Jason Lalljee and Sherin Shibu

Townsend Harris High School

Mr. Scardino P5
28 May 2014
The Price of Safety: Holstering the Constitution?
Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
"18 USC Ch. 44: FIREARMS." 18 USC Ch. 44: FIREARMS. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.
<http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid%3AUSC-prelim-title18-
chapter44&saved=%7CYmFja2dyb3VuZCBjaGVja3M%3D%7CdHJlZXNvcnQ%3D%7
CdHJ1ZQ%3D%3D%7C33%7Ctrue%7Cprelim&edition=prelim>.
This source is helpful to our thesis because it assists us in backing up the lifestyle
component, how it affected the life of the average citizen. Title 18 outlines the process
used in tracing firearms during a criminal investigation, as well as defining the different
types of criminal offense.
"1919 Race Riot." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicago_race_riot,_five_policemen_and_one_soldier.j
pg>.
The 1919 Race Riot was an example of Chicago gun violence that led to tighter
regulation.
Archives and Special Collections. University of Connecticut, n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.
<http://doddcenter.uconn.edu/asc/images/dodd/1994-0065_436_cartoon.PDF>.
We used this source in the visual aspect of the documentary; it was a political cartoon
stating that anyone who keeps guns out of the hands of crackpots, kids, and criminals
ought to be shot! This sarcastic reference provides the perfect framework to leap into
specific legislation passed that wanted to restrict gun carry. The cartoon was created by
Hugh Haynie for Senator Tom Dodd.
"Attempted Assassination of President Ronald Reagan." FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation,
n.d.
Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://vault.fbi.gov/president-ronald-reagan-assassination-attempt>.
This was the actual photocopy of the report for the attempted assassination of
President Reagan kept in the files of the FBI. It was transcribed by US Attorney Charles
Ruff when the case was actually occurring.
"Book Review David Graham Phillips." New York Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 June 2014.
<http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fimagepages%2F2011%2F01%2F16%2Fbook
s%2Freview%2FDUFFY-1294256610036.html>.
Photo: Assassinated author, David Graham Phillips used
"Capone vs. McSwiggin Newspaper." Northwestern University. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2014.
<https://homicide.northwestern.edu/docs_fk/homicide/mcswiggin/McSwiggin4.28.26.1.j
pg>
This photo supports the idea that Chicago increased its hold on gun control and therefore
our thesis because well-publicized gun violence (shown by this newspaper) increased
public fervor for gun control during that time.
"Constitution Day." Haysville Community Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2014.
<http://haysvillelibrary.wordpress.com/2008/09/17/constitution-day/>.
We used this source for the painting it offered of the Founding Fathers signing the
Constitution. The painting will be used to aesthetically improve the quality of our site.
"The Chicago City Council Chamber." Northernwestern University. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May
2014. <https://homicide.northwestern.edu/images_fk/timeline/1905/large/79.jpg>.
This is a picture of the Chicago City Council Chamber, where the Council decided on
stricter gun control regulation around the time of Northeastern immigration.
"Crime Scene Photograph of Body of Joseph Rosen in Candy Store." Home. N.p., n.d.
Web. 28 May 2014.
<http://dc.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/179>.
This photo of the Joseph Rosen crime scene helps support the idea that stronger gun
control did little to stop gun violence during the Era of Prohibition.
Csere, Michael. "SUMMARY OF COLORADO'S NEW GUN CONTROL LAWS."SUMMARY
OF COLORADO'S NEW GUN CONTROL LAWS. N.p., 3 Apr. 2013. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.
<http://www.cga.ct.gov/2013/rpt/2013-R-0198.htm>.
The recent shootings in Colorado prompted a call for more extensive measures of gun
control, and three new gun control laws were passed by the state as of April 2013. The
laws were written as solutions to arising citizen concern towards government
involvement in gun ownership in Colorado. This document is purely a relation of fact,
making it a primary source.
"The Day Book. (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, May 26, 1914, LAST EDITION, Image 21." News
about Chronicling America RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2014.
<http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1914-05-26/ed-2/seq-21/>.
This newspaper article documents a 1914 meeting in Chicago intended to stipulate new
gun methods of gun control, which included the necessity of obtaining a permit from the
Chief of Police, supporting the idea that mass immigration at this time was cause for
stricter weapons regulation in the Northeast.
