra trong thi gian rt ngn
(c 10
-3
s), song ch nay in ap, dong in trn cac phn t co qui lut bin thin
rt phc tap, co th xut hin qua in ap hoc qua dong in. Cho nn cn phai xet
ch nay han ch cac tac hai va tnh toan, thit k h thng bao v... V du : Co
th gp qua trnh qua khi m may cac ng c in, khi s c ng dy truyn tai
in, khi set anh ng dy tai in ...luc nay ta cn phai hiu bit qua trnh qua
chm dt sm qua trnh qua , tnh toan h thng bao v khi co s c. Cung co
mt s t trng hp qua trnh qua la qua trnh lam vic thng xuyn cua thit b
in nh cac mach tao xung.
2. Phn loai bai toan qua trinh qua d
1. Theo ni dung :
a. Bai toan phn tch : La bai toan QTQ bit kt cu, thng s, kch thch.
Cn giai ra nghim QTQ x(t), t o xet tnh cht nghim anh gia qua trnh.
b. Bai toan tng hp - hiu chnh : La bai toan xac nh hiu chnh cu truc,
cac h s, c tnh phn t sao cho qua trnh co nhng tnh cht, dang iu cn thit
bit trc.
2. Theo tnh cht mach in :
a. Bai toan QTQ tuyn tnh : Vn dung tnh cht xp chng cua mach tuyn
tnh a ra cac phng phap tnh QTQ mach tuyn tnh mt cach thun li tranh
sa vao vic n thun toan hoc giai h phng trnh vi phn cho thoa man s kin. Cac
phng phap nh sau :
+ PP tch phn kinh in : x
q
= x
xl
+ x
td
thc cht la s xp chng nghim
qua trnh xac lp sau ong m vi nghim t do c nghim qua .
+ PP TP Duhament.
39
+ PP Toan t Laplace la phng phap thay v giai h phng trnh vi phn
thi gian thoa man s kin bng giai h phng trnh ai s anh toan t Laplace co
cha s kin.
b. Bai toan qua phi tuyn : La bai toan giai h phng trnh vi phn phi
tuyn cho thoa man s kin. Ta a bit vi h phng trnh phi tuyn khng co phng
phap chung nao giai ma chi co cac phng phap giai gn ung cho tng bai toan
QTQ cu th.
3. Bai toan qua trinh qua d chnh, khng chnh - Lut chuyn tip:
1. Bai toan qua trnh qua chnh :
a. Phep ong m chnh :
Trong ly thuyt toan a cho thy h phng trnh co ao ham n cp n [x
n
(t) ]
cua bin x(t) th noi chung cac ao ham cua no n cp (n-1) phai lin tuc k t khi
u qua trnh tr i. Nhng phep ong m bao am tnh lin tuc cua cac s hang ao
ham n cp cn thit goi la phep ong m chnh.
b. Bai toan qua trnh qua chnh : La bai toan qua trnh qua ng vi phep
ong, m chnh. V vy nghim qua se bin thin lin tuc tai thi im ong, m.
Suy ra nng lng in t trng cung phai bin thin lin tuc tai thi im ong, m.
c. Lut chuyn tip cua bai toan chnh : V nghim qua x(t) phai lin tuc tai
thi im ong, m nn nu coi thi gian ong, m v cung ngn th h phng trnh
mi c coi thch hp t thi im ong, m t
0
= 0, do o nghim qua x(t) phai
chuyn tip lin tuc trong ln cn (-0, +0) tc la co : x(+0) = x(-0).

u
C
(-0) = u
C
(+0) = 0 i
L
(-0) = i
L
(+0) = 0
h.13-3a,b
E
r
C
K
r
L
K
E
V du : Xet QTQ xay ra trong mach hnh (h.13-3a,b) khi phep ong m chnh
ta co :
Vi mach hnh (h.13-3a) trc khi ong khoa K co u
C
(-0) = 0 do bai toan chnh
nn co u
C
(0) = u
C
(-0) = 0. Cung co th thy quan h nay qua quan h
2
) 0 ( Cu
W
2
C
C
=
=
2
) 0 ( Cu
) 0 ( W
2
C
C
= .
Vi mach hnh (13-3b) trc khi ong khoa K co i
L
(-0) = 0 va do bai toan chnh
ta co : i
L
(0) = i
L
(-0) = 0, hay co th thy t quan h nng lng
2
) 0 ( Li
) 0 ( W
2
L
L
=
2
) 0 ( Li
) 0 ( W
2
L
L
= = .
40
2. Bai toan qua trnh qua khng chnh :
a. Phep ong m khng chnh : Phep ong m vi pham nh ly lin tuc, tc la
phep ong m khin cho bin qua ang le thay i lin tuc (-0,+0) th buc phai
gian oan tai o (thng la gian oan loai 1) goi la phep ong m khng chnh.
b. Bai toan qua trnh qua khng chnh la bai toan qua trnh qua co s
ong, m khng chnh. Vi bai toan nay co x(-0) x(+0), co
s nhay vot cua bin qua tai thi im ong, m.
V du : Xet QTQ sau khi ong, m hnh (h.13-4).
Trc khi ong K tu cha nap u
C
(-0) = 0. Tai t = 0 ong K th
u
C
(+0) = E = 1 u
C
(-0). Vy tai t = 0 ( thi im ong K)
in ap trn tu in co s nhay vot lng 1(t) nh hnh (h.13-
4a). Vy y la bai toan QTQ khng chnh.
hnh (h.13-4b) trc khi K ong :nu u
C1
(-0) = U
0

con u
C2
(-0) = 0 th sau khi ong K ta co u
C1
(0) U
0
va u
C2
(+0) 0. y la bai toan
khng chnh. hnh (h.13-4c) sau khi ong K th u
C1
(+0) = u
C2
(+0) E, u
C1
(-0) = E.
Bai toan nay cung khng chnh.
C

h.13-4a
E = 1(t)
K
C
1
K
C
1
r
r C
2 E
K
C
2
h.13-4b Bai toan khng chnh h.13-4c
hnh (h.13-4d) co i
L
(-0) = 0 trc khi ong khoa K tai thi im t = 0 sau khi
ong K th i
L
(+0) = 1 i
L
(-0) : bai toan nay khng chnh.
h.13-4d Bai toan khng chnh h.13-4e
L
K
J= 1A
K
E
L
1
L
2 i
L2
i
L1
r
2
r
1
hnh (h.13-4e), trc khi m K : i
1
(-0) = E/r i
2
(-0) = 0 tai t = 0 m K : i
1
(+0)
= i
2
(+0) i
1
(-0), bai toan nay khng chnh.
c. Nhn bit bai toan qua trnh qua chnh, khng chnh.
Qua phn tch cac nh ngha va cac v du minh hoa ta tut ra cach nhn bit bai
toan chnh, khng chnh nh sau :
Bai toan la chnh khi :
+ Khng tn tai nut (tp ct) thun cam L hoc gm cun thun cam L vi
ngun dong goi chung la tp ct cam.
41
+ Khng tn tai vong kn ch thun dung C hoc tu in thun dung C vi
ngun ap goi cung la vong in dung.
Bai toan khng chnh khi :
+ Tn tai tp ct in cam : ngha la hnh thanh hai hay nhiu cac in
cam vi dong ban u khac nhau c ghep ni tip nhau tai thi im ong, m co
s nhay vot cua dong in qua cun dy.
+ Tn tai vong in dung : ngha la co hnh thanh 2 hoc nhiu hn cac tu
in vi cac in ap ban u khac nhau c ni song song vi nhau luc ong m
tao nn s nhay vot cua in ap trn tu in.
Co th kh cac vong in dung va cac tp ct in cam trong s nu lu y
n cac thng s rt nho cua cac phn t mach thc t nh : Tr tn hao trong cac tu
va cun cam, din dung gia cac vong dy cua cun dy, tr va cam cua cac dy ni.
Khi o se khng co bai toan khng chnh (tc la khng co s nhay vot cua bi n), song
s lu y nay lam cho tnh toan thm phc tap v phng trnh mach se tr nn bc cao
hn.
Thng in tr dy ni rt nho nn s hang tng ng la ham mu tt nhanh so
vi u
C
, nn gn ging s nhay vot. V vy cho gon ta coi ngay la co nhay vot, tc la
co vong in dung va tp ct in cam, tc la bo qua tr nho, coi bai toan khng chnh
co phng trnh thp hn 1 bc giup cho vic giai thun li hn.
d. Cac bc nhay thng gp :
Bc nhay n v 1(t) (bc nhay Hevisaid).
Bc nhay n v 1(t) c coi la mt ham c bit
biu din quan h (13-1) va hnh (h.13-5a) :
1(t) = (13-1)
<
0 t khi 1
0 t khi 0
Cung co ham 1(t) tac ng chm sau o thi gian
nh biu din (13-1a) va hnh (13-5b)
1(t - ) = (13-1a)

<
t khi 1
t khi 0
1(t) la bc nhay n v, nn theo ly thuyt
ham s thng thng th khng co
dt
) t ( 1 d
. T y dn
n se khng giai c cac bai toan QTQ co bc nhay (bai toan QTQ khng
chnh). V du nh khi ong ngun mt chiu E = 1V vao tu in C cha nap in th u
C

= 1(t), trong giai oan qua xut hin dong in i
C
trong mach in la lng vt ly co
tht nhng i
C
= C
dt
du
C
= C
dt
) t ( 1 d
se khng xac nh nh a noi. Mun
dt
) t ( 1 d
xac nh
cn phai ct ngha 1(t) la mt ham lin tuc, kha vi theo ngha nao o. V khng dung ly
thuyt ham s thng thng c nn 1(t) c coi la mt ham theo ngha rng cua
mt ly thuyt khac - Ly thuyt ham suy rng (c a ra nm 1950). Theo ly thuyt
t 0

h.13-5b
1(t - )
t 0
h.13-5a
1(t)
1
1
42
nay 1(t) la mt phim ham tuyn tnh co ao ham moi cp (lu y ham 1(t) la mt ham
trung gian lam toan)
Ta ct ngha tnh kha vi cua ham 1(t) nh sau : Coi 1(t) la lim rut ngn lai v
han quanh t = 0 (hay t
0
) cua nhng qua trnh lin tuc, kha vi
K
(t) nao o. Trn thc
t tn tai nhng day
1
(t),
2
(t), ...,
K
(t) co tnh kha vi n cp cn thit va tng t 0
n 1 trong mt ln cn thu hep dn quanh t = 0 sao cho :

=
<
=
0 t 1
0 t 0
) t ( lim
K
) t ( lim ) t ( 1
K K
=

Vy 1(t) la lim cua
K
(t) nn no cung co tnh kha vi cua day theo ngha no la
ai din.
V du : Ham
K
(t) = 1/2 + 1/arctgkt
h.13-6
t
1(t)
1
0
) t ( lim ) t ( 1
K K
=

nh hnh (h.13-6) nn ham
1(t) cung lin tuc, kha vi theo ngha ai din.
Vy ham 1(t) kha vi theo ngha ai din -
va c trng bi hai yu t :
- Thi im bc nhay t
0
= 0
- Bin bc nhay 1.
nh ngha ham 1(t) nh vy giup ta biu din giai tch c thi im va
khoang thi gian tac ng cua kch thch vao mach.
Biu din c cac oan ng vi cac thi gian cua mt ham kch thch tac
ng vao mach.
V du nh ham f(t) tac ng vao mach t t
0
, biu thc biu din la 1(t - t
0
).f(t)
nh hnh (h.13-7).
Hay ham f(t) tac ng vao mach trong khoang thi gian t
1
n t
2
c biu din
bng biu thc : [1(t - t
1
) -1(t - t
2
)]f(t). nh hnh (h.13-8).

t
f
2
(t)
t t
2
0
f
1
(t)
f
t
1
t
1
f f
t
f(t)
t
0
h.13-7 h.13-8 h.13-9
Biu din cac oan ng vi cac thi gian cua cac ham kch thch khac nhau
tac ng vao mach. V du nh kch thch hnh (h.13-9) co f
1
(t) tac ng vao mach
trong thi gian t 0 n t
1
, con t thi im t
1
tr i th ham f
2
(t) tac ng c biu
din bng biu thc : [1(t) - 1(t - t
1
)]f
1
(t) + 1(t - t
1
)f
2
(t)
Tnh cht cua ham 1(t) :
Tch 1(t - t
0
) vi con s cung la bc nhay tai t
0
vi bin tng ln
.1(t - t
0
).
43
Tch 1(t - t
0
) vi mt ham s f(t) : 1(t -t
0
).f(t) =
<
0
0
t t ) t ( f
t t 0
Phn b irac - Ham irac ( Xung irac) :
V ham 1(t) la ham lin tuc kha vi nn xac nh c
dt
) t ( 1 d
cung la ham c
bit, ta thy ao ham nay trit tiu khp ni tr thi im bc nhay, o ao ham
se la xung v cung ln trong thi gian v cung ngn nh hnh (h.13-10).
Goi nhng xung o la nhng phn b (ham) irac - ) t ( . y khng la ham
theo ngha cht che toan hoc. Biu thc ham ) t ( biu din nh sau :

=

= =
0 t
0 t 0
) t ( ) t ( 1
dt
d
(13-2)
Biu thc ) t t (
0
biu din nh sau :
=

=
0
0
0
t t
t t 0
) t t ( 1
dt
d
(13-2a) biu din hnh hoc hnh (h.13-10a).
Vy 1(t) kha vi ngha rng va (t) cung nh vy.
Ta co : ) t ( . C u . C i ), t ( . L ' i . L u ), t ( 1 dt ) t (
,
C C L
= = = = =
Vy irac la gii han day xung tin dn n 0 ngoai gc t = 0 va tin dn n

ln cn gc. Vy (t) la mt phim ham.
Mt s tnh cht cua (t) :
t
0
h.13-10
(t)
1
a
0
t
1
(t)
0
h.13-10
t
- Cac irac tac ng thi im khac nhau th c lp tuyn tnh.
0 ) t t ( . ) t t ( .
2 2 1 1
+
- Cac irac khac cp nhau tac ng cung mt thi im t
0
th c lp tuyn
tnh nhau.
T hai tnh cht trn rut ra :
Ch co s cn bng gia cac irac cung cp cung mt thi im tac ng. y
chnh la nguyn tc cn bng xung irac ma ta se vn dung lp mi quan h gia
x(0) va x(-0) trong cac bai toan QTQ khng chnh.
e. Lut chuyn tip nghim qua cua bai toan khng chnh :
Vi bai toan khng chnh - se xut hin cac xung va gia nhng phn t thu
ng cac xung irac t cn bng nhau theo nguyn tc cn bng xung irac. T cac
phng trnh cn bng xung irac ta dn ra lut chuyn tip bai toan khng chnh.
Lut chuyn tip cho mach co vong in dung :
44
Khi tn tai vong in dung, s nhay vot cua bin th hin s gia tng in tch
tai thi im ong, m. Theo nguyn ly cn bng xung irc th lng tng in tch
tai thi im ong m tai mt nh cua vong in dung phai t cn bng nhau.
V du : Xet qua trnh qua sau khi ong
khoa K hnh (h13-11), co vong in dung C
1
- C
2
.
Xut hin cac gia tng in tch trn tu C
1
la q'
1

trn tu C
2
la q'
2
. Co cn bng tai nh a
[ ]
) 0 ( q ) 0 ( q ) 0 ( q ) 0 ( q
0 ) 0 ( q ) 0 ( q ) 0 ( q ) 0 ( q
) t ( . ) 0 ( q ) 0 ( q 0 q q
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1
2 1
,
2
,
1
+ = + + +
= + + +
+ = = +

C
2
C
1
E
r
a
K
h.13-11
Tng quat :

= + ) 0 ( q ) 0 ( q . y chnh
la lut chuyn tip tai thi im ong, m t = 0 cua bai toan khng chnh tn tai vong
in dung. Phat biu nh sau :
"Tng in tch tai mt nh cua vong in dung phai lin tuc tai thi im ong
m."
Lut chuyn tip cho mach co tp ct in cam :
Khi tn tai tp ct cam, xut hin lng gia tng t thng trn cac cun dy tai t
= 0. Theo nguyn ly cn bng xung irc th lng tng t thng tai thi im ong
m trong mt vong cha cac cun cam phai cn bng nhau.
V du vong L
1
- L
2
hnh (h.13-12)
L
2
L
1
h.13-12
Sau khi m khoa K se hnh thanh tp ct cam L
1
, L
2
xut hin
gia tng t thng '
1
trn cun dy L
1
va '
2
trn cun dy L
2
tun
theo quan h cn bng :
[ ]
) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 (
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 (
) t ( . 0
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1
2 1
,
2
,
1
+ = + + +
= + + +
= + = = +

Tng quat :

= + ) 0 ( ) 0 ( . y la lut chuyn tip cua t thng tai thi
im ong, m t = 0 cua bai toan khng chnh tn tai tp ct cam, c phat biu nh
sau :
"Tng t thng moc vong theo vong kn cac in cam tai thi im ong m
phai lin tuc."
4. Cac lut dong mo - So kin - Tinh so kin
1. Cac lut ong m
T quan h chuyn tip bin qua tai thi im ong, m t = 0 a phn tch
trn dn n quan h tng quat la cac lut ong, m.
a. Lut ong m 1 :
Phat biu nh sau : " Tng in tch mt nh phai lin tuc noi chung cung
nh noi ring thi im ong m"
Biu thc theo bin q :

= + ) 3 13 ( ) 0 ( q ) 0 ( q
k k

45
Biu thc theo bin u
C
:

= + ) 0 ( u C ) 0 ( u C
Ck k Ck k
(13-3a)
Khi bai toan chnh, khng co vong thun dung th : u
C
(+0) = u
C
(-0) (13-4)
Vy lut ong m 1 cua bai toan chnh la :" in ap trn tu in phai lin tuc tai
thi im ong m."
b. Lut ong m 2 :
Phat biu nh sau : " Tng t thng moc vong trong mt vong kn phai lin tuc
noi chung, cung nh noi ring tai thi im ong m ".
Biu thc theo bin :

= + ) 0 ( ) 0 (
k k
(13-5)
Biu thc theo bin i
L
:

= + ) 0 ( i L ) 0 ( i L
Lk k Lk k
(13-5a)
Khi bai toan chnh, khng tn tai tp ct thun L th co : i
L
(+0) = i
L
(-0) (13-6)
Nn lut ong, m 2 cua bai toan chnh la : " Dong in qua cun cam phai lin
tuc tai thi im ong m."
2. S kin cua bai toan qua trnh qua
Hiu bit y u va tnh c s kin la vic rt quan trong xac nh c
nghim QTQ cua bai toan. S kin la gia tr cua qua trnh qua va ao ham cua no
tai thi im ong m. No la nhng gia tr bng s cu th nh x(0), x'(0), x"(0)...
Co th phn ra 2 loai s kin nh sau :
a. S kin c lp : la s kin xac nh t cac lut ong m nh u
C
(+0), i
L
(+0)
va ch co u
C
(0), i
L
(0) mi la s kin c lp (noi nh vy ung cho trng hp thng
thng dung cac bin s in ap, dong in).
b. S kin phu thuc : la gia tr QTQ va ao ham cua no tai thi im ong
m khng suy c t lut ong m ma phai tnh t s mach sau khi ong m (goi
la s hin hanh) nh ngha la tt ca cac s
kin con lai tr u
),... 0 ( i ), 0 ( u ), 0 ( u ), 0 ( i ), 0 ( i ), 0 ( u
r r L C
,
L
,
C
C
(0), i
L
(0).
Xac nh s kin la xac nh hng s tch phn nn s s kin phai xac nh
bng s hng s tch phn, tc la bng s bc phng trnh vi phn m ta mach in.
Nu mach in ch co toan r vi C, hoc r vi L ng vi phng trnh vi phn
cp 1 goi la mach cp 1, s s kin phai xac nh la 1.
Mach in co ca L va C goi la mach cp 2 th s s kin phai xac nh la 2
xac nh 2 hng s tch phn trong biu thc nghim QTQ.
3. Tnh s kin :
a. S kin c lp la u
C
(+0), i
L
(+0) c suy t lut ong m :
Khi bai toan chnh th : u
C
(0) = u
C
(-0), i
L
(0) = i
L
(-0).
Khi bai toan khng chnh th :

= + = + ) 0 ( Li ) 0 ( Li ), 0 ( u C ) 0 ( u C
L L C k C k

Nn phai tnh u
C
(-0), i
L
(-0) la nhng gia tr cua qua trnh cu ng vi s cu - trc
khi ong m ri thay tai thi im t = 0 co u
C
(-0), i
L
(-0) sau o s dung lut ong,
m rut ra c s kin c lp u
C
(0), i
L
(0).
Trnh t tnh s kin c lp u
C
(0), i
L
(0) theo cac bc nh sau :
Dung s cu la s trc ong, m tnh u
C
(-0), i
L
(-0). tnh u
C
(-0), i
L
(-
0) cn phai xac nh qua trnh cu la qua trnh g ?
46
Nu qua trnh cu la xac lp mt chiu ta lu y cun cam 0
dt
di
L u
L
= = ,
cun cam thanh ngn mach, con tu in 0
dt
du
C i
C
= = tu in thanh h mach. Nn
trong mach xac lp mt chiu ch con cac in tr v vy phng trnh mach la h ai
s theo lut K1, K2. Giai h phng trnh ai s nay tm c U
C
, I
L
trong mach o
chnh la u
C
(-0) = U
C
, i
L
(-0) = I
L
.
Nu qua trnh cu la xac lp hnh sin, t s phc trc ong, m vit h
phng trnh ai s vi anh phc theo lut K1, K2. Giai h phng trnh nay tm c
sau o chuyn sang dang phn b thi gian L C I , U

), t sin( U ) t ( u
m C
+ =
) t sin( I ) t ( i
m L
+ = thay cac biu thc nay tai t = 0 ta c u
C
(-0) = U
m
sin, va i
L
(-
0) = I
m
sin.
Nu qua trnh trc ong, m ang la QTQ ta cn tnh nghim QTQ cu la
biu thc thi gian ri thay t trong biu thc thi gian nay bng mc thi gian ta se
c u
C
(-t
0
), i
L
(-t
0
).
Lp u
C
(-0), i
L
(-), hoc u
L
(-t
0
), i
L
(-t
0
) vao biu thc lut ong, m c u
C
(0),
i
L
(0) hoc u
C
(t
0
), i
L
(t
0
) la nhng s kin c lp.
b. S kin phu thuc : la gia tr cua QTQ va ao ham cua no tai thi im
ong m, no nghim ung h phng trnh dang tc thi cua mach mi (sau ong m)
- goi la h phng trnh hin hanh - tai thi im ong, m t = 0. T o dn ra cac
bc tnh s kin phu thuc nh sau :
- T s mach sau ong, m (la s hin hanh) vit phng trnh mach
(theo lut K1, K2) di dang tc thi (dang vi tch phn theo thi gian) theo bin
nhanh (y la phng trnh hin hanh, thc cht la m hnh mach giai oan qua
vi cac bin s qua ).
- Thay h phng trnh hin hanh tai t = 0 se c h phng trnh lin h cac
s kin, trong o cac s kin c lp i
L
(0), u
C
(0) a c tnh. Giai h phng trnh
nay se c mt s s kin phu thuc.
- Nu con thiu cac s kin la ao ham x'(0), x''(0) th tin hanh ao ham h
phng trnh hin hanh theo t sau o lai thay tai t = 0 se c h phng trnh lin h
cac s kin. Giai h phng trnh nay xac nh tip mt s s kin con lai.
V du : Cho mach in nh hnh ve (h.13-13).
Trc khi ong khoa K mach ch xac lp. Tu C cha nap.
Tm cac s kin : i
1
(0), i
2
(0), i
3
(0), i'
1
(0), i'
2
(0), i'
3
(0).
i
3
r
1
i
2
i
1
r
2
L
C
E

K
r
1
=1
r
2
L=1H
C=1 E=1V
h.13-13a h.13-13b
47
a. Tnh s kin c lp u
C
(0), i
L
(0) :
- T s cu (trc khi ong) hnh (h.13-13a), mach ch xac lp mt
chiu ta tnh c : u
C
(-0) = 0 do cha ong K, tu cha nap, dong in qua cun dy
i
L
(-0) = E/(r
1
+ r
2
) = 1/(1 + 1) = 0,5 A.
V bai toan chnh nn suy ra : u
C
(+0) = u
C
(-0) = 0, i
L
(+0) = i
L
(-0) = 0,5A.
b. Xac nh s kin phu thuc t s hin hanh : (sau khi ong) (h.13-13b).
Vit h phng trnh hin hanh (dang phn b thi gian) theo phng phap bin
nhanh :
= +
= + +
=
E ) t ( u r ) t ( i
E ) t ( ' i . L r ) t ( i r ) t ( i
0 ) t ( i ) t ( i ) t ( i
C 1 1
2 2 2 1 1
3 2 1

Thay h phng trnh tai t = 0 (thi im ong m) ta c :
= +
= + +
=
E ) 0 ( u r ) 0 ( i
E ) 0 ( ' i . L r ) 0 ( i r ) 0 ( i
0 ) 0 ( i ) 0 ( i ) 0 ( i
C 1 1
2 2 2 1 1
3 2 1

Bit i
2
(0) = i
L
(0) = 0,5; u
C
(0) = 0 la cac s kin c lp a c tnh, thay vao h
phng trnh c :
i
1
(0) - 0,5 - i
3
(0) = 0.
T i
1
(0)r
1
- 0 = E i
1
(0) =1A
thay vao i
1
(0)r
1
+ i
2
(0)r
2
+ Li'
2
(0) = E i'
2
(0) = (E-0,5-1)/1 = -0,5A/s.
va i
3
(0) = i
1
(0) - i
2
(0) = 1- 0,5 = 0,5A.
Ta ao ham ca h phng trnh hin hanh theo t xac nh lng i'
1
(t), i'
2
(t), i'
3
(t).
= +
= + +
=
0 ) t ( ' u r ) t ( ' i
0 ) t ( " i . L r ) t ( ' i r ) t ( ' i
0 ) t ( ' i ) t ( ' i ) t ( ' i
C 1 1
2 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
y i'
2
(0) = -0,5 A/s a tnh trn.
Lu y : u'
C
= i
3
.1/C v
= idt
C
1
u
C

Thay tai t = 0 c h phng trnh
= + +
= + +
=
0 ) 0 ( i .
C
1
0 r ) 0 ( ' i
0 ) 0 ( " i . L r ) 0 ( ' i r ) 0 ( ' i
0 ) 0 ( ' i ) 0 ( ' i ) 0 ( ' i
3 1 1
2 2 2 1 1
3 2 1

Trong o i'
2
(0) = -0,5A/s, i
3
(0) = 0,5A a tnh trn i'
1
(0) = s / A 5 , 0 ) 0 ( i
C r
1
3
1
=
nn i'
3
(0) = i'
1
(0) - i'
2
(0) = -0,5 - (-0,5) = 0A/s
va : i"
2
(0) = -[i'
1
(0)r
1
+i'
2
(0)r
2
]/L = (0,5 + 0,5)/1 = 1A/s
2
.
Nu mun tm cac s kin i"
1
(0), i"'
2
(0), i"
3
(0), ..., ta ao ham tip h phng trnh theo
t va thay h tai t = 0.
48
= +
= + +
=
0 ) 0 ( ' i
C
1
r ) 0 ( " i
0 ) 0 ( ' " i . L r ) 0 ( " i r ) 0 ( " i
0 ) 0 ( " i ) 0 ( " i ) 0 ( " i
3 1 1
2 2 2 1 1
3 2 1

Trong o i''
2
(0) = 1 A/s
2
; i'
3
(0) = 0 a tnh trn. Giai h phng trnh ta c :
i"
1
(0) = 0
r . C
) 0 ( ' i
1
3
= va i"
3
(0) = - i"
2
(0) = -1A/s
2
.
V du 2 : Xac nh s kin u
ab
(0), u'
ab
(0) cua mach hnh (h.13-14)


i
r2
L
C
r
2
i
C
i
r1
r
1
j
K
b
a
r
2
i
r1
r
1
j
b
a
h.13-14 h.13-14a
Trc khi ong khoa K ta co : u
C
(-0) = 0, i
L
(-0) = 0.
T y suy ra s kin c lp : v bai toan chnh nn co :
u
C
(0) = u
C
(-0) = 0
i
L
(0) = i
L
(-0) = 0
u
ab
(0) = u
C
(0) = 0 vy a xac nh c u
ab
(0) con u'
ab
(0) = u'
C
(0) la s kin phu
thuc cn c tnh tip :
Phng trnh hin hanh (sau khi ong K) c vit t s hin hanh (h.13-14) la :
=
=
= + +
0 L ). t ( ' i r ) t ( i r ) t ( i
0 ) t ( u r ) t ( i
j ) t ( i ) t ( i ) t ( i
L 2 L 1 1
C 1 1
L C 1 r

Thay tai t = 0 ta c :
=
=
= + +
0 L ). 0 ( ' i r ) 0 ( i r ) 0 ( i
0 ) 0 ( u r ) 0 ( i
j ) 0 ( i ) 0 ( i ) 0 ( i
L 2 L 1 1
C 1 1
L C 1 r

T h phng trnh vi u
C
(0) = 0 rut ra i
1
(0) = u
C
(0)/r
1
= 0
va vi i
L
(0) = 0 rut ra i
C
(0) = j
y s kin c lp u bng 0 : i
L
(0) = 0, u
C
(0) = 0.
Vi i
L
(0) = 0 co th coi in cam luc nay b h mach.
Va u
C
(0) = 0 co th coi nh in dung b ni tt.
Ta co s hin hanh tai t = 0 nh hnh (h.13-14a).
T s nay thy ngay u
ab
(0) = u
C
(0) = 0 v tu b ni tt nn u
C
(0) = 0, i
C
(0) = j nn
u'
ab
(0) = i
C
(0)/C = j/C;s i
C
(0) trong s nay la dong ngn mach qua tu i
C
(0) = j. T o
suy ra khi s kin c lp bng 0 th co th dn ra s mach hin hanh tai t = 0
tnh cac s kin phu thuc mt cach thun li.
49
V du 3 :
Xac nh i(0), i
L
(0), i
C
(0), i'(0), i'
L
(0), i'
C
(0) cua mach hnh (h.13-15).
a. Xac nh s kin c lp : e(t) = E
m
sint
i R
K
i
L
i
C
r
2
L
C
e(t)
V bai toan chnh nn co :
u
C
(0) = u
C
(-0) = 0 (cha ong K, tu cha
nap).
Xac nh i
L
(0) : V qua trnh cu (trc ong
K) la xac lp sin, ta dung s phc tnh :
=
+
=
+ +
=
+ +

= =
z
E
I
r R
x
arctg vi
x ) r R (
E
jx r R
0 E
Z
E
I
m
L
L
2
L
2
m
L
m
L

(h.13-15)
T dang phc a v dang tc thi i
L
(t) = ) t sin(
z
E
m
thay tai t = 0 ta c :
) sin(
z
E
) 0 ( i
m
L
= bai toan chnh suy ra : i
L
(0) = ) sin(
z
E
) 0 ( i
m
L
= .
b. Xac nh s kin phu thuc : t s sau khi ong khoa K
Phng trnh hin hanh :
= +
= + +
=
) t ( e ) t ( u R ). t ( i
) t ( e ) t ( ' i . L r ). t ( i R ). t ( i
0 ) t ( i ) t ( i ) t ( i
C
L L
C L

Thay tai t= 0 ta co :
= +
= + +
=
) 0 ( e ) 0 ( u R ). 0 ( i
) 0 ( e ) 0 ( ' i . L r ). 0 ( i R ). 0 ( i
0 ) 0 ( i ) 0 ( i ) 0 ( i
C
L L
C L
Rut ra : i(0).R = e(0) - u
C
(0) = e(0) = 0 nn i(0) = 0
va i
C
(0) = i(0) - i
L
(0) = 0 - = sin
z
E
) sin(
z
E
m m

T : i(0).R + i
L
(0).r + L.i'
L
(0) = e(0) = 0 vi i(0) = 0
Rut ra : i'
L
(0) = = =
sin
L . z
r . E
) sin(
L . z
r . E
L
r ). 0 ( i
m m L

ao ham theo t h phng trnh hin hanh ta c h :
= = +
= = +
=
t cos E ) t ( ' e ) t ( i .
C
1
R ). t ( ' i
t cos E ) t ( ' e ) t ( " i . L r ). t ( ' i R ). t ( ' i
0 ) t ( ' i ) t ( ' i ) t ( ' i
m C
m L L
C L

50
Thay tai t = 0 ta co :
= = +
= = +
=
m m C
m m L L
C L
E ) 0 . cos( E ) 0 ( i .
C
1
R ). 0 ( ' i
E ) 0 . cos( E ) 0 ( " i . L r ). 0 ( ' i R ). 0 ( ' i
0 ) 0 ( ' i ) 0 ( ' i ) 0 ( ' i

Rut ra :
=

=

= sin
C . z . R
E
R
E
R
sin
C . z
E
E
R
) 0 ( i
C
1
E
) 0 ( ' i
m m
m
m C m

= = sin
L . z
r E
sin
C . R . z
E
R
E
) 0 ( ' i ) 0 ( ' i ) 0 ( ' i
m m m
L C

Qua cac v du trn cn thit uc kt cac vic phai lam tnh s kin nh sau :
a. Xac nh s kin c lp : tc la xac nh u
C
(0), i
L
(0).
xac nh u
C
(0), i
L
(0) trc tin phai tnh u
C
(-0), i
L
(-0), y la ap trn tu in
va dong in qua cun dy tai thi im ong, m t = 0 thuc s cu (trc ong,
m) ng vi h phng trnh cu. tnh u
C
(-0), i
L
(-0) cn da vao iu kin lam vic
cua mach t < 0 (mach trc thi im ong, m t = 0) - ng vi trang thai nng lng
cu.
Co th gp mt s ch lam vic cua mach trc ong, m nh sau :
Mach lam vic ch xac lp cu. Luc nay ta ap dung cac phng phap tnh
ch xac lp a hoc trong giao trnh CSKT1 giai ra u
C
(-0), i
L
(-0). Vi mach xac
lp mt chiu ta giai h ai s vi h s la cac in tr c u
C
(-0) = U
C
, i
L
(-0) = I
L
.
Con vi mach xac lp iu hoa ta giai h ai s vi anh phc c t o suy ra
u
L C I , U

C
(t), i
L
(t) ri thay tai t = 0 c u
C
(-0), i
L
(-0).
t < 0 mach ang lam vic ch qua cu (y la bai toan gm hai qua
trnh qua ni tip nhau tai thi im t
0
). Vi bai toan nay ta cn tnh nghim qua
cu u
Cq
(t) va i
Lq
(t) ri thay t bng t
0
ta co u
Cq
(-t
0
), i
Lq
(-t
0
)
Sau khi tnh c u
C
(-0), i
L
(-0), u
C
(-t
0
), i
L
(-t
0
) ta da vao lut ong, m tnh ra
cac s kin c lp u
C
(0), i
L
(0), u
C
(t
0
), i
L
(t
0
)
b. Tnh s kin phu thuc :
Dung s sau ong, m ( trang thai nng lng mi t > 0). Vit h phng
trnh K1, K2 di dang vi tch phn m ta mach (cac bin s qua u, i phu thuc thi
gian). Sau do thay h phng trnh tai t = 0 se c h phng trnh lin h cac s
kin, trong o u
C
(0), i
L
(0) a c xac nh trc phn s kin c lp. T h phng
trnh lin h cac s kin bng phng phap loai tr bin tnh c mt s s kin.
Nu con thiu s kin ta ao ham tip h phng trnh hin hanh theo t ri thay
tai t = 0, giai tip, c th tip tuc tnh u s s kin cn thit.
c. Chu y : mach cp 1 (ch co r vi C hoc r vi L) cn 1 s kin.
Mach cp 2 (co ca L,C) cn tnh 2 s kin x(0) va x'(0)
51

CHUONG 14
TINH QUA TRINH QUA D MACH TUYN TINH BNG PHUONG PHAP
TICH PHN KINH DIN

T ban cht giai qua trnh qua mach tuyn tnh la giai h phng trnh vi
phn h s hng cho thoa man s kin ta s dung ly thuyt phng trnh vi phn a ra
phng phap nh sau :
1. Phuong phap tich phn kinh din giai qua trinh qua d mach tuyn
tinh.
Phng phap phn tch qua trnh qua da trn s tch phn phng trnh vi
phn cho thoa man s kin goi la phng phap tch phn kinh in.
I. Ni dung va tinh thn phuong phap :
Theo ly thuyt phng trnh vi phn th nghim cua phng trnh vi phn tuyn
tnh khng thun nht se la xp chng nghim phng trnh vi phn thun nht va
nghim ring cua phng trnh vi phn khng thun nht. Tc biu thc nghi m co
dang : x
TQKTN
= x
TQTN
+ x
RKTN
(14-1)
Trong o : x
TQKTN
la nghim tng quat cua phng trnh vi phn co v 2
(phng trnh vi phn khng thun nht).
x
TQTN
la nghim tng quat cua phng trnh vi phn khng co v 2
(phng trnh vi phn thun nht).
x
RKTN
la nghim ring cua phng trnh vi phn co v 2 (phng
trnh vi phn khng thun nht).
Ap dung tinh thn nay giai h phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh biu din giai
oan qua cua mach in.
Ta thy rng trong phng trnh mach in th v 2 ch ngun kch thch, cho
nn phng trnh khng co v 2 tc la khng co kch thch cng bc, ma khi mach
khng co kch thch cng bc th trong no ch co th co qua trnh tao ra do qua trnh
cu (trc ong m), nn tao goi nghim nay la nghim t do : x
TQTN
= x
Td
Khi co kch thch cng bc tac ng vao mach sau khi ong m (vi thi gian
u ln) th qua trnh trong mach se xac lp, v vy nghim ring cua phng trnh vi
phn co v 2 chnh la nghim xac lp nn : x
RKTN
= x
XL
.
Nn t (14-1) co : x
qd
= x
xl
+ x
td
. (14-2)
T o thy ro ta a qui vic xac nh nghim qua v vic xac nh nghim
xac lp xp chng vi nghim t do tranh vic phai tch phn phng trnh vi phn
cua mach.
E
C
r
K V du : Xet qua trnh qua cua mach hnh
(h.14-1) sau khi ong khoa K.
Phng trnh vi phn m ta mach sau khi ong khoa K
la : u
r
+ u
C
= E
h.14-1
i.r + u
C
= E
52
v co i = C.u'
C
nn c phng trnh vi phn biu din giai oan qua cua mach
in la : Cu'
C
.r + u
C
= E.
y la phng trnh vi phn co v 2 (v 2 la ngun mt chiu E). V ngun mt
chiu E tac ng vao mach sau khi ong khoa K nn se co mt nghim ring chnh la
nghim xac lp mt chiu sau khi ong khoa K. V la xac lp mt chiu nn u'
C
= 0
con u
Cxl
= E.
Phng trnh thun nht (khng v 2) cho nghim x
td
nn bin s luc nay la u
Ctd
.
Cr.u'
Ctd
+ u
Ctd
= 0.

