Engineering

Engineering
Metrology &
Metrology &
Instruments
Instruments
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 2
Content
Introduction.
- Important concepts.
Measuring Instruments.
4) Length measuring Instruments.
1.Rules and tapes.
2.Vernier caliper.
3.The Micrometer.
4.alipers.
!) "ngle measuring Instruments.
#) $ages.
%) omparati&e length-measuring instruments.
4.1) 'ial indicator.
Re(erences.
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 3

Introduction:
Engineering Metrology:
Measurement of dimensions such as length, hickness,
diameter, taper, angle, flatness, profile and others.
Post-Process Inspection:
Measurements taken after the part is produced
In-process, On-line or Real-Time Inspection:
Checking part characteristics while part is being
produced.
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 4
Sensitivity:
Is the smallest difference in dimensions that the
instrument can detect.
Accuracy:
The ability of a measurement to match the actual
value of the quantity being measured.
Precision:
The degree to which the instrument gives repeated
measurements of the same standard.
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 5
The difference between precision and accuracy can be
shown by the spread of shooting of a tar-get (as shown
in Diagram below):
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 6
Range of measurement:
The physical variables that are measured between
two values. One is the higher calibration value ,
and the other is !ower value !.
Error:
The deviation between the results of measured
value to the actual value.
Correction:
The numerical value which should be added to the
measured value to get the correct result.
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 7