"DOCUMENT: Full Text of New York's New Gun-control Law (called the NY SAFE
Act)."Archives of Lohud Company. The Journal News, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
<http://archive.lohud.com/interactive/article/99999999/NEWS01/130116006/DOCUME
NT-Full-text-New-York-s-new-gun-control-law-called-NY-SAFE-Act>.
Andrew Cuomo signed an act intended to provide stricter gun control in New York; this
is the actual document he signed. This supports our thesis because it shows that gun
control specific to New York is becoming tighter and more specialized over time.
Ford, Jerry. Your Washington Review (1968): 19-20. Fordlibrarymuseum.org. Web. 10 Nov.
2013. <http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/fordcong/4525474.pdf>.
This source clarifies President Johnsons proposals to Congress in 1968. The Committee
on Judiciary approved his bill to: 1. Extend the prohibitions of the omnibus crime bill to
long guns and ammunition. and 2. Authorize a state to permit its citizens to purchase
long guns in an adjacent state provided the gun laws ot both states are obeyed. President
Johnson was not satisfied, however, and sent a special message to Congress, pleading for
just two more measures: 1. The national registration of every gun in America. 2. The
obtaining of a license for every gun bearing individual in America. This information will
be useful because it links back to previous resources and video clips and can be easily
incorporated into our documentary.
"Gusenberg Brothers' Funeral." Chicagotribune.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2014.
<http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/photo/chi-hist-massacre
funel120121009135002%2C0%2C3921693.photo>.
This photo of the Gusenberg Brothers funeral explains the public distress evoked by the
St. Valentines Day Massacre of 1929 and by extension the signing of the Gun Control
Act of 1934.
"HOMICIDE RECORD FOR 1911 APPALLING; Swells Average of Decade Until Rate Per
100,000 in Our Cities Reaches 7.2." HOMICIDE RECORD FOR 1911 APPALLING.
N.p., 03 Oct. 1912. Web. 28 May 2014. <http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-
free/pdf?res=FB0E16F63A5E13738DDDAA0894D8415B828DF1D3>.
This is an article that shows that the homicide rate for 1911 was at an all time high, and
that it may have had to do, in part, with gun owning criminals. This may have disturbed
the public and political officials and led to an outcry for increased gun restriction.
"House Journal --TUESDAY, JUNE 19, 1798." House Journal --TUESDAY, JUNE 19, 1798.
N.p.,
n.d. Web. 28 May 2014. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-
bin/query/D?hlaw:1:./temp/~ammem_nCao::@@@mdb=mcc,gottscho,detr,nfor,wpa,aap,
cwar,bbpix,cowellbib,calbkbib,consrvbib,bdsbib,dag,fsaall,gmd,pan,vv,presp,varstg,suffr
g,nawbib,horyd,wtc,toddbib,mgw,ncr,ngp,musdibib,hlaw,papr,lhbumbib,rbpebib,lbcoll,al
ad,hh,aaodyssey,magbell,bbc,dcm,raelbib,runyon,dukesm,lomaxbib,mtj,gottlieb,aep,qlt,c
oolbib,fpnas,aasm,denn,relpet,amss,aaeo,mff,afc911bib,mjm,mnwp,rbcmillerbib,molden,
ww2map,mfdipbib,afcnyebib,klpmap,hawp,omhbib,rbaapcbib,mal,ncpsbib,ncpm,lhbprbi
b,ftvbib,afcreed,aipn,cwband,flwpabib,wpapos,cmns,psbib,pin,coplandbib,cola,tccc,curt,
mharendt,lhbcbbib,eaa,haybib,mesnbib,fine,cwnyhs,svybib,mmorse,afcwwgbib,mymhiw
ebib,uncall,afcwip,mtaft,manz,llstbib,fawbib,berl,fmuever,cdn,upboverbib,mussm,cic,afc
pearl,awh,awhbib,sgp,wright,lhbtnbib,afcesnbib,hurstonbib,mreynoldsbib,spaldingbib,sg
proto,scsmbib,afccalbib,mamcol>.
This is a transcript of a congressional meeting that revolved around controversy with the
amendments, specifically the second amendment. It will be useful when we highlight the
gun control debate and the controversy that arose through American legislative history in
regards to it.