= = dt
rC
1
u
du
, u
dt
du
r . C
Ctd
Ctd
Ctd
Ctd

Tch phn phng trnh vi phn ta c nghim t do u
Ctd
:
rC
t
Ctd
Ctd
e . A u ,
C . r
t
A
u
Ln

= =
Vy ta co nghim qua : u
Cqd
= u
Cxl
+ u
Ctd
= E + A.
rC
t
e

Qua v du thy rng vic tm nghim xac lp sau khi ong m (xac lp sau) ng
vi vic giai h phng trnh sau ong m ch xac lp, c thc hin nh Ly
thuyt mach tp 1 a quen bit ( lu y nu xac lp sau la mach iu hoa, ta dung
phng phap chuyn i anh phc giai ra nghim anh ri tra v gia tr thi gian).
Con vic xac nh nghim t do : tranh vic phai tch phn phng trnh vi
phn khng v 2 xac nh x
td
ta da vao c im cua nghim t do ta thy nghim nay
co dang ham mu : x
Td
= Ae
pt
.
Nn thy ngay ch cn xac nh p, A se lp ghep c
pt
td
Ae x = . Trong o p
phu thuc vao cu truc, thng s cua mach goi la s mu c trng ( v du trn ta thy
p = -1/rC, vi mach r - C). V nghim t do co dang ham mu x
Td
= A.e
pt

nn :
td
pt pt
td
x . p pAe Ae
dt
d
' x = = = con
p
x
Ae
p
1
Ae x
Td t . p pt
Td
= = =

dn n phng trnh
vi phn khng v hai vi nghim t do ham mu se thanh phng trnh ai s :
0 u Crpu
td Ctd
= + t o co 0 ) 1 Crp ( u
Ctd
= +
Trong o ( ) p 1 Crp = + ta goi la a thc c trng (a thc cha p). Con A la
hng s tch phn se xac nh tuy thuc vao s kin cua bai toan. Vy cn a ra
nhng giai phap xac nh s mu c trng p.
II. Cach xac djnh s mu dc trung p : co 2 phng phap xac nh p
1. Phng phap ai s hoa phng trnh vi phn khng v 2 theo nghim t do
rut ra a thc c trng p. Lp lun p = 0 giai ra c p.
V du : trong mach r-C co phng trnh ai s hoa ( ) 0 p . u 1 rCp u
Ctd Ctd
= = +
V u
Ctd
= 0 la nghim tm thng nn p = 0 = rCp + 1 giai c
rC
1
p =
V du : Lp a thc c trng cho mach nh hnh (h.14-2)
T phng trnh khng v 2 la :
53
0 idt
C
1
' i . L r . i = + +

C
r
L
Thay i
Td
= Ae
p.t
vao phng trnh khng co v 2 ta
c phng trnh ai s la :
0 )
pC
1
Lp r ( i
0
pC
i
Lpi r . i
Td
Td
Td Td
= + +
= + +

h.14-2
Rut ra a thc c trng
pC
1
Lp r p + + = .
Cho p = 0 rut ra 0 1 Crp LCp
2
= + +
hay 0
LC
1
L
r
p p
2
= + + giai ra c
LC
1
L 2
r
L 2
r
p
2
2 , 1

=
Vy ta ai s hoa c phng trnh vi phn khng v 2 bng cach thay ch co
bng
dt
p
1
, ch co
dt
d
bng p t o rut ra p = 0 giai ra c s mu c trng p.
2. Phng phap ai s hoa s mach theo p ri tnh tng tr (tng dn) vao
theo p, giai Z
V
(p) = 0 hoc Y
V
(p) = 0 tnh c p.
S ai s hoa theo p co c bng cach t s sau khi ong, m nu co
in tr R th gi nguyn, con gp cun cam L th thay bng pL, gp tu in C th thay
bng
pC
1
. H mach mt nhanh bt ky cua s ai s hoa, t o nhn vao mach ta co
mang mt ca. Tnh tng tr vao theo p. Tng tr vao nay Z
V
(p) v mt hnh thc
ging nh Z
V
(j) cua mang mt ca xac lp hnh sin a hoc. Ch vic thay j bng p
la co c Z
V
(p). Lu y Z
V
(p) nay ng vi mach khng co ngun; nn nu t ca nhn
vao mach nu co ngun ap th ni tt, co ngun dong th h mach ngun dong. V
mach in khng co ngun kch thch nn co quan h : i
td
.Z
V
(p) = 0 va v i
td
khng ly
nghim tm thng nn co Z
V
(p) = 0, t y giai ra p.
V du : Mach r-C co s ai s hoa nh hnh (h.14-2a), tng tr vao :
Z
V
(p) =
pC
1
r +
Z
V
(p)
1/pC
r
giai Z
V
(p) =
pC
1
r + = 0 c
rC
1
p =
Vi mach r-L-C ta co s ai s hoa nh
hnh (h.14-2b). T s tnh tng tr vao :
h.14-2a
Z
V
(p)
1/pC
r
pL
Z
V
(p) =
pC
1
Lp r + +
pC
1 rCp LC p
2
+ +
=
Cho Z
V
(p) = 0 . Giai
phng trnh nay c :
0 1 rCp LC p
2
= + +
LC
1
L 2
r
L 2
r
p
2
2 , 1

=
h.14-2b
54
i vi mach gm cac nhanh song song co th tnh tng dn u vao cua s
i vi cp nut. Y
V
(p) va cho Y
V
(p) = 0, giai ra p.
j(t) 1/pC
r
b
h.14-2c
a K
V du : Tnh p trong mach hnh (h.14-2c).
Co Y
vab
(p) = pC
r
1
+
cho Y
vab
(p) = 0 rut ra c
rC
1
p = .
V du : Tnh p mach in hnh (h.14-3).
Bit r
1
= r
2
= 10, L = 0,1H, C = 10
-3
F.
a. Tnh p t a thc c trng p = 0. Vit h phng trnh ai s hoa khng
ngun :
= + +
= + +
0 )
pC
1
r ( i )
pC
1
( i
0
pC
1
i )
pC
1
Lp r ( i
2 2 1
2 1 1

i
1
L
r
1
2
1
K
E
C
i
2
r
2
t o dn ra ma trn p va cho p = 0
pC
1
r
pC
1
pC
1
pC
1
Lp r
p
2
1
+
+ +
= = 0
h.14-3
ta c phng trnh c trng :
0 )
pC
1
( )
pC
1
r )(
pC
1
Lp r ( p
2
2 1
= + + + =
0 r pL LCr p r r pCr 0
pC
1
r
C
L
pLr
pC
1
r r r
0 )
pC
1
( )
pC
1
(
pC
1
r
C
L
pLr
pC
1
r r r
2 2
2
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
2 2
2 2 1 2 1
= + + + + = + + + +
= + + + + +

0 r r ) L r Cr ( p LCr p p
2 1 2 1 2
2
= + + + + = giai phng trnh nay c p.
b. Tnh p t tng tr vao Z
v
(p) = 0 s ai s hoa hnh (h.14-3a)
Tng tr u vao nhn t ca 1 la :
r
2
1/pC
pL r
1
Z
v1
(p)
0
pC
1
r
pC
1
r
pL r ) p ( Z
2
2
1 1 V
=
+
+ + =
0 r r ) L r Cr ( p LCr p
2 1 2 1 2
2
= + + + +
h.14-3a
giai phng trnh nay c p.
1/pC
pL
r
2
r
1
Z
V2
(p)
Ni tt ngun E, h mach nhanh 2,
ta co tng tr u vao t ca la nhanh 2 nh
hnh (h.14-3b) :
h.14-3b
55
0 r r ) r Cr L ( p LCr p ) p ( Z
pC
1
pL r
pC
1
) pL r (
r ) p ( Z
2 1 2 1 2
2
2 V
1
1
2 2 V
= + + + + =
+ +
+
+ =

Ni tt ngun E, h mach nhanh tu, ta co tng tr u vao t ca la nhanh 3
nh hnh (h.14-3c):
0 r r ) r Cr L ( p LCr p ) p ( Z
r pL r
r ) pL r (
pC
1
) p ( Z
2 1 2 1 2
2
3 V
2 1
2 1
3 V
= + + + + =
+ +
+
+ =
1/pC
pL
r
2
r
1
Z
V3
(p)
Co th tnh Y
V
(p) gia cac nut 1 va 2; cho
Y
V
(p) = 0 cung giai c p, tng dn vao gia hai
nut 1, 2 nh hnh (h.14-3d) :
0 r r ) C r r L ( p LCr p ) p ( Y
0 pL LC p r pC r r r r ) p ( Y
0 pL r pC ) pL r ( r r ) p ( Y
r
1
pC
pL r
1
) p ( Y
2 1 2 1 2
2
2 , 1 V
2
2 2 1 2 1 2 , 1 V
1 1 2 2 2 , 1 V
2 1
2 , 1 V
= + + + + =
= + + + + =
= + + + + =
+ +
+
=

h.14-3c
2
1
1/pC
pL
r
2
r
1
h.14-3c
thay s vao cac Z
V
(p) trn hay Y
V
(p) ta u c :
p
2
+ 200p + 20.10
3
= 0 giai ra c : p
1,2
= -100 j100.
Vy chung ta d dang xac nh p t phep tnh ai s giai Z
V
(p) = 0 hoc Y
V
(p) = 0.
III. S mu dc trung p va dang diu nghim tu do, dang diu nghim
QTQD
S mu p phu thuc vao cu truc, thng s mach in nn no quyt nh dang
iu cua qua trnh t do, do o dang iu cua QTQ.
S mu c trng p c giai t phng trnh p = 0 hoc Z
V
(p) = 0 nn p co th
co nhng day hay gp nh sau : la s thc dng hoc m, la s phc lin hp, la
nghim kep.
Ta phn tch thy ro vai tro cua p quyt nh n dang iu cua nghim t do
cung nh nghim qua :
1. Khi p
k
thc dng : p
k
> 0 :
Th
t p
td
k
e . A x = tng n iu dn n v han nh hnh (h.14-4)
Biu din p
K
trn mt phng phc p
k
> 0 nm trn truc thc pha dng nh
hnh (h.14-4a).
T x
q
= x
td
+ x
xl
thy x
td
tng n nn x
q
tin n ma khng tin n xac
lp. Ta noi QTQ khng tin n qua trnh xac lp, n nh ma tin n tin n v
cung ln mt cach n iu.
56
Vy khi p
K
nm trn truc thc, pha dng cua mt phng phc th qua trnh t do n
iu tin n do o QTQ cung tin n , khng tin ti xac lp, n nh.

p
k
> 0
t
1 0
h.14-4 h.14-4a
j
x
td
0 t
p
k
< 0
x
td
h.14-5a
1 0
j

0
h.14-5

2. Khi p
k
thc m : p
k
< 0 :
Th
t p
td
k
e . A x = giam dn n iu dn n 0 nh hnh (h.14-5), khi t th
x
td
0 nn x
q
= x
td
+ x
xl
x
xl
qua trnh qua tin n xac lp, va n nh. Trn mt
phng phc : p
k
< 0 nm trn truc thc pha m nh hnh (h.14-5a).
Vy khi p
k
nm trn truc thc pha m cua mt phng phc th qua trnh t do
tin n 0 va do o QTQ se tin n xac lp, n nh.
3. Khi p
k
la nghim phc lin hp :
k k k
j a p =
Luc nay nghim t do co dang :
) t cos( e A 2 e A e A x
k k
t a
k
t p
2
t p
1 td
k
*
k k
+ = + =
la dao ng vi tn s bng phn ao cua p
k
la
k
. Vi bin giam hay tng tuy
a
k
(phn thc cua p
k
). Co hai trng hp xay ra :
a. Vi a
k
< 0 th khi t bin cua x
td
giam n 0, dao ng giam dn n
0 nh hnh (h.14-6) nn x
q
= x
xl
+ x
td
dao ng tin n xac lp, n nh.
Khi a
k
< 0 th p
k
= a
k
j
k
nm bn trai mt phng phc nh hnh (h.14-6a).
b. Vi a
k
> 0 th khi t bin dao ng tng dn n , x
td
dao ng tng
dn n , khng tin n xac lp, khng n nh. Luc nay xut hin qua trnh t kch
nh (h.14-7).
Khi a
K
> 0 th p
k
= a
k
j
k
nm trn na phai mt phng phc nh (h.14-7a)
t a
k
Ae
h.14-6 h.14-6a
0
a
k
< 0
j
1 t
x
td
t a
k
Ae
h.14-7a h.14-7
0
j
a
k
> 0
1 t
x
td
4. Khi p
k
la nghim bi :
Th nghim t do co dang :
t p 1 k
k 2 1 td
k
e ) t A ... t A A ( x

+ + + =
Thng gp : p
k
la nghim kep th nghim t do co dang :
t p
2 1 td
k
e ) t A A ( x + =
57
Nu p
K
thc dng trong trng hp nay khi t th x
td
khng tin n xac
lp, n nh, do o QTQ khng tin n xac lp, n nh
Nu p
k
thc m th qua trnh t do tin n 0 nn qua trnh qua tin n xac
lp, n nh.
Qua phn tch trn thy ro s mu c trng p
k
quyt nh x
td
va x
q
.
Trong o phn thc cua p
K
, Re(p
k
) quyt nh cng qua trnh t do tng hay
giam vi tc nhanh hay chm (tuy Re(p
k
) m, dng, ln, be).
Con Im(p
k
) phn ao cua p
K
quyt nh x
td
co dao ng hay khng vi tn s ln
hay be.
Biu din p
k
trn mt phng phc ta thy :
Khi p
k
nm na trai mt phng phc (nu Re(p
k
) < 0), x
td
giam n 0, x
q
tin
n xac lp, n nh.
Khi p
k
nm na phai mt phng phc (nu Re(p
k
) > 0), x
td
tng n , x
q

khng tin n xac lp, n nh ma tng n v cung ln nh hnh (h.14-8)
Ro rang p
K
cha thng tin v qua trnh cua mach in nn co th da vao s
phn b cua p
K
trn mt phng phc co c mt s tnh cht cua qua trnh trong
mach in ma khng cn giai phng trnh mach in. y cung la mt phng phap
phn tch mach in.
Khu vc qua trnh
n nh a
k
< 0
Xac lp
0
j
1
Khng xac lp
Khu vc qua trnh
khng n nh a
k
> 0
h.14-8
IV. Cac buoc tinh QTQD bng phuong phap tich phn kinh din :
1. Da vao s cu, qua trnh cu t < 0 tnh u
C
(-0), i
L
(-0).
2. Da vao lut ong m co u
C
(-0), i
L
(-0) suy ra s kin c lp u
C
(0), i
L
(0).
3. Da vao s mi, qua trnh mi t > 0 vit h phng trnh hin hanh ri
thay tai t = 0 tnh mt s s kin phu thuc, nu con thiu s kin th ao ham h
phng trnh hin hanh theo t ri thay tai t = 0 tnh tip.
4. Tnh s mu c trng p.
5. t nghim qua di dang x
q
= x
xl
+ A.e
pt
. Dang cua nghim t do x
td
tuy
thuc vao s mu c trng p, khi { } 0 p Re > th QTQ tng trng v han nn khng
cn phai tnh tip cac bc sau.
6. Da vao s xac lp sau khi ong, m tnh x
xl
.
7. Thay biu thc nghim qua tai t = 0 xac nh hng s tch phn A vi
x
q
(0) = x
xl
(0) + A t y xac nh A.
58
8. Lp A tnh c vao biu thc x
q
= x
xl
+ A.e
pt
ta c nghim qua trnh qua
.
2. Phn tich qua trinh qua d trong mach cp 1
Ap dung phng phap tch phn kinh in xet QTQ trong mt s mach
thng gp, trc ht cho mach n gian nht la mach gm r - C hoc r - L y la
nhng mach ma phng trnh m ta qua trnh qua la phng trnh vi phn cp 1 nn
nhng mach trn goi la mach cp 1.
Vic phn tch cac QTQ trong mach cp 1, cung nh cp 2, ngoai muc ch
minh hoa ni dung cac bc theo phng phap tch phn kinh in no con giup ta hiu
bit cac c im cua qua trnh qua trong nhng mach o.
I. Qua trinh qua d trong mach r - C:
1. Qua trnh phong in cua tu in :
Bai toan la : Nap cho tu C u
C
(-0) = U
o
, ri cho phong qua tr r. Xac nh
in ap, dong in phong cua tu in qua r sau khi ong khoa
K nh hnh (h.14-9).
y la bai toan QTQ trong mach cp 1, co phng
trnh vi phn la : rCu'
C
+ u
C
= 0.
Vi s kin u
C
(0) = u
C
(-0) = U
0
(v la bai toan chnh)
Theo phng phap tch phn kinh in co in ap qua
trn tu in : u
Cq
= u
Cxl
+ u
Ctd
.
V mach sau khi ong K xac lp khng co ngun cung cp nn co u
Cxl
= 0 do o
u
Cq
= u
Ctd
= Ae
pt
.
K
r
C
h.14-9
- Xac nh p :
T s ai s hoa : Z(p) = r + 1/pC = 0 giai ra p = -1/rC nh hnh (h.14-9a).
Co th t phng trnh ai s hoa rCu'
Ctd
+ u
Ctd
= 0 vi
u
Ctd
= A.e
pt
co : pCru
Ctd
+ u
Ctd
= u
Ctd
(rCp + 1) = 0
Rut ra : p = rCp + 1 = 0 giai c p = -1/rC.
r
1/pC
- Dang nghim qua : u
Cq
= Ae
-t/rC
= u
Ctd
.
Thy ro la do nng lng in trng tch luy tu in
trong s cu gy ra.
h.14-9a
- Thay dang nghim tai t = 0 tnh hng s tch phn A :
u
C
(0) = U
0
= u
Ctd
(0) = A.
h.14-9b)
t
u
C
(t)
i
C
(t)
u
Ctd
, i
Ctd
E
o
/r
E
o
in ap qua trn tu in :
u
Cq
(t) = U
o
e
-t/rC
= u
Ctd
(t)
Vy ap qua chnh la ap t do khi phong in
t do trong mach r - C. Ap qua nay giam n iu
t U
0
n 0.
Con dong in phong cua tu in qua in tr
nhay vot t 0 n
r
U
0
tai thi im t = 0 ri sau o
giam n iu n 0.
59

rC / t o rC / t
o Ctd Ctd Cq
e
r
U
e U
rC
1
C ' Cu i i

=

= = =
v co p = -1/rC < 0 nn qua trnh tt dn n 0 va n iu vi h s tt dn la p
= -1/rC, nh hnh (h.14-9b). Ta thy sau khoang thi gian t = = |1/p| = rC qua trnh t
do se giam i e ln :
) t ( p
o
pt
o
e U
e U
e
+
= .
y la khoang thi gian c trng cho tc tt, goi la hng s thi gian
(khoang thi gian cng qua trnh giam i e ln).
Thng sau khi ong m thi gian t = 3 th qua trnh t do ch con e
-3
gia tr
ban u, con nghim qua at gia tr c 0,95 nghim xac
lp. Mi mach co mt hng s thi gian nht nh, nn co
th da vao hng s nay so sanh, chon la cac mach
in cn thit.
K
E
r
C
2. Qua trnh nap tu in :
h.14-10)
y la QTQ khi ong mach r - C vao ap mt chiu.
Bai toan : ong mach r - C vao ngun hng E = const nh
hnh (h.14-10). Ta co : u
C
(-0) = 0 = u
C
(+0) (v bai toan chnh).
in ap qua trn tu in : u
Cq
= u
Cxl
+ u
Ctd
, trong o : u
Cxl
la ap xac lp mt chiu
trn tu sau khi ong khoa K nn u
Cxl
= E do o :u
Cq
= E + Ae
-t/rC
.
Tai t = 0, u
Cq
(0) = u
C
(0) = 0 = E + A rut ra A = -E.
nn u
Cq
(t) = E - E.e
-t/rC
= E(1 - e
-t/rC
), in ap qua t = 3 la :
( ) E 95 , 0 e 1 E ) 3 ( u
3
Cq
=

vy QTQ chm dt sau thi gian t = 3 = 3rC.
con i
Cq
= C.u'
Cq
=
r
e . E
rC / t
va u
Rq
= E - u
Cq
= E.e
-t/rC
.
Ta thy in ap trn tu tng t 0 n u
Cxl
= E mt cach n iu. Dong in nap ta t =
0 nhay vot t 0 n E/r sau o giam dn n iu, n xac lp i
C
= 0 nu tu co cach
in tt, no nh h mach. Cac ng u
Cq
, u
Ctd
, i
Cq
, u
Rq

c biu din hnh (h.14-10a).
h.14-10a
u
Cxl
i
Cq
u
Ct
u
Rq
u
Cq
0
-E
E
E/r
u, i
t
3. ong mach r - C vao ap iu hoa :
Nh (h.14-11) : e(t) = E
m
sin(t +
e
).
S kin : u
C
(-0) = 0 = u
C
(+0) (v bai toan chnh).
in ap qua trn tu in :
u
Cq
= u
Cxl
+ u
Ctd
= u
Cxl
+ Ae
-t/rC
.
Tnh nghim xac lp sau khi ong K, v xac lp iu hoa
nn co :
K
e(t)
r
C
= =

+

= =

rC
1
arctg
r
x
arctg vi
C
1
r
E
Z
E
I
C
2
2
e m
rC
XL
h.14-11
60
2
x I Z . I U ;
z
E
z
E
I
C
XL
C
XL CXL
e
m e m
XL

= = + =

=

2 C z
E
2 C
1
.
z
E
U
e
m e m
CXL

+
+
=

Biu din thi gian : )
2
t sin(
C z
E
) t ( u
e
m
CXL
+ +
=
Nghim qua : u
Cq
= u
Cxl
+ Ae
-t/rC
rC
t
e
m
Cq
Ae )
2
t sin(
C z
E
u

+
+ +
=
Tai t = 0 : u
Cq
(0) = u
C
(0) = A )
2
sin(
C z
E
e
m
+

Xac nh A = )
2
sin(
C z
E
e
m

+

rC
t
e
m
e
m
Cq
e )
2
sin(
C z
E
)
2
t sin(
C z
E
) t ( u

+ +
=
Ta thy ap qua trn tu C gm thanh phn xac lp dao ng hnh sin va s
hang t do la ham mu tt dn n iu tin n 0, bin cua ham mu phu thuc s
kin nh (h.14-11c).
Trng hp ta xet la : u
C
(0) = 0 nn u
C
(0) = 0 = u
Cxl
(0) + u
Ctd
(0) co u
Cxl
(0) = - u
Ctd
(0).
Vi s kin nay :
- Nu ong m ung luc u
Cxl
(0) = 0 th u
Ctd
(0) = 0 tc la qua trnh t do khng
xay ra va A = 0. Trong mach se hnh thanh qua trnh xac lp ngay ma khng xay ra
qua trnh qua nh hnh (h.14-11a)
- Nu ong m luc u
Cxl
(0) = U
Cm
th u
Ctd
(0) = - U
Cm
va nu qua trnh t do tt
chm th khoang 1/2 chu ky (cua in ap xac lp hnh sin), in ap qua trn tu in
se c 2 ln bin in ap xac lp, u
Cq
(T/2) 2U
Cm
.
Khi u
C
(0) = 0 va ong luc
xl
= /2, u
Cxl
(0) = U
Cm
: th co th u
Cq
(0) = 2U
Cm
nh
(h.14-11c).
T phn tch nh trn thy rng : tuy thi im ong m (tuy goc pha ban u
va s kin) ma qua trnh qua se co dang ve khac nhau.


u
t
u
0
u
Cxl
u
Ctd
(0)
u
Ctd
u
Cq
U
Cm
u
Cxl
t
u
0
h.14-11c
u
Cq
u
Ctd
-2
Cm
U
-U
Cm
u
Cxl
t 0
h.14-11a h.14-11b
Khi u
C
(0) = 0 va khoa
K ong tai thi im
goc pha ban u cua ap
xac lp .
Khi u
C
(0) = 0 va khoa
K ong tai thi im
u
Cxl
(0) = 0 nn co qua
trnh xac lp ngay.
61
Dong in qua trong mach :
rC
t
e
m
e
m
Cq Cq
e )
2
sin(
rC z
U
)
2
t cos(
z
U
' u . C i

+ + = =
Nu tai thi im ong m t = 0 co s kin u
C
(0) = 0,
luc nay tu in nh b ni tt nn toan b in ap
ngun t ln tr r th i(0) = e(0)/r = E
m
sin
e
/r .
Thng gp r rt nho cho nn ong m luc
e
= /2,
sin.
e
=1 th i(0) = E
m
/r se rt ln, tao ra xung qua
dong in trong mach.
r
r
r
C C C
K
K
K
T o co th giai thch hin tng xung qua dong
in khi ong in vao cap ba pha khng tai nh hnh
(h.14-11d).
h.14-11d
Trong o :
r : la in tr thun mt pha cua cap thng rt nho.
C : in dung cua mi pha so vi t. ong khoa K luc U
max
se gy xung qua dong
in trong cap khng tai.
II. Qua trinh qua d trong mach r - L
1. Qua trnh t do trong mach r - L :
B tr mach in nh hnh (h.14-12). u tin t
khoa K v tr 1 u lu qua trnh trong mach at xac lp
(xac lp cu). Co : i
L
(-0) = E/r = i
L
(+0) (v bai toan chnh)
sau o ong khoa K sang v tr 2 se co qua trnh qua
trong mach r - L.
Phng trnh vi phn m ta QTQ la : r.i + Li' = 0
vi s kin i
L
(0) a tnh trn.
Giai bai toan theo phng phap tich phn kinh in ta co :
Ltd Lxl Lq
i i i + = y i
Lxl
= 0 (v mach xac lp sau
khng co ngun cng bc) nn QTQ y ch co thanh
phn t do. Ro rang QTQ xay ra la do nng lng t trng
tch luy trong cun dy s cu : i
Lq
= i
Ltd
= Ae
pt
E
r
L
2
K
1
h.14-12
Z(p)
r
pL
h.14-12a
T phng trnh vi phn khng v hai : Li'
td
+ r.i
td
= 0 thay
i
Ltd
= A.e
pt
c phng trnh ai s :
pLi
Ltd
+ r.i
Ltd
= (pL + 1).i
Ltd
= p.i
Ltd
= 0
Giai p = pL + 1 = 0 c p = -r/L
hay giai Z
V
(p) = pL + r = 0 c p = -r/L nh hnh (h.14-12a) nn
L
rt
Ltd Lq
Ae i i

= =
tai t = 0 co i
Lq
(0) = E/r = A. Dong in qua :
L
rt
Ltd Lq
e
r
E
) t ( i ) t ( i

= = .
Do
L
r
p = < 0 nn khi t th i
L
t gia tr
r
E
giam n iu n 0, dong in c
duy tr nh S t cam e
L
c biu din hnh (h.14-12b).
62
Tai t = 0 u
L
nhay vot t 0 n E ri giam n iu n 0.
L
t
L
r
r
t
L
r
L L
e e . E i . r u ; e )
L
r
(
r
E
L ' Li u e = = =
= = =

u, i
h.14-12b)
0
i
Lt
E/r
-E
- u
L
u
R
= u
L
E
Ta cung co : r / L p / 1 = = la hng s thi gian.
V mt nng lng ta thy :
Nng lng d tr luc u tai thi im ong, m kho
t :
2
2 2
L
r 2
LE
2
) 0 ( Li
) 0 ( W = = .
Nng lng nay tiu tan trn in tr :
2
2
t
L
r 2
0 0
2
2
2
r
r 2
E
L e . r
r
E
rdt i W = = =

2. ong vao ap hng E : nh hnh (h.14-13)
Vi gia thit trc khi ong K khng co dong in qua cun dy nn i
L
(-0) = 0,
v bai toan chnh suy ra s kin c lp : i
L
(0) = i
L
(-0) = 0. Phng trnh vi phn m ta
QTQ la : Li' + ri = E.
Giai theo phng phap tch phn kinh in :
Ta co : i
Lq
= i
Lxl
+ i
Ltd
Trong o : i
Lxl
=
r
E
la nghim xac lp mt chiu sau khi ong khoa K, con
t
L
r
Lq
t
L
r
Lq
Ae
r
E
i nn Ae i

+ = =
Thay tai t = 0 ta co : i
Lq
(0) = i
L
(0) = 0 = E/r + A rut ra : A =
r
E
. Dong in qua
trong mach :
= =
t
L
r
t
L
r
Lq
e 1
r
E
e
r
E
r
E
i nh biu din hnh (h.14-13a)
in ap qua trn cun dy :
t
L
r
q L
e . E ' Li u

= =
in ap qua trn in tr r :
= =
t
L
r
Lq r
e 1 E i . r u
V :
) 0 ( ' i
) 0 ( i
td
td
= nn co th xac nh nh trn hnh (h.14-13a)

h.14-13a
t
i
Ltd
i
Lq
u, i
-E/r
E/r
i
Lxl
0

E
K
L
r
h.14-13

3. Ct mach r - L ra khoi ngun mt chiu ri khep mach qua in tr R :
63
Bai toan la cung cp ngun mt chiu E cho mach
r -L n trang thai xac lp ri ct mach khoi ngun ong
kn mach qua in tr R nh hnh (h.14-13b).
Khi khoa K v tr 1 mach at ch xac lp
hng se co dong in
r
E
I = , y chnh la dong in s
cu i
L
(-0) =
r
E
. ong khoa K t v tr 1 sang v tr 2, trong
thi gian u ngn qua trnh qua xay ra trong mach R - r - L. Phng trnh vi phn
m ta QTQ trong mach : L.i' + (R + r).i = 0. V bai toan chnh nn s kin c lp
i
L
(0) = i
L
(-0) =
r
E
.
K
2
1
E
L
R
r
h.14-13b
Bng phng phap tch phn kinh in co nghim qua : i
Lq
= i
Lxl
+ i
Ltd
.
Dong in xac lp khi K v tr 2, i
Lxl
= 0 (v mach xac lp sau khng co ngun
cng bc). Con nghim t do : i
Ltd
= A.e
pt
vi p c giai t Z
V
(p) = R + r + pL = 0
suy ra
L
r R
p
+
= , co
t
L
r R
Ltd
e . A i
+
= nn co
t
L
r R
Ltd Lq
e . A i i
+
= =
Thay tai t = 0 co i
Lq
(0) =
r
E
= A.
t
L
r R
Ltd Lq
e .
r
E
i i
+
= =
Hng s thi gian cua mach la
r R
L
+
=
Trong thi gian qua trnh qua do dong in bin thin nn xut hin S t
cam trn cun cam : ( )
t
L
r R
t
L
r R
Lq
L
e r R
r
E
e
L
r R
r
E
L
dt
di
L e
+
+ =
+
= =
Tai t = 0 co ( ) E R
r
E
r R
r
E
) 0 ( e
L
+ = + =
Qua phn tch ta thy khi cun cam phong nng lng t trng qua in tr R,
th in tr R cang ln th thi gian QTQ cang ngn, dong in va in ap tt cang
nhanh, va gia tr ban u cua S t cam cang ln. Tuy theo tng quan gia R va r ma
e
L
(0) co th ln hn nhiu ln in ap ngun. S cua cun dy tng cao co th gy
nguy hai cho cach in cua mach in.
Co th din giai iu o nh sau : khi K v tr 1 mach xac lp hng co dong
in qua cun cam
r
E
I = , khi K v tr 2 mach ch qua dong in qua (R + r)
se giam nhanh khi R cang ln so vi r. S t cam e
L
tai t = 0 la e
L
(0) se co tr s cang
ln v e
L
t l vi tc bin thin cua dong in. Vn dung lp lun trn ct ngha cho
s nguy him co th xay ra khi ct in ngun cua cun dy kch thch may in nh
hnh (h.14-13c).
64
Khi m K khoi v tr 1, mach r - L b ct khoi ngun cung cp E va h mach
nn ging nh mach kn r -L - R
2
vi R
2
= . V R
2
rt ln nn tc giam cua dong
in rt ln, dn n S t cam xut hin trn cun dy rt ln tai thi im m khoa
K khin co th gy phong in h quang cu dao K gy nguy him cho ngi va
thit b.
4. ong mach r - L vao ap hnh sin : nh hnh (h.14-14)
S la : ) t sin( E ) t ( e
e m
+ = trc khi ong K co i
L
(-0) = 0
V bai toan chnh nn i
L
(0) = i
L
(-0) = 0. Phng trnh m ta QTQ cua mach :
L.i' + r.i = e(t). Giai theo phng phap tch phn kinh in co :
i
Lq
= i
Lxl
+ i
Ltd
= i
Lxl
+ A.e
pt
= i
Lxl
+
t
L
r
e . A

Nghim xac lp sau khi ong K la iu hoa nn
dung anh phc :
e(t)
K
L
r
r
x
arctg vi
x r
E
Z
E
I
L
2
L
2
e m
L r
Lxl =
+

= =

=

=
e
m e m
Lxl
z
E
z
E
I
h.14-14
Dong in xac lp dang tc thi :
2I
Lxlm
-I
Lxlm
/2
I
Lxlm
i
i
Lxl
(t)
i
Lq
i
Ltd
t
0
) t sin(
z
E
) t ( i
e
m
Lxl
+ =
Dang cua dong in qua trong mach la :
t
L
r
e
m
Lq
Ae ) t sin(
z
E
) t ( i

+ + =
Thay tai t = 0 co :
i
Lq
(0) = i
L
(0) = 0 = A ) sin(
z
E
e
m
+
Tnh c hng s tch phn : A = ) sin(
z
E
e
m

h.14-14a
t
L
r
e
m
e
m
Lq
e ) sin(
z
E
) t sin(
z
E
) t ( i

+ =

Dong in qua gm xp chng qua trnh xac lp chu ky hnh sin vi qua
trnh t do ham mu tt dn.
Tuy thi im ong m ( quyt nh s kin va goc pha ban u) ma qua
trnh qua co nhiu dang ve khac nhau.
Khi i
Lq
(0) = 0 co i
Lxl
(0) + i
Ltd
(0) = 0 th i
Lxl
(0) = - i
Ltd
(0).
- Nu ong mach tai luc i
Lxl
(0) = 0, la luc
e
= th
( ) 0 e . sin
z
E
i
t
L
r
e
m
Ltd
= =

qua trnh qua khng xay ra ma qua trnh at xac
lp ngay.
65
- Nu ong m luc dong xac lp at gia tr max,
z
E
I
m
xlm
= (khi
, 1 ) sin(
e
=
e
- = /2) va nu qua trnh t do tt chm th sau khi ong na chu
ky dong qua se ln c 2 ln bin dong xac lp : i
Lq
(T/2) 2I
Lxlm
nh biu din
hnh (h.14-14a).
3. Qua trinh qua d o mach cp 2 : r - L - C
I. Qua trinh phong din tu do trong mach r - L - C :
phn tch qua trnh phong in t do trong mach r - L - C ta nap in cho tu
in C n in ap u
C
(-0) = U
0
, sau o ong khoa K cho phong qua mach r - L. Co
QTQ xay ra trong mach khng ngun cng bc nh hnh (h.14-15). Phng trnh
QTQ theo bin dong in la :
= + + = + + 0 i
C
1
" i . L ' i . r hay 0 idt
C
1
' i . L i . r
theo bin in ap la : 0 u ' RCu " LCu
C C C
= + +

Giai bai toan QTQ bng phng phap tch phn kinh in, vi s kin c lp
u
C
(0) = u
C
(-0) = U
o
va i
L
(0) = i
L
(-0) = 0 (v bai toan chnh).
Dang nghim qua : u
Cq
= u
Cxl
+ u
Ctd
= u
Cxl
+ A.e
pt
, trong o u
Ctd
co nhng
dang khac nhau tuy thuc dang s mu c trng p. S mu c trng p c tnh t
Z
V
(p) = 0 cua s ai s hoa nh hnh (h.14-15a).
LC
1
L 2
r
L 2
r
p 0
pC
1
pL r ) p ( Z
2
2 , 1 V

= = + + = tuy theo quan h gia

r/2L va 1/LC co 3 dang nghim cua p nh sau :
K
r
C
L
Z
V
(p)
r
1/pC
pL
h.14-15 h.14-15a
1. Co p la 2 gnhim thc p
1
, p
2
(thng thc m v phng trnh vi phn h s
thc, dng).
Khi > 0 :
C
L
2 r
LC
1
L 2
r
, 0
LC
1
L 2
r
2 2
> >
>
th p
k
co nghim thc,
m.
Luc nay nghim t do co dang :
t p
2
t p
1 Ctd
2 1
e A e A u + =
Trong o :
= +
=
L 2
r
p ,
L 2
r
p
2 1

Dang nghim in ap qua trn tu : u
Cq
= u
Cxl
+ u
Ctd
v sau khi ong K mach
khng co ngun cng bc nn u
Cxl
= 0 nn co u
Cq
= u
Ctd

Vy QTQ y la qua trnh phong in t do.
66
T
t p
2
t p
1 Cq
2 1
e A e A u + = thy phai xac nh 2 hng s tch phn nn phai xac
nh thm 1 s kin na ngoai s kin u
C
(0).
Ta co : i
L
(-0) = 0 = i
L
(0) = i
C
(0) (v L ni tip C)
Dong in qua : [ ] [ ]
t p
2 2
t p
1 1
t p
2
t p
1 Cq Cq
2 1 2 1
e A p e A p C ' e A e A C ' u . C i + = + = =
Thay tai t = 0 co : u
Cq
(0) = U
o
= A
1
+ A
2
, i
Cq
(0) = A
1
p
1
+ A
2
p
2
Giai h phng trnh c :
0
1 2
1
2 0
1 2
2
1
U
p p
p
A , U
p p
p
A
=
Biu thc in ap va dong in qua trong mach r - L - C khi
C
L
2 r > la :
) e e ( p p
p p
CU
i va ) e p e p (
p p
U
u
t p t p
1 2
1 2
0
Ctd
t p
1
t p
2
1 2
0
Ctd
2 1 2 1
=
V co :
LC
1
L 2
r
L 2
r
p . p
2 1
=
+ =
Nn biu thc dong in : ) e e (
) p p ( L
U
i
t p t p
1 2
0
Ctd
2 1
=
Biu din u
Ctd
(t), i
Ctd
(t) nh (h.14-16) :

Ta thy u
Ctd
giam n iu t U
0
n 0 con i
Ctd
tng dn t 0 n mt gia tr nao
o ri giam dn n 0, khng i chiu, chng to khng co s nap lai cho tu, khng co
s dao ng gia hai kho in va t. Ta co qua trnh phong in n iu khng dao
ng.
t p
1
1
e A
t p
1
2
e A
Vi |p
1
| < |p
2
|
t
u
Ctd
U
o
u
Ctd
h.14-16b
t
i
Ctd
t p
1 2
0 2
e
) p p ( L
U

t p
1 2
0 1
e
) p p ( L
U

i
Ctd
h.14-16a
2. Khi p la nghim kep :
= = = =
L 2
r
p p th
C
L
2 r
2 1
nghim kep thc, m.
Th nghim in ap t do co dang :
t
2 1 Ctd
e ) t A A ( u

+ =
Dong in t do co dang : [ ]
t
2 1 2 Ctd Ctd
e t A A A C ' u . C i

= =
Thay tai t = 0 co :
0 1 2 1 2 Ctd
1 0 C Ctd
U A A A A 0 ) 0 ( i
A U ) 0 ( u ) 0 ( u
= = = =
= = =

67
c biu thc in ap, dong in qua :

( ) ( )
t
0
2 t
0
2
0 0 Ctd
t
0
t
0 0 Ctd
e ) t . U ( C e ) t . U U U ( C ) t ( i
e t . 1 U e t . U U ) t ( u

= =
+ = + =

v
C
L
2 r ma
L 2
r
= = nn dong in t do co dang :
( )
t 0 t
0 2
2
Ctd
e . t
L
U
e . t . CU
L 2
C
L
2
) t ( i

=
=
Luc nay cac ng cong biu din in ap trn tu va dong in trong mach cung
ging nh trng hp mach khng dao ng. Ta co qua trnh phong in khng dao
ng ti han.
3. Khi p nghim phc lin hp :
Khi : co
C
L
2 r <
2
0
0 0 2 , 1
L 2
r
LC
1
,
L 2
r
j j
L 2
r
p
= =
=
=

Luc nay nghim in ap t do trn tu co dang : ) t . sin( Ae u
0
t
Ctd
+ =

Con dong in co dang :
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ] + + + =
+ + + = =

t . cos t . sin Ae . C i
e t . cos e t . sin A . C ' u . C i
0 0 0
t
Ctd
t
0 0
t
0 Ctd Ctd

Thay tai t = 0 co :
, cos . sin 0 ) 0 ( i
sin A U ) 0 ( u
0 Ctd
0 Ctd
+ = =
= =

Giai ra c :
=
sin
U
A
0
con t
= =
=
0 0
0
arctg tg
cos
sin
cos . sin
Quan h gia , ,
0
trong tam giac vung nh hnh (h.14-17b) :


h.14-17a
i
Ctd
u
Ctd
t
U
0
u, i

0

h.14-17b

T (h.14-19b) rut ra :
68
0
0
2 2
0
2
2 2
0
2
0
2
0
LC
LC
1
L 2
r
LC
1
L 2
r
sin
L 2
r
LC
1
L 2
r
sin
=

=
=
=
+
=

Nn co
0
0
LC
U
A
= c biu thc in ap qua trn tu in va dong in qua :

[ ] ) t . cos( ) t . sin( e
C
L
U
i
) t . sin( . e
LC
U
u
0 0 0
t
0
0
Ctd
0
t
0
0
Ctd
+ + +
=
+
=

u
Ctd
, i
Ctd
la nhng dao ng tt dn tin n 0, co phong in t do tt dn vi
tn s goc
0
, h s tt . Nng lng kho in phong ra tiu tan trn tr va tch cho
kho t ri kho t phong bu tiu tan va nap lai cho tu, c nh vy tip din dao ng
nh hnh (h.14-17a). V co tiu tan trn in tr nn bin cac dao ng giam dn, v
vy khi r = 0 th
LC
1
0
= , = 0, = 0 th co :
( ) ( 0 t . sin
C
L
U
i va 0 t . sin U u
0
0
Ctd 0 0 Ctd
+ = + = ) la dao ng t do co bin
va tn s khng thay i, o chnh la dao ng iu hoa.
II. Dong mach r - L - C vao ap hng :
khao sat QTQ trong mach nay ta dung s mach hnh (h.14-18), trong o
t trng va in trng cua L va C trc khi ong khoa K u bng 0, nn thy ngay
s kin c lp la u
C
(0) = u
C
(-0) = 0, i
L
(0) = i
L
(-0) = 0 v bai toan chnh.
Phng trnh vi phn m ta QTQ trong mach theo bin dong in :
0
C
i
' i . r " i . L
E idt
C
1
i . r ' i . L
= + +
= + +

E
C
L
r
K
Theo bin in ap trn tu in :
E u " LCu ' rCu
C C C
= + +
h.14-18
Giai bai toan theo phng phap tch phn kinh
in c nghim qua : u
Cq
= u
Cxl
+ u
Ctd
Trong o u
Cxl
la nghim xac lp mt chiu sau khi ong khoa K, vi thi gian u
ln th u
Cxl
= E. Con dang cua u
Ctd
phu thuc vao s mu c trng p c giai t
phng trnh : Z
V
(p) = p
2
LC + prC + 1 = 0.
69
Tuy theo quan h gia r va L, C co cac dang nghim p khac nhau dn n co cac
dang nghim t do khac nhau va dang nghim qua trnh qua khac nhau.
1. Khi
C
L
2 r > co 2 nghim thc, m p
1
, p
2

Th nghim t do co dang u
Ctd
=
t p
2
t p
1
2 1
e A e A +
Nn nghim QTQ : u
Cq
= u
Ctd
+ u
Cxl

vi nghim xac lp a xac nh trn u
Cxl
= E
c in ap qua trn tu :
t p
2
t p
1 Cq
2 1
e A e A E u + + =
Va dong in qua trong mach : ( )
t p
2 2
t p
1 1 Cq
2 1
e p A e p A C i + =
Cn thit phai xac nh 2 hng s tch phn A
1
, A
2
th mi co c nghim cu
th qua o phn tch c tnh cht cua QTQ.
Ta thay tai t = 0 co h phng trnh tnh A
1
, A
2
:
0 A A E ) 0 ( u
2 1 Cq
= + + =
va : i
Cq
= 0 = A
1
p
1
+ A
2
p
2

T o tnh c : E
p p
p
A , E
p p
p
A
1 2
1
2
1 2
2
1
= thay vao dang nghim c :

in ap qua trn tu : ) e p e p (
p p
E
E u
t p
1
t p
2
1 2
Cq
2 1
+
+ =
Dong in qua :
( ) ( )
t p t p
1 2
t p t p
2 1
1 2
t p
2
1 2
1 t p
1
1 2
2
Cq
2 1 2 1 2 1
e e
) p p ( L
E
e e p p
p p
CE
e p
p p
CEp
e p
p p
CEp
i +
= +
=

in ap qua trn tu in u
Cq
(t) t u
C
(0) =
0 n iu n u
Cxl
= E, con dong in i
Cq
(t) t
i
Cq
(0) = 0 nhay vot n gia tr max tai t
1
ri sau o
giam n iu n 0, vy ta co QTQ khng dao
ng nh hnh (h.14-19)
-E
E
i
Cq
h.14-19
0
i
Cq
t
t
1
u
Cq
i
Ctd
u
Cxl
= E
u
Cq
2. Khi
C
L
2 r = p la nghim kep
= = =
L 2
r
p p
2 1
th nghim t do co dang
( )
t
2 1 ctd
e t A A u

+ = , cung vi u
Cxl
= E.
Dang nghim in ap qua trn tu in :
t
2 1 Cq
e ) t A A ( E u

+ + =
Con dong in qua : ( ) [ ] t A A A Ce i
2 1 2
t
Cq
+ =

Thay tai t = 0 tnh A
1
, A
2
c A
1
= E, A
2
= -E. Co biu thc QTQ :

( )
t 2
Cq
t
Cq
e . t . E . . C i
e t 1 E E u

=
+ =

y la qua trnh qua khng dao ng ti han.