Measurements )tandards*
" English Speaking Countries (English System):
#ound, $oot, %econd
" Metric System (SI System International):
&ilogram, Meter, %econd
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 8
Measuring
Instruments:
'( !ength measuring Instruments.
'.'( )irect measuring.
'.*( Indirect measuring.
*( +ngle measuring Instruments.
,( Instruments for surface finish.
-( Instruments for deviations.
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 9
1) Length measuring Instruments*
!irect measuring"
1.1) Rules and
tapes:
Rules and tapes are the simlest !ay o"
meas#ring larger dimensions. $teel r#les are
generally only a%ailable to meas#re
dimensions # to & meter. 'eyond this( steel
taes )meas#ring to 3* m+
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D &*
1) Length measuring Instruments*
!irect measuring"
1.1) Rules and
tapes:
Rules and tapes used for/
1. measuring lengths.
2. Measuring the outside diameter of pipe.
3. Measuring the inside diameter of pipe.
4. Measuring the circumference of pipe.
5. Measuring inside dimensions.
6. Measuring the thickness of stock through a hole.
7. Measuring outside dimension with a tape
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D &&
1) Length measuring Instruments*
!irect measuring"
1.2) Vernier
caliper:
,he %ernier -aliers "o#nd in the laboratory
in-ororates a main s-ale and a sliding %ernier
s-ale !hi-h allo!s readings to the nearest *.*2
mm
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D &2
1) Length measuring Instruments*
!irect measuring"
1.2) Vernier
caliper:
This instrument may be used to measure/
-
outer dimensions o" ob.e-ts )#sing the main
.a!s+.
-
inside dimensions )#sing the smaller .a!s at
the to+.
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D &3
1) Length measuring Instruments*
!irect measuring"
1.2) Vernier
caliper:
How to read vernier calipers?
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D &4
1) Length measuring Instruments*
!irect measuring"
1.) !"e
Micrometer :
,he mi-rometer s-re! ga#ge is #sed to meas#re e%en
smaller dimensions than the %ernier -aliers.
,he mi-rometer s-re! ga#ge also #ses an a#/iliary s-ale
)meas#ring h#ndredths o" a millimeter+ !hi-h is mar0ed
on a rotary thimble
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D &5
1) Length measuring Instruments*
!irect measuring"
1.) !"e
Micrometer :
How to read a micrometer?
# the ob.e-t is la-ed bet!een the .a!s and
the thimble is rotated #sing the rat-het #ntil
the ob.e-t is se-#red.
# 1ote that the rat-het 0nob m#st be #sed to
se-#re the ob.e-t "irmly bet!een the .a!s(
other!ise the instr#ment -o#ld be damaged or
gi%e an in-onsistent reading.
# ,he man#"a-t#rer re-ommends 3 -li-0s o"
the rat-het be"ore ta0ing the reading.
# ,he lo-0 may be #sed to ens#re that the
thimble does not rotate !hile yo# ta0e the
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D &6
1) Length measuring Instruments*
!irect measuring"
1.) !"e
Micrometer :
How to read a micrometer?
Exampl
e:
In figure shown the last
graduation visible to the
left of the thimble is .
mm and the thimble lines
up with the main scale at
,/ hundredths of a
millimeter 01.,/ mm(2
therefore the reading is
..,/ mm.
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D &7
1) Length measuring Instruments*
In#irect measuring"
1.)
Calipers:
,hese are #sed to trans"er the meas#red
dimension "rom the !or0ie-e to a steel r#le.
In the basi- -alier( -areless #se -an allo!
the setting o" the -alier to be -hanged
d#ring trans"er "rom the !or0ie-e to the
r#le. 2en-e( the sring3loaded tye( !hi-h
re%ents this haening( is re"erable.
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D &8
1) Length measuring Instruments*
In#irect measuring"
1.)
Calipers:
Types of calipers:
Inside caliper* are used to measure the internal si3e of an ob4ect.
+utside caliper* are used to measure the e5ternal si3e of an ob4ect.
'i&ider caliper* are used in the process of marking out suitable
workpieces
Inside caliper $utside caliper
%i&ider caliper
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D &9
2) "ngle measuring Instruments*
'ni&ersal (e&el
protractor
# It is #sed to lay o#t( meas#re( or -he-0
angles.
# ,he be%el rotra-tor -an meas#re angles
to "i%e min#tes o" a degree.
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 2*
3) $ages*
- Gauge blocks( also 0no!n as sli ga#ges( -onsist o"
re-tang#lar blo-0s o" hardened steel that ha%e "lat and
arallel end "a-es.
# 4or meas#ring5 a n#mber o" ga#ge blo-0s are .oined
together to ma0e # the re6#ired dimension to be -he-0ed.
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 2&
3) $ages*
Grades:
- Re)erence *+++): small tolerance *, -.----.
mm or -.-----2 in) used to esta(lis" standards
- Cali(ration *++): *tolerance /-.---1- mm to
#-.----. mm) used to cali(rate inspection
(loc0s and &ery "ig" precision gauging
- Inspection *+): *tolerance /-.---1. mm to
#-.----. mm) used as tool room standards )or
setting ot"er gauging tools
- 1or0s"op *2): large tolerance *tolerance
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 22
3) $ages*
Plug
gages:
*a) 7l#g gage "or -he-0ing si8e or diameter o"
internally threaded art.
*() 7l#g gage "or -he-0ing taer o" internally
threaded art.
*c) 9ing gage "or -he-0ing si8e or diameter o"
e/ternally threaded art.
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 23
3) $ages*
Ring
gages:
*a) ,he Metri- ,rae8oidal 9ing :age.
*() Ameri-an $tandard Ad.#stable 9ing :age.
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 24
3) $ages*
Snap
gage:
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 25
3) $ages*
Snap
gage:
# $na gage gages diameters( lengths( and
thi-0ness.
# ,he ad.#stable limit sna gage is #sed to -he-0
o#tside diameter.
- T$ere are a various types of snap gages:
3 ad4usta(le snap gage.
3 ad4usta(le roll snap gage.
3 dial indicator snap gage.
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 26
3) omparati&e length-measuring instruments*
Dial
indicator:
+ dial indicator is used to
measure5
sha"t r#no#t( sha"t thr#st(
gear ba-0lash( "ly!heel
"a-e r#no#t( "ly!heel
ho#sing -on-entri-ity( and
%al%e seat -on-entri-ity
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 27
3) omparati&e length-measuring instruments*
Dial
indicator:
!"e main components o) a dial
indicator5
Most dial indi-ators ha%e
-omonents s#-h as a
be8el( indi-ator ointer(
tool ost and -lam(
magneti- toolholder( and
sensor b#tton that are
#sed in ta0ing
Eng/ Mohammed Abd Elghany. 2nd
I.E.D 28
3) Re(erences*
http*,,---.tpu..com,content,construction,142!#,css,142!#/43.htm
http*,,---.ph0.uct.ac.1a,courses,c1la.,&ernier1.html
http*,,en.-i2ipedia.org,-i2i,$auge/.loc2s
http*,,itdc.l.cc.edu,oer,machineTool,precisionTools,precisionTools"LT,pre
cisionTools.htm
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