"House Report 112-277 - NATIONAL RIGHT-TO-CARRY RECIPROCITY ACT OF 2011."
House Report 112-277 - NATIONAL RIGHT-TO-CARRY RECIPROCITY ACT OF 2011.
N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. <http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-
112hrpt277/html/CRPT-112hrpt277.htm>.
This is the actual document report of the United States House of Representatives meeting
involving the passage of the National Right-to-Carry Reciprocity Act of 2011, a relevant
piece of gun control legislation that could be used in the project. Even if we dont use it,
we could learn from the comments in it.
"Immigration to Northern States." Ephemeral New York. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2014.
<https://ephemeralnewyork.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/homelessleavingpolicestation.jp
g>.
The immigration to the Northern States spurred more gun violence and therefore more
gun control.
"Laws of New York." Laws of New York. New York State, n.d. Web. 06 Mar. 2014.
<http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/LAWSSEAF.cgi?QUERYTYPE=LAWS+&QUERYD
ATA=$$PEN400.00$$@TXPEN0400.00+&LIST=SEA8+&BROWSER=BROWSER+&
TOKEN=15193725+&TARGET=VIEW>.
The specific guidelines for issuing gun licenses in New York are listed here, and their
inherent restrictiveness shows a direct contradiction with the operative clause of the
Second Amendment (individual rights). This is a direct document that is a narration of
events as opposed to a biased dissection of it (which could be classified as a secondary
source).
Lyndon B. Johnson: "Remarks Upon Signing the Gun Control Act of 1968.," October 22, 1968.
Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.
<http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29197> .
This source explains the effects of the Gun Control Act of 1968, honing in on President
Lyndon B. Johnsons remarks about it after he signed it into law on October 22, 1968.
The Presidents views are stated clearly- he believes that effective crime control starts
with effective gun control, and he signed the law for that reason. This is the direct
response to the Act (what it was meant to do, the idealistic viewpoint. It is what is
expected of the Act, but as we have not seen it in action yet, we cannot be sure of the
veracity of this statement. It is now merely opinion).
"Martin Luther King Jr.s Assassination: A Photographers Story | LIFE | TIME.com." LIFE.
N.p., n.d.
Web. 27 May 2014.
<http://life.time.com/history/mlk-assassination-photos-from-memphis-tennessee-april-4-
1968/#1>.
This is a pictorial representation of the night Martin Luther King Jr. was murdered. He
died at the hands of a person who killed him with a gun, and many believe that his death,
along with others of his time, caused increased restrictions on gun control. We will use
these pictures in the webpages that we use to explain assassinations because of guns and
their correlation to gun restrictions.
"Media Information." Bpb_ii_0675. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2014.
<http://nycma.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC~29~2
9~793495~115626%3Abpb_ii_0675?qvq=q:guns;lc:RECORDSPHOTOUNITMAY~7~7
,RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC~31~31,RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC~33~33,RECORD
SPHOTOUNITARC~22~22,RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC~29~29,RECORDSPHOTO
UNITARC~30~30,RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC~32~32,RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC
~13~13,RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC~17~17,RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC~6~6,REC
ORDSPHOTOUNITMAY~8~8,RECORDSPHOTOUNITBRO~4~4,RECORDSPHOTO
UNITBRK~1~1,RECORDSPHOTOUNITMAN~2~2,RECORDSPHOTOUNITQUE~1~
1,RECORDSPHOTOUNITSTA~1~1,RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC~36~36,RECORDS
PHOTOUNITARC~20~20,RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC~35~35,RECORDSPHOTOU
NITARC~16~16,RECORDSPHOTOUNITMAY~1~1,RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC~5
~5,RECORDSPHOTOUNITMAY~2~2,RECORDSPHOTOUNITMAY~6~6,RECORDS
PHOTOUNITARC~15~15,RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC~24~24,RECORDSPHOTOU
NITARC~9~9,RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC~19~19,RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC~21
~21,RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC~34~34,RECORDSPHOTOUNITMAY~5~5,RECOR
DSPHOTOUNITMAY~9~9,RECORDSPHOTOUNITMAY~4~4,RECORDSPHOTOU
NITARC~26~26,RECORDSPHOTOUNITMAY~3~3,RECORDSPHOTOUNITARC~25
~25&mi=1&trs=32>.