70
3. Khi
C
L
r < th p
k
la nghim phc lin hp :
0 2 , 1
j p =
Nn dang nghim t do la : ( ) + =

t sin Ae u
0
t
Ctd

Dang nghim QTQ :
in ap trn tu in : ( ) + + =

0
t
cq
sin Ae E u
( ) ( ) [ ] + + + =

0 0 0
t
cq
cos sin CAe i
h.14-20
0
i
Cq
u
Cq
u i
E
t
Thay biu thc tai t = 0 tnh c :
=
0
arctg va
sin
E
A
c biu thc QTQ :
( ) +
=

0
t
0
cq
sin e
LC
E
E u
Va : ( ) ( ) [ ] + + +
=

0 0 0
t
0
cq
cos sin e
C
L
E
i
Trng hp nay ta thy in ap qua trn tu in u
Cq
t 0 dao ng tin n
u
Cxl
= E, con dong in i
Cq
t 0 dao ng tin n xac lp 0. Dong in co i du vy
co s dao ng tch phong qua lai gia hai kho in va t. y la QTQ dao ng tt
dn vi h s tt , tn s goc dao ng
0
nh hnh (h.14-20)
Vi trng hp QTQ co dao ng ta nhn thy qua trnh bin thin in ap
trn tu cung nh dong in trong mach bao gm hai giai oan :
Giai oan u trong mach tn tai ca hai thanh phn gm dao ng t do va
dao ng cng bc. Giai oan nay keo dai cho n khi thanh phn t do khng con
na. V mt ly thuyt thanh phn t do tin ti 0 khi t tin ti , nhng trn thc t
thng chp nhn khoang thi gian tn tai cua thanh phn t do la khoang thi gian
dao ng suy giam con 1/10 gia tr cc ai. Khoang thi gian nay goi la thi gian tt
cua dao ng t do. No c k hiu la
t
va xac nh t quan h :
m m
I 1 , 0 e I
t
=

suy ra
=
3 , 2
10 Ln
1
t
vi
r
L 6 , 4
L 2
r
t
= = . Ta thy v mt y
ngha co s tng t gia
t
va hng s thi gian . Giai oan nay c goi la giai oan
qua trnh qua .
Giai oan tip theo trong mach in ch con lai thanh phn cng bc -
tng ng vi nghim xac lp sau khi ong, m.
III. Dong mach r_L_C vao ngun diu hoa :
Mach in nh hnh (h.14-21).
Ta co phng trnh m ta QTQ cua mach : ) t ( e u ' rCu " LCu
C C C
= + + vi s kin c
lp u
C
(0) = u
C
(-0) = 0, i
L
(0) = i
L
(-0) = 0 (v bai toan chnh)
Theo phng phap tch phn kinh in dang nghim qua : u
Cq
= u
Cxl
+ u
Ctd
71
Trong o u
Ctd
co dang tuy thuc dang s mu c trng p.
Con u
Cxl
la nghim xac lp vi ngun cng bc hnh sin
sau khi ong khoa K nn ta dung anh phc tnh u
Cxl
:
e(t)
C
L
r
K
( )
( )
2
x I U
z
E
z
E
I
r
x x
arctg vi ,
x x r
E
Z
E
I
E E t . sin E ) t ( e
C
xl Cxl
e
m e m
xl
C L
2
C L
2
e m
xl
e m e m
= =

=
=
+

= =
= + =

h.14-21
Biu thc thi gian :

+ =
2
t sin
C . z
E
2
t sin
z
E
x ) t ( u
e
m
e
m
C Cxl

Ta xet cho tng dang s mu c trng ng vi tng dang nghim t do va cung vi
nghim xac lp a tnh trn tao ra dang nghim qua trnh qua .
1. Khi
C
L
2 r > co p
1
, p
2
la nghim thc, m th th nghim t do co dang :
t p
2
t p
1 Ctd
2 1
e A e A u + = nn dang nghim in ap qua trn tu in :
t p
2
t p
1 e
m
C Cxl
2 1
e A e A
2
t sin
z
E
x ) t ( u + +

+ =
Dong in qua trong mach in :
t p
2 2
t p
1 1 e
m
Cq Cq
2 1
e A Cp e A Cp
2
t cos
z
E
' Cu i + +

+ = =
Thay biu thc tai t = 0 ta tnh c hng s tch phn A
1
, A
2
.
T biu thc thy ro nghim qua gm s xp chng cua nghim xac lp la
dao ng hnh sin vi nghim t do ham mu giam n iu n 0 nh hnh (h.14-22a)


0
u
Cq
u
Ctd
u
Cxl
t
i u
h.14-22b
0
u
Cq
t
h.14-22a

2. Khi
C
L
2 r = : co = = =
L 2
r
p p
2 1
th dang nghim t do :
( )
t
2 1 Ctd
e t A A u

+ = do o nghim qua :
72
( )
( ) t A A A Ce
2
t cos
z
E
i
e t A A
2
t sin
C z
E
u
2 1 2
t
e
m
Cq
t
2 1 e
m
Cq
+

+ =
+ +
=

3. Khi
C
L
2 r < : co p
k
la nghim phc lin hp
0 K
j p = th dang
nghim t do la : ( ) + =

t sin Ae u
0
t
Ctd

Nghim qua la : ) sin( Ae
2
t sin
z
E
x ) t ( u
0
t
e
m
C Cq
+ +

+ =

Va :
( ) ( ) [ ] + + + +

+ = =

t cos t sin CAe
2
t cos
z
E
' Cu i
0 0 0
t
e
m
Cq Cq

T biu thc ta thy qua trnh qua gm qua trnh xac lp dao ng hnh sin
tn s vi qua trnh t do dao ng tt dn vi tn s
o
.
Nn tuy vao thi im ong m va tuy quan h gia
o
va ma qua trnh qua
co nhiu dang ve khac nhau :
- Khi
o
, h s tt nho ( <<
o
), qua trnh qua se la hin tng dao
ng phach nh (h.14-22b). Trng hp nay dong, ap cc ai c 2 ln bin xac lp.
- Khi <<
o
, in ap qua se khng qua 2 ln bin xac lp nh co th
co qua dong in ln gp nhiu ln bin dong in xac lp nu ong m luc
1
=
- = 0 nh (h.14-22c)
- Khi >>
o
: dong qua khng qua 2 ln bin xac lp, nhng nu ong
m thi im ng vi
1
= /2 th ap qua se ln gp nhiu ln bin xac lp
nh (h.14-22d).

V du 1 : Cho mach in nh hnh ve (h.14-23a). Bit :
h.14-22d
i
C
khng qua 2 ln
h.14-22c
= 0 , i tng nhiu ln
u
q
u
xl
i
xl
i
q
0 0
i u
t t
r
1
= 5k, r
2
= 10 k, C
1
= 50F, C
2
= 100F, E = 300V = const. Xac nh in ap trn
cac tu in sau khi ong khoa K.
Theo phng phap tch phn kinh in co : u
Cq
= u
Cxl
+ u
Ctd
, ta cn xac nh u
Cxl

va u
Ctd
.
- Xac nh s kin c lp :
73
Trc khi ong khoa K ta co :
R
2
R
1
K
C
2
C
1
E
u
C1
(-0) + u
C2
(-0) = E
C
1
u
C1
(-0) = C
2
u
C2
(-0)
giai ra u
C1
(-0) = 200 = u
C1
(+0), u
C2
(-0) = 100 = u
C2
(+0).
Tnh qua trnh xac lp sau khi ong K :

) V ( 200
10000 . 500
10000 . 300
r .
r r
E
u
) V ( 100
10000 . 500
5000 . 300
r .
r r
E
u
2
2 1
xl 2 C
1
2 1
xl 1 C
= =
+
=
= =
+
=

h.14-23a
Z
V
(p)
R
2
R
1
1/pC
2
1/pC
1
- Xac nh s mu c trng :
T s ai s hoa nh hnh (h.14-24b) tnh tng tr vao
theo p c :
( )
( ) 0 r r C C r pr : ra Rut
0 ) p ( Z Cho
pC
1
r
pC
1
r
pC
1
r
pC
1
r
p Z
2 1 2 1 2 1
V
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
V
= + + +
=
+
+
+
=

h.14-23b
Tnh c :
( )
( )
( )
2
10 ). 100 50 .( 10000 . 5000
10000 5000
C C r r
r r
p
6
2 1 2 1
2 1
=
+
+
=
+
+
=

Dang nghim QTQ :
t 2
2 td 2 C xl 2 C q 2 C
t 2
1 td 1 C xl 1 C q 1 C
e A 200 u u u va e A 100 u u u

+ = + = + = + =
Thay tai t = 0 xac nh cac hng s tch phn :
u
C1q
(0) = u
C1
(0) = 100 + A
1
= 200 tnh c A
1
= 100.
Va u
C2q
(0) = u
C2
(0) = 200 + A
2
= 100 tnh c A
2
= -100.
c nghim QTQ la :
t 2
q 2 C
t 2
q 1 C
e 100 200 u va e 100 100 u

= + = .
V du 2 : Cho mach in nh hnh ve (h.14-24). Bit E = 100 = const, u
C
(0) =
u
C
(-0) = 100V, C = 5F, L = 0,1H, r = 0,1k . Xac
nh ap trn tu C, dong qua cam L sau khi ong khoa
K.
E
i
C
i
L
i
C
L
r
S kin : u
C
(0) = u
C
(-0) = 100V (bai toan
chnh), i
L
(-0) = E/r = 100/100 = 1 = i
L
(0).
T s hin hanh (sau khi ong khoa K) vit
h phng trnh hin hanh :
h.14-24
Z
V
(p)
r
1/pC
pL
= +
=
E dt i
C
1
r . i
0 i i i
C
C L
thay tai t = 0 co :
i(0).r - u
C
(0) = E, i(0).r - 100 = 100 c i(0) = 0
h.14-24a
t : i(0) - i
L
(0) - i
C
(0) = 0, c i
C
(0) = -1
74
ma i
C
= C.u'
C
nn co :
5
6
C
C
10 . 2
10 . 5
1
C
) 0 ( i
) 0 ( ' u =
= =

(V/s)
T phng trnh : L.i'
L
- u
C
= 0 thay tai t = 0 co : L.i'
L
(0) - u
C
(0) = 0 nn :
) s / A ( 1000
1 , 0
100
L
) 0 ( u
) 0 ( ' i
C
L
= = =
ai s hoa s theo p nh hnh (h.14-24a), xac nh Z
V
(p) giai ra p :
3 3
2 , 1
2
2
2
V
10 j 10 p 0
1 LC p
r pL rLC p
1 LC p
pL
r
pC
1
pL
pC
1
pL
r ) p ( Z = =
+
+ +
=
+
+ =
+
+ =

Ta tnh nghim xac lp sau khi ong khoa K la : i
Lxl
= E/r = 100/100 = 1A, u
Cxl
= 0
(cun dy coi nh ni tt vi ngun mt chiu).
Dang nghim QTQ : ) t 10 sin( Ae 0 u u u
3 t 10
Ctd Cxl Cq
3
+ + = + =

thay tai t = 0 c : u
C
(0) = 100 = Asin (*)
Ta ao ham u
Cq
theo t c :
( ) [ ] + + + =

t 10 cos 10 ) t 10 sin( 10 Ae ) t ( ' u
3 3 3 3 t 10
Cq
3

va thay tai t = 0 c : [ ]
5 3 3
Cq
10 . 2 cos 10 sin 10 A ) 0 ( ' u = + = (**)
Giai h (*) va (**) c :
o
135 , 2 100 A = = nn biu thc in ap qua trn tu
in : ( )
o 3 t 10
Cq
135 t 10 sin e 2 100 u
3
+ =

Tng t co : ( ) + + = + =

t 10 sin Be 1 i i ) t ( i
3 t 10
Ltd Lxl Lq
3

( ) ( ) [ ] + + + =

t 10 cos 10 t 10 sin 10 Be ' i
3 3 3 3 t 10
Lq
3

Thay tai t = 0
( )
= + =
= + =
1 sin B 1 ) 0 ( i
1000 cos 10 sin 10 B ) 0 ( ' i
Lq
3 3
Lq
giai ra : thay vao biu thc c dong in qua qua cun cam :
0
0 , 1 B = =
) A ( t 10 sin e 1 ) t ( i
3 t 10
Lq
3
+ =
E e(t)
L
r
K
2
1
V du 3 : Cho mach in nh hnh (h.14-15).
Bit E = 5V, e(t) = 10cos(10t + 45
0
) V, r = 10, L =
1H. Tai thi im t = 0 chuyn khoa K t v tr 1 sang
v tr 2. Hay tnh dong in trong mach sau khi K v
tr 2 va ve th biu din dong in o theo thi
gian.
Khi ong khoa K vao v tr 2 th qua trnh qua xay
ra trong mach r - L c ong vao ngun hnh sin e(t). Bng phng phap tch phn
kinh in ta co dang nghim qua : i
Lq
= i
Lxl
+ i
Ltd
, trong o
t
L
r
Ltd
Ae i

= vi
2
10
L
r
p = = co t Z
V
(p) = r + pL = 0. Con nghim xac lp vi ngun e(t) hnh sin
nn ta dung h ai s vi anh phc tnh :
h.14-25
75
0
0
0 0
Lxl 0
2
1
45 2 10
45 10
10 j 10
45 10
Z
E
I =
=
+
= =

suy ra t 10 cos
2
1
) t ( i
Lxl
=
Xp chng i
Lxl
va i
Ltd
c dang nghim qua :
t 10
Lq
2
Ae t 10 cos
2
1
) t ( i

+ =
Cn phai xac nh hng s tch phn A i
Lq
co nghim xac nh.
Thay biu thc dang nghim tai t = 0 co : A 0 cos
2
1
) 0 ( i
Lxl
+ = nn
2
1
) 0 ( i A
Lq
=
Trong o i
Lq
(0) la s kin c lp vi bai toan chnh co i
Lq
(0) = i
Lq
(-0).
i
Lq
(-0) la dong in qua cun dy t 0 luc khoa K , v tr 1 mach xac lp vi ngun
1 chiu nn co : A 5 , 0
10
5
r
E
) 0 ( i
L
= = = nn 207 , 0
2
1
5 , 0 A = =
Vy dong in qua la : ) A ( e 207 , 0 t 10 cos
2
1
) t ( i
t 10
Lq
2
= khi t > 0
Con khi K v tr 1 mach xac lp 1 chiu co i
L
= 0,5(A) khi t 0.
Biu din s bin thin cua dong in trn th nh hnh (h.14-25a)
t
i(t)
h.14-25a
i
Lxl
i
Ltd
i
Lqd
0,207
0,5
0,707
E
1
E
2
L
r
2
K 1
h.14-26
V du 4 : Cho mach in nh hnh ve (h.14-26), Khoa K c ong vao v tr 1 luc t =
0 vi ngun E
1
= 100V = const. Tai thi im t
1
= 500s khoa K c ong vao v tr
2. Bit r = 100, L = 0,2H, E
2
= 50V = const.
a. Hay thanh lp phng trnh dong in trong mach t mc thi gian t = 0. T
o giai ra dong in va ve th phn b theo thi gian.
b. Cung nhim vu nhng vi ngun E
2
i chiu ngc lai.
Giai :
a. Sau khi ong K vao v tr 1 th QTQ xay ra trong mach E
1
- r - L co
phng trnh la : L.i'
L
+ r.i
L
= E
1
vi s kin i
L
(0) = i
L
(-0) = 0 v qua trnh t < 0 mach
khng co ngun. Theo phng phap tch phn kinh in co nghim : i
Lq
= i
Lxl
+ i
Ltd
vi
) A ( 1
100
100
r
E
i
Lxl
= = = , con
t 500
t
L
r
Ltd
e . A e . A i

= = nn co
t 500
Lq
e . A 1 i

+ =
Thay tai t = 0 : i
Lq
(0) = 0 = 1 + A tnh c hng s tch phn A = -1.
Vy nghim qua khi ong K vao v tr 1 la : .
t 500
Ltd
e 1 i

=
76
Ta cung bit QTQ nay tn tai trong khoang thi gian 0 < t < 3 vi
s 002 , 0
r
L
= = . Tai thi im t
1
= 500s = 500.10
-6
s so vi mc thi gian t = 0 ta m
khoa K khoi v tr 1 ong vao v tr 2, v t
1
< 3 nn QTQ v tr 1 cha chm dt
th tai t
1
khoa K chuyn sang v tr 2 tip tuc mt QTQ mi v tr 2 vi mach E
2
-
r - L. Gia tr dong in QTQ tai t
1
thuc QTQ v tr 1 la :
) t ( i ) t ( i ) A ( 221 , 0 779 , 0 1 e 1 ) t ( i
1 L 1 L
10 . 500 . 500
1 Lq
6
= = = = =

(v bai toan
chnh), y chnh la s kin cho bai toan QTQ khi K v tr 2.
Phng trnh qua khi K v tr 2 la : 0,2.i' + 100.i = 50 khi t > t
1
Nghim qua : i
Lq
= i
Lxl
+ i
Ltd

vi ) A ( 5 , 0
100
50
r
E
i
2
Lxl
= = = , con
) t t ( 500
Ltd
1
Ae i

=
nn
) t t ( 500
Lq
1
e . A 5 , 0 i

+ = , thay tai t = t
1
co A 5 , 0 221 , 0 ) t ( i
1 L
+ = = tnh c
A = - 0,279.
Vy khi t > t
1
co
) 10 . 500 t ( 500
Lq
6
e . 279 , 0 5 , 0 i

=
Con khi 0 < t < t
1
th nh biu din hnh (h.14-26a)
t 500
Ltd
e 1 i

=
b. Khi i chiu ngun E
2
th trong khoang thi gian 0 < t < t
1
qua trnh qua
nh cu : , tai t
t 500
Ltd
e 1 i

=
1
co i
L
(t
1
) = 0,221(A), khi t > t
1
ngun E
2
i chiu nn
phng trnh mach la : 0,2.i' + 100.i = - E
2
do o :
) t t ( 500
Lq
1
Be 5 , 0 i

+ =
Thay tai t = t
1
co i
L
(t
1
) = -0,5 + B = 0,221
rut ra B = 0,721 nn dong in qua : khi t > t
) t t ( 500
Lq
1
e 721 , 0 5 , 0 i

+ =
1
Biu din ng i(t) trn th nh hnh (h.14-26b)
0,5
h.14-26a
t
1
i(t)
0
i(t)
t
0,221
1
0,5
-0,5
h.14-26a
t
1
i(t)
0
i(t)
t
0,221
V du 5 : Tm dong in i(t) va in ap u
ab
(t) khi m khoa K trong mach in nh hnh
(h.14-27). Bit E = 200V = const, R
1
= 100, R
2
= 300, L
1
= L
2
= 0,01H; M =
0,25.10
-2
H.
Tnh s kin c lp i(0) trc khi m K mach xac lp mt chiu nn dong in
qua L
1
- R la ) A ( 2
100
200
R
E
) 0 ( i
1
= = = . Con dong in qua L
2
- R
2
la i
2
(0) = 0.
Sau khi m K ch co 1 dong in qua L
1
- R
1
- L
2
- R
2
, ta xac nh i(0) t lut ong m
bai toan khng chnh

= ) 0 ( ) 0 ( i ra bin i ta c :
77
( ) ) 0 ( i ) M L ( ) 0 ( i . M ) 0 ( i . M ) 0 ( i L ) 0 ( i L ) 0 ( i M 2 L L
1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1
+ = + + + = + +
rut ra :
( )
A 1
M 2 L L
) 0 ( i M L
) 0 ( i
2 1
1 1
=
+ +
+
=
Theo phng phap tch phn kinh in : i
q
= i
xl
+ i
td
Vi : ) A ( 5 , 0
400
200
R R
E
i
2 1
xl
= =
+
= , con
pt
td
e . A i =
R
2
R
1
Z
V
(p)
h.14-27
K
b
a
L
2
L
1
R
2
E
R
1

pL
1
pM
pL
2
pM
h.14-27a
Tnh p t s ai s hoa nh hnh (h.14-27a) :
( ) 0 M 2 L L p R R ) p ( Z
2 1 2 1 V
= + + + + = c
4
2 1
2 1
10 . 6 , 1
M 2 L L
R R
p =
+ +
+
=
Dang nghim qua :
t 10 . 6 , 1
q
4
e . A 5 , 0 i

+ =
Thay tai t = 0 co : i
q
(0) = 1 = 0,5 + A tnh c A = 0,5
Biu thc dong in qua :
t 10 . 6 , 1
q
4
e . 5 , 0 5 , 0 i

+ =
Biu thc in ap qua trn hai cc khoa K sau khi m khoa :
( )
( ) ( ) ) V ( e 50 150 e ) 10 . 6 , 1 ( 5 . 0 0025 , 0 01 , 0 e 5 , 0 5 , 0 300 ) t ( u
) t ( ' i M L ) t ( i R ) t ( u
t 10 . 6 , 1 t 10 . 6 , 1 4 t 10 . 6 , 1
ab
2 2 ab
4 4 4

+ = + + + =
+ + =
V du 6 : Cho mach in nh hnh (h.14-28). Bit trc
khi ong Khoa K tu C
1
c nap n in ap u
C1
(-0) =
100V, r = 100V, C
1
= 0,5F, C
2
= 1F. Tm biu thc
in ap trn tu C
2
sau khi ong khoa K.
r
C
2
C
1
K
Bng phng phap tch phn kinh in co :
u
C2q
= u
C2xl
+ u
C2td
trong o :
h.14-28
u
C2xl
= 0 con
pt
td 2 C
Ae u = vi p tnh t :
0
pC
1
r
pC
1
. r
pC
1
) p ( Z
2
2
1
V
=
+
+ = c
( )
3
2 1
10 . 67 , 6
C C r
1
p =
+
=
xac nh A cn tnh u
C2q
(0), luc ong khoa K th C
1
//C
2
nn cung co in ap
u
C
(0) = u
C1
(0) =u
C2
(0). tnh u
C
(0) ta dung lut ong m khng chnh :

= ) 0 ( q ) 0 ( q co : ( )
2 1 C 2 C 2 1 C 1 1 C 1
C C ). 0 ( u ) 0 ( u C ) 0 ( u C ) 0 ( u C + = + =
rut ra :
78
( )
V 33 , 33
10 . 1 5 , 0
100 . 10 . 5 , 0
C C
) 0 ( u C
) 0 ( u
6
6
2 1
1 C 1
C
=
+
=
+

=

T thay tai t = 0 tnh c A = u
t 10 . 67 , 6
td 2 C q 2 C
3
e . A u u

= =
C
(0) = 33,33.
Biu thc in ap qua trn tu in C
2
la : ) V ( e . 33 , 33 u
t 10 . 67 , 6
q 2 C
3
=
Ta cung thy : ) V ( e . 33 , 33 u u
t 10 . 67 , 6
q 2 C q 1 C
3
= =
79

CHUONG 15
PHUONG PHAP TICH PHN DUHAMENT
1. Dt vn d :
Ta thy khi kch thch tac ng vao mach la tuy y : nh bc nhay, xung, dang
ni cua hai ham tuy y, trong trng hp nay khng tnh c nghim xac lp theo
nhng phng phap a hoc trong CSKT I. V vy khng s dung c phng phap
tch phn kinh in giai qua trnh qua mach. Ta phai a giai phap khac. V la mach
tuyn tnh nn co th phn tch kch thch tuy y o thanh tng nhng kch thch n v
ma ng vi mi kch thch thanh phn xac nh c ap ng qua . Sau o xp
chng cac ap ng qua thanh phn se c ap ng qua chung ng vi kch
thch tuy y.
2. Khai trin kich thich thanh tng cac buoc nhay don vj (buoc nhay
Hvisaid)
Ta coi gn ung kch thch f(t) tuy y la ng dch dc dang bc thang, no la
ng chp ni cac oan thng rt nho vi cac bc nhay nhng thi im khac nhau
nh hnh (h.15-1). Bc nhay nguyn t bt u tac ng thi im t = (cho chay
trn truc thi gian ch thi im nhay).
Ta k hiu : ( ) ) ( df 1 1 (bc nhay df, tai thi im t = )
Khi khoang chia tac ng cac bc nhay tin n v cung nho th ng biu
din cang gn n ng cong f(t). Tc kch thch se la xp chng cac bc nhay
nguyn t. c biu din bi biu thc (15-1)
( ) ( )
=
t
0
d df 1 1 ) t ( f (15-1)
Trong o co :
( )
( ) =
= d ' f d
d
df
) ( df
nn : (15-2) ( ) ( )
=
t
0
d ' f 1 1 ) t ( f
f(t)
t

0
f
o
f(t)
df()
h.15-1
T (15-2) dn ra biu thc f(t) trong cac trng hp :
Khi bc nhay tai gc th co gia tr cua ham f(t) tai gc la 1(t).f(0) = f(0) khi
t = 0.
Khi co bc nhay gian oan loai 1 tai t
1
th gia tr bc nhay la f(t
1
) = f
2
(t
1
)
- f
1
(t
1
) nh hnh (h.15-2)

0 t
1
t
f
f
2
(t) f
1
(t)
f
o
0 t
f
f(t)
h.(15-3) h.(15-2)
80

Kch thch f(t) biu din nh hnh (h.15-2) c biu din di dang giai tch la :
( ) [ ] ( )

+ + +
t
t
2 1 1 1 2
t
0
1 0
1
1
d ' f ) t ( f ) t ( f d ) ( ' f f t 1 (15-3)
Khi kch thch dang hnh(h.15-3) th biu thc la : (15-4)
=
t
0
) t ( f d ) ( ' f
3. Dap ung Hvisaid :
La ap ng qua cua mach khi kch thch la n v1(t) vi s kin 0 con goi la
ham qua - ky hiu h(t) (hay c tnh qua cua mach).
Vy ap ng Hvisaid chnh la ap ng qua cua mach khi ong mach vao
ngun ap hng co tr s 1V - s kin 0. Suy ra cach xac nh h(t) la : tnh nghim qua
trnh qua vi ngun kch thch la in ap hng va cho in ap o bng 1V.
V du 1 : Xac nh h(t) cua mach r - C nh hnh (h.15-4) khi ong vao ngun
hng E.
Vi s kin : ( ) ( ) 0 0 u 0 u
C C
= =
c in ap qua :
rC
t
Cq
Ae E u

+ =
= =

rC
t
rC
t
Cq
e 1 E Ee E u
dong in qua :
rC
t
Cq Cq
e
r
E
' Cu i

= =
thay E = 1V ta co :
=
=
C r mach qua dong ham la e

r
1
) t ( h
C r mach qua ap ham la e 1 ) t ( h
rC
t
i
rC
t
u
rC
rC

V du 2 : Xac nh h(t) cua mach r - L nh hnh (h.15-5) khi ong mach vao
ngun mt chiu E.
S kin : i
L
(0) = i
L
(-0) = 0
c dong in qua :
= =
t
L
r
t
L
r
Lq
e 1
r
E
e
r
E
r
E
i
in ap qua :
t
L
r
Lq
e . E ' i . L u

= =
Thay E = 1V ta co :
L r mach ap qua ham la e ) t ( h

L r mach dong qua ham la e 1
r
1
) t ( h
t
L
r
u
t
L
r
i
rL
rL

K
E
C
r
h.15-4
L
r
K
E
h.15-5
T ap ng Hvisaid h(t) co th xet tnh cht nghim.
4. Dap ung qua d - cac cng thuc Duhament :
81
Bit ap ng Hvisaid h(t) xac nh c ap ng qua ng vi kch thch
nhay df la df.h(t) = dx(t). (15-5)
Lu y n thi im tac ng, cng thc chung la :
Dang : dx(t) = 1(t - )df()h(t - )
Hay dang : dx(t) = 1(t - )f'()h(t - )d (15-6)
T ap ng nguyn t dx xac nh ap ng chung la :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=
t
0
d t h ' f t 1 t x (15-7)
goi la cng thc tch phn uhament
Cng thc uhament co cac dang nh sau : trong o 1(t)f(0)h(t) la ap ng qua
tai bc nhay gc.
Dang 1 : (15-8) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ =
t
0
d t h t 1 ' f t h 0 f t 1 t x
Dang 2 : (15-9) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ =
t
0
d t 1 h t ' f t h 0 f t 1 t x
Dang 3 : (15-10) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=
t
0
d t ' h f t f 0 h t x
Dang 4 : (15-11) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=
t
0
d ' h t f t f 0 h t x
Tuy trng hp ma ta chon dang thch hp.
Khi f(0) = 0 (kch thch khng co bc nhay tai t = 0)
Dung dang 1,2 : (15-12) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

= =
t
0
t
0
d h t ' f d t h ' f t x
Dung dang 3,4 : (15-13) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

= =
t
0
t
0
d h t ' f d t h ' f t x
5. Dap ung qua d ung voi kich thich co dang giai tich tung doan :
Nu kch thch la cac ham giai tch khac nhau trong khoang thi gian khac nhau
va co th co nhng gian oan loai 1 th trong cng thc tch phn uhament co thm
ap ng qua do nhng bc nhay gy ra, v du khi
f(t) nh hnh (h.15-6). 0 < t < t
1
ch co f
1
(t) tac
dung th ap ng :
t t
2
t
1
0
f
o
f
2
(t)
f
1
(t)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) =

d h ) t ( ' f t h 0 f t x
t
0
1 1
(15-14)
Tai t = t
1
kch thch co bc nhay t f
1
(t
1
) n
f
2
(t
1
) sau o bin thin theo lut f
2
(t) nn t
1
< t < t
2

co ap ng qua la :
h.15-6
[ ]

+ +
+ =
t
t
2 1 1 1 1 2
t
0
1 1
1
1
d ) t ( h ) ( ' f ) t t ( h ) t ( f ) t ( f
d ) t ( h ) ( ' f ) t ( h ) 0 ( f ) t ( x
(15-15)
82
Tai t = t
2
co bc nhay t f
2
(t
2
) n 0, nn t > t
2
co ap ng qua la :
[ ]
[ ] ) t t ( h ) t ( f 0 d ) t ( h ) ( ' f
) t t ( h ) t ( f ) t ( f d ) t ( h ) ( ' f ) t ( h ) 0 ( f ) t ( x
2 2 2
t
t
2
1 1 1 1 2
t
0
1 1
1
1
+ +
+ + =
(15-16)
V du : Xac nh dong trong mach r_L khi ong ap
xung tam giac. Xung tam giac nh hnh (h.15-7) c biu
din giai tch la :
u(t)
U
t
1
0
1 1
t
U
) t ( ' u va , t
t
U
) t ( u = =
a co : ) e 1 (
r
1
) t ( h
t
L
r
i
L r

h.15-7
Dung cng thc uhament (15-12). Khi 0 t t
1
co :
= =

) e 1 (
r
L
t
r t
U
d e 1
r t
U
d ) t ( h ) ( ' u ) t ( i
t
L
r
1
t
0
) t (
L
r
1
t
0
1 1

Khi t > t
1
th u(t) = 0 co bc nhay tai t = t
1
t U n 0 th dong in :
+ =
= =

) t t (
L
r
1
t
L
r
1
) t t (
L
r t
0
) t (
L
r
1
1
t
0
1 1
1
1 1
e t ) 1 e (
r
L
r t
U
) t ( i
e 1
r
U
d e 1
r t
U
) t t ( h . U d ) t ( h ) ( ' u ) t ( i

83

CHUONG 16
PHUONG PHAP TOAN TU LAPLACE TINH QUA TRINH QUA D
MACH TUYN TINH H S HNG

1. Phep bin di Laplace
I. Phep bin di Laplace thun
Nu ham f(t) ham bin thc thoa man iu kin iriclet th :
) p ( F dt e ) t ( f
0
pt
=
hi tu (16 -1)
Ham f(t) nh vy goi la ham gc. Cac phep tnh ln ham gc la ao ham, tch
phn,... phn b trong khng gian gc la h phng trnh vi phn theo t.
Ham F(p) goi la ham anh Laplace cua gc f(t), F(p) la ham bin phc trong o p
= + j.
Vy phep bin i Laplace thun chuyn (anh xa) ham gc thc f(t) thanh ham
anh F(p) bin phc, phn b trong khng gian anh, tc la ta co quan h dong i :
f(t) F(p)
Bin i Laplace (16 -1) la bin i mt pha, anh cua no khng phu thuc vao
ham f(t) t < 0.
II. Phep bin di Laplace nguoc :
Co cng thc Rieman - Mellin tm ham gc f(t) theo ham anh F(p) nh sau :
=
j
j
pt
dp e ) p ( F
j 2
1
) t ( f (16 -2)
cng thc (16 -2) goi la phep bin i Laplace ngc.

III. Cac djnh ly, tinh cht co ban cua phep bin di Laplace. Cac djnh ly
anh gc :
1. Tnh cht tuyn tnh :
Anh cua t hp tuyn tnh cac ham f
k
(t) cung la mt t hp tuyn tnh cua cac
anh F
k
(p) :

,...) 2 , 1 k , s hng la a ( , ) p ( F a ) t ( f a
) p ( F ) t ( f
k
k
k k
k
k k
k k
=

2. Anh Laplace cua ao ham ham gc :
[ ] [ ] [ ] ? ) t ( ' f ) 0 ( f ) t ( ? ) t ( ' f ) t ( 1 ) 0 ( f ' ) t ( 1 ? ' ) t ( f ) t ( 1 ' ) t ( f + + =
Tm anh Laplace cua ) t ( :

=
= =

0 t khi 0
0 t khi ) t (
) t ( e v dt ) t ( e ) p ( F ) t (
pt
0
pt

nn : . Vy anh Laplace cua 1 dt ) t ( dt ) t ( e
0 0
pt
= =

) t ( la 1.
84
) t ( 1 nn co ) t ( .f(0) f(0)
Tm anh Laplace cua [ ]

= = =
0
pt
0
pt
) t ( f d e dt e
dt
) t ( df
) p (
dt
) t ( df
) t ( ' f
Dung phng phap phn oan thc hin tch phn trn :

[ ]
) t ( f v va , dt pe du co nn
) t ( f d dv con , e u t
pt
pt
= =
= =

thay vao biu thc tch phn ta c :

) p ( pF dt ) t ( f e p dt ) t ( f pe : con
) 0 ( f 0 ) t ( f e , dt ) t ( f pe ) t ( f e vdu uv udv
0
pt
0
pt
0
pt
0
pt
0
pt
0
0
0
= =
= + = =

c anh Laplace cua ao ham ham gc : ) 0 ( f ) p ( pF ) p ( = (16 -3)
Phat biu la : Anh cua ao ham hang 1 ln gc bng tch p vi anh ham gc o
tr i s kin cua gc (ging anh phc cua ao ham ham iu hoa bng tch j vi anh
phc ham iu hoa nao o; co khac la anh phc gn vi bai toan xac lp hnh sin nn
khng quan tm n s kin).
Co th noi phep ao ham ln gc dong i vi phep nhn vi p anh cua gc o
tr i s kin :
[ ] ) 0 ( f ) p ( pF ' ) t ( f (16 -4)
[ ] ) 0 ( ' f ) 0 ( pf ) p ( F p " ) t ( f
2
(16 -5)
(16 -6) [ ] ) 0 ( f ... ) 0 ( " f p ) 0 ( ' f p ) 0 ( f p ) p ( F p ) t ( f
1 n 3 n 2 n 1 n n
n

Chng minh c : f(0) = f(-0) nn co
Nn : [ ] ) 0 ( f ) p ( pF ' ) t ( f (16 -4a)
[ ] ) 0 ( ' f ) 0 ( pf ) p ( F p " ) t ( f
2
+ (16 -5a)
T cng thc thy s kin bai toan co trong anh cua ao ham gc, tc la thng
tin v s kin co trong anh cua ao ham va v ch cn f(-0) nn khng phn bit bai
toan chnh hay khng chnh khi giai qua trnh qua bng phng phap toan t.
Khi iu kin u bng 0 th co : ( ) [ ] ) p ( pF ' t f (16 -7)
Vy mun xac nh anh cua ao ham gc cn phai tnh s kin cua bai toan.
3. Anh cua tch phn gc :

p
) p ( F
) p ( nn ) p ( p ) p ( F dt ) t ( f
dt
d
) t ( f ma
) p ( ) t ( f
) p ( F ) t ( f
t
0
t
0
= =

Vy :
p
) p ( F
dt ) t ( f
t
0
(16 -8)
Ta co anh cua tch phn ham gc bng anh cua gc o chia cho p, hay phep tch
phn ln gc (ng) dong i vi phep chia anh cua ham gc o cho p.
85
4. nh ly dch gc (chm tr) :
c m ta bng biu thc (16 -9) :
) p ( F e ) t ( f ). t ( 1
p
(16 -9)
Phep dch gc thi gian ng vi phep nhn e
-p.

ln anh.
5. nh ly dch anh :
c biu din bng biu thc (16 -10) :
) p ( F ) t ( f e ) t ( 1
t

m (16 -10)
Phep nhn ln gc ng vi phep dch anh mt oan ln mt phng phc.
t
e

m
6. nh ly ng dang : M ta bi biu thc (16 -11) :

a
p
F
a
1
) at ( f ) t ( 1 (16 -11)
7. nh ly tch xp : M ta bi biu thc (16 -12) :
(16 -12) ) p ( F ). p ( F f * f d ) t ( f ) t ( f
2 1 2 1
t
0
2 1
=
8. nh ly ao ham anh : M ta bi biu thc (16 -13) :

) t ( f ) t ( ) p ( F
dp
d
),..., t ( f ) t ( ) p ( F
dp
d
n
n
n
(16 -13)
9. nh ly tch phn anh : M ta bi biu thc (16 -14) :

t
) t ( f
dp ) p ( F
0
(16 -14)
10. nh ly v cac gia tr b : Gia tr t = 0, t =

) p ( pF lim ) t ( f lim
) p ( pF lim ) t ( f lim
0 p t
p 0 t

=
=
(16 -15)
IV. Cac dang anh - gc thuong gp :
1. 1 ) t (
2.
p
1
dt ) t ( ) t ( 1
t
0

(ap dung nh ly tch phn gc)
3.
a p
1
e ). t ( 1 e
t . a t . a
= (ap dung nh ly dch anh)

4.
a p
1
e ). t ( 1 e
t . a t . a
+
=

5.
k
k t . p
k
p p
A
e A
k
(dang anh - gc rt hay gp)

6.
2 2
p
p
t cos
+

7.
2 2
p
t sin
+

T :

j p
1
e va
j p
1
e
t j t j

86
Co : [ ]
2 2
t j t j
p
p
j p
1
j p
1
2
1
e e
2
1
t cos
+
=
+
+

+ =

Va :
2 2
p j p
1
j p
1
j 2
1
t sin
+

8.
3 2
t
0
2
2
t
0
p
2
p . p
2
tdt 2 t ,
p
1
p . p
1
dt ) t ( 1 t = = = =

1 n
t . a n
3
t . a 2
2
at
1 n
n
4
3
) a p (
! n
e t ;
) a p (
2
e t
) a p (
1
e . t
p
! n
t ,...,
p
3 . 2
t
+

+
+

9.
1 n
at n
) a p (
1
! n
e t
+
+

10.
n
1 t . a
1 n
1
) a p (
A
e
)! 1 n (
t . A
+

11.
p
E
E ) t ( 1 E =
12. E ) t ( . E
13.
2
0
2
0
0
p
cos sin p
) t sin(
+
+
+
14.
2
0
2
0
0
p
cos sin p
) t cos(
+

+
15.
2 2
t . a
) a p (
t sin e
+ +

16.
2 2
t . a
) a p (
p
t cos e
+ +

V. Tinh thn phuong phap toan tu Laplace giai bai toan qua trinh qua
d :
Thc cht vic giai qua trnh qua la giai h phng trnh vi phn cho thoa
man s kin. Thay v giai phng trnh vi phn cho thoa man s kin ta vn dung cac
tnh cht cua phep bin i Laplace chuyn h phng trnh vi phn thanh h
phng trnh ai s vi anh toan t co cha s kin ri giai h phng trnh ai s nay
bng cac phng phap a hoc CSKT I cho ra nghim anh qua trnh qua F(p).
thng thng ta hay xet tnh cht, dang iu cua nghim qua phn b thi gian v vy
cn bin i ngc lai t nghim anh va giai ra thanh nghim gc F(p) f(t). Vy
theo phng phap toan t Laplace giai QTQ ta phai giai quyt cac vic sau :
1. Chuyn t gc sang anh : gm chuyn cac kch thch e(t), j(t) va h phng
trnh vi phn m ta QTQ vi s kin thanh cac anh Laplace E(p), J(p) va h phng
trnh ai s vi bin toan t co cha s kin.
87
2. Giai h phng trnh ai s vi bin toan t c nghim anh F(p).
3. T nghim anh F(p) tm nghim gc f(t) xet tnh cht nghim. Trn thc
t cung co trng hp yu cu thng tin khng nhiu, co th nhn bit qua phn b
F(p) th khng nht thit phai tm f(t).
Vy vi phng phap toan t Laplace la giai quyt vn gc anh va ngc
lai anh gc. Vn anh gc la rt quan trong, no la khu kho khn nht, khng
giai quyt c vn nay th phng phap toan t Laplace bt lc.
VI. Cach tim gc theo anh Laplace
Co 3 phng phap tm nghim gc theo nghim anh Laplace
1. Thuc hin phep tich phn nguoc (Riman - Mellen) :

=
j a
j a
pt
dp e ) p ( F
j 2
1
) t ( f
Vic s dung trc tip cng thc nay xac nh ham gc f(t) theo ham anh
F(p) noi chung khng d dang cho nn trong thc t ky thut in hay dung 2 phng
phap sau y :
2. Tra bang anh gc (co cac cm nang toan, cm nang KT)
Theo phng phap nay ta phai co bang anh - gc (xem phn phu luc)
3. Dung cng thc khai trin Hvisaid (nh ly phn tch)
Trong trng hp thng thng ta co nghim anh Laplace F(p) la mt phn thc
hu t bin p, h s thc va bc cua t s nho hn bc cua mu s(m < n) dang rut gon
nh :
) p ( F
) p ( F
a p a ... p a p a
b p b ... p b p b
) p ( F
n
m
0 1
1 n
1 n
n
n
0 1
1 m
1 m
m
m
=
+ + + +
+ + + +
=

(16 -16)
V F(p) la mt phn thc hu t nn bng cach phn tch phn thc hu t thanh
tng cac phn thc ti gian ma mi phn thc ti gian d dang tm c gc tng ng
va nh vy se xac nh c gc ng vi phn thc hu t.
phn tch phn thc hu t (16 -16) thanh cac phn thc ti gian cn giai
nghim cua a thc mu F
n
(p) = 0, c goi la cac im cc. Trong trng hp a thc
co bc ln hn 2 th vic tm cac im cc rt kho khn. y chnh la han ch cua
phng phap toan t. Di y dn ra cng thc tm gc cho ba trng hp thng
thng cua cac im cc giai t F
n
(p) = 0
a. Trng hp F
n
(p) = 0 co n nghim thc, n : p
1
, p
2
,..., p
k
th :

+ +
= =
k
k
k
k
k
2
2
1
1
n
m
p p
A
p p
A
...
p p
A
p p
A
) p ( F
) p ( F
) p ( F (16 -17)
T phn thc anh ti gian
k
k
p p
A
suy ra gc
t p
k
k
e A (nh ly anh - gc)
Nn anh cua F(p) =

+ + + =
k k
t p
k
t p
2
t p
1
t p
k
k
k
k 2 1 k
e A ... e A e A e A
p p
A
(16 -18)
Cn phai xac nh A
k
(gm A
1
, A
2
, ..., A
k
) va vi p
k
a co khi giai F
n
(p) = 0, ta
lp c gc
t p
k
k
e A . Co th xac nh A
k
bng phng phap cn bng h s bt nh.
Song ta co th bng cng thc sau y :
88
Ta nhn 2 v phng trnh (16 -17) vi (p - p
k
) ri cho p tin n p
k
:

k
k k
2
k 2
1
k 1
k
n
m
p p
) p p ( A
...
p p
) p p ( A
p p
) p p ( A
) p p (
) p ( F
) p ( F
+ +
=
Khi cho p p
k
v phai ch con s hang cui bng A
k
con cac s hang trc
u bng 0.
Nn c :
0
0
lim ) p p (
) p ( F
) p ( F
lim A
k
n
m
p p k
k
= =

(dang v nh 0/0) v p
k
la
nghim cua F
n
(p) = 0 nn cho p p
k
th F
n
(p) = 0 va p - p
k
= 0.
Dung quy tc Lopital kh dang v nh ta co :

[ ]
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
lim A
) p ( ' F
) p ( F ) p p ).( p ( ' F
lim
) p ( ' F
' ) p p )( p ( F
lim A
k n
k m
n
m
p p k
n
m k m
p p
n
k m
p p k
k
k k
= =
+
=

(16 -19)
Tng t : ,...
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
lim A ,
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
lim A
2 n
2 m
n
m
p p 2
1 n
1 m
n
m
p p 1
2 1
= = = =

Vy khi F
n
(p) = 0 co cac nghim n p
1
, p
2
,..., p
k
th
) p ( F
) p ( F
) p ( F
n
m
= co gc la :

t p
k n
k m t p
2 n
2 m t p
1 n
1 m
k 2 1
e
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
... e
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
e
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
) t ( f + + + = (16 -20)
b. Khi F
2
(p) = 0 co nghim phc lin hp : p
k
= - j
0
ta coi nh hai nghim
n : p
k
= - + j
0
va p
*
k
= - - j
0
.
Ap dung cng thc trng hp trn cho hai nghim p
k
va ta xac nh c
gc theo dang (16 -20) :
k
p

t . p
k n
k m t p
k n
k m
n
m
k k
e
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
e
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
) p ( F
) p ( F
) p ( F

+ =
V p
k
va p
*
k
la lin hp phc vi nhau nn :

= +

t . p
k n
k m t . p
k n
k m t p
k n
k m
k k k
e
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
Re 2 e
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
e
) p ( ' F
) p ( F

V co :
= =
j
k k
k n
k m
e A A
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
nn c :

[ ]
( )
[ ]
( ) ( ) [ ] { } ( ) + = + + +
= = =

+
t . cos e A 2 t . sin j t . cos e A Re 2
e e A Re 2 e . e e A Re 2 e
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
Re 2
0
t
k 0 0
t
k
t j t
k
t j t j
k
t . p
k n
k m
0 0 k

Vy khi F
n
(p) = 0 co nghim phc lin hp : p
k
= - j
0
th co gc f(t) la :
( ) + =

t . cos e A 2 ) t ( f ) p ( F
0
t
k
(16 -21)
c. Khi F
2
(p) = 0 co nghim bi : p
k
bi r.
Luc nay phn tch
) p ( F
) p ( F
n
m
thanh cac s hang ti gian sau y :
89
r
k
kr
1 r
k
1 kr
2 r
k
2 kr
2
k
2 k
k
1 k
n
m
) p p (
A
) p p (
A
) p p (
A
...
) p p (
A
) p p (
A
) p ( F
) p ( F
+ +
(16 -22)
Ta a co dang anh - gc :

t . p 1 r kr
r
k
kr
k
e . t
)! 1 r (
A
) p p (
A

;
( )
t . p
2 k 2
k
2 k
t . p
1 k
k
1 k k k
e . t A
p p
A
; e A
p p
A

Cn phai xac nh A
kr
. Ta nhn 2 v (16 -22) vi (p - p
k
)
r
ri cho p p
k
ta c
biu thc (16 -23) nh sau :
kr
1 r
k
r
k 1 kr
2 r
k
r
k 2 kr
2
k
r
k 2 k
k
r
k 1 k r
k
n
m
A
) p p (
) p p ( A
) p p (
) p p ( A
...
) p p (
) p p ( A
) p p (
) p p ( A
) p p (
) p ( F
) p ( F
+

+ +
kr k 1 kr
2
k 2 kr
2 r
k 2 k
1 r
k 1 k
r
k
n
m
A ) p p ( A ) p p .( A ) p p .( A ) p p .( A ) p p (
) p ( F
) p ( F
+ + + + =

Cho p p
k
v phai ch con A
kr
con cac s hang khac bng 0 nn ta co :

r
k
n
m
p p kr
) p p (
) p ( F
) p ( F
lim A
k
=

(16 -24)
xac nh A
kr-1
, ta ao ham ca 2 v phng trnh (16 -23) theo p, ta co :
0 A ) p p ( 2 . A
... ) p p )( 2 r ( A ) p p )( 1 r ( A ) p p (
) p ( F
) p ( F
1 kr k 2 kr
3 r
k 2 k
2 r
k 1 k
/
r
k
n
m
+ + +
+ + + =

(16 -25)
Cho p p
1
, v phai cua biu thc (16 -25) ch con A
kr-1
, con cac s hang khac
bng 0 nn ta co :

=

r
k
n
m
p p 1 kr
) p p (
) p ( F
) p ( F
dp
d
lim A
k
(16 -26)
xac nh A
kr-2
ta ao ham ca 2 v cua (16 -25) theo p ta co :
0 2 . A ) p p .( 2 . 3 . A ... ) p p )( 3 r )( 2 r ( A
) p p )( 2 r )( 1 r ( A ) p p (
) p ( F
) p ( F
2 kr k 3 kr
4 r
k 2 k
3 r
k 1 k
/
r
k
n
m
+ + + +
+ =
(16 -27)
Cho p p
1
, v phai cua biu thc (16 -27) ch con 2.A
kr-1
, con cac s hang khac
bng 0 nn ta co :

=

r
k
n
m
2
2
p p 2 kr
) p p (
) p ( F
) p ( F
dp
d
2
1
lim A
k
(16 -28)
xac nh A
kr-3
ta ao ham tip phng trnh (16 -27) theo p ta co :

=

r
k
n
m
3
3
p p 3 kr
) p p (
) p ( F
) p ( F
dp
d
.
! 3
1
lim A
k
(16 -29)
c nh vy tm cac h s tip theo cho n :

r
k
n
m
1 r
1 r
p p 1 k
) p p (
) p ( F
) p ( F
dp
d
.
)! 1 r (
1
lim A
k
(16 -30)
Sau khi co cac A
kr
ri ta xac nh gc la :
90
V
t . p 1 r lr
r
1
lr
1
e . t
)! 1 r (
A
) p p (
A

nn khi F
n
(p) co nghim bi r th gc thi gian la :

t . p 1 r kr 2 3 k 2 k
1 k
t . p 1 r kr t . p 2 3 k t . p 2 k t . p 1 k
k
k k k k
e t
)! 1 r (
A
... t
! 2
A
t
! 1
A
A
e t
)! 1 r (
A
... e t
! 2
A
e . t
! 1
A
e
! 0
A
) t ( f
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
(16 -31)
Ta thng gp F
n
(p) bc 2 nn F
n
(p) = 0 co th co nghim kep p
k
(bi r = 2). Luc nay
nghim anh la
( )
2
k
22
k
21
2
1
p p
A
p p
A
) p ( F
) p ( F
) p ( F
= =
Tnh c :
= =

2
k
2
1
p p
21
2
k
2
1
p p
22
) p p (
) p ( F
) p ( F
dp
d
lim A va ) 32 16 ( ) p p (
) p ( F
) p ( F
lim A
k k
(16 -33)
Suy ra ham gc : (
t p
22 21
k
e ) t A A ) t ( f + = (16 -34)
V du 1 : Co dong in anh
2
) 3 p ( p
) 2 p (
) p ( I
+
+
= xac nh gc i(t) ?
3 p kep nghim va , 0 p n nghim 0 ) 3 p ( p ) p ( F
3 , 2 1
2
3
= = = + =
) 3 p ( p 2 ) 3 p ( ) p ( ' F
2
3
+ + + =
- Khi F
2
(p) = 0 co nghim n p
1
= 0 tng ng co gc dang:A
1
e
pt
= A
1
e
0.t
= A
1

Xac nh
9
2
) 3 p ( p 2 ) 3 p (
2 p
lim
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
lim A
2
0 p
2
1
0 p 1
=
+ + +
+
= =

- Khi F
2
(p) = 0 co nghim kep p
2,3
= -3(p = -3, bi r = 2). Xac nh :

9
2
p
) 2 p ( p
lim ) p p (
) p ( F
) p ( F
dp
d
lim A
3
1
3
2 3
) 3 p (
) 3 p ( p
2 p
lim ) p p (
) p ( F
) p ( F
lim A
2
3 p
r
l
2
1
p p 1 l
2
2
3 p
r
l
2
1
p p 2 l
l
l
=
+
=
+ =
=
+
=
+
+
+
=
+ =

ng vi nghim kep co gc la :
t . 3
2 l
t . 3
1 l
e . t . A e A

+
Tng hp co gc :
t . 3 t . 3
e . t .
3
1
e
9
2
9
2
) t ( i

+ =
V du 2 : Xac nh gc u(t) cua anh :
34 p 6 p
4 p 4
) p ( U
2
+ +
+
=
) ' 50 21 t 5 cos( e 3 , 4 ) ' 50 21 t 5 cos( . e A 2 ) t ( u : gc c
' 50 21 15 , 2
j 10
j 20 8
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
A Tnh
j 20 8 4 ) 5 j 3 ( 4 ) p ( F , j 10 6 ) 5 j 3 ( 2 ) p ( ' F , 6 p 2 ) p ( ' F
5 j 3 p c 34 p 6 p 0 ) p ( F Giai
o t . 3 o t . 3
k
o
1 2
1 1
k
1 1 1 2 2
2 , 1
2
2
+ = + =
=
+
= =
+ = + + = = + + = + =
= + + = =

2. Ni dung phuong phap toan tu Laplace tinh qua trinh qua d mach
tuyn tinh :
91
T tinh thn phng phap toan t Laplace a nu muc trn, ta thy co th giai
QTQ theo cac bc :
1. Chuyn ngun kch thch thi gian va h phng trnh vi phn m ta qua
trnh qua vi s kin thanh h phng trnh ai s anh toan t co cha s kin. Vic
lam nay thc cht la vn dung cac tnh cht cua phep bin i Laplace ai s hoa h
phng trnh vi phn.
2. Giai h phng trnh ai s vi anh toan t bng cac phng phap c ban a
hoc nh phng phap dong nhanh, dong in vong, th nh hoc bin i tng
ng tnh cac nghim anh.
3. Tm cac nghim gc tng ng cac nghim anh.
Theo trnh t trn ta thy cn phai lp h phng trnh vi phn mt ta QTQ ri mi
ai s hoa no thanh h phng trnh ai s vi anh toan t. tranh vic phai vit h
phng trnh vi phn va s dung c tnh u vit cua m hnh mach la co th ve ra
cac s mach biu din va t o lp ngay h phng trnh ai s tnh mach, ta a
ra khai nim v s toan t Laplace m ta QTQ cua mach in. Vic dn ra s
toan t nay chnh la ai s hoa trn s h phng trnh vit theo s nay la h
phng trnh ai s.
I. So d toan tu cua mach :
R
Chung ta a bit quan h gia 2 bin u va i trn
mt vung nng lng - chnh la nh lut Ohm - noi ln
phan ng cua vung nng lng o. Vy quan h gia anh
in ap U(p) vi anh dong in I(p) cua vung nng lng
ch ro phan ng toan t cua vung nng lng. Ta dn ra
phan ng cua cac vung nng lng c c trng bi cac
phn t R, L, C.
U(p)
I(p)
h.16 -1
1. Vi in tr R :
T phng trnh trang thai theo thi gian la : u
R
(t) = R.i
R
(t) chuyn sang anh
toan t Laplace:

) p ( I ) t ( i
) p ( U ) t ( u
R R
R R

Co phng trnh trang thai anh toan t :
) p ( U . g
R
) p ( U
) p ( I hay ) p ( I . R ) p ( U
R
R
R R
= = = (16 -35)
Vy in tr trong s toan t vn la R nh
biu din hnh hoc nh hnh (h.16 -1) hoc co th biu
din bng in dn
R
1
g = .
L
U
L
(p)
I
L
(p)
Li
L
(-0)
2. Vi in cam L :
T phng trnh trang thai theo thi gian :
h.(16 -2)

dt
di
L u
L
L
= chuyn sang dang anh :
92

) p ( I ) t ( i
) p ( U ) t ( u
L L
L L

Co phng trnh anh toan t :
[ ] ) 0 ( Li ) p ( I . Lp ) 0 ( i ) p ( pI L ) p ( U
L L L L L
= = (16 -36)
S thay th mach nghim ung phng trnh trn chnh la s toan t cua
cun cam L, co L.i
L
(-0) la lng a bit no nh ngun ap goi la ngun s kin. No la
tin tc noi ln qua trnh cu tac ng vao mach sau ong m. Biu din hnh (h.16 -2)
S trn ging nh s ngun ap Tvnin, nh vy co th xac nh s
ngun dong Norton tng ng.
Tht vy giai phng trnh (16 -36) I
L
(p) theo U
L
(p) ta co :

p
) 0 ( i
Lp
) p ( U
) p ( I
L L
L
+ = (16 -37)
Trong o
p
) 0 ( i
L

a bit nh la ngun dong goi la
ngun dong s kin, s toan t nh hnh (h.16 -3)
pL
i
L
(-0) /p
I
L
(p)
U
L
(p)
Vy co th biu din L di dang s toan t ni
tip hay song song, ch cn ta thay L bng pL ri ni tip
vi ngun ap s kin Li
L
(-0). Hay thay L bng pL ni
song song vi ngun dong s kin
p
) 0 ( i
L

. (Lu y : chiu
cua cac ngun s kin cung chiu dong I
L
(p)).
h.16 -3

C
1/pC
U
C
(p)
h.(16 -4a)
u
C
(-0)
I
C
(p)
3. Vi in dung C :
T phng trnh trang thai thi gian :
dt
du
C i
C
C
=
Chuyn sang dang anh :
) p ( I ) t ( i
) p ( U ) t ( u
C C
C C

c phng trnh trang thai anh theo dong in la :
[ ] ) 0 ( Cu ) p ( pCU ) 0 ( u ) p ( pU C ) p ( I
C C C C C
= = . (16 -38).
Trong o Cu
C
(-0) la ngun s kin, s toan t nh hnh (h.16 -4a).
Phng trnh trang thai anh theo in ap la :

p
) 0 ( u
pC
) p ( I
) p ( U
C C
C
+ = (16 -39)
Trong o
p
) 0 ( u
C

la ngun s kin s toan t
nh hnh (h.16 -4b). 1/pC
u
C
(-0)/p
U
C
(p)
I
C
(p)
co s toan t cua tu C, ta thay C bng 1/pC
ni song song vi ngun dong Cu
C
(-0). Hoc thay C
bng 1/pC ni tip vi ngun ap s kin
p
) 0 ( u
C

( Chu y
ngun s kin co chiu ngc chiu dong I
C
(p)).
h.(16 -4b)
93
4. Vi nhanh R - L - C :
Khi cac s kin bng khng ta co quan h
Ohm trn cac vung nng lng : U
R
(p) = R.I
R
(p),
U
L
(p) = pL.I
L
(p), U
C
(p) = I
C
(p)/pC. Nn s toan t
nhanh R - L - C nh hnh (h.16 -5). T o rut ra nh
lut Ohm dang toan t cho nhanh khng ngun R - L - C :
I(p) R pL
U(p)
1/pC
h.16 -5
+ + = + + =
pC
1
pL R ) p ( I ) p ( U ) p ( U ) p ( U ) p ( U
C L R
(16 -40)
Trong o : ) p ( Z
pC
1
pL R = + + goi la tng tr toan t cua nhanh (tng t nh
tng tr phc Z(j) trong mach xac lp iu hoa khi thay j bng p). Ngc lai
( )
) p ( Z
1
p Y = la tng dn toan t. Co c biu thc : I(p) = Y(p).U(p)
5. Vi hai cun cam L
1
, L
2
co h cam vi nhau : M
kl
= M
lk
= M nh hnh ve
(h.16 -7) :
M
kl
i
l
i
k

L
l
L
k
u
k
u
l
L
M i
k
(-0) L
l
i
l
(-0)
Mi
l
(-0)
k
i
k
(-0)
pL
l
pL
k
I
l
(p)
pM
I
k
(p)
U
k
(p)
U
l
(p)
h.16 -7
h.16 -8
Biu thc in ap di dang phn b thi gian :

+ =
+ =
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
l k
k K
k l
L L
(16 -41)
(Chu y tuy cc tnh va chiu dong in ap h cam co du +). Chuyn sang dang anh
toan t nh hnh (h.16 -8) :

+ =
+ =
) 0 ( Mi ) 0 ( i L ) p ( pMI ) p ( I pL ) p ( U
) 0 ( Mi ) 0 ( i L ) p ( pMI ) p ( I pL ) p ( U
l k k l k k k
k l l k l l L
(16 -42)
II. Djnh lut Kirhof dang toan tu :
T lut Kirhof 1 dang tc thi chuyn sang dang anh Laplace : 0 ) t ( i
n
1 k
k
=
=
(16 -43) 0 ) p ( I
n
1 k
k
=
=
Phat biu : " Tng ai s cac dong in toan t tai mt nh trit tiu"
Tng t ta cung co nh lut Kirhof 2 dang toan t : (16 -44). 0 ) p ( U
n
1 k
k
=
=
94
Phat biu : " Tng ai s cac in ap anh ri trn cac phn t trong mt vong
kn trit tiu".
Lu y : Khi trong mach in co cac ngun s kin th ta cung a vao phng
trnh Kirhof 1, 2 theo ung th nguyn.
V du : Xet mach in nh hnh (h.16 -9)
Thay r, L, C va cac ngun trong mach sang dang toan t c s mach dang
toan t nh hnh (h.16 -10). Trong tng nhanh ta co phng trnh lut m dang toan
t, trong toan mach co lut K
1
, K
2
di dang ai s anh toan t.
r
2
r
1
r
i
i
2
i
1
C
2
C
1
L
e(t)
h.16 -9 h.16 -10
u
C2
(0)/p
1/pC
2
r
2
I
2
(p)
I(p)
I
1
(p) r
1
r
pL
Li
L
(0) u
C1
(0)/p
1/pC
1
E(p)
a b
1
2
b a
Da vao s toan t hnh (h.16 -10) vit ngay h phng trnh K1, K2 di
dang ai s vi anh toan t :
P/t K1 cho nut a : ) p ( I ) p ( I ) p ( I
2 1
+ =
P/t K2 cho vong 1 :
p
) 0 ( u
) 0 ( Li ) p ( E
pC
1
pL r ) p ( I r ). p ( I
1 C
L
1
1 1
+ =
+ + + (16 -45)
P/t K2 cho vong 2 : ( )
p
) 0 ( u
p E
pC
1
r ) p ( I r ). p ( I
2 C
2
2 2
=
+ +
III. Trinh tu tinh qua trinh qua d bng phuong phap toan tu :
Sau khi phn tch mt cach y u nh trn, ta rut ra trnh t cac bc giai qua
trnh qua bng phng phap toan t nh sau :
- Tnh u
c
(-0), i
L
(-0) t s trc khi ong m ( t < 0)
- Lp s toan t cho mach sau khi ong m ( t > 0 chu y co cac ngun s
kin).
- Vit phng trnh K1, K2 cua mach di dang ai s cua anh toan t.
Do s tng t v hnh thc vi s mach trang thai xac lp iu hoa nn co
th dung cac phng phap : dong nhanh, dong vong, th nh, cac bin i tng
ng... giai h phng trnh ai s cho nghim anh. Sau o xac nh nghim
gc.
V du 1 : Mt tu C c nap co in lng q
o
. Tai t = 0 cho no phong vao cun
dy co in cam L nh hnh (h.16 -11). Xac nh s bin thin cua in tch trn tu q(t)
va xac nh dong in trong mach i(t) sau khi ong khoa K.
Ta co s kin : ) 0 ( u
C
q
C
) 0 ( q
) 0 ( u ), 0 ( q q ) 0 ( q
C
0
C 0
+ = =
= = =
95
i
L
(-0) = 0 = i
L
(0)
1. Giai bng phng phap n thun toan hoc :
T phng trnh mach in : u
C
+ u
L
= 0
Theo bin i ta co : 0 ' Li idt
C
1
= +
ma :
2
2
dt
q d
' i ,
dt
dq
i = =
c phng trnh theo bin q la :
K
h.16 -11
0
C
q
dt
q d
L 0
dt
q d
L dt
dt
dq
C
1
2
2
2
2
= + = +

ta chuyn sang dang toan t giai phng trnh vi phn nay :
Vi : ) 0 ( ' q ) 0 ( pq ) p ( Q p
dt
q d
va ), p ( Q ) t ( q
2
2
2

Ta co phng trnh anh :
[ ]
0
C
) p ( Q
Lpq ) p ( Q Lp
0
C
) p ( Q
pq ) p ( Q p L
0
2
0
2
= +
= +

Lu y : 0 ) 0 ( i ) 0 (
dt
dq
) 0 ( ' q = = = (do cha ong khoa K th i
L
(0) = 0)
2
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
2
LC
1
p
pq
LC
1
p
pq
C
1
Lp
Lpq
) p ( Q nn Lpq
C
1
Lp ) p ( Q
+
=
+
=
+
= =
+
Suy ra biu thc in tch theo thi gian : t
LC
1
cos q ) t ( q
0
= .
Va dong in trong mach : t
LC
1
sin
LC
1
. q
dt
dq
) t ( i
0
= =
2. Giai bng phng phap s toan t :
u
C
(0)/p
T s toan t hnh (h.16 -12) tnh I(p) :
1 LC p
q
C
1
L p C
) 0 ( q
pC
1
pL p
) 0 ( u
) p ( I
) 0 ( u
C
q
C
) 0 ( q
) 0 ( u Vi
2
0
2
C
C
0
C
+
=
+ = =
=

h.16 -12
1/pC
pL
I(p)
Chia ca t, mu vi LC ta co :
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
LC
1
p
LC
1
.
LC
q
LC
1
p
LC
1
.
LC
1
. q
LC
1
p
LC q
) p ( I
=
Suy ra gc dong in trong mach la :
LC
t
sin
LC
q
) t ( i
0
=
Va biu thc in tch :
LC
t
cos q dt
LC
t
sin
LC
q
idt ) t ( q
0
0
=
= =

96
V du 2 : Tnh dong i(t) trong mach in hnh (h.16 -13) sau khi ong khoa K.
Bit r = 100, L = 0,139H, C= 15,95F. u(t) = 2000sin(314t + 90
0
) = 2000cos314t
(V).
1. Tnh s kin c lp : i(t)
C
r u(t)
L
K
) 0 ( u 0 ) 0 ( u
C C
+ = = (khi cha ong khoa K tu cha
c nap). Trc khi ong khoa K qua trnh xac lp cu
(t < 0) nh s hnh (h.16 -14). V xac lp hnh sin nn
co :
A 10 ) 0 ( i co 0 t tai thay
) A ( ) 45 t 314 sin( 2 10 i
e 2 10
319 , 0 . 314 j 100
90 2000
Z
U
I
L
0
Lxlcu
45 j
0
rL
Lxlcu
0
= =
+ =
=
+

= =

h.16 -13
r
L
u(t)
i(t)
V bai toan chnh nn : i
L
(0) = i
L
(-0) = 10A.
2. S toan t sau khi ong khoa K nh hnh (h.16 -
15)
h.16 -14
Anh Laplace cua ngun u(t) :
2 2
314 p
p 2000
) p ( U t 314 cos 2000 ) t ( u
+
= =
Tng tr vao cua mach :
1 prC
1 pL rLC p
1 prC
r
pL
pC
1
r
pC
1
. r
pL ) p ( Z
2
V
+
+ +
=
+
+ =
+
+ =
Theo nh lut Kirhof tnh dong in anh :
( )
( )
) p ( F
) p ( F
) 1 pL rLC p )( 314 p (
) 1 prC )]( 0 ( Li ) 314 p ( p 2000 [
) p ( I
1 pL rLC p
1 prC ) 0 ( Li
314 p
p 2000
) p ( Z
) 0 ( Li ) p ( U
p I
4
3
2 2 2
L
2 2
2
L
2 2
V
L
=
+ + +
+ + +
=
+ +
+
+
+
=
+
=

Li
L
(0)
I(p)
U(p)
pL
1/pC
r
h.16 -15
xac nh dong in gc : s dung khai trin Hvisaid.
Giai : F
4
(p) = (p
2
+ 314
2
).(p
2
rLC + pL + 1) = 0
Vi (p
2
+ 314
2
) = 0 co nghim thun ao : p
1,2
= j314.
Vi 0 100 319 , 0 . p 10 . 95 , 15 . 319 , 0 . 100 . p 1 pL rLC p
6 2 2
= + + = + +

cho nghim phc lin hp : p
3,4
= -314 j314.
T F
4
(p) ta co : ) L prLC 2 )( 314 p ( ) r pL rLC p ( p 2 ) p ( ' F
2 2 2
4
+ + + + + =
- ng vi p
1,2
= j314 ( coi la p = j vi = 0)
Ta co gc dang 2|A
1
|cos(314t + ), trong o :
0
314 j p
4
3
1
37 10
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
A = =
=

- ng vi p
3,4
= -314 j 314
97
Ta co dang gc : 2|A
2
|e
-314t
.cos(314t + ) trong o :
30 161 10
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
A
0
314 j 341 p
4
3
2
= =
+ =

Nn c gc la : ) 30 161 t 314 cos( . e 10 2 ) 37 t 314 cos( 20 ) t ( i
0 t 314 0
+ =

T gc ta thy cac cc (nghim) p
1
, p
2
la do anh cua ap ngun U(p) nn xac
nh thanh phn cng bc, con cac cc p
3
, p
4
bng nghim cua s se xac nh
thanh phn t do.
) 30 161 t 314 cos( e 10 2 i ), 37 t 314 cos( 20 i
0 t 314
td
0
xl
= =

- Qua v du thy c noi chung phng phap toan t co th tnh c ap,
dong qua di dang tng cua cac thanh phn t do va cng bc.
- Nu mach cha cac ngun hng hay ngun iu hoa th co th xac nh d
dang thanh phn cng bc ma khng cn ap dung phng phap toan t. Trong trng
hp nay phng phap toan t c ap dung tnh thanh phn t do.
- Thanh phn t do la gc cua anh ap ng t do. Anh ap ng t do c tnh
t s toan t t do (s ch co cac ngun s kin, khng co ngun ap, ngun dong
cng bc) va vy anh cua ap, dong t do se n gian hn rt nhiu so vi anh ap,
dong qua .
- Vic ng dung phng phap toan t rt thun li tnh thanh phn cng
bc cua ap, dong khi kch thch chu ky khng iu hoa.
Vy khi gp bai toan qua trnh qua co kch thch chu ky iu hoa ta thc hin
nh sau :
a. T s phc xac lp sau ong m nh hnh (h.16 -16) bng phng phap
phc tnh c :

0
6
6
0
xl 37 20
10 . 95 , 15 . 314 j
1
100
10 . 95 , 15 . 314 j
1
. 100
319 , 0 . 314 j
0 2000
C j
1
r
C j
1
. r
L j
U
I =
+
+
+

+
=

suy ra dong in xac lp ( ) ) A ( 37 t 314 cos 20 ) t ( i
0
xl
=
U
.
I
xl
.
L j
1/jC
r
Li
Ltd
(0)
I
td
(p)
pL
1/pC
r
h.16 -16 h.16 -17
b. T s toan t t do nh hnh (h.16 -17)
Xac nh c thanh phn t do dang anh :
98
) p ( F
) p ( F
1 pL rLC p
) 1 prC )( 0 ( Li
) p ( Z
) 0 ( Li
) p ( I
2
1
2
Ltd
V
Ltd
td
=
+ +
+
= = , chu y : ) 0 ( i ) 0 ( i ) 0 ( i
Lxl L Ltd
=
giai F
2
(p) = 0 c 314 j 314 p
4 , 3
=
suy ra gc : ) 30 161 t 314 cos( e 10 2 ) t ( i
0 t 314
td
=

c. Xp chng i
xl
va i
td
c nghim cua qua trnh qua i
q
:
) 30 161 t 314 cos( . e 10 2 ) 37 t 314 cos( 20 ) t ( i
0 t 314 0
+ =

Qua phn tch ta thy lam theo cach nay gon hn ch ch phai giai quyt vn
anh gc cua nghim t do n gian hn rt nhiu anh gc cua nghim qua trnh qua
. So vi vic xac nh nghim t do bng phng phap tch phn kinh in th khoi
phai tnh p t Z
V
(p) = 0 va vic tnh s kin cung n gian hn nhiu (ch cn u
C
(-0) va
i
L
(-0), khng cn phai lu y bai toan chnh hay khng chnh).
99

CHUONG 17
PHUONG PHAP TOAN TU FOURIER TINH QUA TRINH QUA D

1. Phep bin di Fourier va cac dc tinh ph
I. Phep bin di Fourier
Vi ham f(t) tuyt i kha tch, c bit la ham giai tch cua bin p trn truc ao.
Luc o co th thay p = j ta co :
la phep bin i Fourier thun (17-1) ) j ( F dt e ) t ( f
0
t j
=

va ) t ( f d e ) j ( F
2
1
t j
=

la phep bin i Fourier ngc (17-2)
Phep bin i Fourier la trng hp c bit cua phep bin i Laplace (ta a
noi n cach phn tch ham chu ky ra chui Fourier, tc la xac nh cac thanh phn
ph cua ham gc cac bin , cac pha cac thanh phn iu hoa. Tch phn Fourier
chnh la trng hp gii han cua chui Fourier i vi cac ham khng chu ky).
II. Ph tn - mt d ph cua ham f(t)
T ) t ( f d e ) j ( F
2
1
t j
=

ta thy f(t) la tng v han nhng ham iu hoa co
tn s lin tuc - (tn s phu kn ca dai tn s trn)
) j ( dF d ) j ( F
2
1
=
la bin (17-3)
dF(j) la ph cua ham f(t) no la ph lin tuc, phn b day c trn truc , goi la
ph c nu f(t) khng chu ky, khac vi ph cua ham chu ky la ph vach, ri rac.
tin tnh toan, biu din ta c trng ph o bng ham anh Fourier F(j) cua
gc f(t).
) j ( F
d
d
2 ) j ( F
= goi la mt ph cua gc f(t) (17-4)

Ham F(j) la ham phc, bin thc , thng hu han va phn b lin tuc day
c trn truc s - .
Vy anh Fourier cua mt ham f(t) - la mt ph cua ham gc o. Mt ph
F(j) co th biu din di cac dang sau y :
1. Ph tn bin pha : c biu din di dang
) ( ) ( F e ) ( F ) j ( F
) ( j
= =

(17-5)
Trong o :
F() la ph bin , vi f(t) la ham thc th F() la ham chn : F(-) = F().
() = argF(j) la ph pha, no la ham le : (-) = -().
2. Ph tn thc - ao : c biu din di dang
F(j) = F
1
() + j F
2
() (17-6)
F
1
() ph thc, ham chn.
100
F
2
() ph ao, ham le.
V du : Cho ham
at
e ) t ( f

= , hay tm anh Fourier va biu din di dang thc, ao, bin,
pha.
a
arctg
a
1
a
j
a
a
a j
1
e ) t ( f
2 2
2 2 2 2
at

+
=
+

+
=
+
=

biu din anh
Fourier di dang thc, ao nh hnh (h.17-1a,b), di dang bin, pha nh hnh (h.17-
1c, d).

0 0 0 0
F F
2
F
1
h.(17-1d) h.(17-1c) h.(17-1a) h.(17-1b)
3. Biu thc quan h gia gc thi gian va ph tn.
T F(j) = F
1
(j) + j F
2
(j)
theo (17-2) co :

= d e ) j ( F
2
1
) t ( f
t j
, theo (17-1) co :

=
0
t j
dt e ) t ( f ) j ( F
rut ra :

= =
0
2
0
1
tdt sin ) t ( f ) ( F , tdt cos ) t ( f ) ( F
[ ]

=
+ +
=
d ) t cos ) ( F t sin ) ( F (
2
1
d ) t sin ) ( F t cos ) ( F (
2
1
) t ( f
d ) t sin j t (cos ) ( jF ) ( F
2
1
) t ( f
2 1 2 1
2 1

ma 0 d ) t cos ) ( F t sin ) ( F (
2
1
2 1
= +

(v ham le) nn con :
= d ) t sin ) ( F t cos ) ( F (
2
1
) t ( f
2 1
do la ham chn nn co :
=
0
2 1
d ) t sin ) ( F t cos ) ( F (
1
) t ( f
v 0 d ) t sin ) ( F t cos ) ( F (
2
1
) t ( f
0
2 1
=

suy ra :

=
0
2
0
1
td sin ) ( F td cos ) ( F
Nh vy ham f(t) co th xac nh qua phn thc :

=
0
1
td cos ) ( F
2
) t ( f (17-7)
f(t) cung co th xac nh qua phn ao cua mt ph :
101

=
0
2
td sin ) ( F
2
) t ( f (17-8)
y la hai cng thc c s cho ta phng phap xac nh gc thi gian f(t) khi
bit ph tn thc hay ao cua anh. Bit F
1
(), F
2
() ri tnh cac tch phn bng phng
phap gn ung se cho ra f(t).
III. Dc tinh tn truyn dat :
1. c tnh tn truyn at :
Khi s kin cu trit tiu, vi kch thch anh F(j) se co ap ng anh X(j).
Chung quan h tuyn tnh vi nhau qua ham truyn at :

) j ( F
) j ( X
) j ( K
= (17-9)
K(j) K(t) : c trng cho s truyn at t f(t) n x(t). No chnh la c tnh
tn truyn at a quen qua trnh chu ky. K(j) ch phn b trn truc ao, no ch tnh
cht la chon tn s cua mach. Co th b tr th nghim ve c tnh tn cua mt
mach cn xet bng cach cho tac ng vao h xet kch thch iu hoa co tn s f khac
nhau ri o ly ap ng se co c tnh tn cac f khac nhau nh m hnh h.(17-2).
Trong o h xet co th la nhng hp en.

H xet o F, MF m tn

h.(17-2)
) ( jK ) ( K e ) ( K ) j ( K
2 1
) ( j
+ = =

c tnh tn K(j) cha tin tc v tnh cht, dang iu cua qua trnh trong h
nn co th t s phn b cua K(j) khao sat qua trnh qua .
2. Quan h gia c tnh tn truyn at vi c tnh thi gian cua mach.
Co th t quan h thi gian vi c tnh tn a bit xac nh c ham thi gian
tng ng :

=
0
2
0
1
td sin ) ( K
2
td cos ) ( K
2
) t ( K
Bit K
1
() hoc K
2
() co th thc hin cac phep tch phn gn ung cho ra K(t).
2. V phuong phap toan tu Fourier giai qua trinh qua d.
Toan t Fourier la trng hp ring cua toan t Laplace khi thay p = j. Nn co
th lam hoan toan tng t nh phng phap Laplace cho ra nghim anh Fourier.
Song nu ch co vy th phng phap Fourier khng co g khac phng phap Laplace.
Co khi con kho khn hn v bang anh gc Fourier rt him nn vic xac nh gc kho
khn. Nh vy cai kho khn cua phng phap Laplace la giai F
n
(p) = 0 (trng hp
F
n
(p) bc cao) cung se khng khc phuc c bi phng phap Fourier. (Lun cn
phai giai p v nu khng cn tm gc th cung phai xet tnh cht nghim qua p). V vy
phng phap Fourier khng theo ngha la trng hp ring cua phng phap Laplace.
102
Cai hay cua anh Fourier la qua anh Fourier F(j) cua gc f(t) ta thy anh
Fourier la phn b theo tn s cua gc. y chnh la c s ta a ra phng phap ve
qua trnh qua theo cac ph tn.

=
0
2
0
1
td sin ) ( F
2
td cos ) ( F
2
) t ( f
T o ta co ni dung tinh thn phng phap Fourier nh sau :
Bng cach nao o (thng bng thc nghim) o ve c ng cong ph tn
thc F
1
() hoc ao F
2
() cua qua trnh.
Nu nguyn ng cong F
1
() hoc F
2
() th thc hin phep tch phn ch ra
gc f(t) kho, nn ngi ta chia F
1
() hoc F
2
() thanh tng nhng ng cong dang
hnh thang vung, ma mi hnh o d dang ng vi mt thanh phn nghim x
i
(t) co th
tra bang (ngi ta lp trc bang tra). Tng cac x
i
(t) se la nghim x(t) cn tm.
103

CHUONG 18
QUA TRINH QUA D O MACH PHI TUYN

1. Dc dim cua qua trinh qua d trong mach phi tuyn.
- Vic ong ngun hnh sin vao mach tuyn tnh co cha dung, cam va tr co
th tao dong, ap qua cc ai khng vt qua 2 ln bin trang thai xac lp.
Nhng khi ong vao mach khang phi tuyn th co th xut hin in ap hay dong in
qua ln hn tr s xac lp nhiu ln, trang thai nay rt d a n s c.
- Qua trnh qua mach phi tuyn ngoai s thay i c bit v lng nh
trn no con thay i v cht : QTQ trong mach phi tuyn co th phat sinh nhng hin
tng mi nh qua trnh t dao ng co tn s
ngun

- Qua trnh qua mach phi tuyn c miu ta bng nhng phng trnh vi
phn phi tuyn vit theo lut K1, K2. Bai toan qua trnh qua la bai toan giai h
phng trnh vi phn phi tuyn cho thoa man s kin nn khng co phng phap nao
chung ma ch co nhng phng phap gn ung dung cho nhng mach cu th.
Ta xet mt s phng phap gn ung giai qua trnh qua mach phi tuyn.
2. Phuong phap tuyn tinh hoa s hang phi tuyn nho.
I. Tinh thn phuong phap :
1. Trong trng hp qua trnh cua mach i n n nh th nu co thay i t
nao o cac s hang hay h s cua phng trnh th nghim cung thay i nho tng
ng, luc o ta co th coi s hang phi tuyn la nho trong h phng trnh mach nn co
th gn ung cho no bng 0 ma khng anh hng nhiu n nghim cua qua trnh.
V du : Khi phi tuyn nho co th coi gn ung nh sau :
' i . a ' i ...). i . b a ( ' i ). i ( L U
i . R i ...) i . R ( i ). i ( R U
L
0 0 R
+ + = =
+ + = =

2. Ap dung tinh thn y giai nhng bai toan ma phng trnh mach la
phng trnh vi phn cp 1 lin h hai bin, nhng gia hai bin o lai co quan h ham
phi tuyn (o chnh la ham c tnh)
V du : Xet cun dy loi thep co in tr r c ong vao ngun co S e(t)
hnh sin hnh (h.18-1). ta bit sau khi ong mt thi gian th qua trnh trong mach se
n xac lp, n nh nn co th ap dung phng phap tuyn tnh hoa chuyn h
phng trnh vi phn phi tuyn thanh phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh gn ung giai
mach.
in cam phi tuyn c cho dang ham xp x :
r
(i)
K
e(t)

... b a ) ( i hay
... bi i L ) i (
3
3
0
+ + =
+ + =
Phng trnh vi phn m ta QTQ cua mach la :
) t ( e
dt
d
i . r =
+
h.18-1
104
y la phng trnh vi phn cp 1 lin h hai bin trang thai , I nn ro rang
mun giai phng trnh ta phai chuyn t bin nay sang bin kia c phng trnh
vi phn cp 1 theo mt bin. Hai bin , I lin h vi nhau trong ham c tnh phi
tuyn nn nu dung quan h nay a vao phng trnh th h phng trnh se phc tap
kho giai. Khi mach co tnh phi tuyn nho bo qua s hang phi tuyn trong quan h ham
(i) thay vao h phng trnh se c phng trnh vi phn cp mt tuyn tnh theo
mt bin th giai c d dang. Ta chuyn i cac bin trong trng hp cu th nh
sau :
a. Khi qua trnh trong mach co tiu tan t nn co
dt
d
i . r

<< th i bin i theo
bin c gn ung : i() a.
Luc nay phng trnh vi phn theo bin la : ) t ( e . a . r
dt
d
= +

Giai phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh gn ung ) t ( e . a . r
dt
d
= +
(bng phng
phap tch phn phng trnh vi phn, hay phng phap toan t) cho thoa man s kin
(0) se c nghim (t), sau khi co (t) da vao quan h (i) xac nh c dong
in qua i(t).
b. Khi tiu tan trong mach ln, nn co
dt
d
i . r

>> luc o tnh bin theo bin i
c gn ung : (i) L
0
.i nn co : ' i . L
dt
di
.
i dt
d
0
va phng trnh m ta QTQ

la : ) t ( e
dt
di
L i . r
0
= + la phng trnh tuyn tnh. Giai phng trnh cho thoa man s
kin i(0) c dong in qua i(t) va da vao quan h (i) xac nh c (t).
II. Cac buoc cua phuong phap tuyn tinh hoa s hang phi tuyn nho :
T v du trn ta rut ra cac bc thc hin nh sau :
1. Vit phng trnh cua mach di dang phng trnh vi phn cp 1 theo hai
bin trang thai - Tuy theo c im cua mach qua ham c tnh, tnh gn ung bin
nay theo bin kia. Thay vao phng trnh vi phn c phng trnh vi phn theo
mt bin.
2. Giai phng trnh vi phn cp 1 theo mt bin cho thoa man s kin ta c
nghim phn b thi gian cua mt bin. Da vao nghim a co va ham c tnh cua
phn t phi tuyn a cho ta xac nh c nghim con lai (co th dung phng phap
toan t Laplace hoc phng phap tch phn kinh in giai phng trnh vi phn cp
mt theo mt bin). Chu y rng cun dy loi thep co bao hoa th chon L la gia tr trung
bnh
m
m
i
L

= .
3. Phuong phap nhiu loan ( phuong phap tham s nho) :
I. Tinh thn cua phuong phap tham s nho :
Phng phap tham s nho la thu thut giai phng trnh vi phn no c bit
tin li khi nghin cu cac h dao ng phi tuyn nho phu thuc mt tham s.
105
Phng trnh vi phn phi tuyn th hin tnh phi tuyn s hang bc cao. S
hang nay tham gia quyt nh nghim qua trnh. Coi no la mt tham s tham gia vao
phng trnh mach. K hiu tham s o la : .
Vy phng trnh vi phn cua mach la : H(x, , t) = 0.
Ta phn tch va gp cac s hang cua phng trnh thanh hai nhom s hang :
H(x, , t) = H
1
(x, t) + .H
2
(x, , t) = 0 (18-1)
Trong o : H
1
(x, t) la tp hp tt ca cac s hang tuyn tnh trong h, con H
2
(x,
, t) la tp hp tt ca cac s hang phi tuyn trong h. Trong o tham s quyt nh
tnh cht, mc phi tuyn cua qua trnh phi tuyn trong mach. Khi = 0 s hang phi
tuyn khng con.
Luc nay phng trnh mach ch con H
1
(x, t) = 0 goi la phng trnh tuyn tnh
suy bin. Nghim cua H
1
(x, t) = 0 k hiu la x
0
(t) goi la nghim tuyn tnh suy bin.
Nghim cua H(x, , t) = 0 k hiu la x(t), noi chung x(t) x
0
(t) s d co sai khac o la
do co s tham gia cua s hang phi tuyn. Tc la mc sai khac tuy thuc .
i vi cac qua trnh i n n nh, khi be co th coi nghim x(t) co quan h
giai tch vi tham s , nn co th khai trin x(t, ) theo chui luy tha vi tham s .
Ta co nghim di dang khai trin la :
k
k k
2
2 2
0
x
! k
...
x
! 2
x
) t ( x ) t , ( x