This is a source from the New York City Municipal Archives and it shows, in picture
form, of the struggle between armed policemen and gun owning criminals. We will be
able to use this source to picturally enhance our site.
"National Firearms Act." Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 May 2014.
<https://www.atf.gov/content/firearms/firearms-industry/national-firearms-act>.
This document (the National Firearms Act of 1934) explicitly states the restrictions and
regulations set out by the law, including the limits of its curtail on the sale of guns. It also
demonstrates the intent of Congress to exercise its ability to tax.
"Pictures of James Madison Picture of James Madison Pictures James Madison Portrait James
Madison
Painting." Pictures of James Madison Picture of James Madison Pictures James Madison
Portrait James Madison Painting. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2014.
<http://foundersofamerica.com/FOUNDING_FATHERS_PICTURES_PORTRAITS/Jam
es_Madison.htm>.
This helped increase the visuals on the site by providing a picture of the founding father
James Madison. We used it to help us emphasize the quote we used on the site.
"Santarto and Mazzarella Murder." The Gothamist. The Gothamist, n.d. Web.
<http://gothamist.com/assets_c/2012/05/5912crime15-thumb-60x60-713126.jpg>.
This is a picture of a crime scene that was caused by gun violations. We will use this
picture in the site.
"STATEMENT BY REPRESENTATIVES OF GUN OWNERS." Letter to Richard B. Cheney.
14 Sept. 1976. Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2013.
<http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0005/1561415.pdf>.
This letter to a President of an organization showcased an argument against the restriction
of arms by a group that represented gun owners. By trying to solve the crime problem
apparently present at the time with restrictions of arms, gun owners feared that their basic
rights would eventually be taken away over time. They appealed to the President through
this letter, and asked him to vote on their side for any future legislation passed. After all,
the crime problem could not be simplistically solved with the loss of liberties, these gun
owners reasoned.
The day book. (Chicago, Ill.), 26 May 1914. Chronicling America: Historic American
Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
<http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1914-05-26/ed-2/seq-21/>
This old newspaper clip illustrates how the need to control guns was present in the past.
The city council of Chicago required that sales of guns be limited to those who showed a
the chief of police. This was due to the high crime rate in Chicago, the most in the Cook
county. If a gun owner was seen using his firearm without a permit, they would lose their
license. This is more of a newspaper narration of events, not a persons personal take on
the event (for example, the opinion of the gun owners in the area) but it will still be
useful because it will help show the restrictions that existed in the past, on a county-wide
level in states besides New York.
The St. Valentine's Day Massacre." Chicagotribune.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2014.
<http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-valentinesmassacre-
story%2C0%2C1233196.story>
The St. Valentines Day Massacre of 1929 is the best singular example of gun violence
spurring a call to action, as it brought about the Gun Control Act of 1934 five years later.
"Timothy Sullivan." The Truth About Guns. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/2011/03/chris-dumm/thank-you-ny-state-senator-
timothy-sullivan/>.
This is a photo of Tammany Hall crime boss Timothy Sullivan, whose Sullivan Act of
1911 showed that well-publicized gun violence helped the advent of stronger gun control
in New York.
"United States Constitution." United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2014.
<http://www.constitutionday.com/the-constitution.html>.
This is a transcript of the original copy of the United States Constitution. We were able to
use
this to further our understanding of the document without the bias that articles offer and
we were able to apply it to our topic.

Secondary Sources
"100 Years Ago, the Shot That Spurred New Yorks Gun-Control Law." City Room 100 Years
Ago the Shot That Spurred New York's Gun Control Law. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.
<http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/23/100-years-ago-the-shot-that-spurred-
new-yorks-gun-control-law/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=1>.
This article was written in the aftermath of the Newton school shooting. It first describes
the original article, only five senators voting against the original Sullivan Law. It is on
books as section 400.00 of the New York Penal law and became a model for gun-control
legislation throughout the country. On January 23
rd
, 1911, novelist David Graham
Phillips was shot by Fitzhugh Coyle Goldsborough in Gramercy Park. George Petit le
Brun sent letters to prominent New Yorkers for their support and got the help of Timothy
Sullivan. It went into effect on August 31
st
, 1911.
"14 Crucial Moments in U.S. Gun Control History." PolicyMic. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2014.
<http://www.policymic.com/articles/26570/14-crucial-moments-in-u-s-gun-control-
history>.
This is a source that shows the history of gun control in the United States of America in a
timeline format. This will help us add a timeline to our own website based on this and
based on information from other sources. It also helps organize the events weve
researched in chronological order.
"Action Center." NRA Institute for Legislative Action. National Rifle Association, n.d. Web. 6
Feb. 2014. <http://www.nraila.org/second-amendment/the-second-amendment.aspx>.
This article by the NRA-ILA (Institute for Legislative Action) describes the history of the
Second Amendment. It also addresses common questions and misconceptions brought up
by the Second Amendment. Its from the viewpoint of the National Rifle Association, so
it will give us insight into their reasons for believing what they believe.
Babat, David, "The Discriminatory History of Gun Control" (2009). Senior Honors
Projects.Paper
140. <http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/140>.
This is an essay on the history of gun control, and it mentions key cases like the Gun
Control Act of 1968. It also expands on how racial prejudices tied into gun restrictions
because those restrictions were primarily (in the 19th century) placed on African
Americans and colored people; after a wave of immigration, a new need for gun control
for non-blacks became crucial. The author explains the causes and effects of gun control
through history, and the Background Research would benefit from this article.
Califano, Joseph A., Jr. "Joe Califano, Jr. Recommends That President Obama Take a Lesson on
Gun Control from LBJ." The Washington Post n.d.: n. pag. The Washington Post, 16
Dec. 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2014. <http://www.lbjlibrary.org/press/lbj-in-the-news/gun-
control-lessons-from-lyndon-johnson>.
Lyndon B. Johnsons response in 1968, when faced with the question of gun control,
should be President Obamas response to the Newtown shootings, this article states. It
also draws the conclusion that President Johnson used the assassinations of Martin Luther
King Jr. and Robert Kennedy as examples to further speed up the process of getting his
gun control law approved by Congress and enacted. Even though President Johnsons
gun control proposals had seemed outlandish at the time he proposed them, after the
tragedies, and a significant amount of pressure put on Congress on his part, he was able
to successfully pass comprehensive gun control legislation. This became the Gun Control
Act of 1968.
Catalini, Michael. "Poll: Even Democrats Say the NRA Is Beating the White House on the Gun
Debate." National Journal (2013). Academic OneFile. Web. 7 Nov. 2013.
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA325107416&v=2.1&u=nysl_me_quee
nsb&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=ff2b2f6c0153307d216163b59051cd76>.
This poll, taken from both Democrats and Republicans, showed who was clearly in
power in regards to the gun control debate today- both sides favored the NRA (the
National Rifle Association) over President Obama. The results actually showed that a
lobbyist group which was strongly against gun control overpowered the President, who
was for it. The results may reflect the current stalemate in passing gun control legislation
today- a process that many say is halted by the NRA.
Cook, Philip J., and Jens Ludwig. "Aiming for Evidence-Based Gun Policy." Journal of Policy
Analysis and Management 25.3 (2006): 691-735. JSTOR. Web. 5 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/30162752 OR
http://home.uchicago.edu/~ludwigj/papers/JPAM_aiming_for_evidence_gun_policy_200
6.pdf>.
This is an in-depth analysis of gun usage and its correlation to gun control. It cites
interesting statistics, like that only a quarter of American adults legally own guns. Gun
ownership is centered around rural areas and small towns, which are probably areas that
need them more. Gun suicide is the cause of more American deaths when compared to
gun homicide; however, more gun injuries are suffered from crime than from suicide
attempts. Through statistics like these in the article, various conclusions can be drawn,
and connections made to formulate opinionated conclusions.
Duffy, Peter. "100 Years Ago, the Shot That Spurred New Yorks Gun-Control Law." City Room
100 Years Ago the Shot That Spurred New York's Gun Control Law. The New York
Times, 23 Jan. 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.
<http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/23/100-years-ago-the-shot-that-spurred-
new-yorks-gun-control-law/?_r=0>.