+ +

+

+ = (18-2a)
Vit gon lai : ) t ( x . ... ) t ( x . ) t ( x . ) t ( x ) t , ( x
k
k
2
2
1 0
+ + + + = (18-2b)
Trong o x
1
(t), x
2
(t),..., x
k
(t) goi la cac ham hiu chnh s sai khac gia x(t) va
x
0
(t) x
0
(t) tin dn n x(t). Nn ta con goi y la phng phap nhiu loan.
T o dn n tinh thn cua phng phap la :
Tm c nghim qua trnh phi tuyn x(t) bng cach giai tm nghim phng
trnh tuyn tnh suy bin x
0
(t), sau o tm cac ham hiu chnh x
0
(t) tin n x(t), ta
thy cang nhiu ham hiu chnh th x
0
(t) cang tim cn n nghim phi tuyn x(t).
II. Vi du :
Nap tu in C n u
C
(-0) = U
0
ri cho phong in qua in tr phi tuyn r(i) co
ham c tnh i(u) = a.u + b.u
2
nh hnh (h.18-2). Xac nh in ap trn tu in sau khi
ong khoa K.
Phng trnh m ta QTQ cua mach : trong o bu 0 u . b u . a ' u . C
2
C
= + +
2
la s
hang phi tuyn nn a tham s vao ta c phng trnh : 0 u . b u . a ' u . C
2
C
= + +
t nghim di dang khai trin : u = u
0
+ .u
1
(vi mt ham hiu chnh u
1
) th
u' = u'
0
+ u'
1
va
2
1 1 0
2
0
2
u u u 2 u u + + = . V u = u
0
+ .u
1
la nghim nn thay vao
phng trnh mach phai nghim ung nn co :
0
0
) u u 2 u u ( b ) u u ( a ) ' u ' u ( C
0 1
2
1
2 2
0 1 0 1 0
= + + + + + +
u bu 2 bu bu u a au ' u C ' Cu
0 1
2 2
1
3 2
0 1 0 1 0
= + + + + + +
Sp xp cac s hang theo bc cua ta c :
0 bu u bu 2 ) bu au ' Cu ( au ' Cu
2
1
3
0 1
2 2
0 1 1 0 0
= + + + + + +
106
Ta bit cac s hang cua khai trin luy tha c lp tuyn tnh, nn thay nghim
khai trin vao phng trnh mach nghim ung phng trnh mach phai co nhng
phng trnh cn bng ring re theo tng bc cua . T o ta c cac phng trnh
cn bng ring re :
ng vi = 0 co C.u'
0
+ a.u
0
= 0 la phng trnh tuyn tnh suy bin.
ng vi co : 0 bu au ' Cu
2
0 1 1
= + + .
V ta ch cn mt ham hiu chnh nn khng cn nhng phng trnh bc cao
hn cua .
1. Giai phng trnh tuyn tnh suy bin xac nh nghim tuyn tnh suy
bin u
0
(t). T phng trnh vi phn theo thi gian : C.u'
0
+ a.u
0
= 0 vi s kin u
C
(0) =
u
C
(-0) = U
0
. Dung phng phap toan t giai phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh vi bin
u
0
(t) ta c nghim tuyn tnh suy bin.
Vi u
0
(t) U
0
(p) chuyn sang phng trnh ai s anh toan t :
[ ] 0 ) p ( aU ) 0 ( u ) p ( pU C
0 C 0
= +
[ ]
C a p
U
a pC
CU
) p ( U
CU ) 0 ( Cu a pC ) p ( U
0 ) p ( aU ) 0 ( u . C ) p ( CpU
0 0
0
0 C 0
0 C 0
+
=
+
=
= = +
= +
giai c nghim anh toan t :
T nghim anh suy ra gc: U
0
(p)
t
C
a 2
2
0
2
0
t
C
a
0 0
e U ) t ( u e U ) t ( u

= = chuyn sang
dang anh
C a 2 p
U
) t ( u
2
0 2
0
+

2. Giai phng trnh bc xac nh ham hiu chnh u
1
(t).
Phng trnh cn bng vi bc cua la : 0 t phng trnh nay ta
thy ro la tham s, chuyn phng trnh nay sang dang anh toan t c phng
trnh :
) bu au ' Cu (
2
0 1 1
= + +
[ ]
a 2 pC
bCU
a pC ) p ( U
0
a 2 pC
C U
b ) p ( aU ) p ( CpU
2
0
1
2
0
1 1
+
= +
=
+
+ +
y lu y s kin tnh cac ham hiu
chnh la 0, t la u
1
(0) = 0,..., u
k
(0) = 0.
Giai c nghim anh :
( )( ) ) p ( F
) p ( F
a 2 pC a pC
bCU
) p ( U
2
1
2
0
1
=
+ +
=
giai F
2
(p) = (pC+a)(pC+2a) = 0 c :
C
a 2
p ,
C
a
p
2 1
= = (hai nghim n)
Co : aC 3 pC 2 ) p ( ' F
2
2
+ =
suy ra nghim gc co dang :
t
C
a 2
2
t
C
a
1 1
e A e A ) t ( u

+ =
trong o :
a
bU
aC
bCU
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
A ,
a
bU
aC
bCU
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
A
2
0
2
0
2 2
2 1
2
2
0
2
0
1 2
1 1
1
=
= = = = =
107
Nn ham hiu chnh :
t
C
a 2 2
0
t
C
a 2
0
1
e
a
bU
e
a
bU
) t ( u

+ =
Dang nghim qua la : u(t) = u
0
(t) + u
1
(t).
Biu thc in ap QTQ la :
t
C
a 2
2
0
t
C
a
2
0
t
C
a
0 1 0
e . U
a
b
e . U
a
b
e U ) t ( u ) t ( u ) t ( u

+ = + =
III. Cac buoc thuc hin theo phuong phap nhiu loan :
T v du minh hoa trn ta rut ra cac bc thc hin phng phap nhiu loan nh
sau :
1. t nghim di dang khai trin vi s ham hiu chnh tuy chnh xac cn
thit.
2. Thay nghim vao h phng trnh cua mach, ta rut ra c nhng phng
trnh cn bng ring re theo tng bc cua tham s .
3. Giai phng trnh tuyn tnh suy bin cho thoa man s kin bai toan c
nghim tuyn tnh suy bin x
0
(t).
4. Giai cac phng trnh con lai theo cac bc cua cho thoa man s kin 0 ta
se c cac ham hiu chnh x
1
(t), x
2
(t),..., x
k
(t).
5. Cng nghim tuyn tnh suy bin vi cac ham hiu chnhta se c nghim
qua trnh qua phi tuyn cn tm x(t).
4. Phuong phap bin, pha bin thin chm (PP VanderPol)
y thc cht la phng phap bin thin hng s tch phn - la mt thu thut
giai h phng trnh vi phn phi tuyn. Dung tnh cho h n gian, tin li khao sat
mach dao ng gm hai phn t khang phi tuyn (h tnm).
I. Tinh thn chung cac phuong phap bin thin h s tich phn.
Ta a bit phng trnh mach phi tuyn co th vit va sp xp di dang :
H(x,t) = H
1
(x,t) + H
2
(x,,t) (18-3a)
Trong o : H
2
(x,,t) la nhom cac s hang phi tuyn gy kho khn cho vic tm nghim
qua trnh, con H
1
(x,t) = 0 la phng trnh tuyn tnh suy bin d dang tm c nghim
tng quat x(t,c) vi c la h s tch phn.
V mach co phn t phi tuyn nn nghim tuyn tnh suy bin x(t,c) khac
nghim qua trnh phi tuyn nn co th coi nghim cua qua trnh phi tuyn cung di
dang x(t,c) nhng c(t) bin thin theo thi gian iu chnh nghim tuyn tnh suy
bin n nghim qua trnh phi tuyn. Tc la nghim qua trnh phi tuyn co dang
x[t,c(t)]. Nu no la nghim cua qua trnh th ta thay vao phng trnh mach, phng
trnh mach phai c nghim ung va t phng trnh nghim ung o ta rut ra
phng trnh vi n s c(t) la K(c,t) = 0.
Giai phng trnh K(c,t) = 0 nay ta c c(t). (18-3b)
Lu y : thu thut nay ch co li khi giai K(c,t) 0 d hn giai H(x,t) = 0.
II. Phuong phap bin, pha bin thin chm :
Vi cac bai toan QTQ co sinh ra cac dao ng trong mach dn tin n n
nh (dao ng iu hoa). Trong qua trnh nay thng s cua mach phi tuyn con thay
i nhng bin va goc pha u cua dao ng thay i rt t so vi ban thn dao
108
ng, do o co th bo qua cac ao ham theo bin va goc pha u dn n co th
giam bc phng trnh vi phn cua mach va vic giai mach se d dang hn. Ta vn
dung tinh thn o phn tch bai toan dao ng phi tuyn cp 2 nh sau :
T phng trnh m ta mach la : ) x , x ( f x x
2
0

= +
Trong o : . ) x , x ( f H con ), t , x ( H x x
2 1
2
0

= = +
Thng H(x,t) phi tuyn t nn nghim cua H(x,t) khac chut t so vi nghim cua
phng trnh tuyn tnh suy bin H
1
(x,t) = 0.
Gia thit co nghim iu hoa la : 0 x x ) t , x ( H
2
0 1
= + =

) t cos( . A ) t ( x
0
+ =
Trong o : A, la hai h s tch phn.
Ta bit trong ap ng mach phi tuyn ngoai iu hoa c ban con co cac iu hoa bc
cao na song chu yu la iu hoa c ban con cac iu hoa bc cao la nho, nn co th
t vn biu din nghim QTQ phi tuyn di dang iu hoa c ban nhng co
bin va goc pha thay i theo thi gian. Tc la dao ng co bin A(t), va goc
pha (t).
Luc nay nghim QTQ co dang : [ ] ) t ( t cos ) t ( A ) t ( x
0
+ = (18-4)
nn ch cn xac nh A(t) va (t) lp vao dang (18-4) la c nghim qua phi tuyn.
Khi h phi tuyn t nn theo phn tch trn se co A, bin thin u chm.
cho gon ta t : = + ) t ( t
0
th co = cos A ) t ( x nn co :
+
+ =

cos A sin ) t ( ) t ( A x
0

V A, bin thin chm nn <<

sin A sin A cos A
0

nn gn ung co : (18-5) =
sin A x
0
= + =

cos A cos A sin A cos ) ( A sin A x
0
2
0 0 0 0 0

thay vao phng trnh mach ta c :
[ ]
[ ] =
= +

sin A , cos A f cos A sin A
sin A , cos A f cos A cos A cos A sin A
0 0 0
0
2
0 0
2
0 0
(18-6)
T phng trnh cn bng chung nay rut ra phng trnh cn bng cua cac s hang c
lp tuyn tnh biu thc cua la :

va A
[ ]
[ ]
sin A , cos A f
sin A , cos A f A
0
0
0
0
(18-7)
Nh vy thay v phai giai mt phng trnh vi phn bc 2 la :
ta a ra c 2 phng trnh vi phn bc 1 vi hai bin nh (18-7). V phai
) x , x ( f x x
2
0

= +
) t ( ), t ( A


109
cua hai phng trnh (18-7) la cac ham chu ky va co th biu din di dang chui
Fourier. Nu chui ta ch ly gn ung th co dang rut gon la :
[ ]
[ ]

2
0
0
0 0
2
0
0
0
d cos sin A , cos A f
A 2
d sin sin A , cos A f
2
A
(18-8)
Bng 2 phng trnh nay xac nh bin A, goc pha thay vao nghim x(t)
= A(t)cos = A(t).cos[
0
t + (t)].
Trong o : [ ]
C
2
0
0
F d cos sin A , cos A f
2
1
=
: gia tr trung bnh bnh

phng trong mt chu ky o la bin cua iu hoa c ban thanh phn cos.
Va [ ]
S
2
0
0
F d sin sin A , cos A f
2
1
=
: la bin cua iu hoa c ban

thanh phn sin. Xac nh c va .

=
t
0
dt A A dt
t
0

=
Co biu thc nghim la : (18-9)
+ +
+ =

t
0
0 0
t
0
0
dt ) t ( t cos dt ) t ( A A ) t ( x
Trong o A
0
,
0
la bin, pha cua nghim tuyn tnh suy bin cho thoa man s
kin cua bai toan.
V du : Xet tu in C c nap in n in ap U
0
ri cho phong in qua cun
dy phi tuyn co ham c tnh i() = a. +b.
3
. Xac nh (t) sau khi ong tu in
vao cun dy nh hnh (h.18-3)
Xac nh s kin c lp : (-0) = (+0) = 0, i
L
(-0) = i
L
(+0) = 0.
Phng trnh hin hanh : u
C
+ u
L
= 0 ( xac nh s kin phu thuc) hay :
=
0
dt
d
idt
C
1
thay tai t = 0 co u
C
(0) + (0) = 0 nn (0) = - u
C
(0) = - U
0
.
T phng trnh mach : 0 idt
C
1
= +

ao ham ca hai v c phng trnh :

0
C
i
= +

thay theo bin co : 0
C
b
C
a
3
=
+

h.18-3
C
i()
K
y la phng trnh vi phn cp 2 co dang :
0
3 2
0
= + +

trong o :
C
b
va
C
a
2
0
= =
Rut ra phng trnh tuyn tnh suy bin : 0
2
0
= +

Giai phng trnh nay bng phng phap toan t Laplace:
) 0 ( ) 0 ( p ) p ( p ), p ( ) t (
2

ma (0) = 0, '(0) = - U
0

nn co phng trnh anh toan t la : 0 ) p ( U ) p ( p
2
0 0
2
= + + giai ra nghim anh :

2
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
p
U
p
U
) p (
+
=
+
=
110
t y suy ra nghim gc : ) 90 t cos(
U
t sin
U
) t (
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
+
=
Vy ta co :
0
0
0
0
0
90 ,
U
A =
= . T dang nghim : = cos ) t ( A ) t (

thay vao phng trnh mach ta co :
= =

3 cos
4
1
A cos
4
3
A cos A cos A sin A
3 3 3 3
0 0

ta cn bng cac iu hoa :
=
=
3
0
0
A
4
3
A
0 sin A
rut ra c :
=
=
0
2
A
4
3
0 A

nn co :
+ =
+ = + =
= = + =

t
U
4
3
90 dt
U
4
3
90 dt ) t (
U
A dt A A ) t ( A
3
0
2
0 0
t
0
3
0
2
0 0
t
0
0
0
0
0
t
0
0

Lp A(t) va (t) va tnh c vao biu thc nghim [ ] ) t ( t cos ) t ( A ) t (
0
+ = ta
c nghim :
+ +
= t
U
4
3
t sin
U
t
U
4
3
90 t cos
U
) t (
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
0
2
0 0
0
0
0

III. Cac buoc thuc hin phuong phap bin pha bin thin chm :
1. Vit phng trnh mach di dang vi phn phi tuyn.
2. Giai phng trnh tuyn tnh suy bin cho thoa man s kin xac nh c
A
0
,
0
t nghim [ ]
0 0 0
t cos A ) t ( x + =
3. Thay dang nghim x(t) = A(t)cos vao phng trnh vi phn cua mach phi
tuyn t o rut ra cac phng trnh cn bng theo cos, sin c cac biu thc cua
. ) t ( ), t ( A

4. Giai tm

= =
t
0
t
0
dt ) t ( ) t ( , dt ) t ( A ) t ( A
5. Lp A(t), (t) vao dang nghim : [ ] ) t ( t cos ) t ( A ) t ( x
0
+ = c nghim
qua trnh qua la : [ ] [ ] ) t ( t cos ) t ( A A ) t ( x
0 0 0
+ + + =
5. Phuong phap s :
Vic phn tch mach phi tuyn bng cac phng phap a xet se tr nn rt kho
khn trong trng hp mach phc tap, s lng cac phn t phi tuyn ln. Luc nay cn
thit phai dn ra h phng trnh mach sao cho vic giai no thc hin trn may tnh s
th vic giai mach phi tuyn se rt nhanh chong, chnh xac cao. H phng trnh
nh vy se co c khi ta thay h s cua phng trnh vi phn bng biu thc xp x
ri vn dung cac mu thut toan khac nhau dn ra h phng trnh gn ung tnh
c trn may tnh s cho ra nghim. Di y ta da vao mt mu sai phn chuyn
h phng trnh vi phn thanh h phng trnh sai phn ri a vao may tnh giai.
I. Tinh thn phuong phap sai phn:
111
Ta bit nghim bai toan mach phai tnh la phn b thi gian x(t). Thay v giai ra
nghim x(t) lin tuc theo thi gian ta tm nghim phn b ri rac theo thi gian x(t
0
),
x(t
1
), x(t
2
), ..., x(t
n
) cac thi im t
0
, t
1
, t
2
,..., t
n
ln lt cach nhau mt khoang thi gian
t = h goi la bc thi gian h do ta t chon. Cac nghim x(t
0
), x(t
1
), x(t
2
), ..., x(t
n
) ln
lt khac nhau mt lng x goi la s gia cua bin s. T o thy rng nu bit
nghim tai t
0
(la s kin cua bai toan), chon bc h va co s gia x th ta tnh c
x(t
1
), c nh vy tip tuc ln lt tnh n x(t
n
).
V du nh : Tai t
0
co nghim la x(t
0
) = x
0
Tai t
1
= t
0
+ h co nghim la x(t
1
) = x
1
= x
0
+
0
x.
Tai t
2
= t
1
+ h = t
0
+ 2h co x(t
2
) = x
2
= x
1
+
1
x.
. . . . . . . . .
Tai t
n
= t
0
+ nh co x(t
n
) = x
n
= x
n-1
+
n-1
.x
Vy xac nh nghim di dang phn b ri rac theo thi gian cn phai tnh
s kin x
0
tai thi im ong m t
0
, chon bc thi gian h, chon s gia x.
Ro rang nu chon bc h cang nho th cac nghim se cac im thi gian st
nhau, chnh xac cang cao.
Co nhiu cach xac nh
n
x, mi cach se cho chnh xac khac nhau.
II. Ni dung phuong phap sai phn :
y la phng phap s vi mu sai phn la :
n 1 n n 1 n n n
x x ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( dx = =
+ +
(18-8)
nn co :
h
x x
) t (
h
x
) t (
dt
dx
) t ( x
n 1 n
n n n
=
+
(18-9)
dt = h la bc thi gian tuy chon va ao ham cp 2 la :

) x x 2 x (
h
1
) x x (
h
1
h
1
) x x (
h
1
h
x x
dt
) t ( x d
) t (
dt
x d
) t ( x
n 1 n 2 n
2
n 1 n 1 n 2 n
n 1 n
n
n
2
2
n
+ =
= = =
+ +
+ + +
+

(18-10)
tng t nh trn ta xac nh biu thc gn ung cua ao ham cp cao hn.
Nh vy thay phep ao ham bng phep tnh ai s gn ung ta se chuyn c
h phng trnh vi phn thanh h phng trnh ai s lin h gia tr cua bin nhng
thi im k cn nhau. T phng trnh nay dung phng phap thch hp tm bng s
dn tng bc nghim gn ung (bit gia tr bin bc k, tnh c gia tr n bc
tip theo k + 1 c th tnh dn c gia tr nghim ri rac gn
ung cac bc k t k = 0 la s kin)
h.18-4
r
i()
e(t)
K
Ta minh hoa phng phap bng v du sau y :
V du : ong cun dy loi thep vao ngun e(t) nh hnh
(h.18-4). Hay xac nh (t), i(t) trong mach.
S kin bai toan :
112
0 L 0 L
) 0 ( ) 0 ( , i ) 0 ( i ) 0 ( i = = = =
Phng trnh m ta qua trnh qua cua mach : ) t ( e
dt
d
i . r =
+
Gn ung co
h
k 1 k

+
nn phng trnh cua mach la :

) t ( e
h
i . r
k 1 k
k
=

+
+

Rut ra phng trnh ai s : [ ]
k k 1 k
i . r ) t ( e . h + =
+
(*)
T phng trnh (*) xac nh tng gia tr tai nhng thi im cach nhau bc h.
Tai thi im ong m : t = 0, k = 0 co :
0 ) 0 ( i i , 0 ) 0 (
0 0
= = = = (s kin a tnh)
thay vao (*) tnh c : [ ] [ ] ) 0 ( e . h 0 ) 0 ( e . h 0 i . r ) 0 ( e . h
0 0 1
= + = + =
Bit
1
tai thi im t
1
= t
0
+ h ta xac nh c i
1
qua tra ham c tnh la ng
cong quan h (i), co
1
, i
1
ta tip tuc xac nh [ ]
1 1 2
i . r ) h ( e . h + = tai t
2
= t
1
+ h,
t
2
xac nh i
2
qua (i) va ta c
1
(t
1
),
2
(t
2
), ...,
k
(t
k
) cung nh i
1
(t
1
), i
2
(t
2
),...,
i
k
(t
k
). C nh vy tip tuc xac nh cac nghim
k+1
k tip ng vi tng bc thi
gian.
III. Mt s nhn xet v phuong phap :
1. Ro rang chon bc h cang nho th nghim cang chnh xac.
2. Tuy theo mu sai phn sai lac gia nghim tnh vi nghim chnh xac se co
c luy tha bc n cua bc h, vi cung mt bc h th bc n cang ln sai lac cang t,
nghim se hi tu nhanh vao nghim chnh xac.
3. Nghim ri rac tnh mi bc co mt sai s nao o gop phn gy sai s cho
bc sau. Nu sai s mi bc khng gy nhng sai s ngay cang ln v han trong
tng bc sau ta noi nghim sai phn la n nh, ngc lai la khng n nh. Tt nhin
nghim la n nh mi co y ngha. Ta se thy vi mt bai toan nu tnh mu sai phn
nay th n nh con tnh theo mu sai phn khac co th khng n nh.
4. Co th dung may tnh s giai phng trnh sai phn mt cach nhanh
chong. y chnh la u im ni bt cua phng phap s.
6. Phuong phap giai tich d thj trn mt phng pha :
I. Biu din qua trinh cua h trong khng gian trang thai :
Tt ca cac phng phap tnh mach a hoc cho phep tnh c phn b thi gian
cua nghim : x(t) la ng cong co th biu din trong mt phng gm truc hoanh la
truc thi gian, truc tung la nghim x, khng gian o la khng gian trang thai thi gian.
Qua x(t) trn mt phng o thy c cng mi thi im, cung xac nh
c
x nh la dc cua ng cong. Nu bit thm s phu thuc cua x(t) vao s kin
(th hin trn ng cong)th se bit c toan b tnh cht cua h k ca n nh.
Song v nhiu bai toan kho giai ra nghim x(t), kho tm s phu thuc cua x(t)
vao s kin va c bit khi ch cn xet tnh cht cua qua trnh ch khng cn giai
nghim x(t) cu th. Luc nay nn tm mt ng cong khac (ng vi mt khng gian
113
khac) biu din qua trnh th tin li hn la phai dung nhng phng phap a hoc
giai ra nghim x(t).
Ta co th dung khng gian trang thai la khng gian
ch co s lin h gia cac bin (loai i bin thi gian)
biu din qua trnh. Quan h gia cac bin o ta goi la
quy ao pha trang thai.
V du nh co
t p
1 1
1
e A x = va
t p
2 2
2
e A x = .
Biu din x
1
(t), x
2
(t) trong khng gian trang thai
thi gian x(t) nh hnh (h.18-5).
Co th biu din qua trnh bng cach lp quy ao
trang thai x
2
(x
1
) ri ve quan h x
2
(x
1
) trong khng gian
trang thai, gm 1 truc x
2
va truc kia la x
1
, tm quy ao
trang thai x
2
(x
1
) bng cach ly cac im thi gian t
0
, t
1
,
t
2
,..., t
n
thay vao x
1
(t), x
2
(t) c x
20
(x
10
), x
21
(x
11
),...,
x
2n
(x
1n
). Ta c quan h gia hai bin x
2
(x
1
) nh hnh
(h.18-6).
Mt im trang thai se co toa (x
1
, x
2
), tp hp cac im trang thai se c
quy ao trang thai. Theo thi gian im trang thai se di chuyn lin tuc t im ban
u (s kin) theo ng cong quy ao trang thai. ng vi cac s kin ban u khac
nhau co cac quy ao trang thai khac nhau. S dung ho quy ao trang thai nay xet
tnh cht qua trnh cua mach in.
t 0
x
2
(t)
x
1
(t)
h.18-5
x
2
x
1
0
h.18-6
II. Biu din qua trinh trn mt phng pha :
Trng hp c bit cua khng gian trang thai khi x
1
= x va ta co quan
h goi la quy ao pha, c xac nh trong khng gian pha. Vi truc tung la
con truc hoanh la x.
= x x
2
) x ( x

x
V du : Co x(t) = X
m
sint la phn b thi gian ma quy ao trang thai - thi gian
la mt dao ng chu ky iu hoa theo t a bit th co . t cos X ) t ( x
m
=
Loai i bin t trong x(t) va ta c quan h

quy ao pha :
) t ( x
) x ( x
=
=

t cos
) X (
x
t sin
X
x
t cos ) X ( x
t sin X x
2
2
m
2
2
2
m
2
2 2
m
2
2 2
m
2

c quan h quy ao pha la:
x
x
.
) X (
x
X
x
2
m
2
2
m
2
=
+

h.18-7
1
quy ao pha la ng khep kn nh hnh (h.18-7) ) x ( x

114
Vi cac s kin khac nhau cua bai toan ta se ve c ho quy ao pha. V thng
gia tr cac ai lng vt ly la hu han nn cac qua trnh qua va xac lp c biu
din trn mt phng pha trong mt pham vi xac nh bao quanh gc toa . Ta thy
ngay ng cong quy ao pha chnh la ng cong tch phn cua phng trnh vi phn
m ta mach. Vy ban cht cua phng phap nay la thay v phai tch phn phng trnh
vi phn (lam c d dang vi h tuyn tnh) cho ra nghim xet tnh cht th ta ve
ng cong tch phn phng trnh vi phn ri xet tnh cht. y ro rang la phng
phap tin dung cho ca mach qua , xac lp phi tuyn vi dao ng iu hoa ho c
khng iu hoa. Thng ta hay gp h phng trnh vi phn cp 2, luc nay quy ao pha
se la ng cong phng biu din trn mt phng pha.
III. Doc tin tuc v qua trinh qua quy dao pha :
Chung ta bit rng bng cach phng phap giai mach a hoc tm nghim x(t) ri
da vao phn b x(t) xet cac c im, tnh cht cua qua trnh trong mach. Vy vi
phng phap ve quy ao pha ta phai anh gia c c im, tnh cht cua qua
trnh trong mach qua ng cong quy ao pha . V th rt cn thit phai rut ra mi
quan h gia tng c im cua phn b quy ao pha vi tng c im, tnh cht
cua qua trnh mach in. t o nhn dang iu phn b cua ta anh gia ngay
tnh cht cua qua trnh mach in.
) x ( x
) x ( x
) x ( x
) x ( x
Di y ta dn ra mt s quan h t dang cua quy ao pha anh gia

ngay tnh cht cua qua trnh trong mach.
) x ( x
1. V chiu chuyn ng im trang thai.

Ta bit truc tung biu din tc chuyn ng cua im trang thai, nn cac
im trang thai nm na mt phng trn truc hoanh co
x > 0 th bin x tng, nn

im trang thai di chuyn t trai sang phai. Cac im trang thai nm mt phng di
truc hoanh co
x < 0 th bin x giam, nn im trang thai di chuyn t phai sang trai.

Nh vy im trang thai chuyn ng theo chiu kim ng h trn mt phng
pha.
2. T quy ao pha ta bit c gia tc cua qua trnh :
Ta co
dt
dx
x =
la tc cua qua trnh t nn co : y x =
y .
dx
dy
x .
dx
x d
dt
dx
.
x
x
dt
x d
x = =
= =

trong o :
dx
x d
dx
dy

= la dc cua quy ao
pha, la gia tc cua qua trnh.

x
Nn t
dx
dy
y x =

ta thy c gia tc tai mt im trn quy ao pha bng tch
tung im o vi dc quy ao pha tai im o. Vy ngoai cac thng tin v toa
x, tc nh t phn b thi gian, quy ao pha con cho bit gia tc cua qua trnh.
x
115
3. T quy ao pha bit c dang iu cua qua trnh.
Qua quy ao pha thy c qua trnh tng hay giam, n iu hay dao ng, qua
trnh tin n dao ng xac lp chu ky hay trang thai cn bng, ...
a. Qua trnh tin n dao ng xac lp chu ky nu quy ao pha khep kn : ta a
bit quy ao pha cua ham chu ky iu hoa x(t) = X
m
sint la ng Elip :
( )
1
X
x
X
x
2
m
2
2
m
2
=
+

xem hnh (h.18-7)
Qua ng quy ao pha trn hnh (h.18-7) ta thy no tin n ct truc ngang
(truc x) di mt goc bng /2 qua trnh con tip din. Qua trnh chu ky.
b. Ta bit im c bit trn quy ao pha la im cn bng, im ma tai o tc
, gia tc cua bin bng 0, 0
dt
dy
x va 0 y
dt
dx
x = = = = =

.
Tai im cn bng (im nm trn truc ngang x) quy ao pha phai tin n no
di mt goc khng vung : v goc /2 th
dx
dy
dx
x d
tg = =

la hu han nn se co
thm 0 x =

. Nn nu quy ao pha ct truc ngang di goc /2 th = =

dx
x d
tg dn
n nn im ct khng phai la im cn bng th qua trnh con tip tuc tip
din. Vy qua trnh se at cn bng, x(t) tin n mt gia tr xac lp x(t) = x() = x
0 x

nu quy ao pha tin n truc ngang di mt goc khng vung. V du nh hnh (h.18-
8a,b)
0
x
.
x
x
.
x
0
M
im 0 la im cn bng
h.18-8a
im M la im cn bng
h.18-8b
c. Qua trnh tng, giam v han khi quy ao pha ngay cang i xa dn gc toa
tin n v han trong goc phn t th 1 va 3 nh hnh (h.18-9a,b).
d. Qua trnh tng, giam dn dao ng khi quy ao pha dao ng ct truc ngang
nhiu ln di nhng goc khng vung nh hnh (h.18-10a,b).
e. Co th da vao quy ao pha anh gia n nh cua qua trnh.

116

Qua trnh tng v han, n iu
h.18-9a
0
x
x
.
0
x
x
.
Qua trnh giam v han, n iu
h. 18-9b
x
0
Qua trnh tt dn dao ng
h.18-10b
x
.
0
x
x
.
Qua trnh tng dn dao ng
h.18-10a
IV. Cach giai phuong trinh trn mt phng pha :
Ban cht cua vn la chuyn h phng trnh vi phn trong khng gian (x, t)
v phng trnh trong khng gian ( ) giai ra quan h c quy ao pha. x , x
) x ( x
1. Co th xy dng quy ao pha ma khng cn phn tch phng trnh vi phn

mach bng phng phap ng ng nghing nh sau :
T phng trnh trang thai cua mach : ) y , x ( Q
dt
dy
); y , x ( P
dt
dx
= = .
Kh thi gian trong 2 phng trnh lp mi lin h gia cac bin x, y :
) y , x ( P
) y , x ( Q
dx
dy
= (18-11)
Cho biu thc nay bng gia tr hng khac nhau se c phng trnh ng
thng nghing la ng co c bi tp hp nhng im ma tai o goc nghing cua
tip tuyn vi quy ao pha lun lun co cung mt tr s. Nu xac nh c tt ca cac
ng ng nghing trn mt phng pha th co th xy dng quy ao pha vi bt ky
iu kin u nao.
Do vic ve mt s lng ln cac ng ng nghing mt nhiu thi gian nn
thng ch ve cac im c bit cho phep hnh dung trc chuyn ng cua im trang
thai quanh im o.
im c bit thng la im cn bng, nu quy ao pha nm trn mt phng
th bc cua phng trnh mach ang xet khng qua bc 2.
117
2. V thng gp bai toan n cp 2 nn co th thy ro tinh thn cua phng
phap giai trn mt phng pha nh sau.
Gia s phng trnh vi phn theo thi gian cua mach la :
y
dx
dy
dt
dx
dx
x d
dt
x d
x , y
dt
dx
x co
x ) x , x ( Q x ) x , x ( P x
= = = = =
+ =

Thay vao phng trnh tm quan h quy ao pha y(x) = ta co phng
trnh :
) x ( x
y
x
) y , x ( Q ) y , x ( P
dx
dy
ra rut x ) y , x ( Q y ) y , x ( P
dt
dy
y + = + =
Ro rang t phng trnh thi gian cp 2 chuyn sang quan h thanh
phng trnh cp 1, vic giai phng trnh thun li hn.
) x ( x
) x ( x
Trng hp n gian co th tch phn phng trnh vi phn c . ) x ( x
T :
y
x
) y , x ( Q ) y , x ( P
dx
dy
+ = giai ra y(x) ve c ung quy ao pha.
Trng hp phc tap dung phng phap gn ung ve y(x) y chnh la
phng phap giai tch th trn mt phng pha ma ta mun cp.
Qua phn tch ta thy rng phng phap trn ch thc hin c khi loai c
thi gian t trong phng trnh mi cho ra quan h y(x). Thng gp bai toan kho chung
ta mi giai theo phng phap nay va v vy ch co nhng cach ve gn ung quy ao
pha . ) x ( x
3. Ta xet mt s phng phap gn ung ve y(x).

a. Phng phap ve dn tng oan quy ao pha.
Ta xet cho mach cp 2. T phng trnh vi phn cp 2 theo thi gian chuyn
sang phng trnh vi phn cp 1 y(x) la :
y
x
) y , x ( Q ) y , x ( P
dx
dy
+ = (18-12)
Khi khng tch phn phng trnh vi phn cho ra nghim d dang th ta thc
hin ve gn ung quy ao pha y(x) nh sau :
Ta thy
dx
dy
la dc cua quy ao pha, xac nh c no khi bit toa y, x
trong mt phng pha. Thng bai toan qua trnh qua bit c s kin : x(0) = x
0
,
tc la bit im M
0
y ) 0 ( x =
0
(x
0
, y
0
) trn quy ao pha, vy thay y
0
, x
0
vao cng thc
(18-12) ta co dc tai im M
0
la :
0
0
0 0 0 0 0
y
x
) y , x ( Q ) y , x ( P ) M (
dx
dy
+ =
Sau khi bit dc tai im M
0
co th ve gn ung oan u tin cua quy ao
pha bng cach t im M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) ke mt oan thng co dai tuy y vi dc bng
118
) M (
dx
dy
0
. Mut cua oan thng tuy y o la im M
1
toa y
1
, x
1
thuc quy ao pha.
Bit im M
1
(y
1
, x
1
) thay vao biu thc ta c dc tai im M
1
la
1
1
1 1 1 1 1
y
x
) y , x ( Q ) y , x ( P ) M (
dx
dy
+ = (***)
T im M
1
ta tip tuc ke oan thng dai tuy y vi dc (***) xac nh tip
im M
2
(y
2
, x
2
).
C nh vy ve tng oan chp lai ta se c quy
ao pha y(x) nh hnh (h.18-11).
Ta thy rng nu chon dai cac oan thng
cang ngn th quy ao pha cang chnh xac. ) x ( x
Theo cach nay t nhng s kin khac nhau tc la

t cac im M
0
khac nhau ta se ve c cac ng
cong quy ao pha khac nhau tao thanh ho quy ao pha.
Da vao phn b cua quy ao pha con co th xet v n
nh cua qua trnh.
y
0
h.18-11
M
2
y
2
y
1
0
x
y
M
0
M
1
x
2
x
1
b. Phng phap Liena :
Phng phap nay giai mach dao ng phi tuyn
cp 2 trong o s hang phi tuyn la ham ring cua
x
dang : (18-13) 0 ) x ( f x x = +

Th phng trnh quy ao pha la :
0 ) y ( f x
dx
dy
y = +
y
) y ( f x
dx
dy
hay

= (18-13a)
T phng trnh dang (18-13a) thy dc cua
ng cong y(x) bng thng trong o t s la hiu toa x vi ham cua f(y) va mu
s chnh la toa y. tin ve dc y trn mt phng pha ta chon t l xch trn 2
truc x, y nh nhau.
h.18-12
y
0
y
x
f(y)
Q' Q
P'
P
M
1
M
0
x
0
Ve theo truc ngang x ham f(y) nh hnh (h.18-12).

a co im M
0
(y
0
, x
0
) xac nh t s kin, t im M
0
ke ng thng song
song vi truc x ct ng f(y) tai P ta c : x
0
- f(y
0
) = M
0
P chnh la t s cua dc
tai M
0
.
T P ke song song vi truc y ct truc hoanh x tai Q ta c PQ = y
0
la mu s
cua dc tai M
0
Ni QM
0
co goc =
0
M Q P
)
va co tg =
0
0 0 0
y
) y ( f x
PQ
P M
=
Vy ta co dc tai im M
0
bng cach xac nh goc la goc co c t tam
giac vung hnh thanh bng cach t M
0
ke ng song song truc x ct f(y) tai P t o
119
ke ng song song truc y ct truc x tai Q xac nh =
0
M Q P
)
, t im M
0
xac nh
im M
1
nh sau : t ke nh vung im M
0
, mt canh vung qua im Q. T
im M
0
ke oan thng theo phng canh kia cua ke ly dai tuy y c im M
1

toa x
1
, y
1
, t M
1
ke song song truc x ct f(y) tai P', t P' ke truc song song y ct x tai
Q', xac nh ', dung ke t goc vung tai M
1
, mt canh qua Q', t M
1
ke theo canh
kia c im M
2
(x
2
, y
2
)...c nh th c toan b quy ao pha y(x).
V du : Xac nh quy ao pha mach in r - L khi
ong vao ngun ap U = const nh hnh (h.18-13).
r
L
U
K
S kin : i
L
(-0) = i
L
(0) = 0 = i
0
, t phng trnh vi
phn m ta QTQ : r.i + L.i' = U.
Thay tai t = 0 co i(0).r + L.i'(0) = U rut ra i'(0) =
L
U

Vy im M
0
(i
0
= 0, i'(0) =
L
U
). h.18-13
T phng trnh vi phn cua mach : L.i' + r.i = U.
t y
dt
di
' i = = nn co phng trnh : L.y + r.i = U hay
L
U
L
ri
y + = t o ve
c quy ao pha i'(i) = y(i) nh hnh (h.18-14) la mt ng thng. Ve ng i'(i)
bng cach xac nh hai im, trong o im th nht la M
0
(i
0
= 0, i'(0) =
L
U
) ng vi
s kin, im th hai la im M
1
co toa i
1
va i'
1
.
Trong o i
1
la nghim xac lp sau khi ong K :
r
U
i i
xl 1
= = con i'
1
= y = 0 v i
1

la xac lp hng. Vy co M
1
( 0 ' i ,
r
U
i ). Ni 2
im M
1 1
= =
0
, M
1
c quy ao pha i'(i) so sanh vi quan
h i'(i) co c i(t), i'(t) :
t
L
r
e
r
U
r
U
i va
=
i
0
U/r
h.18-14
M
1
U/L
i' = y
M
0
t
L
r
e
L
U
' i

=
ta chung la mt va biu din hnh (h.18-14).

120
CHUONG 19
MACH THNG S RAI (DUONG DY DAI)

1. Khai nim v m hinh mach thng s rai :
- Ta a xet m hnh mach la m hnh trong o qua trnh ch phn b thi gian,
khng phn b khng gian. Luc o cac thng s c trng cac vung nng lng R, L,
C coi la tp trung, nn m hnh mach nh trn con goi la m hnh thng s tp trung.
iu o ch ung khi tn s cua song in t u nho, kch thc thit b in rt nho so
vi bc song trng in t (thoa man c iu kin mach hoa) co th bo qua
dong in ro, dong dch, coi qua trnh ch phu thuc thi gian : u(t), i(t).
- Khi tn s f u ln, in ap ln, dai thit b in so vi bc song (c
1/10) th bin qua trnh phu thuc ca khng gian va thi gian, luc nay khng th dung
m hnh mach ma phai dung m hnh trng m ta, tnh toan thit b in.
V du : Xet phn b trng in t trong TB cho cac trng hp sau y :
Khi ngun kch thch co tn s f = 50Hz ng vi bc song trng in t
= CT= C/f.
km 6000
50
s / km 300000
= = cung cp cho TB co kch thc l = 10m, so sanh
gia l va co
3
10 . 6000
10 l
=
, vy l << , luc nay co th bo qua phn b khng gian

cua qua trnh nn trng hp nay co th dung m hnh mach biu din va tnh toan
qua trnh in t trong TB.
Khi ngun kch thch co tn s f = 10MHz th bc song trng in t la
m 30
10 . 10
s / m 300000000
6
= = , cung cp cho TB co kch thc l = 10m, lp t s so
sanh
3
1 l
=
, vy kch thc TB so c vi bc song trng in t, trng hp

nay khng th bo qua s phn b khng gian cua qua trnh nn phai dung m hnh
trng biu din va tnh toan.
Khi ngun kch thch co tn s f = 50Hz cung cp in cho ng dy tai
in co chiu dai l = 1500km, in ap truyn tai siu cao (v du U = 500kV), luc nay
kch thc TB l = 1500km so c vi bc song trng in t = 6000km
(
4
1
6000
1500 l
= =
), trng hp nay cung khng th bo qua s phn b khng gian cua

qua trnh va phai dung m hnh trng xet phn b TT trn ng dy dn in
nay.
Vy cn phai kim tra iu kin mach hoa dung m hnh mach hay m hnh
trng khi xet qua trnh in t cua TB.
Trong phn CSKT I ta a xet v m hnh mach thng s tp trung. By gi
cn a ra m hnh trng giai nhng bai toan qua trnh in t vi pham iu kin
mach hoa. Trn thc t ky thut ta thng gp bai toan qua trnh din t khng thoa
121
man iu kin mach hoa cac ng dy dai dn in siu cao ap, cac ng dy
thng tin siu cao tn. Cac ng dy dn in la cac TB co kch thc hnh hoc rt
c bit. Co th coi la ch co mt kch thc la dai l rt ln doc theo truc Ox, con
kch thc theo truc Oy va truc Oz rt nho so vi l. Tc la ch co mt kch thc dai
l theo thuc Ox la vi pham iu kin mach hoa, con hai kch thc con lai thoa man
iu kin mach hoa. Se co dong in chay trn cac dy dn in va in ap gia hai
im cua dy dn nh v da i l rt ln nn phai k n s phn b khng gian cua
cac bin. V vy dong in va in ap la ham cua thi gian va toa ng dy.
T c im cua ng dy dai truyn tai in ta dn ra m hnh trng nhng
co nhng net bin tng cua m hnh mach tnh toan qua trnh trng in t trn
ng dy dn in. Vic dn ra m hnh nh vy se tn dung c mt s khai nim
va ky nng a co m hnh mach vao m hnh trng, lam cho vic giai m hnh
trng tr nn n gian hn, gn gui hn vi m hnh mach.
Ta m ta ng dy dai bng m hnh gm v s nhng phn t c trng cho
cac hin tng in t c ban trn ng dy ghep vi nhau rai doc theo dy dn
thoa man s phn b khng gian cua qua trnh, tc la gm cac mc xch ni xu chui
cac thng s c trng chay doc theo ng dy. Goi la m hnh thng s rai hay m
hnh ng dy dai (ng dy dai c dung vi ngha la kch thc ng dy so
c vi bc song trng in t).
V bin trang thai o qua trnh, ging nh mach Kirhof tin vic phn tch,
quan ly ky thut, o ac qua trnh in t ta dung cp bin ap, dong nhng y phai
lu y n phn b khng gian nn co u(x,t), i(x,t). Thc ra trong m hnh trng khng
co tnh cht th nn khng nh ngha c bin in ap noi chung nhng do trn thc
t v khoang cach gia hai dy dn rt nho so vi dai nn gn ung co khai nim ap
gia hai im, cung nh vy do song trn ng dy chu yu truyn doc dy dn nn
gn ung coi la co dong in chay doc ng dy phu thuc khng gian va thi gian
i(x,t).
in ap u(x,t), dong in i(x,t) phn b truyn doc ng dy gy nn s tiu
tan, trao i nng lng t, nng lng in, tn hao nhit trong in mi...cac vung
nng lng nay c biu din bng nhng thng s c trng. Lp mi lin h gia
hai bin s u(x,t), i(x,t) qua 4 loai thng s c trng ta se co h phng trnh m ta
qua trnh in t trn ng dy dai.
2. Phuong trinh trang thai cua duong dy dai :
1. Cac thng s n v cua ng dy dai :
cho m hnh c n gian va phu hp vi thc t thng gp ta se lp m
hnh cho ng dy dai ng nht, co cac thng s phn b u doc theo truc Ox, la
truc lan truyn song in t. ng dy nh vy goi la ng dy dai u tuyn tnh.
V cac thng s cua ng dy phu thuc vao toa cua no nn phai xac nh cac
thng s n v cua ng dy dai. Co bn loai thng s nh sau :
a. in tr n v - k hiu R (/m hoc /km). in tr n v chnh la thng
s biu din hin tng tiu tan nhit trong dy dn co dai 1m hoc 1 km.
122
b. in cam n v - k hiu L (H/m hoc H/km). in cam n v la thng s
biu din nng lng tch luy trong t trng cua oan dy dn co chiu dai 1m hoc 1
km.
c. in dung n v - k hiu C (F/m hoc F/km). in dung n v la thng s
biu din nng lng tch luy trong in trng gia cac dy dn co dai 1m hoc
1km.
d. in dn ro n v - k hiu G (S/m hoc S/km). in dn ro n v la thng
s biu din hin tng tn hao nhit trong in mi cua oan dy dn co dai 1m
hoc 1km.
Cac thng s n v cua ng dy dai phu thuc vao kch thc hnh hoc va
loai in mi cach in gia cac dy dn. Di y la cac cng thc tnh thng s n
v cua cac ng dy dai thng dung :

Thng s \ ng dy Song hanh ng truc
R
f
r
1
0

+
f
r
1
r
1
0
2 1

L
r
d
Ln

1
2
r
r
Ln
2

C
r
d
Ln

1
2
r
r
Ln
2

G
tg C
0
tg C
0

Z
C
r
d
Ln
120
r

1
2
r
r
r
Ln
60

Trong o :
r
: la hng s in mi. r : la ban knh dy dn.
r
1
: la ban knh dy dn trong r
2
: la ban knh dy dn ngoai.
d : la khoang cach gia hai dy dn
r
: la t thm cua mi trng.
=
r
0
la t thm,
0
= 4.10
-7
H/m la t thm chn khng.
m / F 10
36
1
vi
9
0 0 r

= = la hng s in mi cua chn khng, la hng

s in mi cua mi trng.
r
: la in tr sut dy dn. : la goc tn hao in mi.

2. M hnh toan hoc cua ng dy dai :
Qua phn tch trn ta thy v cac thng s cua ng dy dai phn b doc theo chiu
dai cua no, nn in ap va dong in c xac nh doc theo ng dy, tc la u(x,t),
i(x,t). Vy lp biu thc lin h gia u(x,t) va i(x,t) qua thng s ng dy - quan
h nay c goi la phng trnh trang thai cua ng dy - No chnh la m hnh ng
dy dai, ta cn ct ra mt oan dy rt ngn dx dn ra s mach tng ng cua
123
no vi cac thng s c trng la Rdx, Ldx, Cdx, Gdx nh hnh (h.19-1). Trong vi phn
dx nho hn rt nhiu so vi bc song, qua trnh thoa man iu kin mach hoa ta co
th dung m hnh mach thng s tp trung - vi s mach thng s tp trung cua
oan dy dx cac bin s u(x,t), i(x,t) quan h vi nhau theo lut Kirhof 1 va 2.
Ta lp mi quan h o nh sau : T s hnh (h.19-1)
h.19-1
i
GC
dx
c
Ldx Rdx
i(x+dx, t)
i(x, t)
u(x, t)
Gdx
Cdx
i(x, t)
x
a
b
d
u(x+dx, t)
Ta co : dx
x
u
) t , x ( u ) t , dx x ( u
+ = +
dx
x
i
) t , x ( i ) t , dx x ( i
+ = +
Vit phng trnh KF2 cho vong abcd ta co :
) t , dx x ( u
t
) t , x ( i
. Ldx ) t , x ( i . Rdx ) t , x ( u + +
+ = (19-1)
chuyn u(x+dx,t) sang v trai va chia 2 v cho dx c phng trnh :
[ ]
t
) t , x ( i
L ) t , x ( i . R
dx
) t , x ( u ) t , dx x ( u
+ =
+
(19-2)
vi : dx
x
) t , x ( u
) t , x ( u ) t , dx x ( u
= + c biu thc :

t
) t , x ( i
L ) t , x ( Ri
x
) t , x ( u
+ =
(19-3)
Vit phng trnh KF1 cho nut b ta co : ) t , dx x ( i ) t , x ( i ) t , x ( i
GC
+ + = (19-4)
Trong o : ( )
t
) t , dx x ( u
Cdx t , dx x u . Gdx ) t , x ( i
GC
+
+ + = (19-5)
T (19-2) co :
dx
x
) t , x ( u
) t , x ( u ) t , dx x ( u
= + nn co dx
x
) t , x ( u
) t , x ( u ) t , dx x ( u
+ = + (19-6)
Thay (19-6) vao (19-5) co :
t
dx
x
) t , x ( u
) t , x ( u
Cdx dx
x
) t , x ( u
) t , x ( u . Gdx ) t , x ( i
GC
+
+
+ =
124
t . x
) t , x ( u
x Cd
t
) t , x ( u
Cdx
x
) t , x ( u
. x Gd ) t , x ( u . Gdx ) t , x ( i
2
2 2
GC

+ =
Bo qua cac s hang co d
2
x (do qua nho) ta c :
t
) t , x ( u
Cdx ) t , x ( u . Gdx ) t , x ( i
GC
+ = (19-7)
Thay (19-7) vao (19-4) co : ) t , dx x ( i
t
) t , x ( u
Cdx ) t , x ( u . Gdx ) t , x ( i + +
+ = (19-8)
Chuyn i(x+dx,t) sang v trai va chia hai v cho dx c biu thc :
[ ]
t
) t , x ( u
C ) t , x ( u . G
dx
) t , x ( i ) t , dx x ( i
+ =
+
(19-9)
Vi : dx
x
) t , x ( i
) t , x ( i ) t , dx x ( i
= + (19-10)
Thay vao (19-9) c biu thc :
t
) t , x ( u
C ) t , x ( u . G
x
) t , x ( i
+ =
(19-11)
Vy ta a xy dng c quan h gia u(x,t) vi i(x,t) qua cac thng s n v trong
cng thc (19-3) va (19-11). o la phng trnh trang thai cua ng dy dai, la m
hnh toan hoc dung tnh toan nghin cu qua trnh in t trn ng dy dai truyn
tai in cao ap, siu cao ap.
H phng trnh c ban cua ng dy dai la :

+ =
+ =
t
) t , x ( u
. C ) t , x ( u . G
x
) t , x ( i
t
) t , x ( i
. L ) t , x ( i . R
x
) t , x ( u
(19-12)
Biu thc (19-12) la h phng trnh ao ham ring trong khng gian x va thi gian t
cho nn v mt toan hoc ro rang no la m hnh trng. Nhng bin s o qua trnh la
in ap va dong in ch co c vi ng dy dai - la thit b in co kch thc c
bit (noi chung trong m hnh trng khng co tnh cht th, tnh cht lin tuc nn
khng co bin s in ap va dong in) va quan h gia hai bin la lut cua mach in
nh (19-12). Vy y la m hnh trng co s bin tng nhng net cua m hnh mach
t (19-12) thy ro bai toan ng dy dai la bai toan b va bai toan s kin, va v h
phng trnh ao ham cp mt nn cn bin kin : u(x
1
,t), i(x
1
,t), u(x
2
,t),i(x
2
,t) va s
kin u(x,0), i(x,0). Thng cui ng dy ni vi b phn khac co tng tr nao o
nn ch cn mt bin kin.
3. Phng trnh trang thai ng dy dai u, tuyn tnh :
Ta a xy dng m hnh cho ng dy dai ng nht co cac thng s phn b
u doc theo truc Ox la truc lan truyn song in t nn R, L, C, G la hng s nn
ng dy dai o la ng dy dai u, tuyn tnh. V vy h phng trnh (19-12) la
h tuyn tnh cho nn co th chuyn sang h phng trnh dang toan t Laplace.
) p , x ( U ) t , x ( u , ) p , x ( I ) t , x ( i
) 0 , x ( i ) p , x ( pI ) t , x ( i
t
), 0 , x ( u ) p , x ( pU ) t , x ( u
t

125
) p , x ( I
dx
d
) t , x ( i
x
), p , x ( U
dx
d
) t , x ( u
x

c h phng trnh anh Laplace vi ng dy dai u tuyn tnh la :

+ =
+ =
) p , x ( GU ) 0 , x ( Cu ) p , x ( pCU
dx
) p , x ( dI
) p , x ( RI ) 0 , x ( Li ) p , x ( pLI
dx
) p , x ( dU
(19-13)

[ ]
[ ]

+ =
+ =
) 0 , x ( Cu G pC ) p , x ( U
dx
) p , x ( dI
) 0 , x ( Li R pL ) p , x ( I
dx
) p , x ( dU
(19-14)
Goi ) p ( Z R pL = + : la toan t tr doc ng dy trn n v dai. (19-15)
(ging nh jL + R = Z(j) la tng tr phc cua nhanh R-L).
Goi pC + G = Y(p) : toan t dn ngang ng dy trn n v chiu dai (19-16)
(ging nh jC + G = Y(j) la tng dn phc nhanh C//G)
Trong o : Z(p) va Y(p) la thng s cua ng dy dai khng phai la nghch
ao cua nhau nh Z(j) va Y(j) trong mach in. Vy h phng trnh trang thai
dang anh Laplace:
=
=
) 0 , x ( Cu ) p , x ( U ) p ( Y
dx
) p , x ( dI
) 0 , x ( Li ) p , x ( I ). p ( Z
dx
) p , x ( dU
(19-17)
khi s kin 0 : i(x,0) = 0, u(x,0) = 0 ta co h phng trnh dang :

=
=
) p , x ( U ) p ( Y
dx
) p , x ( dI
) p , x ( I ). p ( Z
dx
) p , x ( dU
(19-18)
bin kin thng la : u(0,p) = U
1
(p) (in ap toan toan t u ng dy)
u(l,p) = Z
2
(p).i(l,p) ( in ap toan t cui ng dy khi tai Z
2
(p))
4. Phng trnh ng dy dai u kch thch iu hoa ch xac lp :
V ch xac lp, ngun iu hoa, tuyn tnh nn in ap tai mt toa bt
ky trn ng dy cung la hnh sin cung tn s vi ngun nhng bin va goc pha th
tuy thuc vao toa . Trng hp nay co th chuyn h phng trnh dang (19-12)
sang dang anh phc.
T quan h :
) x ( I
dx
d
) t , x ( i
x
), x ( I j ) t , x ( i
t
), x ( I ) t , x ( i
) x ( U
dx
d
) t , x ( u
x
), x ( U j ) t , x ( u
t
), x ( U ) t , x ( u

thay vao (19-12) c h phng trnh biu din ng dy dai du, tuyn tnh, xac lp
iu hoa :
126
+ =
+ =

) x ( U G ) x ( U C j
dx
) x ( I d
) x ( I R ) x ( I L j
dx
) x ( U d
(19-19)
( )
( )

= + =
= + =

) x ( U ). j ( Y ) x ( U G C j
dx
) x ( I d
) x ( I ). j ( Z ) x ( I R L j
dx
) x ( U d
(19-20)
Trong o : Z(j ) = R + jL : la tng tr doc ng dy trn n v dai (19-21)
(ging tng tr phc)
va Y(j) = G + jC : la tng dn ngang ng dy trn n v dai (19-22)
(khng phai nghch ao cua Z(j))
Z(j) va Y(j) la thng s cua ng dy tn s .
Bin kin : la in ap phc u ng dy, la
in ap phc trn tai cui ng dy.
1 U ) 0 ( U

= 2
2
U ) l ( I ). j ( Z ) l ( U

= =
3. Phn b din ap va dong din trn duong dy dai du o ch d xac
lp diu hoa duoi dang song chay
1. Biu thc in ap, dong in dang phc trn ng dy :
Se co c khi giai h phng trnh (19-20) : ) x ( I ), x ( U

=
=
) x ( U ). j ( Y
dx
) x ( I d
) x ( I ). j ( Z
dx
) x ( U d

giai ra ta ao ham phng trnh trn theo x va th theo mt bin c
phng trnh :
) x ( I ), x ( U

Theo bin la : ) x ( U
) x ( U . ZY ) x ( U . Y Z
dx
) x ( I d
Z
dx
) x ( U d
2
2

=
= = (19-23)
Hoc theo bin la : ) x ( I
) x ( I . ZY ) x ( I . Z Y
dx
) x ( U d
Y
dx
) x ( I d
2
2

=
= = (19-24)
Hoc chuyn sang dang (19-23a), (19-24a) :
0 ) x ( U . ZY
dx
) x ( U d
2
2
=

(19-23a)
0 ) x ( I . ZY
dx
) x ( I d
2
2
=

(19-24a)
127
Hai phng trnh trn cho ta thy s bin thin cac tr phc cua in ap va dong in
doc ng dy theo toa x nh nhau. V vy ch cn t mt phng trnh tm mt
bin s, sau o suy ra bin s kia.
Ta t : + = = = j ZY , ZY
2
(19-25a)
) C j G )( L j r ( + + = (19-25b)
: goi la h s truyn song, cung la thng s c trng cua ng dy, no co th
nguyn la 1/km.
Ta tm th phng trnh vi phn phai giai la : ) x ( U
0 ) x ( U
dx
) x ( U d
2
2
2
=

Trong o phng trnh c trng : 0 p
2 2
= nghim phng trnh c trng
la : =
2 , 1
p .
Nghim tng quat phng trnh trnh vi phn cp 2 co dang :
(19-26)
x
2
x
1 e A e A ) x ( U

+ =
trong o : la hng s tch phn xac nh theo iu kin b. 2 1 A , A

Tm c t : ) x ( I
+ = =

x
2
x
1 e A e A .
Z
1
dx
) x ( U d
.
Z
1
) x ( I

x
2
x
1
x
2
x
1 e
Z
A
e
Z
A
e A
Z
e A
Z
) x ( I

=
t :
C
Z
Y
Z
ZY
Z Z
= = =
co th nguyn tng tr, goi la tng tr song cua ng dy

, no cung la mt thng s cua ng dy nn co : = =

C
j
C C
z e z Z

x
C
2
x
C
1
e
Z
A
e
Z
A
) x ( I

= (19-27)
2. Biu thc dong, ap dang ham Hyperbol trn ng dy :
T biu thc in ap, dong in dang t hp ham mu (19-28) co th chuyn sang biu
thc in ap, dong in di dang ham Hyperbol :

=
+ =

x
C
2
x
C
1
x
2
x
1
e
Z
A
e
Z
A
) x ( I
e A e A ) x ( U
(19-28)
a. Biu thc khi ly gc toa la u ng dy :
Xac nh hng s tch phn theo cac iu kin b la in ap
va dong in u ng dy vi gc toa u ng dy x = 0.
Thay vao (19-28) c :
2 1 A , A

) 0 x ( U U 1 1 = =

) 0 x ( I I 1 1 = =

2 1 1 A A U ) 0 ( U

+ = =
va :
C
2
C
1
1
Z
A
Z
A
I ) 0 ( I

= =
128
Giai 2 phng trnh trn xac nh c . 2 1 A , A

2
I Z U
A ,
2
I Z U
A
1
C
1
2
1
C
1
1

=
+
=
Thay vao biu thc (19-28) c : 2 1 A , A

( ) ( )
x x
1
C
x x
1
x
1
C
1
x
1
C
1
e e I Z
2
1
e e U
2
1
) x ( U
e I Z U
2
1
e I Z U
2
1
) x ( U

+ + =
+ =

Biu thc in ap, dong in dang ham hyperbol khi gc toa la u ng dy :

=
=

x . Sh
Z
U
x . Ch I ) x ( I
x . Sh I Z x . Ch U ) x ( U
C
1
1
1
C
1
(19-29)
T biu thc (19-29) thay x = l ta c cng thc xac nh in ap va dong in cui
ng dy nh sau : 2 2 I , U

=
=

l . Sh
Z
U
l . Ch I I
l . Sh Z I l . Ch U U
C
1
1 2
C
1 1 2
(19-30)
b. Biu thc in ap, dong in dang ham hyperbol khi gc toa ly cui
ng dy :
Thng bit c in ap, dong in cui ng dy ( tai) , ta
gn gc toa cui ng dy. Luc nay nu chon chiu dng theo hng t u
ng dy nhn v cui ng dy th toa nhng im ng trc gc toa trn
ng dy se mang du m. tranh vic phai gn du m vao bin x ta dung truc toa
Ox' hng ngc lai i vi truc Ox nh hnh (h.19-2).
2 2 I ) l ( I , U ) l ( U

= =
Trong h truc toa Ox' co x = - x' nn co :
h.19-2
x' O
Sh.x = Sh(-x') = - Sh.x' , Ch.x = Ch(-x') = Ch.x'
Thay vao biu thc (19-30) ta co biu thc dang ham
hyperbol vi gc toa cui ng dy :
+ =
+ =

' x . Sh
Z
U
' x . Ch I ) x ( I
' x . Sh Z I ' x . Ch U ) x ( U
C
2
2
C
2 2
(19-31)
Ta thy khi chon gc toa cui ng dy cho truc hng v u ng dy th biu
thc nghim co cac s hang u mang du dng. V vy khi vit dang nghim vi gc
toa cui ng dy hng v u ng dy ta co th khng cn anh du phy trn
bin x ma vit nh (19-32) th vn phn bit c vi trng hp gc v tr khac :
129
+ =
+ =

x . Sh
Z
U
x . Ch I ) x ( I
x . Sh Z I x . Ch U ) x ( U
C
2
2
C
2 2
(19-32)
Mt cach hnh thc co th nhn du gn vi s hang Shx xac nh biu thc vit
theo gc toa cui ng dy hay v tr khac. Nu trc Sh.x co du (+) th biu
thc vit theo gc toa cui ng dy va truc hng n u ng dy, con trc
Shx mang du (-) th biu thc vit theo gc toa mt im trn ng dy va truc
hng n cui ng dy.
T biu thc (19-32) thay x = l c biu thc tnh in ap, dong in u ng dy
theo in ap, dong in cui ng dy :
+ =
+ =

l . Sh
Z
U
l . Ch I I
l . Sh Z I l . Ch U U
C
2
2 1
C
2 2 1
(19-33)
vi l la chiu dai cua ng dy.
3. Phn b song in ap, dong in trn ng dy :
a bit biu thc phc cua in ap, dong in trn ng dy dai u xac lp iu hoa
dang (19-28) :
x
C
2
x
C
1
x
2
x
1 e
Z
A
e
Z
A
) x ( I , e A e A ) x ( U

= + =
Ta cn tm biu thc phn b thi gian cua in ap, dong in th se thy y u dang
iu phn b khng gian cung nh thi gian cua nghim in ap va dong in. Xac
nh hng s tch phn t bin kin vi gc toa u ng dy, la
s phc co th nguyn ap.
2 1 A , A

2 1 A , A

Ta t :
2 1
j
2
2
j
1
1 e A 2 A va e A 2 A

= = th biu thc (19-28) c biu din dang

(19-34) :

+ =

+

=
+ =
+ =
= +
C
) x ( j x
2
c
) x ( j x
1
C
) x ( j x
2
c
) x ( j x
1
) x ( j x
2
) x ( j x
1
x j x j
2
x j x j
1
z
e . e . A 2
z
e . e . A 2
) x ( I
z
e . e . A 2
z
e . e . A 2
) x ( I
e . e . A 2 e . e . A 2 ) x ( U
e . e . e A 2 e . e . e A 2 ) x ( U
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
(19-34)
T dang phc (19-34) chuyn sang dang phn b thi gian (19-35) :
+ + + + =
+ + + + =

) x t sin( e
z
A 2
) x t sin( e
z
A 2
) t , x ( i
) x t sin( e A 2 ) x t sin( e A 2 ) t , x ( u
2
x
C
2
1
x
C
1
2
x
2 1
x
1
(19-35)
130
Biu thc nghim dang (19-35) cho thy in ap, dong in trn ng dy dai phn
b trong khng gian va thi gian di dang cac song chay, ngha la in ap, dong in
lan truyn doc ng dy. (Lu y trong ly thuyt phng trnh vt ly toan a ch ro
dang (19-35) la phng trnh cua song chay). Song ap chay co hai s hang, trong o s
hang th nht la ) x t sin( e A 2
1
x
1
+

= u
t
(x,t) goi la song ap ti, co bin suy
giam ham mu theo toa x, con goc lch pha tng theo toa ; mt toa xac nh x
= const, u
t
(x,t) la ham sin theo thi gian t; tai mt thi im xac nh t = const, u
t
(x,t)
la ham hnh sin suy giam theo toa . Tc lan truyn cua song goi la vn tc song,
o chnh la tc dch chuyn cua cac im cung pha c xac nh theo phng trnh
t - x +
1
= const (19-36). Nu tai 2 im canh nhau x
1
, x
2
va tng ng vi chung
2 thi im t
1
, t
2
pha cua song lan truyn ging nhau th t
1
- x
1
+
1
= t
2
- x
2
+
2

(19-37).
T o suy ra vn tc truyn song : v
t t
x x
1 2
1 2
=
(19-38)
Con s hang th hai ) x t sin( e A 2
2
x
2
+ +
= u
fx
(x,t) goi la song in ap phan xa,
tai mt toa x xac nh, u
fx
(x,t) la song hnh sin theo thi gian; con tai mt thi im
t xac nh th u
fx
(x,t) la hnh sin co bin tng ham mu toa , vi goc pha giam theo
toa .
Vy trn ng dy co song in ap gm song ap thun chay t u ng dy n
cui ng dy xp chng vi song ap ngc chay t cui ng dy n u ng
dy nh biu din hnh (h.19-3a,b)
Tng t nh vy cung thy song dong in gm song dong in thun va song
dong in ngc. Ta co biu thc in ap, dong in :
u
+
a. Song thun
x
1
e A 2

x
1
e A 2

x 0
t
1
< t
2
< t
3

v
u
-
b. Song ngc
x
1
e A 2

x
1
e A 2

x 0
v
h.19-3
=
+ =
) t , x ( i ) t , x ( i ) t , x ( i
) t , x ( u ) t , x ( u ) t , x ( u
fx t
fx t
(19-39)
i khi cung k hiu : ) t , x ( u ) t , x ( u ); t , x ( u ) t , x ( u
fx t
+
= =
) t , x ( i ) t , x ( i ); t , x ( i ) t , x ( i
fx t
+
= = th co biu thc dang (19-40a)
=
+ =
+
+
) t , x ( i ) t , x ( i ) t , x ( i
) t , x ( u ) t , x ( u ) t , x ( u
(19-40a)
131
Vi

+

= = U U ) t , x ( u ; U U ) t , x ( u fx
fx
t
t

+

= = I I ) t , x ( i ; I I ) t , x ( i fx
fx
t
t
th co biu thc dang (19-40b)
= =
= =
+ = + =
+

C C C
fx
C
t
fx t
fx t
Z
) x ( U
Z
) x ( U
Z
) x ( U
Z
) x ( U
) x ( I
) x ( I ) x ( I ) x ( I ) x ( I ) x ( I
) x ( U ) x ( U ) x ( U ) x ( U ) x ( U
(19-40b)
Co th thy ro hn song chay va vn tc truyn song qua phn tch sau :
T ) x t sin( e A 2
1
x
1
+

ta thy mt mt tai mt im bt ky x = x
1
s
hang trn la mt ham sin theo thi gian, mt khac tai thi im bt ky t = t
1
s hang
trn cung bin thin theo quy lut hnh sin vi bin giam dn va goc pha tng dn
theo toa . Xet phn b u
+
(x,t) hai thi im t = 0 va t
1
= t.
cho gon ta chon
1
= 0 va i du i s :
) t x sin( ) x t sin( =
Xet t = 0 ta co phn b khng gian dang -sinx nh hnh (h.19-4).
Va xet sau o khoang thi gian t
phn b se co dang : -sin(x - t). Ta thy
ng cong nay lp lai ng cong trc
nhng dch theo chiu x mt oan x ng
vi mt goc t = ng cong trong
khng gian la -sin(x + x) nh hnh (h.19-
4) rut ra : x = t nn co :
h.19-4
v
x
x 0
U
+
x/t = / = v la vn tc song
chay nh dang (19-38).
Qua phn tch ta thy song chay doc ng dy vi chu ky goi la bc song
(con goi la dai song) la khoang cach gia hai im ly theo chiu lan truyn cua
song co pha dao ng khac nhau 2. T o co quan h :
[ ] [ ] = + + + 2 ) x ( t x t
1 1
(19-41)
rut ra c :
=
2
(19-42)
T o co :
T
f .
f 2
v

= =
= (20 -43)
4. Cac thng s c trng s truyn song trn ng dy dai :
T biu thc : u(x,t) = u
+
(x,t) + u
-
(x,t)
i(x,t) = i
+
(x,t) + i
-
(x,t)

) x t sin( e A 2 ) t , x ( u
) x t sin( e A 2 ) t , x ( u
2
x
2
1
x
1
+ + =
+ =

+

132
Ta phn tch v cac thng s c trng cho s truyn song trn ng dy dai :
a. H s tt .
Ro rang noi ln tc tt cua bin song doc ng dy, cang ln th bin
tt cang nhanh theo x. Lp t s bin cua song hai toa cach nhau mt oen
v dai ta co :
+

+
+
= =
+
e
e A 2
e A 2
) 1 x ( U
) x ( U
) 1 x (
1
x
1
(19-44)
) 1 x ( U
) x ( U
Ln ) e ( Ln
+
= =
+
+
(19-45)
Vy bng loganepe cua giam bin sau mt n v dai, con goi la h s suy
giam, co th nguyn nepe/m, nepe/km, hay dB/m. Trong ky thut hay tnh ra n v
decibel (dB), 1 nepe = 8,68 dB.
H s tt la phn thc cua h s truyn song
) C j G ).( L j R ( Y . Z j + + = = + = , nn cung la mt thng s cua
ng dy. Vi cac ng dy thc t thng 0.
b. H s pha :
Cung thy ro la h s ch ro s thay i goc pha cua song in ap, dong in
khi truyn qua mt n v dai doc theo ng dy. T biu thc sin(t +
1
- x) toa
x so vi sin[t +
1
- (x +1)] toa (x +1), so sanh hai goc pha cua hai dao ng
thy co sai khac goc .
H s pha > 0, co th nguyn rad/m, rad/km, in/km.
H s pha la phn ao cua h s truyn song , nn cung la mt thng s cua
ng dy.
Vy h s tt va h s pha biu din hai mt bin thin v bin va pha
cua song trn ng dy dai, noi chung la h s truyn song = + j
c. Quan h theo tn s cua h s truyn song :
T ) ( j ) ( ) C j G ).( L j R ( Y . Z j + = + + = = + = thc hin bin
i se c : ( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
2
2
2
2 2
C G L R LC RG
2
1
) ( + + + = (19-46)
va ( ) ( )( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C G L R RG LC
2
1
) ( + + + = (19-47)
Cac ng cong () va () nh hnh (h.19-5a,b)
h.19-5a
RG
()
0
h.19-5b
LC
()
0
133
T (19-46) thy khi th () tin n tim cn gia tr :
+ =
C
L
G
L
C
R
2
1
) ( (19-48)
T (19-47) thy khi th tin ti tim cn gia tr :
LC ) ( = (19-49)
n v cua la 1/m, 1/km.
T (19-46), (19-47) thy khi thoa man LG = RC th co biu thc :
LC j RG + = (19-50)
trong o : LC , RG = =
d. Vn tc truyn song
T biu thc (19-38) co tc song chay la v = / phu thuc vao thng s
ng dy va tn s, v() ngha la cac tn s khac nhau trn mt ng dy lan truyn
vi vn tc khac nhau. Goi s phn b v theo la s tan sc vn tc trong qua trnh
truyn song. y chnh la nguyn nhn gy meo tn hiu trn ng dy ma ta se phn
tch sau.
Theo ly thuyt trng in t tc lan truyn cua song trong in mi tnh
theo cng thc :
r r 0 0
.
1 1
v

=
= , vi tc anh sang trong chn khng la

) s / m ( 10 . 3
1
c
8
0 0
=

= nn tc cua song in ap va dong in la
r r
c
v

=
(19-51).
T (19-51) thy vi cac ng dn in trn khng th v c v mi trng
khng kh co 1
r
, dy dn in co
r
1, con i vi cap in co mi trng gia
cac dy dn la in mi nn
r
> 1 nn luc nay v < c.
Khi ng dy khng tiu tan th R = 0, G = 0 th co :
: LC j LC j C j . L j = = = = h s pha ty l vi tn s.
Luc nay v = / = const LC 1 LC . = = , vn tc song chay trn ng dy xac
nh, khng phu thuc vao tn s.
e. Tng tr song Z
C
:
Tt (19-40b) ta thy : = =
= = =

C C
_
z
Y
Z Z
Z
) x ( I
) x ( U
) x ( I
) x ( U
(19-52a)
Z
C
c goi la tng tr song, co th nguyn tng tr /m, /km (vi ng dy
tai in thng thng co Z
C
t 270 - 400, con < 0 va nho c 1 - 2
0
)
Z
C
phu thuc vao thng s ng dy va tn s , nhng khng phu thuc vao
chiu dai cua ng dy.
Ta phn tch ky :
=
+
+
=
j
C C
e ). ( z
C j G
L j R
Z (19-52b)
134
Trong o :
2 2
2
2 2
2
C
C
G
1
L
R
1
C
L
z
+

+
= (19-53) va
( )
LC RG
RC LG
arctg ) (
2
+

= (19-54)
T (19-53) thy tn s cao th z
C
tin n
C
R
C
L
= goi la in tr c
tnh cua ng dy. Va t (19-54) thy khi th 0. Nh biu din hnh
(h.19-6a,b).
0
z
C
()
C
L

h.19-6a
G
R

h.19-6a
()
0
Cung t (19-53), (19-54) thy rng khi ng dy khng tiu tan R = 0, G = 0
hoc khi LG = RC th th : 0 , R
C
L
C j
L j
Y
Z
Z
C C
= = =
= = vi moi tn s.
5. Hin tng meo dang tn hiu trn ng dy :
ng dy co tiu tan th cac thng s c trng phu thuc vao tn s nh
(), v(), () cac ng dy (thng la ng dy thng tin) hay truyn nhng tn
hiu chu ky khng iu hoa hay khng chu ky, cac ham chu ky khng iu hoa co th
phn tch thanh chui (ri rac) Fourier vi cac iu hoa co tn s khac nhau con cac
ham khng chu ky c biu din di dang ph tn lin tuc. Vy ro rang ng vi cac
tn s khac nhau co cac h s tt () se khac nhau, a n s bin dang v bin ,
ty s bin cac iu hoa se khac nhau u vao va u ra, s khac nhau v goc pha
gy ra s bin dang pha dn n v tr tng i cua cac song cung khac nhau u
vao va u ra. Ngoai ra quan h gia song ap, song dong tng ng cung khac i.
Luc nay tn hiu truyn trn ng dy b meo. Ngha la khng bao am dang
tn hiu u vao va cui ng dy la nh nhau.
Mt s nganh ky thut nh thng tin lin lac .. khng th chp nhn hin tng
meo tn hiu v no lam kem cht lng thng tin. Do vy rt cn thit phai tm nhng
giai phap kh meo tn hiu.
6. ng dy dai khng meo
Qua phn tch trn ta thy khi h s tt , vn tc truyn song v ng vi cac tn
s u nh nhau th se khng gy meo tn hiu trn ng dy. T o thy trn ng
dy khng tiu tan th khng meo v R = 0, G = 0 co = 0 nn tn hiu khng tt,
LC . = nn co const LC 1 v = = = , moi tn hiu ng vi cac tn s khac
nhau u truyn vi cung mt vn tc. Ta cung thy vi ng dy co tiu tan nhng
am bao quan h R/L = G/C th cung khng gy meo tn hiu. Tht vy t :
135
R
L
RG j RG
R
L
j 1 RG
R
L
j 1 RG
G
C
j 1 G .
R
L
j 1 R ) C j G ).( L j R ( Y . Z
2
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ = + + = =

T o ta co : LC j RG
R
L
RG j RG + == + = (19-55)
Trong o : const
LC
1
LC
v nn , LC , RG = =
= = =
Va co : const z
G
R
C
L
Z
C C
= = = =
Vy truyn tn hiu khng meo trn ng dy dai cn lam sao cho t l
vi tn s th v = / khng phu thuc tn s, nn khng co tan sc vn tc.
Trn thc t thng C/G lun ln hn L/R nn lp c quan h L/R = C/G
ta phai tng mt cach nhn tao in cam L ln bng cach a thm vao ng dy dai
tai cac toa thch hp in cam L
0
thng s tp trung co
G
C
R
L L
0
=
+
. Phng
phap nay goi la phng phap Pupin hoa ng dy. y cn lu y la khi tng L th
tc truyn song giam LC 1 v = , thi gian lan truyn tn hiu b keo dai (thi gian
phat va thu). V vy trong ky thut in thoai, iu khin t xa ngi ta quy nh thi
gian ti a co th chp nhn c cua s truyn tn hiu am bao cac yu cu cua
ky thut. Va nh vy la khng th tng L tuy y nn phng phap Pupin cung at n
mc nao o.
a s cac ng dy thng tin u khng co u cac iu kin khng meo. V
vy kh s bin dang cua cac tn hiu thng phai s dung tng hp cac giai phap
nn cn trang b thm cac thit b loc, cac mach hiu chnh, cac b khuch ai...
4. Phan xa song trn duong dy dai du xac lp diu hoa :
1. nh ngha va biu thc h s phan xa :
Ta thy in ap, dong in trn ng dy la nhng song chay, gm song chay
t u ng dy n cui ng dy la song thun (ti) va song chay t cui ng
dy n u ng dy la song ngc, co th coi song ngc la kt qua phan xa lai cua
song ti khi no va p vao cui ng dy ri di tr lai. Nu quan nim nh trn ta
nh ngha h s phan xa tai mt im x la :
) x ( I
) x ( I
) x ( U
) x ( U
) x ( n
+
= = (19-56)
Thay (19-56) vao co quan h :
[ ] ) x ( U n 1 ) x ( U . n ) x ( U ) x ( U ) x ( U ) x ( U
+
+

+ = + = + =
Bit c ta tnh c ) x ( U , n
+
),... x ( U ), x ( U

136
Va [ ] ) x ( I n 1 ) x ( I . n ) x ( I ) x ( I ) x ( I ) x ( I
+
+

= = =
Co biu thc dang (19-57) :
(19-57)
[ ]
[ ]

=
+ =
+

+

) x ( I n 1 ) x ( I
) x ( U n 1 ) x ( U
Chia hai phng trnh v theo v c :

[ ]
[ ] ) x ( I n 1
) x ( U n 1
) x ( I
) x ( U
+
+
=
Trong o :
C
Z
) x ( I
) x ( U
=
+
con ) x ( Z
) x ( I
) x ( U
=
(19-58) : la tng tr vao cua ng

dy toa x, no phu thuc vao thng s ng dy, tn s va phu thuc tai Z
2
, nn
co :
C
Z
n 1
n 1
) x ( Z
+
= (19-59); biu thc h s phan xa la :
C
C
Z ) x ( Z
Z ) x ( Z
) x ( n
+
= (19-60)
Ta thy h s phan xa n(x) phu thuc thng s ng dy, tai Z
2
, tn s, vy no
la mt thng s cua ng dy.
2. H s phan xa tai mt s im c bit
a. H s phan xa cui ng dy ch ni vi tai Z
2
:
Cui ng dy la im co toa x = l, tai cui ng dy thng ni vao tai
Z
2
. Thay x = l vao cng thc (19-58) c tng tr vao cui ng dy :

) l ( I
) l ( U
Z ) l ( Z ) x ( Z
2
= = = (19-61)
Thay (19-61) vao (19-60) c h s phan xa cui dy la :
C 2
C 2
2
Z Z
Z Z
n ) l ( n ) x ( n
+
= = = (19-62)
T (19-62) vi (19-56) dn ra cng thc tnh h s phan xa tai toa bt ky theo
n
2
: (19-62a)
) x l ( 2
2
e . n ) x ( n

=
+ Khi Z
2
= Z
C
th n
2
= 0 khng co song phan xa, nn trn ng dy ch co
song ti (thun) v vy dong, ap trn ng dy bng chnh dong, ap thun.
=
=
+

+

) x ( I ) x ( I
) x ( U ) x ( U
(19-63) ) x ( Z Z
) x ( I
) x ( U
) x ( I
) x ( U
C
= = =
+
(19-64)
Vy khi tai co gia tr Z
2
= Z
C
(tai hoa hp) th n
2
= 0, in ap, dong in trn ng
dy chnh la in ap, dong in ti. T s gia in ap va dong in bt ky toa nao
cung bng Z
C
.
+ Khi Z
2
= (h mach tai)
Thay Z
2
= vao (19-62) c :
137
1
Z Z
Z Z
n
C 2
C 2
h 2
=
+
= (19-65), do o : (19-66)
= =
= =
+
I ) x ( I . n ) x ( I
U ) x ( U . n ) x ( U
Luc nay song phan xa lp lai toan toan gia tr song ti. Ta noi cui ng dy co
phan xa toan phn.
+ Khi Z
2
= 0 (ngn mach tai)
Thay vao (19-62) co : 1
Z Z
Z Z
n
C 2
C 2
2
=
+
= (19-67)
Do o : (19-68)
= =
= =
+
I ) x ( I . n ) x ( I
U ) x ( U . n ) x ( U
Song phan xa cui ng dy lp lai song ti co i du. Ta noi co phan xa
toan phn ao du.
b. H s phan xa u ng dy
u ng dy thng ni vao ngun S co tng tr trong Z
1
nn tng tr
vao u vao ng dy bng Z
1
thay vao (19-60) c h s phan xa u ng
dy :
C 1
C 1
1
Z Z
Z Z
n
+
= (19-69)
+ Khi Z
1
= 0 (thng tng tr trong cua ngun coi nh 0) nn n
1
= -1, s
phan xa u ng dy la phan xa toan phn ao du.
5. Phn b ap, dong trn duong dy dai du hoa hop tai
ng dy co Z
v
= Z
C
= Z
2
goi la ng dy hoa hp tai (ng dy c phi
hp tr khang). Luc nay h s phan xa n
2
= 0 nn trn ng dy ch co song ti
(thun) la :
= = =
= =
+
+

C
x
C
1
x
1
Z
) x ( U
e
Z
A
) x ( I ) x ( I
e A ) x ( U ) x ( U
(19-70)
Chon gc toa u ng dy va bin kin la : xac nh
hng s tch phn .
1
j
1
1 1 e U U vi , U ) 0 ( U

= =
1 1
1 1 1 U A U ) 0 ( U : A = = =

=

= = = =

1
C
1
C
1 1
C
1
C
1
1
z
U
z
U
Z
U
Z
A
I ) 0 ( I
Ta co biu thc in ap va dong in : (19-71a)
= =
= =

+

x
0
x
0
e I ) x ( I ) x ( I
e U ) x ( U ) x ( U
=
= = =

j x j j
C
x
1
x j x j
1
x j x
1
x
1
e . e . e
z
e U
) x ( I
e . e . e U e . e U e U ) x ( U
1
1
(19-71b)
138
Biu thc in ap, dong in phn b theo thi gian tai toa x bt ky la :

+ =
+ =

) x t sin( e
z
U
) t , x ( i
) x t sin( e U ) t , x ( u
1
x
C
1
1
x
1
(19-71c)
T y thy in ap va dong in bin thin theo quy lut hnh sin co bin
suy giam vi lut ham mu theo toa , con h s goc pha tng tuyn tnh theo toa .
Ta cung thy trong trng hp khi chiu dai ng dai ng dy l tin n ; ng
dy nay co cac tnh cht tng t nh ng dy dai hoa hp tai. Trn ng dy cung
ch co song ti, khng co song phan xa va tai im bt ky trn ng dy co :
C
Z
) x ( I
) x ( U
) x ( I
) x ( U
= =
+

Vy tng tr vao cua ng dy dai v han nay la :
C
1
1
V
Z
I
U
Z = =

.
T (19-71b) thy bin in ap va dong in la :
=
=

C
x
1
x
1
z
e U
) x ( I
e U ) x ( U
(19-72)
Ta thy bin in ap va dong in giam dn theo toa nh hnh (h.19-7a),
khi h s tt = 0 const
z
U
) x ( I , const U ) x ( U
C
1
1
= = = = , tr hiu dung cua in ap,
dong in khng i sut doc ng dy, tuy vy goc pha vn bin thin doc ng
dy.
0
h.19-7a
l
U
2
U
1
.e
-
x
U
1
x
U(x)
U
2
0
U(x)
x
U
1
h.19-7b
ng dy hoa hp tai co tng tr vao
2
2
1
1
C V
I
U
I
U
Z
) x ( I
) x ( U
) x ( I
) x ( U
) x ( Z

= = = = =
Vy ch nay mc du ng dy dai ngn bao nhiu th tng tr ng dy cung
lun bng Z
C
.
6. Tng tro vao cua duong dy dai du xac lp diu hoa
1. Cng thc chung
139
Ta co tng tr vao :
x Sh
Z
U
x Ch I
x Sh . Z . I x Ch U
) x ( I
) x ( U
) x ( Z
C
2
2
C
2 2
+
+
= =

vi gc toa cui
ng dy va tng tr tai Z
2
nn . Gian c cac bin s c biu thc
tng tr vao la :
2
2 2 Z . I U

=
x Th Z Z
x Th Z Z
Z
x Sh Z x Ch Z
x Sh Z x Ch Z
Z ) x ( Z
2 C
C 2
C
2 C
C 2
C
+
+
=
+
+
= (19-73a)
Sau khi bin i tng tr vao cung co dang :
l 2
2
l 2
2
C V
e n 1
e n 1
Z Z

+
= (19-73b)
Z(x) phu thuc thng s ng dy, phu tai va tn s. Ta xet tng tr vao cho 3
trng hp c bit cua tai Z
2
.
2. Tng tr vao khi ngn mach tai (ni tt cui ng dy) : Z
2
= 0, n
2
= -1
Thay Z
2
= 0 vao (19-73a) c cng thc tnh tng tr vao khi ngn mach tai :
l 2
l 2
C Vnm C
e 1
e 1
Z Z l Th Z ) l ( Z

+
= = = (19-74)
3. Tng tr vao khi h mach tai (h mach cui ng dy) : Z
2
= , n
2
= 1
Thay Z
2
= vao (19-73a) c cng thc tnh tng tr vao khi h mach tai :
l 2
l 2
C Vhm c
e 1
e 1
Z Z x Cth Z ) l ( Z

+
= = = (19-75)
4. Tng tr vao khi tai hoa hp Z
2
= Z
C

Tng tr vao khi tai hoa hp la : Z(x) = Z
2
= Z
C
. (19-76)
T (19-74), (19-75) ta thy Z
Vnm
, Z
Vhm
khng phu thuc phu tai cho nn no
hoan toan xac nh vi mt ng dy. Bit Z
Vnm
, Z
Vhm
ta xac nh tng tr song va h
s truyn song = + j t cac biu thc :
Vhm Vnm C
Z . Z Z = (19-77) va
Vhm
Vnm
Z
Z
l Th = (19-78)
7. Cac quan h nng luong trn duong dy dai
Vi ng dy truyn tai in, ngi ta c bit quan tm n vn truyn tai
nng lng cho nn cn lam ro cac quan h nng lng trn ng dy dai.
Noi chung trn ng dy co cac quan h nng lng sau :
Cng sut cung cp t ngun cho ng dy dai P
1
Cng sut cung cp cho tai P
2
Cng sut tiu tan trn ng dy P
tt
= P
1
- P
2
.
Cng sut cua song ti P
t
(x)
Cng sut cua song phan xa P
fx
(x)
Trong o cng sut P
1
, P
2
, P
t
(x), P
fx
(x) c xac nh theo biu thc :
{
V
2
1
1 1
1
Z Re I
2
1
I U Re
2
1
P =
=

} (a)
{ }
2
2
2
2 2
2
Z Re I
2
1
I U Re
2
1
P =
=

(b)
140
{
C
2
t t
Z Re ). x ( I
2
1
) x ( P = } (c)
{ }
C
2
fx fx
Z Re ). x ( I
2
1
) x ( P = (d)
Cng sut tai mt im vi gc toa la cui ng dy la :
{ } { }
) x ( P ) x ( P
Z Re
) x ( U
Z Re
) x ( U
2
1
) x ( I ) x ( U Re
2
1
P
fx t
C
2
fx
C
2
t
=
=

(e)
Hiu sut cua ng dy c xac nh t biu thc :
% 100 .
P
P
1
2
= (f)
8. Phn b dong, ap trn duong dy dai du ch d xac lp diu hoa
I. Duong dy dai khng tiu tan
La ng dy dai co R = 0, G = 0. y la ng dy dai khng tn hao. Trn
thc t khng tn tai ng dy khng tn hao ung ngha nh vy. Nhng khi ng
dy lam vic tn s cao th co R << L, G << C nn co th bo qua R, G. Nh vy
ng dy dai khng tiu tan la mt gia thit lam n gian cho vic phn tch
nghim cua phng trnh ng dy dai. Trn thc t do yu cu ky thut ngi ta c
gng ch tao ng dy co tn hao rt nho, luc o cung coi la ng dy khng tiu
tan.
1. c im ng dy khng tiu tan
ng dy dai khng tiu tan co : R = 0, G = 0, nn h s tt = 0, luc nay cac
song chay trn ng dy vi bin xac nh khng tt.
Va co h s pha LC = nn vn tc song chay const LC 1 v = = = ,
song chay trn ng dy khng b meo.
Cung co const z R
C
L
C j
L j
Y
Z
Z
C C C
= = = =
= = , = 0 (19-79)
Nn song in ap va dong in co dang ging nhau (chung trung pha nhau)
V ng dy dai khng tiu tan co = 0 nn = j = LC j
Luc nay Chx tr thanh Chjx = cosx (19-80)
va Shx tr thanh Shjx = jsinx (19-81)
Cho nn chuyn c h phng trnh vi i s phc :
+ =
+ =

x Sh
Z
U
x Ch I ) x ( I
x Sh Z . I x Ch U ) x ( U
C
2
2
C
2 2

Thanh h phng trnh i s thc :
+ =
+ =

x sin
z
U
j x cos I ) x ( I
x sin z . I j x cos U ) x ( U
C
2
2
C
2 2
(19-82)
141
Thay x = l c cng thc tnh in ap va dong in u ng dy theo in
ap va dong in cui ng dy :
+ =
+ =

l sin
z
U
j l cos I ) l ( I
l sin z . I j l cos U ) l ( U
C
2
2
C
2 2
(19-82a)
2. Biu thc dong in , in ap trn ng dy dai khng tn hao
Khi chon gc toa cui ng dy ta co biu thc (19-82), nu chon gc toa
u ng dy ta co biu thc in ap va dong in :
=
=

x sin
z
U
j x cos I ) x ( I
x sin z . I j x cos U ) x ( U
C
1
1
C
1 1
(19-83a)
Khi thay x = l c cng thc tnh :

=
=

l sin
z
U
j l cos I I
l sin z . I j l cos U U
C
1
1 2
C
1 1 2
(19-83b)
T biu thc :
=
+ =

x j
C
2
x j
C
1
x j
2
x j
1
e
z
A
e
z
A
) x ( I
e A e A ) x ( U

Vi dn ra phn b thi gian cua in ap va dong
in trn ng dy khng tn hao :
2 2
2
1 1
1 A A va A A = =

= + + + =
+ = + + + + =
) t , x ( i ) t , x ( i ) x t sin(
z
A
) x t sin(
z
A
) t , x ( i
) t , x ( u ) t , x ( u ) x t sin( A ) x t sin( A ) t , x ( u
fx t 2
C
2
1
C
1
fx t 2 2 1 1
(19-84)
T (19-84) thy in ap, dong in trn ng dy khng tn hao xp chng song ti
va song phan xa, ma bin cua chung khng phu thuc vao toa , con h s pha
bin i tuyn tnh theo toa .
H s pha
= =
2
v
1
.
T
2
LC (19-85)
Ro rang quan h gia vi ging nh quan h gia vi T (
T
2
= ). T o thy
cac ham trong (19-82), (19-82a) la ham tun hoan theo khoang cach x vi
chu ky la
) x ( I ), x ( U

=
2
. Tch s l
2
l
= (19-86) c goi la dai song cua ng dy,

142
phu thuc vao t s
l
; l ch ro s phu thuc cua goc pha va h s pha cua in ap,
dong in t u ng dy n cui ng dy.
3. Biu thc gia tr hiu dung
T ly bin kin gc toa cui
ng dy : (19-87)
x
1 e A ) x ( U vi ) n 1 ( U ) x ( U

+

= + =
x j
2 1 2 e U ) x ( U th A U ) 0 ( U

+
+

+
= = =
nn co (19-88) ) n 1 ( e U ) x ( U
x j
2 + =

+

Vi
x sin jZ x cos Z
x sin jZ x cos Z
Z
x Shj Z x Chj Z
x Shj Z x Chj Z
Z Z ,
Z Z
Z Z
n
2 C
C 2
C
2 C
C 2
C
C
C
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
=
thay vao biu thc in ap (19-88) c biu thc :
+
+
+
+
+
+ =
+ =

+

+

C
2 C
C 2
C
C
2 C
C 2
C
x j
2
C
c x j
2
Z
x sin jZ x cos Z
x sin jZ x cos Z
Z
Z
x sin jZ x cos Z
x sin jZ x cos Z
Z
1 e U
Z Z
Z Z
1 e U ) x ( U (19-89)
( )
( )( )
: nn x sin j x cos e Vi
x sin j x cos Z Z
x sin jZ x cos Z 2
e U ) x ( U
x sin jZ x cos Z x sin jZ x cos Z
x sin jZ x cos Z x sin jZ x cos Z
1 e U ) x ( U
x j
2 C
C 2 x j
2
2 C C 2
2 C C 2 x j
2
+ =
+ +
+
=
+ + +
+
+ =

+

+

Rut ra gia tr hiu dung :
x sin jZ x cos Z
Z Z
U 2
) x ( U
C 2
2 C
2
+
+
=
+
(19-90)
T biu thc nhn xet v dang cua tr hiu dung in ap, dong in nh sau :
a. V song thun va nghch u chay cung vn tc, nn toa chung trung
pha nhau la U(x), I(x) at gia tr cc ai. toa chung ngc pha nhau tr hiu dung
se at cc tiu, vy tr hiu dung cua in ap, dong in se bin thin chu ky theo x vi
chu ky l
0
= nh hnh (h.19-7).
U(x)
x
U
max
0
U
min

h.19-7
x 0
U
+
2
U(x)
h.19-8
143
b. Khi Z
2
= Z
C
tai hoa hp, n
2
= 0 th biu thc hiu dung cua in ap la :
nt cos U x sin x cos U x sin j x cos U ) x ( U
2
2 2
2 2
= = + = + =
+ + +
(19-91)
biu din hnh (h.19-8)
c. Khi Z
2
= , n
2
= 1, co phan xa toan phn nn tr hiu dung cua in ap la :
x cos U 2 ) x ( U
2
=
+
(19-92)
d. Khi Z
2
= 0, n
2
= -1, co phan xa toan phn co i du nn in ap hiu dung
trn ng dy la :
) 2 / x sin( U 2 x sin j U 2 ) x ( U
2 2
+ = =
+ +
(19-93)
Ta xet chi tit hai trng hp c bit khi Z
2
= va Z
2
= 0.
4. Phn b in ap, dong in khi Z
2
= (h mach tai), 0 I2 =
a. Biu thc dang phc cua in ap, dong in :
=
=

x sin
Z
U
j ) x ( I
x cos U ) x ( U
C
2
2
(19-94)
b. Biu thc in ap, dong in dang hiu dung :
=
=
x sin
z
U
) x ( I
x cos U ) x ( U
C
2
2
(19-95)
T biu thc (19-96) xet phn b hiu dung cua in ap, dong in trn ng
dy khi h mach cui ng dy.
in ap hiu dung cui ng dy (gc toa ); U(0) = U
2
= U
max
, U(x) thay
i theo quy lut cosx. Khi x t 0 (gc) tng th co cosx giam lam cho U(x) giam
n x = /2 (tc la x = /2 = 2/4 = /4), toa x ly dai 1/4 chu ky th U(x) =
0, tip tuc tng x dn n x = (tc la x = / = 2/2 = /2) th U(x) tng t 0 n
U
2
= U
max
c nh vy U(x) bin thin theo x vi chu ky / = /2 (goi la na bc
song) dang nh ng hnh sin c chnh lu.
Phn b hiu dung cua dong in x sin I x sin
z
U
) x ( I
2
C
2
= = cung c phn
tch tng t. Khi x t 0 cui ng dy (gc) tng n x = /4 (ng vi x = /2) th
I(x = /4) = I
2
= I
max
sau o tip tuc tng
x th I(x) giam dn n khi x = /2 (ng
vi x = ) th I(x = /2) = 0. Vy I(x)
dao ng dang hnh sin b chnh lu theo
x vi chu ky bng /2 nh hnh (h.19-9).
Ta thy U(x), I(x) phn b theo toa x
di dang cac song ng vi c im la
gia tr cc ai, cc tiu, gia tr trung bnh
khng thay i trn ng dy.
0
3/4 /2 /4
U(x) I(x)
U
2
= U
max
x
U(x), I(x)
I
2
= I
max
h.19-9
Phn b song ng co c im la
co cac im bung, im nut nhng toa xac nh. im co U(x) = U
2
= U
max
goi la
144
im bung ap, cac im co
4
k x

= vi k chn. im co I(x) = I
2
= I
max
goi la im
bung dong, cac im co
4
k x

= vi k le. im co U(x) = 0 goi la im nut cua ap, cac
im co
4
k x

= vi k le. im co I(x) = 0 goi la im nut cua dong, cac im co
4
k x

= vi k chn.
Ta thy im ng vi bung ap th la nut dong, im ng vi bung cua dong se la
im nut ap, chung xen ke nhau. Tai cac im nut, hoc U(x) = 0 hoc I(x) = 0 khin
u(t) = 0 hoc i(t) = 0 nn cng sut tai cac nut p = u.i = 0. T o suy ra nng lng
khng chay qua c cac nut va v gia hai nut khng co ngun nao cung cp nn
trong o ch co s t dao ng gia in trng va t trng gn lin vi cac nguyn t
dC, dL gia mi cp nut.
c. Biu thc in ap, dong in di dang phn b tc thi
T biu thc dang phc :
=
=

x sin
Z
U
j ) x ( I
x cos U ) x ( U
C
2
2

Vi gia thit chuyn sang biu thc in ap, dong in tc thi :
0
2
2 0 U U =

+ =
=
2
t sin . x sin 2
z
U
) t , x ( i
t sin . x cos 2 U ) t , x ( u
C
2
2
(19-96)
T (19-97) thy in ap, dong in phn b theo thi gian dang song ng
(xem biu thc song ng giao trnh phng trnh vt ly toan).
Ta thy mi biu thc la tch cua hai ham iu hoa trong o argumen cua mt
ham ch phu thc thi gian con argumen cua ham kia ch phu thuc toa . Nn tai mt
im xac nh trn ng dy th in ap va dong in bin thin theo quy lut hnh
sin vi s lch pha nhau goc /2. Tai mt thi im bt ky th in ap va dong in
cung phn b theo quy lut hnh sin trong khng gian.
im cui ng dy (x = 0) va cac im cach cui ng dy mt oan x =
k/2 (vi k la mt s nguyn) th ap at cc ai (im bung ap), va dong at 0 (im
nut dong). Con cac im cach cui ng dy mt oan x = (2k+1)/4 th la cac nut ap
va bung dong. Nut va bung dong, ap xen ke nhau trn ng dy.
V cac nut la c nh nn ap, dong bin thin theo t khng di chuyn ma p
mach tai mt ch (ging nh s dao ng cua dy an cng gia hai nut c nh ri
keo im gia cho dao dng). S phn b ap, dong khi nay theo dang song ng nh
hnh (h.19-10).
145
Cac dong, ap dao ng dang
song ng vi cac nut ap, dong lch
nhau /4 v toa khng gian va
lch nhau v thi gian la /2. V u, i
lch nhau goc /2 nn cng sut tiu
tan P
d
= 0, cng sut cp cho tai
cung bng 0, do o cng sut cua
ngun cung cp khn b thay i t
u ng dy n cui ng dy
va khng b suy giam khi tr lai
ngun di dang song phan xa.
Cng sut moi im co tnh cht
dao ng thun tuy phan khang : Q > 0 khi goc lch pha la /2, Q < 0 khi goc lch pha
la -/2.
u, i
x

3/4 /2 /4
i(t = T/8) i(t = 0) u(t = T/4)
u(t = T/8)
0
h.19-10
Vy trn ng dy khng tiu tan h mach cui ng dy nu cp vao ngun
ap th ap, dong trn ng dy ch co song ng, nng lng khng truyn tai doc
ng dy ma ch dao ng ni b trn tng oan /4.
Co th xem song ng la kt qua s xp chng cua song ti va song phan xa
cung bin khi Z
2
= , n
2
= 1, .
= = I I , U U
Tai cac im cua ng dy ng vi nut dong, bung ap co th xem ng dy
nh mt mach cng hng dong gm in dung va in cam ni song song. Con cac
im o ng vi nut ap va bung dong th ng dy nh mt mach cng hng ap
gm in dung va in cam ghep ni tip.
5. Phn b ap, dong khi Z
2
= 0 (ngn mach tai), , n 0 U2 =
2
= -1.
a. Biu thc dang phc cua in ap, dong in :
=
=

x cos I ) x ( I
x sin I jZ ) x ( U
2
2
C
(19-97)
b. Biu thc in ap, dong in dang hiu dung :
=
=
x cos I ) x ( I
x sin I z ) x ( U
2
2 C
(19-98)
Ta thy trng hp nay i ngu vi
trng hp trn (Z
2
= ). Luc nay cui
ng dy co ap bng 0, im nut ap, dong
at I
2
= I
max
(dong ngn mach) o la im
bung dong, U(x), I(x) phn b theo x la ham
chu ky dang hnh sin c chnh lu nh
hnh (h.19-11).
0
I(x) U(x)
/4 /2 3/4
h.19-11
U
2
= U
max
x
U(x), I(x)
I
2
= I
max
146
c. Biu thc in ap, dong in dang tc thi :
( )
=
+ = =
t sin x cos I 2 ) t , x ( i
2 t sin . x sin z I 2 t sin . x sin z I 2 j ) t , x ( u
2
C 2 C 2
(19-99)
Phn b tc thi cua in ap va dong
in nh biu din hnh (h.19-11). Cung
nh trn in ap va dong in phn b theo
lut hnh sin lch pha nhau goc /2 nn P =
0. V cac nut c nh nn theo t khac nhau
dong, ap dang p mach dang song ng,
cui ng dy va cac im cach cui
ng dy oan x = k./2 se xut hin nut
ap, bung dong. Con cac im cach cui
ng dy mt oan x = (2k + 1)/4 la cac
bung ap, nut dong. Ta cung se thy khi tai
thun khang Z
2
= jx
2
trn ng dy cung
hnh thanh cac song ng.
u, i
x

3/4 /2 /4
u(t = T/8) u(t = 0) i(t = T/4)
i(t = T/8)
0
h.19-11
6. Phn b in ap, dong in khi Z
2
= R
2
( thun tr).
Ta xy dng biu thc cua in ap, con biu thc dong tng t nh in ap.
Gia thit : 0 U U
2
2 =
Nn co : 0
r
U
r
U
I
2
2
2
2
2 = =

Biu thc cua ap la :
+ =
+ =
x sin
r
z
j x cos U ) x ( U
x sin
r
z U
j x cos U ) x ( U
2
C
2
2
C 2
2
(19-100)
t : m 1
r
r z
1
r
r z r
r
z
2
2 C
2
2 C 2
2
C
+ =
+ =

=
[ ] x sin ) m 1 ( j x cos U ) x ( U
2
+ + =

T y rut ra dang phn b hiu dung :
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]

+
+ =
+ + =
+ + + =
+ + =
x sin 2
2
m m 2
1 U U
x sin ) m m 2 ( 1 U U
x sin ) m m 2 ( x sin x cos U U
x sin ) m 1 ( x cos U U
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2

t :
2
2
2
2
2
C
2
r
r z
.
2
1
K
2
m 2 m
= =
+
(19-101) va co : x 2 cos 1 x sin 2
2
=
Nn co : biu thc in ap hiu dung la : ( [ x 2 cos 1 K 1 U ) x ( U
2
2
2
+ = )]
147
( ) x 2 cos 1 K 1 U ) x ( U
2
+ = (19-102)
T y thy s phn b hiu dung in ap doc ng dy dao ng vi chu ky
ng vi khoang cach /2 (2x = 2, x = 2/2 = /2), phn b in ap phu thuc K (
tc la phu thuc quan h gia r
2
vi z
C
). Ta xet trng hp t bit quan h gia r
2
va
z
C
c biu din hnh (h.19-12)
a. Khi r
2
< z
C
, K > 0 :
Th U(x) dao ng gia cc tiu bng U
2
cos2x = 1 ( gc) va cc ai bng
K 2 1 U
2
+ cos2x = -1 ( x =/4).
U(x)
K < 0
K < 0
K = 0
I(x)
U(x = /2) = 0
U(x = 3/4) = U
max
U
max
b. Khi r
2
> z
C
, K < 0 :
Th U(x) dao ng gia cc tiu
U
min
= K 2 1 U
2
( cos2x = -1) va
cc ai bng U
2
( cos2x = 1).
U
2
U
min
c. Khi tai hoa hp r
2
= z
C
, K = 0 :
x 0
3/4 /2 /4
U(x) = U
2
ap hiu dung khng i
sut doc ng dy.
h.19-12

II. Duong dy tiu tan
Co th phn tch in ap, dong in trn ng dy dai bng cach xp chng hai
trang thai c bit cua ng dy la trang thai khng tai va trang thai ngn mach cui
ng dy.
Ta thy trang thai khng tai cua ng dy co , in ap cui ng dy la
. Khi o, in ap va dong in im bt ky cua ng dy h mach cui dy c
xac nh t biu thc :
0 I2 =
2 U
= =
+ = =

) e e (
2
1
Z
U
x Sh
Z
U
I
) e e ( U
2
1
x Ch U U
x x
C
2
C
2
hm
x x
2 2 hm
(19-103)
Trang thai ngn mach cui ng dy , dong ngn mach cui dy , th
in ap, dong in im bt ky trn ng dy ngn mach cui dy c xac nh
bng biu thc :
0 U2 =
2 I
+ = =
= =

) e e ( I
2
1
x Ch I I
) e e ( I Z
2
1
x Sh I Z U
x x
2 2 nm
x x
2
C
2
C
nm
(19-104)
Cng c dang dang (19-106) nh sau : nm hm nm hm I vi I , U vi U

I , U
Giao trnh C s ky thut in II Trang
148
+ = + =
+ = + =

x Sh
Z
U
x Ch I I I I
x Sh Z I x Ch U U U U
C
2
2 nm hm
C
2 2 nm hm
(19-105)
ung nh biu thc nghim in ap, dong in dang hypecbol a
bit. Nh vy co th xp chng trang thai h mach (khng tai) vi trang thai ngn
mach xac nh in ap, dong in tai im
bt ky cua ng dy vi tai bt ky cui
ng dy. Cac th vect cua dong in va
in ap khi ngn mach va h mach cui
ng dy va khi co tai cho phep xac nh
c u ng dy cung nh cac
cac v tr khac.
) x ( I ), x ( U

1 1 I , U

) x ( I ), x ( U

Ta minh hoa tinh thn trn bng cach t
biu thc phc (19-104), (19-105) ve th
vect ri cng th vect nm 1 hm 1 nm 1 hm 1 I , I , U , U

1 nm 1 hm 1 1 nm 1 hm 1 I I I , U U U

= + = +
0
j
l
l j l
2 e . e U
2
1

l j l
2 e . e U
2
1

h.19-13
hm 1 U
hm 1 I
2 U

1
Gia thit in ap trung vi truc thc, luc nay in ap, dong in h mach
u ng dy la nh hnh ve (h.19-13):
2 U
hm 1 hm 1 I , U

=
+ = + =

j
C
l j l
2
l j l
2 hm 1
l j l l j l
2
C
x
C
2
x
C
2
hm 1
l j l
2
l j l
2
x
2
x
2 hm 1
e
z
1
e . e U
2
1
e . e U
2
1
I
e . e
2
1
e . e
2
1
U
z
1
e
Z
U
e
Z
U
2
1
I
e . e U
2
1
e . e U
2
1
e U
2
1
e U
2
1
U
(19-106)
Khi ngn mach cui dy ( ) th in ap, dong in u ng
dy la :
2 nm 2 2 I I , 0 U

= =
( ) ( )
( )

+ = + = =
=
= = = =

l j l
2
l j l
2
l l
2 2 m ln
l j l
2
l j l
2
j
C
l j l l j l
2
C
l l
2
C
2
C
m ln
e . e I
2
1
e . e I
2
1
e e I
2
1
l Ch I I
e . e I
2
1
e . e I
2
1
e z
e . e e . e I Z
2
1
e e I Z
2
1
l Sh I Z U
(19-107)
Gia s chm pha so vi mt goc 2 I
2 U
2
, ve th vect biu thc trn tm
. T cac vect xac nh c cac vect :
nh hnh (h.19-14)
m ln m ln U , I

m ln lhm m ln lhm I , I , U , U

m ln lhm 1 m ln lhm 1 I I I , U U U

+ = + =
149
2 I
l j l
2 e . e I
2
1

l j l
2 e . e I
2
1

0
l
nm 1 U
( )
l l l l
2 nm 1 e e e e I
2
1
I

+ =
1
( )
l j l
2 e e I
2
1

2
j
h.19-14
Ta thy vi tai co tnh cht khang cui ng dy th goc lch pha
1
gia
in ap vi dong in se nho hn goc lch pha 1 U
1 I
2
gia in ap vi dong
in v vt trc goc /2 (dong in dung).
2 U
2 I
lhm I
2 U
Khi tng tr Z
2
= Z
C
, tai hoa hp, n
2
= 0,
trn ng dy ch co song ti khng co song
phan xa : ap, dong tai mt im bt ky trn
ng dy bng :
0
1
2
nm 1 U

2 U
h.19-15
1 U

hm 1 I

nm 1 I

1 I

hm 1 U
1
j
C
1
1
2
2
C
x
2
x
2
x
2
Z
I
U
I
U
I
U
Z
e U
e I I ; e U U
= = =
= = =

Nu th in ap va dong in
tc thi tai im bt ky trn ng dy se co
dang :
0
2 0 U U =

+ =
+ =
) x t sin( e
z
U
2 ) t , x ( i
) x t sin( e U 2 ) t , x ( u
x
C
2
x
2
(19-108)
Vi ng dy co tai hoa hp nay co th xy dng quan h gia cng sut tac
dung P
1
= U
1
I
1
cos u ng dy va cng sut tac dung P
2
= U
2
I
2
cos cui dy.
V nn ta co :
l l
2 1
l l
2 1 e e I I va e e U U

= =
l 2
2
l 2
2 2
l
2
l
2 1 1 1
e P cos e I U cos e I e U cos I U P

= = = = (19-109)
(goc lch pha gia u la ). T y rut ra hiu sut cua ng dy la :
= P
2 2 1 1 I , U va I , U

2
/P
1
= e
-2
l
(19-110) va
=
2
1
P
P
Ln
2
1
l (19-111) la n v o s tt dn cua cng
sut trn ng dy l = 1 la s tt dn 1 nepe, luc nay P
1
/P
2
= e
2
. Thy rng s tt dn
150
trn ng dy la 1 nepe th cng sut tac dung u ng dy ln hn cng sut tac
dung cui ng dy la e
2
= 7,39 ln.
9. Tng tro vao cua duong dy khng tiu tan.
I. Cng thuc tng tro vao duong dy khng tiu tan
Nh a cp trn trong ky thut VT, in tn ...vi tn s u ln th R, G
rt nho so vi L, C nn co th bo qua R, G. Ta co ng dy khng tiu tan (trn
thc t co th ch tao cap ng truc trang bac giam tiu tan, cach in tt coi nh la
khng tiu tan) luc nay = 0, = j , z
C
= .
0
C
0 Z
Tng tr vao cua ng dy dai khng tiu tan :
x . tg jZ z
x . tg jz Z
z ) x ( Z
2 C
C 2
C
+
+
= (19-112)
Z(x) tuy thuc vao thng s ng dy, tai Z
2
, z
C
va tuy thuc vao quan h gia
tai Z
2
, z
C
.
Ta xet ba trng hp c bit cua tai Z
2
:
1. Tng tr vao cua ng dy dai khi Z
2
= z
C
, tai hoa hp th co :
C C
2 C
C 2
C
R z
x . tg jZ z
x . tg jz Z
z ) x ( Z = =
+
+
= (thc dng) (19-113)
V n
2
= 0, trn ng dy ch co song ti
C
z
I
U
) x ( I
) x ( U
= =
+
, in ap, dong in t
l vi nhau, dang phn b in ap, dong in ging nhau, in ap va dong in trung
pha nhau, goc pha = 0.
Tn hiu truyn n tai khng b meo, khng tt va nng lng truyn tai luc nay
bng :
C
2
C
z
U
z
U
U UI P = = = (19-114)
2. Tng tr vao cua ng dy dai khi h mach tai cui dy (Z
2
= )
Thay Z
2
= vao biu thc (19-113) c cng thc tng tr vao ng dy
khng tiu tan h mach cui dy :
x ctg jz
x jtg
1
z
x jtg
Z
z
x tg
Z
z
j 1
z ) x ( Z
C C
2
C
2
C
C
=
=
+
+
= (19-115)
thng dung dang (19-116) x
2
ctg jz x . ctg jz Z
C C Vhm
= = (19-116)
T (19-116) thy Z
Vhm
thun ao, co tnh cht khang, du cua no phu thuc vao
tn s va chiu dai cua oan ng dy (toa ).
Khi dai trong khoang 2 x 0 vi ng 4 x 0 < < < < th Z
Vhm
(x) t -j.
n -j0 ( -j. < Z
Vhm
< 0) tng tr vao h mach co tnh dung. Luc nay dong in vt
trc in ap tng ng goc /2 nh biu din hnh (h.19-16).
151
Z
V
(x)
Z
Vhm
Z
Vhm
x

/2 3/4 /4
Z
V
= nh cng
hng dong
Z
V
= 0 nh cng
hng ap
h.19-16
Khi dai trong khoang
2
x
4
< <
ng vi < <
x
2
th Z
Vhm
(x) bin thin t
0 n j. tng tr vao thun cam.
Vy vi dai khac nhau, ng dy h mach cui dy co tng tr vao thun
dung hay thun cam.
Trong khoang
4
3
x
2
;
4
x 0

< <

< < ng dy nh mt dung khang.
Trong khoang < <

< <
x
4
3 ;
2
x
4
ng dy nh mt cam khang.
c bit tai 0
4
.
2
ctg jz )
4
x ( coZ ,
4
x
C Vhm
=
=
Vy oan dy dai phn t bc song h mach cui dy th co Z
Vhm
(/4) = 0 tao
nn s ngn mach i vi ngun cung cp ni vao dy. T (19-116a) va hnh (h.19-16)
thy nhng ng dy co dai bng s le ln /4 la ng dy mt phn t bc
song.
Tai cac im 0
4
Z
vhm
=
xut hin cac "bung" cua dong in va cac "nut" cua

in ap chng to tai o co cng hng in ap, luc nay tng tr cua ng dy nh
gm ni tip in khang cam va in khang dung co gia tr bng bng nhau. Co th
vn dung c im nay thc hin mach cng hng in ap.
oan dy dai na bc song h mach cui dy co tng tr vao v cung ln :
= =
ctg jz
2
Z
C Vhm
lam h mach ngun cung cp. Nhng ng dy dai h mach
152
cui dy co dai bng s nguyn ln /2 la ng dy na song. Tai cac im co
=
2
Z
Vhm
la cac bung cua in ap va nut dong in, chng to tai o co cng hng
dong in. Luc nay tng tr vao ng dy gm ni song song in khang cam va in
khang dung co gia tr bng nhau. Vn dung c im nay thc hin mach cng hng
hng dong in.
3. Tng tr vao ng dy dai khi ngn mach cui dy (Z
2
= 0)
Thay Z
2
= 0 vao biu thc (19-113) c cng thc tng tr vao cua ng dy
dai khi ngn mach cui dy :
x
2
tg jz x . tg jz ) x ( Z
C C Vnm
= = (19-117)
T (19-117) thy Z
Vnm
thun ao, co tnh cht khang, tuy thuc vao dai ma no
co tr s va tnh cht hoc cam hoc dung. Ta xet quy lut phn b cua Z
vnm
(x) theo
dai :
ng vi dai trong khoang
4
x 0

< < hay la
2
x 0

< < th Z
Vnm
(x) bin thin
t 0 n j. , ng dy nh mt in cam c biu din hnh (h.19-17).
Z
V
(x)
x /4 3/4 /2
Z
Vnm
Z
Vnm
Z
V
= nh cng
hng dong
Z
V
= 0 nh cng
hng ap
h.19-17
ng vi dai trong khoang
2
x
4
< <
hay la < <
x
2
th Z
Vnm
(x) bin
thin t -j n 0 tng tr vao cua ng dy co tnh dung.
Vy khi dai khoang :
4
3
x
2
;
4
x 0

< <

< < ... ng dy xem nh mt cam
khang (dong in chm sau in ap mt goc /2).
153
Con trong khoang < <

< <
x
4
3
;
2
x
4
...ng dy xem nh mt dung khang (luc
nay dong in vt trc in ap mt goc /2)
c bit tai x = /4 (mt phn t bc song) th Z
Vnm
(/4) = , tao s h mach
i vi ngun cung cp. Nhng ng dy dai co dai bng s le ln /4 la ng
dy phn t song ngn mach cui dy, tai cac im co =
4
Z
vnm
co cac bung cua
in ap va cac nut cua dong in. o co cng hng dong in - cng hng song
song. Vn dung c im nay co th chon ng dy dai phn t song ngn mach cui
dy thc hin mach cng hng.
Tai x =/2, th Z
Vnm
(/2) = 0 tao nn s ngn mach i vi ngun cung cp.
Nhng oan dy dai co dai la s nguyn ln /2 ngn mach cui dy la ng dy
na song. Tai cac toa co 0
2
Z
vnm
=
co cac nut in ap va cac bung dong in tc

la co cng hng in ap - cng hng ni tip.
II. Ung dung cac duong dy dai khng tiu tan trong mt s ky thut.
Phn trn cho thy tr s va du cua in khang vao cua ng dy dai khng
tiu tan bin ng rt ln theo dai, iu nay giup la chon c nhng oan dy dai
thch hp lam nhng phn t mach vi chc nng in khang, s dung trong cac ky
thut cn thit. Ta dn ra y mt s v du ng dung c im cua tng tr vao cua
ng dy dai trong ky thut :
1. Dung ng dy dai lam phn t in khang.
Trong ky thut siu cao tn vic dung cac cun cam ch tao theo kiu thng
thng khng bao am chnh xac gia tr L cn thit, v trong tn s cao, rt ln
ch cn L rt nho kho ch tao chnh xac, mt khac trong trng in t tn s siu cao
th cun dy cam tr thanh mt ng dy dai vi tng tr nao o. V vy co mt
in khang in cam nao o dung cho ky thut siu cao tn ngi ta chon mt oan
cap ng truc ch tao tinh vi, trang bac giam tiu tan va cach in tt. t n s a
cho vi z
C
, a ch tao khi cho ngn mach hoc h mach tai co th chon d dai x
thch hp tng tr vao co gia tr jx
L
cn thit.
2. Dung ng dy dai lam mach dao ng siu cao tn.
Ta bit mach dao ng thoa man : x
L
= x
C
= 1/C
0
vi C
0
la in dung tu in
thng s tp trung v rt ln nn khng th dung cun cam thng thng ma phai
dung oan dy dai co z
C
, chon dai x sao cho tng tr vao cua no va bng va
ngc du vi x
C
tn s .
0
C C C L
C
1
x x . LC tg z x tg z x
= = = = (19-118)
Vi cac gia tr z
C
, , C
0
, L, C a cho, khi thay i dai x ta se c cac tn s
khac nhau, bng cach nay ta tao c b dao ng song m, decimet.
3. Dung ng dy dai phn t song (l = /4) hoa hp mt ng dy dai
vi mt tai thun tr.
154
Thng mt ng dy dai co z
Cl
nao o khng hoa hp ngay vi tai tr r
t
. Co
nhiu cach tao s hoa hp tai tr vi ng dy dai. Ta xet cach n gian la ni thm
vao gia ng dy o va tai mt oan dy dai phn t bc song co z
C
thch hp nh
(h.19-18).
Z
V

h.19-18
/4
ng dy cung cp co z
Cl
ng dy hoa hp co z
C2
Z
2
= r
t
Chon z
C2
sao cho tng tr vao cua oan nay cung tai r
t
va bng z
Cl
nh vy
ng dy z
cl
se c hoa hp vi phn sau cua no. Do o cng sut truyn n tai la :
C
2
z
U
P = .
Biu thc tng tr vao t u ng dy tai hoa hp la :
t
2
2 C
t 2 C
2 C t
2 C V
r
z
4
2
tg jr z
4
2
tg jz r
z Z =
+
= (19-119)
hoa hp ng dy cung cp vi tai (luc nay la Z
V
) th z
C1
= Z
V
=
t
2
2 C
r
z
. T
y rut ra tng tr song cua ng dy phn t bc song cn ni thm vao la :
t 1 C 2 C
r . z z = (19-120)
Ngi ta con goi ng dy khng tn hao dai x = /4 la may bin ap phn t
song. V co no ma tng tr song cua ng dy cung cp se bin thanh tng tr cua tai.
4. ng dy dai khng tiu tan phn t song ngn mach cui ng dy lam
mach o in ap.
tn s siu cao khng th dung cac Vnmet vi tng tr vao lam theo kiu
thng thng o in ap trn anten, phider v in dung ky sinh ca vao vnmet
rt ln nn tng tr vao cua vnmet kiu thng se nho. co tng tr vao rt ln ta
dung oan dy phn t bc song l = /4 ni vao
gia ng dy cn o in ap va c cu o, do c
cu o (thng la Miliamper) co in tr rt nho lam
cho oan dy /4 b ngn mach cui dy, nn bao
am tng tr vao cua dung cu o (g m mt oan dy
/4 va c cu o lam Miliamper) se bng v cung.
Mach o in ap siu cao tn biu din hnh (h.19-
19)
U
(h.19-19)
/4
Biu thc lin h gia in ap cn o va dong in c cu o la :
155
+ =
+ =

C
2
C
2
C
2 2
z I j
4
2
sin z I j 0 U
x . sin z I j x . cos U U
(19-121)
Lu y : do ngn mach cui ng dy. 0 U2 =
T o suy ra gia tr in ap hiu dung cn o la U = I

2
z
C
, in ap cn o t l vi
dong qua Miliampe. Nh vy qua tch ch s Miliampe I
2
vi z
C
a bit xac nh c
in ap cn o. Thng qua t l z
C
khc ngay ra thang in ap trn mt ng h o.
10. Mang hai cua tuong duong cua duong dy dai.
ng dy dai u c dung truyn tai nng lng hoc tn hiu nn thng
quan tm n s phn b dong in, in ap doc ng dy, ngoai ra con quan tm n
s truyn at in ap, dong in u va cui dy. o la quan h gia u va
cui dy. Xet quan h nay th tin li nht ta coi ng dy dai u nh mang
hai ca i xng. V vy co th a ra mang hai ca i xng co cac thng s A
1 1 I , U

2 2 I , U

ik
c
tnh theo cac thng s c trng cua ng dy dai thc hin mt quan h truyn
at in ap, dong in nao o.
Ta a co biu thc in ap, dong in u va cui ng dy dai dang
hypecbol :
+ =
+ =

x . Sh
Z
U
x . Ch I ) x ( I
x . Sh Z I x . Ch U ) x ( U
C
2
2
C
2 2

So sanh vi phng trnh mang hai ca i xng a hoc :
+ = + =
+ =

2
11
2
21
2
22
2
21
1
2
12
2
11
1
I A U A I A U A I
I A U A U

T o suy ra biu thc lin h gia b thng s A
ik
cua mang hai ca i xng
tng ng thng s tp trung vi cac thng s cua ng dy dai u :
=
=
=
C
21
C 12
11
Z
l Sh
A
l Sh Z A
l Ch A
(19-122)
Co quan h ni tai 1 A A A
21 12
2
11
= tng ng vi Ch
2
l -Sh
2
l = 1. Nh vy co
th dung s mang hai ca i xng thng s tp trung co A
ik
xac nh theo thng s
ng dy dai biu din quan h truyn at in ap, dong in hai u cua ng
dy dai u.
T b thng s dang A (19-122) co th dn ra thng s mang hai ca thng
ng thay th hnh T hay nh hnh (h.19-20a,b)
156

a.
Z
nT
Z
dT
Z
dT
( )

=
l . Sh
Z
Z
l . Sh
1 l . Ch Z
Z
C
nT
C
dT
(19-123)

=
=
1 l . Ch
l . Sh Z
Z
l . Sh Z Z
C
n
C d
(19-124)
b.
Z
n
Z
n
Z
d
Khi ng dy u ngn th .l be, |.l| << 1
th ng dy c m ta bi mach thng s tp
trung, khi o :
h.19-20
Vi :
( )
l l vaSh
2
l
1 l Ch
2

+ th co :
=
= =
=
l . Y
l .
Z
Z
2
l . Z
2
l
. Y . Z .
Y
Z
2
l .
Z Z
C
nT
C dT
(19-125)
( )

=
= =
l
Z 2
l .
Z 2
2
l .
l . Z
Z
l . Z l . . Z Z
C
2
C
d
C n
(19-126)
Vy co th thay th mach co thng s rai u bng s tng ng 2 ca
hnh T hay hnh thng s tp trung.
Vic phn tch quan h truyn at in ap, dong in hai u ng dy dai
bng mang hai ca i xng thng s tp trung giup ta mt giai phap xet nhng h
thng gm nhiu phn t ng dy dai mc ni tip nhau ( v du nh h thng gm
may bin ap, ng dy truyn tai, cac thit b bu ... mc ni tip), luc nay xet ca h
thng th mi phn t cua h thng c thay th bng
mt mang hai ca tng ng ri ghep ni xu chui
cac mang hai ca tng ng thanh phn se c
mang hai ca tng ng chung biu din ca h
thng. Mang hai ca tng ng chung goi la mang
hai ca hp nht. Chung ta d dang dung cac phng
trnh a hoc mang hai ca t thng s c trng
cua cac mang hai ca thanh phn tnh b thng s c
trng cua mang hai ca hp nht. Thng thng hay
dung b thng s dang A mang hai ca hp nht
gm ni xu chui cua nhiu mang hai ca thanh phn
th se co : [ ] [ ][ ] [ ]
ikn 2 ik 1 ik nht ikhp
A ... A . A A =
l
MBA
h.19-21a
A
ikD

A
ikMBA
h.19-21b

A
ik
h.19-21c
157
V du nh co h thng cung cp in gm may bin ap va ng dy dai nh
hnh ve (h.19-21a). H thng c thay th bng hai mang hai ca ni xu chui nh
hnh (h.19-21b) va hai mang hai ca xu chui c thay bng mang hai ca tng
ng nh hnh (h.19-21c)
11. Qua trinh qua d trong mach thng s rai.
1. c im cua qua trnh qua trong mach co thng s rai.
Vi cac ng dy dai (ng dy dai truyn tai in ap cao, ng dy thng
tin...) qua trnh qua se xay ra khi trang thai cua mach thay i (do ong, ct cac
nhanh hoc khi anh hng cua phong in set...). Qua trnh qua dn n qua in
ap, qua dong in co th lam h hong cach in hoc hong cac thit b nu nh khng
tnh trc trong thit k, trong bao v.
Khac vi qua trnh qua trong mach thng s tp trung s bin i cua dong
in, in ap trong mach co thng s rai xay ra khng ng thi trn cac b phn
mach. S bin thin cua dong, ap xut hin trn mt oan mach nao o se lan truyn
n cac oan mach con lai vi tc nao o (doc theo ng dy trn khng, cac bin
thin o se lan truyn vi tc gn bng tc anh sang c = 3.10
5
km/s con trn
ng dy cap th tc lan truyn nho hn 2 ln). Tc lan truyn cua cac bin
thin dong, ap goi la song dong, ap no ln hn nhiu so vi tc chuyn dch cua
in t trn dy dn. Thc t no bng tc lan truyn cua song in t trong mi
trng xung quanh dy dn. i vi cac ng dy truyn tai in trn khng th mi
trng la khng kh, con i vi cap in th mi trng la lp in mi cach in gia
loi va vo.
S chuyn ng cua song dong, ap thng kem theo s lan truyn doc ng
dy cua nng lng in t, nng lng nay tp trung trong trng xung quanh dy
dn. S lan truyn cua song dong, ap do tng tac gia in trng va t trng lin
quan n cac song o.
2. Biu thc dong, ap qua trnh qua trn ng dy dai u, tuyn tnh,
khng tiu tan.
T phng trnh co ban cua ng dy dai khng tiu tan :
t
u
. C
x
u
t
i
. L
x
u
(19-127)
Chuyn sang dang anh Laplace :
=
=
) 0 , x ( CU ) p , x ( pCU
dx
) p , x ( dI
) 0 , x ( Li ) p , x ( pLI
dx
) p , x ( dU
(19-128)
Gia thit s kin la u(x,0) = 0, i(x,0) = 0 ta co phung trnh dang toan t :
=
=
) p , x ( pCU
dx
) p , x ( dI
) p , x ( pLI
dx
) p , x ( dU
(19-129)
158
ao ham tip h phng trnh (19-129) theo x ta c :
) p , x ( pLpCU
dx
) p , x ( dI
pL
dx
) p , x ( dU
2
2
= =
c h vi phn phng trnh cp 2 theo x :
( )

= =
= =
p , x I ) p , x ( LCI p
dx
) p , x ( dI
) p , x ( U ) p , x ( LCU p
dx
) p , x ( dU
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
(19-130)
t = LC p : goi la h s truyn song toan t.
Giai h phng trnh (19-127) c nghim tng quat in ap toan t la :
x . LC p
2
x . LC p
1
x
2
x
1
e A e A ) p , x ( U hay
e ) p , x ( A e ) p , x ( A ) p , x ( U
+ =
+ =

(19-131)
suy ra nghim dong in anh la :
;
C L
e A
C L
e A
) p , x ( I
x . LC p
2
x . LC p
1
=

Vi tng tr song
C
L
Z
C
=
T nghim anh suy ra nghim gc in ap, dong in :
) t , x ( f ) p , x ( A ); t , x ( f ) p , x ( A
) t , x ( i ) p , x ( I ); t , x ( u ) p , x ( U
2 2 1 1

Theo nh ly dch gc (chm tr) suy ra :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x . LC t f e p , x A
x . LC t f e p , x A
2
x . LC p
2
1
x . LC p
1
(19-132)
Thay vn tc truyn song :
LC
1
v = vao (19-132) c quan h :
( ) ( )

+ = +
=
v
x
t f x . LC t f ;
v
x
t f x . LC t f
2 2 1 1

Nn t nghim in ap anh (19-131) chuyn sang nghim in ap gc thi gian la :
( )

+ +
=
v
x
t f
v
x
t f t , x u
2 1
(19-133)
Trong o

v
x
t f
1
la song ap thun (song ti) ky hiu ( ) ) t , x ( u t , x u
t
=
+

va
+
v
x
t f
2
la song ap ngc (phan xa) ky hiu ) t , x ( u ) t , x ( u
fx
=

Biu thc phn b in ap, dong in la nhng song chay gm song thun va song
phan xa
) t , x ( i ) t , x ( i ) t , x ( i ) t , x ( i
Z
) t , x ( u
Z
) t , x ( u
) t , x ( i
) t , x ( u ) t , x ( u ) t , x ( u ) t , x ( u ) t , x ( u
fx t
C C
fx t
= = =
+ = + =
+
+
+
(19-134)
Trong o co :
C
fx
fx
t
t
z
i
u
i
u
= =
159
Cac song ti va song phan xa khng phai xut hin ngay lp tc tai tt ca cac
im trn ng dy. thi im ni ng dy (t = 0) vao ngun (toa gc x = 0)
song ti bt u lan truyn t ngun theo hng v cui ng dy, nu nh trc khi
ni ng dy, ap trn ng dy khng co th ap vn bng khng trn cac oan ng
dy ma song ti vn cha lan truyn ti. Con oan dy song ti a qua th ap vn duy
tr bng song ti cho n khi co song phan xa n ch o.
T biu thc :
= =
+
v
x
t f ) t , x ( u ) t , x ( u
1 t
(19-135)
Thy rng nu song thun bt u t gc toa x = 0 th o phn b thi gian
cua song thun la : ) t ( f ) t ( u ) t ( u
1 0
= =
+
y la phn b thi gian gc (thng a bit
la kch thch gc) nh hnh (h.19-22), sau thi gian t
1
song thun nay se lan truyn
n mt im x
1
= v.t
1
. y u
t
lp lai quy lut bin thin gc toa nhng tr i
mt khoang t
1
= x
1
/v nh hnh (h.19-23)
( ) ( )
= =
+
v
x
t f
v
x
t u t u t , x u
1
1
1
1 X 1
(19-136)
f
1
(t)
h.19-22
t
0
f
1
(t)
f
1
(t - x
1
/v)
t
1
h.19-23
t
0
f
1
(t)
T lp lun trn ta lp c biu thc song thun tai toa x bt ky bng cach
thay bin t trong biu thc thi gian cua song gc toa u
0
(t) = f
1
(t) bng

v
x
t ;
tc la co

v
x
t f
1
1
la phn b thi gian cua in ap tai x
1
. Ta se xac nh c biu
thc song ti tai bt ky toa trn ng dy co dai l v.t. Tng t nh vy lp
c biu thc song ngc tai toa bt ky bng cach thay bin trong biu thc thi
gian gc toa bng
+
v
x
t . V du nh biu thc phn b thi gian cua song phan
xa gc toa la f
2
(t) th biu thc thi gian cua song phan xa toa x
1
la :
+
v
x
t f
1
2
.
3. Quy tc Petexson tnh dong, ap qua trnh qua cui ng dy.
Thng cui ng dy dai co tai tp trung Z
2
, y u
2
= Z
2
.i
2
. Noi chung Z
2

z
C
, u
2
u
2t
t (19-134) xac nh in ap, dong in tai la :
f 2 t 2 2
u u u + = (19-137)
160
C
f 2
C
t 2
f 2 t 2 2
z
u
z
u
i i i = = (19-138)
Hay dang :
+ =
=
fx 2 t 2 2
fx 2 t 2 2 C
u u u
u u i z
(19-139)
Cng v theov cua (19-139) c quan h :

2 C 2 2 C 2 2 t 2 2 C 2
i ) z Z ( i z i Z u 2 i z u + = + = = +
Rut ra quy tc Petexson tnh dong in qua tai cui ng dy la :
2u
2t
= i
2
(Z
2
+ z
C
) (19-140)
Qua cng thc thy ro dong, ap cui dy ( tai) c tnh ging nh khi ong
trc tip vao cui dy mt ngun ap bng 2 ln in ap song ti 2u
2t
co in tr trong
bng z
C
cua ng dy. Quy tc petexson cho phep chuyn vic tnh qua trnh qua
mach thng s rai thanh tnh qua trnh qua mach co thng s tp trung. M ta quy
tc petexson (19-140) bng s mach thng s tp trung nh hnh (h.19-24)
u
2
i
2t
u
2t
Z
C
Z
2
i
2
2u
2t
Z
2
Z
C
K
u
2
a.
h.19-24 b.
Khi dung s petexson cn chu y la ap, dong trong mach khng xut hin
ngay lp tc ngay sau khi ong khoa u ng dy ma ch khi song ti a lan
truyn doc ht ng dy x = l.
V vy khi tnh toan vi s thay th nn ly gc thi gian la thi im song
ti n cui ng dy (ng vi thi gian la t = l/v). Thi gian c tnh t thi im :
v
l
t =
i
2
u
2
= 0
2u
l
()
Z
2
Z
C
K
Luc nay in ap cua song ti cui ng
dy la : ) ( u
v
x
t u u
l l t 2
=
=
Nn s tnh in ap, dong in QTQ
cui ng dy nh hnh (h.19-25)
h.19-25
V du : Xac nh in ap, dong in cui ng
dy dai l vi tng tr c tnh Z
C
. ong ngun ap u(t)
= U
0
e
-
vao u ng dy, cui ng dy co tai

cam L (tai thng s tp trung).
pL
= 0
2U
t
(p)
Z
C
K
Giai : Thanh lp s petexson dang toan t
h.19-26
161
Laplace nh hnh (h.19-26).
Tng tr toan t cua mach : pL Z ) p ( Z
C
+ =
V ap u ng dy la
at
0 0
e U ) t ( u

= nn song ap ti tai cui ng dy

=
v
l
t a
0 t 2
e U u . Chon mc thi gian la luc
v
l
t = . Thi gian c tnh t thi im
v
l
t = . Anh toan t in ap ngun :
( ) +
=

p
U 2
e U 2 u 2
0 .
0 t

ap ng dong in toan t : ( )
( )( ) ) p ( F
) p ( F
dang
pL Z p
U 2
pL Z
) p ( U 2
p I
2
1
C
0
C
t
2
+ +
=
+
=
T ( )( ) ( ) ( )L p pL Z ' F co pL Z p ) p ( F
C 2 C 2
+ + + = + + =
Giai 0 ) p ( F
2
= co hai nghim
L
Z
p , p
C
2 1
= =
Suy ra gc

+
+

=
L
Z
C
0
C
0
2
C
e
L Z
U 2
e
L Z
U 2
) ( i
Hay ( )
( )

v
l
t
L
Z
v
l
t .
C
0
2
C
e e
L . Z
U 2
t i
in ap anh trn tai la :
( )( ) pL Z p
pL U 2
pL ). p ( I ) p ( U
C
0
2 2
+ +
= =
suy ra gc :

=
L
Z
C
C
0
C
0
2
C
e
L
Z
L
Z
U 2
e
L
Z
U 2
) ( u
( )
( )

v
l
t
L
Z
C v
l
t
C
0
L
Z
C
C
0
c
C
e
L
Z
e .
L
Z
U 2
t u
e
L
Z
e .
L
Z
U 2
u

4. Tnh song phan xa.
Sau khi tnh in ap, dong in cui dy u
2
, i
2
ta tnh c ap, dong phan xa
cui dy.
= =
=
C
fx 2
2 t 2 fx 2
t 2 2 fx 2
Z
u
i i i
u u u
(19-141)
Song phan xa ap, dong cui dy la nhng ham thi gian, nu chon gc toa
cui dy, ta co : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t i t , 0 i i ; t u t , 0 u u
fx 2 fx 2 fx 2 fx 2 fx 2 fx 2
= = = =
Song nay chay t cui n u ng dy theo toa O'-x'. Ta se c biu
thc song phan xa ap, dong cac toa x'
1
bt ky trn ng dy la :
162
( ) ( )
=
v
' x
t i t , ' x i ;
v
' x
t u t , ' x u
1
fx 2 1 fx
1
fx 2 1 fx

Tc la thay t trong phn b thi gian tai gc cui ng dy u
2fx
(t), i
2fx
(t) bng

v
' x
t
1
th c ap, dong phan xa toa x'
1
.
5. Tnh song khuc xa.
Trong thc t thng gp trng hp ng dy tai in trn khng ni vi
ng dy cap va ngc lai. Ta noi co s chuyn tip gia hai ng dy vi tng tr
song khac nhau. Song lan truyn trn ng dy nay tip tuc lan truyn trn ng dy
kia, tai im chuyn tip (nh la mt b) co mt lng song phan xa lai, con mt lng
song tip tuc chay t u ng dy sau n cui ng dy (song ti cua ng dy
sau) goi la song khuc xa. tnh song khuc xa ta gia thit ch xet song khuc xa trong
thi gian no cha chay n cui ng dy ( cha co song phan xa) th trn ng
dy ch co in ap khuc xa va dong in khuc xa (la in ap ti va dong in ti cua
ng dy) nn co :
C
kh
kh
t
t
Z
i
u
i
u
= = (19-142)
T (19-142) thy u
kh
, i
kh
ong vai tro nh u
2
, i
2
con z
C
ong vai tro Z
2
trong s
petexson, t o dn ra s tnh u
kh
, i
kh
nh hnh (h.19-27)
b.
Z
C2
Z
C1
u
kh
u
t
2u
2t
(t)
Z
C2
Z
C1
K
a.
h.19-27
Chuyn sang dang toan t Laplace tnh c dong in toan t :
( )
( )
2 C 1 C
t 2
kh
Z Z
p U 2
p I
+
= (19-143)
Vy co th nhn ng dy co Z
C1
ni tip vi ng dy co Z
C2
(khi cha co
song phan xa ng dy 2) nh mach gm ng dy 1 ni vi tai tp trung co Z
2
=
Z
C2
. im chuyn tip co th co cac phn t thng s tp trung nh : cun in cam
L
0
, tu in C
0
, in tr R
0
chung co nhng chc nng khac nhau nh : han ch qua in
ap, dong ngn mach hoac giam s bin dang, tng kha nng truyn tai in i xa.
Luc o trong s Petexson tnh qua trnh qua ta cn a cac thng s nay
vao nh hnh (h.19-28a, b, c, d)
Mc thm L
0
, C
0
vao ch chuyn tip lam cho u song khuc xa bt dc hn
u song ti, giup lam giam tac hai cua song xung kch truyn t ng dy vao cac
tram bin ap va may in.
Ta thy nu Z
C1
> Z
C2
th song phan xa co du ngc vi du song ti, con
song khuc xa se nho hn song ti.
163
Nu Z
C1
< Z
C2
th song phan xa va song ti cung du nhng song khuc xa ln
hn song ti.
U
+
L
0
/2
L
0
/2
Z
C1
Z
C2
a. b.
h.19-28
d.
C
0
2U
+
(p)
Z
C2
Z
C1
K
C
0
Z
C2
Z
C1
U
+
K
Z
C1
Z
C2
2U
+
(p)
pL
c.
V du :ong in mt chiu U = 100kV vao ng dy co Z
C1
= 400 qua tr
R n 2 ng dy cap ni song song co Z
C2
= Z
C3
= 50.
Xac nh R ng dy Z
C1
khng co song phan xa, xac nh bin song ti
trn cac ng cap khi co va khi khng co tai R. S tnh toan nh hnh (h.19-29)
a.
Z
C3
Z
C2
R
b a
Z
C1
U
Z
C2
R
2U/p
Z
C3
Z
C1
K
b.
h.19-29
Tng tr tng ng cui dy th nht la :
3 C 2 C
3 C 2 C
t
Z Z
Z . Z
R R
+
+ =
Ta thy se khng co song phan xa trn ng dy th nht nu
1 C t
Z R = (tai
hoa hp nn ch co song ti).
T o co :
3 C 2 C
3 C 2 C
1 C 1 C
3 C 2 C
3 C 2 C
t
Z Z
Z . Z
Z R ra rut Z
Z Z
Z . Z
R R
+
= =
+
+ =
Thay s : =
+
= 375
50 50
50 . 50
400 R la gia tr cn co trn dy Z
C1
khng co
song phan xa.
Dong khuc xa (song ti cua cap) khi cha co song phan xa t cui ng dy
cap la :
164
( )
+
+ +
=
3 C 2 C
3 C 2 C
1 C
kh
Z Z
Z . Z
R Z p
U 2
p I
Ap khuc xa la : ( ) ( )
+
+ +
+
=
+
=
3 C 2 C
3 C 2 C
1 C
3 C 2 C
3 C 2 C
3 C 2 C
3 C 2 C
kh kh
Z Z
Z . Z
R Z p
Z Z
Z . Z
U 2
Z Z
Z . Z
. p I p U
( ) kV 5 , 6
25 375 400
25
200
Z Z
Z Z
R Z
Z Z
Z . Z
U 2
U p U
3 C 2 C
3 C 2 C
1 C
3 C 2 C
3 C 2 C
kh kh
=
+ +
=
+
+ +
+
=
Khi khng co R (R = 0) th ( ) kV 8 , 11
25 400
25
200 t u
kh
=
+
=
6. Song trn ng dy khi ong thm nhanh mi.
Song xut hin khng ch trong trng hp ong ng dy vao ngun ma ca
khi ong cac nhanh ring re tai cac im khac nhau cua mach in nh cui hoc
gia ng dy.
Bai toan ong thm nhanh mi c giai theo phng phap xp chng. Khi o
cac ap, dong trn ng dy va cac nhanh ni vi no xac nh bng cach xp chng
cac dong va ap a co trc khi ong vi cac dong, ap xut hin trong mach sau khi
ong ngun, co ap bng ap trn khoa trang thai h mach.
V du minh hoa phng phap :
ng dy khng tn hao co l = 400m co Z
C
= 500 cung cp cho phu tai tr R
= 300 t ngun sc in ng E = 2000V, in tr trong r = 100 nh hnh (h.19-
30). Xac nh s phn b dong, ap doc theo ng dy sau khi ong thm in dung C
= 2,667nF.
l
i
C
i
2
i
1
E
r
u
2
u
1
Z
C
C R
i
R
K
a b
h.19-30
Trc khi ong - qua trnh xac lp co ap, dong trong mach la :
) V ( 1500 u ), V ( 1500 300 .
300 100
2000
R .
R r
E
u u
) A ( 0 i ), A ( 5
300 100
2000
R r
E
i i i
ab 20 10
0 C 0 R 10 20
= =
+
=
+
= =
= =
+
=
+
= = =

165
S tnh toan ap, dong trong mach khi ong ngun ap U
ab
nh s thng s
tp trung trong o thay ng dy bng in tr Z
C
nh (h.19-31a, b).
Tng tr toan t u vao : ( )
( )
C
C C
C
C
Z R pC
pRCZ Z R
Z R
Z . R
pC
1
p Z
+
+ +
=
+
+ =
1/pC
R
I'
R
(p)
I'
C
(p)
U
ab
(p)
I'
2
(p)
U'
2
(p)
K
C
i'
C
R
i'
R
i'
2
u'
2
Z
C
Z
C
b. a.
h.19-31
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
RC
Z R
pZ
1500
pRC
Z R
Z p
1500
pRC
Z R
Z
) p ( U
pRC
Z R
pRC
pRCZ
) p ( U
p ' I
Z R pRCZ
pRC p U
Z R
R
Z R pRCZ
Z R pC p U
Z R
R
. p ' I p ' I
Z R pRCZ
Z R pC . p U
p Z
p U
p ' I
C
C
C
C
C
C
ab
C C
ab
2
C C
ab
C C C
C ab
C
2 2
C C
C ab ab
C
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+ +
=
+ + +
+
=
+
=
+ +
+
= =

( )
( )
( ) p F
p F
dang co p ' I
2
1
2
giai ( )
6
C
C C
C 2
10 . 2
RCZ
Z R
p c 0
RC
Z R
pZ p F
+
= =
+
+ =
Co 3
500
1500
Z
1500
A tnh Z ) p ( ' F
C
C 2
= = = =
Suy ra gc : ( ) A e 3 ) t ( ' i
t 10 . 2
2
6
=
in ap phu xut hin cui dy la : ). V ( e 1500 ' i Z ' u
t 10 . 2
2 C 2
6
= =
Vic xut hin ap phu u'
2
cui ng dy se lam xut hin s lan truyn doc
theo ng dy cac song :
) A ( e 3
Z
' u
' i
) V ( e 1500 ' u
v
x
t 10 . 2
C
t
t
v
x
t 10 . 2
t
6
6

= =
=

Phn b ap, dong trong mach sau khi ong tu se la xp chng cac ap ng ring
re.
) A ( e 3 5 ' i i i
) V ( e 1500 1500 u u u
v
x
t 10 . 2
t 0
v
x
t 10 . 2
t 0
6
6

+ = =
= + =

7. Song trn ng dy khi ct nhanh.
Qua trnh qua xut hin khi ct nhanh c xem nh la s xp chng cua
dong va ap trn ng dy trc khi ct vi dong va ap phu do s i ni. Cac dong
166
phu nay c xac nh khi ong mt ngun co dong bng v tr s nhng ngc du
vi dong trc khi i ni, phng phap nay ch c dung trong cac trng hp khi
vic ct khng gy nn s t mach co in cam.
V du : Hai ng dy cung chiu dai l
1
= l
2
co tng tr song Z
C1
= 300, Z
C2
=
500, ni tip nhau c cung cp ngun ap hng E = 1600V, cui ng dy th hai
h mach, ch chuyn tip gia hai ng dy co ni vi tr r = 400 trang thai c
ct (m) nh hnh(h.19-32a)
Xac nh s phn b ap, dong sau khi ct nhanh luc cac song lan truyn t im
chuyn tip doc ca hai ng dy.
Trc khi K m, mach in xac lp nn ap :
u
10
= u
20
= E = 1600V.
Dong in trn dy th nht va trn tr luc nay la : . A 4
400
1600
r
E
i i
0 r 10
= = = =
Dong in trn dy th hai : i
20
= 0 (h mach)
a.
E
r
Z
C2
Z
C1
i
r
i
2
i
1
b
a
K
b.
Z
C2
Z
C1
J
i'
1
i'
2
K
h.19-32
xac nh dong, ap phu xut hin sau khi m K, cn t thm vao ch ct mt
ngun dong i' = J = 4A.
Ta co s tng ng tnh nh hnh (h.19-32b)
Sau khi ong K co : A 5 , 2
500 300
500
4
Z Z
Z
J ' i
2 C 1 C
2 C
1
=
+
=
+
=
va . A 5 , 1 5 , 2 4 ' i J ' i
1 2
= = =
Sau khi ct tr r th doc theo dy 1se co lan truyn song dong in co bin
i'
1
= 2,5A con doc theo dy 2 co lan truyn song dong in co bin i'
2
= 1,5A.
Cac song ap tng ng la :
V 750 5 , 1 . 500 ' i . Z ' u
V 750 5 , 2 . 300 ' i . Z ' u
2 2 C 2
1 1 C 1
= = =
= = =

Tai cac im trn ng dy co cac song do vic m K tao ra a lan truyn ti
se co gia tr la :
A 5 , 1 5 , 1 0 ' i i i
A 5 , 1 5 , 2 4 ' i i i
V 2350 750 1600 ' u u u
2 20 2
1 10 1
0
= + = + =
= = =
= + = + =

12. Phan xa nhiu ln trn duong dy dai.
167
Ta a chng minh song in ap va dong in gm cac song ti va song phan xa.
Song phan xa hnh thanh do song ti p vao mt b nao o di lai. V vy trn ng
dy dai gia hai im u va cui la hai b se xut hin s phan xa nhiu ln, luc nay
in ap va dong in se la kt qua cua nhiu song ti va nhiu song phan xa nn ta rt
cn xet s phan xa song nhiu ln. minh hoa cho n gian xet ng dy khng tai
va t ap vao khng i U, gc thi gian la thi im ong ngu n. Chiu dai ng
dy l, vn tc truyn song v, v Z
2
= (ng dy h mach cui dy) nn h s phan
xa n
2
= 1, co phan xa toan phn.
Trong khoang thi gian
v
l
t 0 < trn ng dy mi ch co song ap ti U va
song dong ti
C
Z
U
I = chay t u n gn cui dy ta k hiu U
+
= U
th1
= U; I
+
= I
th1
=
I =
C
Z
U
. Phn b in ap, dong in trong khoang thi gian nay nh hnh (h.19-33a,b)
a.
0
x
U
U
b.
0
x
I
I
h.19-33
Tai thi im
v
l
t = song va n cui dy (tai x = l) tp tc co song phan xa lai
goi la song ngc th nht co gia tr :
I I n I n I I
U U n U n U U
1 th 2 2 1 ng
1 th 2 2 1 ng
= = = =
= = = =
+
+

Song ngc th nht gp song ti th nht la cho in ap, dong in ngc trong
khoang thi gian t
v
l 2
t
v
l
< ni hai song gp nhau co gia tr la :
0 I I I I I
U 2 U U U U U
1 ng 1 th
1 ng 1 th
= = =
= + = + =

Biu din in ap, dong in trong khoang thi gian nay nh hnh (h.19-34a,b)
a.
0
2U
x = l
h.19-34
U
b.
0
x = l
I
I
Khi song ngc th nht chay n u ng dy no se b phan xa tr lai, sinh
ra song chay t u n cui goi la song thun th 2.
168
V h s phan xa u dy 1
Z r
Z r
n
C 1
C 1
1
=
+
= (thng r
1
0) phan xa toan phn
co ao du.
Nn gia tr song thun th 2 la :
I I n I
U U n U
1 ng 1 2 th
1 ng 1 2 th
= =
= =

Trong khoang thi gian
v
l 3
t
v
l 2
< trn ng dy co U
th1
, U
ng1
, U
th2
va dong
cung vy nn in ap va dong in trong khoang thi gian nay la :
I I 0 I I I I
U U U 2 U U U U
2 th 1 ng 1 th
2 th 1 ng 1 th
= = + =
= = + + =

Phn b in ap, dong in nh hnh (h.19-35a,b)
Tai
v
l 3
t = co song ngc th 2 :
I I n I
U U n U
2 th 2 2 ng
2 th 2 2 ng
= =
= =

Nn trong khoang thi gian :
v
l 4
t
v
l 3
< co dong in, in ap la :
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 I I I I I I I
0 U U U U U U U
2 ng 2 th 1 ng 1 th
2 ng 2 th 1 ng 1 th
= = + =
= = + + + =

Phn b in ap, dong in nh hnh (h.19-36a,b).
U
U
x
0
a.
a.
0
x = l
U
U
b.
0
x
-I
I
h.19-35
b.
0
x = l
-I
I
h.19-36
T
v
l 4
t qua trnh lp lai t u.
Vy in ap, dong in trn ng dy gia u dy va cui dy nh nhng
song phan xa qua lai nhiu ln vi chu ky
v
l 4
T = .
13. Mt s vi du v tinh toan duong dy dai
169
V du 1 : ng dy dai co Z
C1
=300 c ni vao may phat in (coi la
ng dy dai) co Z
C2
= 1200. u vao may phat c ni song song mt tu in C
= 10
-6
F. Xac nh song khuc xa vao may phat khi dong vao u ng dy mt ngun
ap ch nht U = 500kV nh (h.19-37a). y la bai toan qua trnh qua nn ta dung
s Petexson (h.19-37b).
C
Z
C2
Z
C1
U
2U/p
1/pC
Z
C2
Z
C1
K
b. a. h.19-37
T s (19-37b) tnh nghim anh toan t dong in khuc xa :
( )
( )
( )
2 C 1 C 2 C 1 C
2 C
2 C
2 C
1 C
kh
Z Z Z pCZ p
pCZ 1 U 2
Z
pC
1
Z
pC
1
Z p
U 2
p I
+ +
+
=
+
+
=
Nghim toan t in ap khuc xa trn may phat in :
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2 C 1 C 2 C 1 C
2 C
kx
2 C
2 C
2 C 1 C 2 C 1 C
2 C
2 C
2 C
kh kh
Z Z Z pCZ p
UZ 2
) p ( U
pCZ 1
Z
.
Z Z Z pCZ p
pCZ 1 U 2
pCZ 1
Z
. p I p U
+ +
=
+ + +
+
=
+
=

Biu thc tc thi in ap khuc xa trn may phat :
t
Z CZ
Z Z
2 C 1 C
2 C
2 C 1 C
2 C
kh
2 C 1 C
2 C 1 C
e
Z Z
UZ 2
Z Z
UZ 2
) t ( u
+
+
=
Thay s ta c : la ap vao may phat in. ( ) ) kV ( e 800 800 t u
t 10 . 42
kh
6
=
V du 2. thi im t = 0 ong ng dy khng tiu tan dai v han vao ngun
ap u(t) = U
0
e
-at
. Chon gc toa la u dy. Gc thi gian la thi im ong mach, luc
o ap u dy la : u(0,t) = u
0
(t) = U
0
e
-at
. Xac nh biu thc toa x
1
. Xac nh
biu thc song thun, xac nh biu thc ap thi im t
1
.
Phn b in ap theo thi gian gc toa la u ng dy (x = 0) nh hnh
(h.19-38) vi biu thc u
0
(t) = U
0
e
-at
.
T o suy ra quy lut bin thin in ap theo thi gian toa x
1
la :
( )
=
v
x
t u t , x u
1
1
phu thuc vao thi gian nh biu thc (19-144):
170
( )
<

v
x
t : khi 0
v
x
t : khi e U
t , x u
1
1 v
x
t a
0
1
1
(19-144)
c biu din hnh (h.19-39).

v
x
t a
0
1
e U

v
x
t a
0
e U
at
0
e U

x
1
= U
t1
t
1
= x
1
/v t 0 t 0 t 0
u(x
1
,t
1
) u
0
(t) u(x,t)
h.19-38 h.19-39 h.19-40
o chnh la biu thc thi gian song in ap thun tai toa x
1
.
T o co c biu thc phn b song in ap thi im t
1
theo toa x
1
la
u(x,t
1
) :
( )

=
v
x
t a
0 1 1
1
e U
v
x
t u t , x u
Ta nhn thy u(x,t
1
) nh anh soi gng cua u(x
1
, t) nh hnh (h.19-40).
V du 3 : ng dy dai khng tiu tan co chiu dai l = 12km co tng tr song
Z
C
= 400. c ni vao ngun S E = 2000V co in tr trong r = 400. Bc
song = 2,5m. Tai cui dy co tng tr Z
2
= 640 +j480 = 800e
j36,5
. Xac nh dong,
ap u va cui dy, cng sut tai tiu thu (la cng sut tac dung cung cp cho ng
dy).
Giai :
in ap, dong in u ng dy c tnh theo cng thc :
; l . sin
Z
U
j l . cos I I
l . sin I jZ l . cos U U
C
1
2
C
2 1
+ =
+ =

Vi in ap trn tai
= =

2
ra suy
2
song bc ; Z I U
C
2
Tng tr vao cua ng dy :
' 10 3 j 0
C
2
C 2
V
0
e 145 ' 10 3 145
) 08 , 3 .(
400
480 j 640
j 1
08 , 3 . 400 j 480 j 640
l . tg
Z
Z
j 1
l . tg jZ Z
Z

= =
+
+
+
=
+
+
=
Dong in u ng dy :
171
) A ( 67 , 3
545
2000
145 400
2000
Z r
E
Z
E
I
V
1 = =
+
=
+
= =

in ap u ng dy : ) V ( e 532 ' 10 3 145 . 67 , 3 Z I U
' 10 3 j 0
V
1 1
0

= = =
Dong in cui dy la : ) A ( e 74 , 1
232 j 198
e 532
l . sin jZ l . cos Z
U
I
' 20 46 j
' 10 3 j
C 2
1
2
0
0
=
=
+
=

in ap cui dy ( tai) la : ) V ( ' 10 83 1392 ' 50 36 800 '. 20 46 74 , 1 Z I U
0 0 0
2
2 2 = = =

Cng sut u ng dy : ) W ( 1940 ' 10 3 cos 67 , 3 . 532 cos I U P
0
1 1 1 1
= = =
Cng sut cui ng dy : ). W ( 1940 640 . 74 , 1 r I P
2
2
2
2 2
= = =
V du 4 : Ngun ap ) V ( t 10 cos 100 ) t ( e
4
= cung cp in cho ng dy dai co
chiu dai l = 10km, = .10
-4
(rad/m), . Gia
thit trn ng dy ch co song ti. Hay xac nh cac qua trnh thi gian cua i
) m / Nepe ( 10 . 3 ), ( e 250 Z
5 45 j
C
0
= =
1
(t)
u ng dy dai, u
2
(t), i
2
(t) cui ng dy dai, xac nh vn tc song chay v.
Giai :
Trn ng dy dai ch co song ti, y la trng hp hoa hp tai Z
2
= Z
C
.
Biu thc in ap trn ng dy dai :
x
1 t t e U ) x ( U ) x ( U

= =
Va dong in :
x
C
1 t
x
1 t t e
Z
U
e . I ) x ( I ) x ( I

= = =
u ng dy, gc toa x = 0 co va ) V ( 0 100 E U ) 0 x ( U 1 t = = = =

) A ( 45 4 , 0
45 250
0 100
Z
U
I ) 0 x ( I
0
0
c
1 t
1 t =
= = = =

cui ng dy tai x = l co :
) A ( 225 296 , 0
45 250
180 74
Z
U
e I I ) l X ( I
) V ( 180 74 e . e 100 e . e 100 e E e U U ) l x ( U
0
0
0
C
2 t
l
1 t 2 t
0 j 3 , 0 10 . 10 . j 10 . 10 . 3 . 0 l l
1 t 2 t
4 4 4 4
=
= = = = =
= = = = = = =

Vn tc song chay : ) s / m ( 10 . 318 , 0 10 .
1
10 .
10
v
8 8
4
4
=
=

Dang phn b thi gian :
( )
) A )( 225 t 10 cos( 296 , 0 ) t ( i ) t ( i
) V )( 180 t 10 cos( 74 ) t ( u ) t ( u
) A ( 45 t 10 cos 4 , 0 ) t ( i ) t ( i
) V ( t 10 cos 100 ) t ( e ) t ( u ) t ( u
0 4
2 t 2
0 4
2 t 2
0 4
1 t 1
4
1 t 1
= =
= =
= =
= = =

V du 5 : Ngun in ap E = 100V cung cp cho ng dy ng truc dai l =
1km. Bit in ap h mach cui ng dy , dong in ngn mach ) V ( 45 50 U
0
hm 2 =

172
cui ng dy . Xac nh h s truyn song , tng tr song Z ) A ( 20 32 , 0 I
0
nm 2 =
C

cua ng dy.
Giai : Ngun co tng tr trong rt nho nn E t ln vao u ng dy dai
luc r mach cui ng dy nn co rut ra : E U1 =
0 I2 =
l Ch U E U hm 2 1 = =

2 j 2 45 2
45 50
100
U
E
l Ch
0
0
hm 2
= =
= =

Luc ngn mach cui ng dy : nn rut ra : 0 U2 =
l Sh Z I E U
C
nm 2 1 = =

0
0
nm 2
C
20 5 , 312
20 32 , 0
100
I
E
l Sh Z =
= =

V ( ) l sin . l jSh l cos . l Ch l j l Ch l Ch + = + =
mt khac co : 2 j 2 l Ch = rut ra :
2 l sin . l Sh va 2 l cos . l Ch = =
T rut ra 1 l Sh l Ch
2 2
= l Sh 1 l Ch
2
+ =
Va 1 l sin l cos
2 2
= + rut ra l sin 1 l cos
2
=
2 l sin 1 . l Sh 1
2 2
= + rut ra 2 ) l sin 1 )( l Sh 1 (
2 2
= +
Loai i sinl rut ra phng trnh : giai ra c :
suy ra l = 1,36 c
0 2 l Sh 3 l Sh
2 4
=
82 , 1 l Sh = ) m / nepe ( 10 . 36 , 1
1000
36 , 1
l
36 , 1
3
= = =
78 , 0
82 , 1
2
l Sh
2
l Sin =
= c ) m / rad ( 10 . 51
10
51
va ) rad ( 51 l
3
3
= = =
vy
0 2 3 3
52 1 , 4 1 4 j 1 l Ch l Sh ); m / 1 )( 10 . 51 j 10 . 36 , 1 ( = = = + =

Tng tr song : ) ( 72 75
52 1 , 4 . 20 32 , 0
100
l Sh I
E
Z
0
0 0
nm 2
C
=

=
=

V du 6 : Ngun ap e(t) cung cp cho ng dy dai khng tn hao co l = 400m
tai Z
2
, in ap trn tai la ) V )( t 10 . 6 sin( 120 ) t ( u
4
2
= , = 10
4
m. Hay tnh e(t) va tnh
h s phan xa cui ng dy trong hai trng hp :
1. Khi Z
2
= Z
C

2. Khi Z
2
= Z
C
/2
Giai :
1. Khi Z
2
= Z
C
ng dy hoa hp tai, trn ng dy ch co song ti nn n
2
=
0, t thay tai gc toa
x j
1
e A ) x ( U

=

= = = E U A ) 0 ( U 1
1
Thay x = l co :
l j
2
l j
2
l j
2 e . U
e
U
E nn e E U ) l ( U

= = = =
Trong o ) V ( e 120 E nn ), rad ( 08 , 0 400 .
10
2
l
2
l
08 , 0 j
4
= =
=
T o co phn b thi gian : ) V )( ' 24 14 t 10 . 6 sin( 120 ) t ( e
0 4
+ =
173
2. Khi Z
2
= Z
C
/2 th h s phan xa 180
3
1
3
1
Z Z
Z Z
n
C 2
C 2
2
= =
+
=
in ap u ng dy : ( )
l j
2
l j
t 2
l j
fx 2
l j
t 2 1 e n e U e U e U E U

+ = + = =
Ma
2
t 2
2
t 2 t 2
2
t 2 fx 2 t 2 2
n 1
U
U nn ), n 1 ( U U n U U U U
+
= + = + = + =

Vy co : ( )
0 08 , 0 j 08 , 0 j l j
2
l j
2
2
27 131 e
3
1
e
3
1
1
120
e n e
n 1
U
E =
= +
+
=

Phn b thi gian cua ngun : ) V )( 27 t 10 . 6 sin( 131 ) t ( e
0 4
+ =
V du 7 : ng dy dai khng tn hao co l = 180km, co tng tr song z
C
=
400 c ong vao ngun ap . Tai cui ng dy
la tu in C = 0,5F cha c nap in. Hay tm s phn b in ap, dong in trn
ng dy sau khi ong ng dy vao ngun thi gian t
) kV ( e 100 e U ) t ( u
t 10 . 2 at
0
3

= =
1
= 1ms.
Giai :
Khi ong ngun u(t) vao u ng dy (gc toa ) co song ti o la :
t 10 . 2
1 t
3
e 100 ) 0 x ( u

= = (kV) suy ra song ti tai cui dy la :

=
v
l
t 10 . 2
t 2
3
e 100 u
(kV). Tnh c : ) A ( e 250 e
400
10 . 100
z
u
i
v
l
t 10 . 2
v
l
t 10 . 2
3
C
t 2
t 2
3 3

= = =
Dung s Petexson tnh in ap, dong in qua
cui ng dy, vi mc thi gian la thi im song ti
truyn n cui ng dy gy nn QTQ la
0
v
l
t = = . Luc nay ngun song ti la
vi bin thi gian .

=
. 10 . 2
t 2
3
e 100 . 2 u 2
Z
C
= 0
K
1/pC
2U
2t
(p)
3
0
t 2
. 10 . 2
t 2
10 . 2 p
U 2
) p ( U 2 e 100 . 2 u 2
3
+
= =

Tnh c dong in toan t :
) p ( F
) p ( F
10 p 10 . 7 p
p 10 . 5
) 1 pC z )( 10 . 2 p (
pC . 100 . 2
pC
1
z
) p ( U 2
) p ( I
2
1
7 3 2
2
C
3
C
t 2
2
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
+
=
Xac nh nghim gc theo khai trin Hvisaid :

+ =
+ = + =
v
l
t 10 . 5
v
l
t 10 . 2
2
10 . 5 10 . 2
2
p
2 2
2 1 p
1 2
1 1
2
3 3
3 3
2 1
e 33 , 833 e 33 , 333 ) t ( i
e 33 , 833 e 33 , 333 ) ( i e
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
e
) p ( ' F
) p ( F
) ( i

) A ( e 33 , 833 e 33 , 583 ) t ( i
e 33 , 833 e 33 , 333 e 250 ) t ( i ) t ( i ) t ( i
v
l
t 10 . 5
v
l
t 10 . 2
fx 2
v
l
t 10 . 5
v
l
t 10 . 2
v
l
t 10 . 2
2 t 2 fx 2
3 3
3 3 3

=
+ = =

174
) t ( i . z ) t ( u
fx 2 C fx 2
=
Sau khi ong ngun thi gian t
1
= 1ms = 10
-3
s th song ti chay c dai x
1
=
v.t
1
= 3.10
8
.10
-3
= 300km, ngha la no chay n cui ng dy (180km)ri chay ngc
tr lai u ng dy cach u ng dy 60km cho nn trn dai t gc 0 n 60km
ch co song ti cha co song phan xa. Luc nay :
400
e 100
z
u
i i
v
x
t 10 . 1
C
t
t
3

= = = vi x 60km
) V ( e 100 u u
v
x
t 10 . 2
t
3

= =
Con khi x 60km th :
) kV ( e 33 , 333 e . 33 , 233 100 u u u
v
x l 2
t 10 . 2
v
x l 2
t 10 . 2
v
x
t 10 . 2
fx t
1
3
1
3
1
3

+ = + =
) A ( e 33 , 833 e 33 , 333 i i ) t ( i
v
l
t 10 . 5
v
l
t 10 . 2
fx t
3 3

+ = =


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Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang

= = , goi h s cua phng trnh la in

= . Trong o chiu dng u

sin j cos V sin jV cos V jb a V

c mt s phc co mun bng V

= = . Y goi la tng dn phc, y =1/z

= = (2-70) goi la h s phm cht cua

(2.80) bin giai thng

la tng ai s S thuc vong k, S nao cung chiu vi vong th co du

= (4-11) ro rang V 1 E khi U K

= (4-12) ro rang A 1 J khi I K

= (4-13) goi la tng dn tng h. Khi

se i xng qua truc cheo chnh.

Tng tr vao phc : ) ( 38 j 22 60 sin 44 j 60 cos 44 60 44 z Z

+ = (6-10) chia ca t va mu cho L

= la hai im zro cua mi nhanh.

= nn tai = 0 no bin thanh im cc,

, nn cng sut tng a vao nhng b

la thi gian tr. Nu b t l vi th

Giao trnh C s Ky thut in I Trang

chay t H n A (tc im trung tnh O

co phng trung phng A B

la phng co dong ang cc ai.

B bng cach coi may luc nay thanh hai cc t : t

va co chiu trung chiu t trng pha B la pha ang co dong cc ai nh

va co phng trung phng C B

la pha ang co dong cc ai nh hnh

u(i) = R(I).i ma R(I) la hng nn u(i) la tuyn tnh.

= la h s n ap - ch cht lng n ap (cang ln cang tt)

Do o ta co phng trnh : U(I) = U

, v co quan h giai tch

= const nn quan h nay la tuyn tnh. Biu thc (12-8) la

(x) la kt qua xp chng

(t) = 110 + 10.sin628t (V), in cam tuyn tnh co L= 0,1H

la in tr ng tai im lam vic (ni tr

la in dn ring cua en tai im lam vic,

la h dn cua en tai im lam vic.

Vy irac la gii han day xung tin dn n 0 ngoai gc t = 0 va tin dn n

= = + + = tuy theo quan h gia

= c biu thc in ap qua trn tu in va dong in qua :

= thay vao dang nghim c :

C r mach qua dong ham la e

L r mach ap qua ham la e ) t ( h

8. nh ly ao ham anh : M ta bi biu thc (16 -13) :

= (ap dung nh ly dch anh)

(dang anh - gc rt hay gp)

= goi la mt ph cua gc f(t) (17-4)

va phng trnh m ta QTQ

Trng ai Hoc Ky Thut - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in

: gia tr trung bnh bnh

: la bin cua iu hoa c ban

ao ham ca hai v c phng trnh :

= . T dang nghim : = cos ) t ( A ) t (

nn phng trnh cua mach la :

Loai i bin t trong x(t) va ta c quan h

Trng ai Hoc Ky Thut - Khoa in - B mn Thit b in

Di y ta dn ra mt s quan h t dang cua quy ao pha anh gia

1. V chiu chuyn ng im trang thai.

x > 0 th bin x tng, nn

x < 0 th bin x giam, nn im trang thai di chuyn t phai sang trai.

la tc cua qua trnh t nn co : y x =

1. Co th xy dng quy ao pha ma khng cn phn tch phng trnh vi phn

Trng hp n gian co th tch phn phng trnh vi phn c . ) x ( x

3. Ta xet mt s phng phap gn ung ve y(x).