This article was written in the aftermath of the Newton school shooting. It first describes
the original article, only five senators voting against the original Sullivan Law. It is on
books as section 400.00 of the New York Penal law and became a model for gun-control
legislation throughout the country. The article narrates the events preceding the Sullivan
Law of 1911.
Everitt, Ladd. "Interview with the Director of the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence." Phone
interview. 23 March 2014
This interview with Ladd Everitt, the Director of Communications at the Coalition to
Stop Gun Violence, strongly supports our thesis, offering evidence to the fact that there is
a correlation between well-publicized gun violence and stronger gun control, specifically
citing the Era of Assassinations and the Gun Control Act of 1968; he also discusses the
specific measures taken by groups such as the NRA to combat the efforts of progressive
gun control measures.
Franklin E. Zimring, Firearms and Federal Law: The Gun Control Act of 1968, 4 J. LEGAL STUD.
133 (1975), <http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/1114>.
I would use this article to further my knowledge of the Gun Control Act of 1968 and the
repercussions it had on the American populace. Its divided into sections that explain the
causes, the act itself, and the effects of the act. Its definitely a go-to source for
information on the act, especially as were focusing on it as one of our main points in the
whole project.
Franti, Nolan. "Sticking to His Guns: Mike Mansfield, the Gun Control Act of 1968 and the
Election of 1970." University of Montana. University of Montana, Aug. 2012. Web. 3
Mar. 2014. <http://exhibits.lib.umt.edu/mansfield/essays/gun-
control?destination=node/13>.
Mike Mansfield was a Democratic Senator from Montana who unpopularly voted for the
passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968. His actions put a bit of a damper on his political
career, and earned him criticism from his home state, but he continued forth supporting
gun control and voting in favor of it.
Goode, Erica. "Sheriffs Refuse to Enforce Laws on Gun Control." The New York Times. The
New
York Times, 15 Dec. 2013. Web. 15 Mar. 2014.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/16/us/sheriffs-refuse-to-enforce-laws-on-gun-
control.html>.
Sheriffs refuse to support new restraints on gun control because of mass shootings in
Aurora, Colo., and Newtown, Conn. They argue that the laws are too all-encompassing
and violate Second Amendment rights.
"GUN CONTROL and THE SECOND AMENDMENT." GUN CONTROL and THE SECOND
AMENDMENT. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2013. <http://iweb.tntech.edu/kosburn/history-
201/second-amendment.htm>.
This document expanded on the role of the Second Amendment in gun control debates
today. It posed questions brought on today because of the ambiguous words in the
Amendment, and defined the intent of the groups who advocate for the right to bear arms
and minimal gun control, especially the NRA (National Rifle Association). The deep-
rooted fear behind the NRA, states this article, is that new laws could infringe their
Constitutional rights, and that new laws could build up to the point where gun ownership
would become extremely restricted. In situations where guns are needed in a household
for safety reasons, this could pose a problem. Both sides to the debate do give priority to
the Supreme Court in deciding what to actually do about gun control legislation, but they
do their best to make their views on this matter apparent.
"Grisliest Crime Scenes New York History." The Gothamist. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 June 2014.
<http://gothamist.com/2012/05/09/14_grisliest_crime_scene_photos_fro.php#photo-9>.
Used for gun violence slideshow.
"HISTORY OF FEDERAL FIREARMS LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES." USDOJ: United
States Department of Justice Archive - Appendix C. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2014.
<http://www.justice.gov/archive/opd/AppendixC.htm>.
This provides a brief overview of the history of gun control in the United States, and it
starts with the Gun Control Act of 1968 and goes into more recent legislation. The
portions on the Gun Control Act of 1968 will be present in our background research.
Jackson, John S. "NRA influence on gun control belies myth of majority rule." Gateway
Journalism Review (2013): 20+. Academic OneFile. Web. 7 Nov. 2013.
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA331168097&v=2.1&u=nysl_me_quee
nsb&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=407aef682c3f2acfb11e0dd54c3555c9>.
This article addressed the impact of the NRA (the National Rifle Association) in the gun
control debate and in the conflict over gun control legislation. The NRA is an extremely
powerful organization in Washington DC, this article asserted, being well equipped
financially. Policy making is heavily influenced by the NRA: both Republican and
Democratic legislators keep the interests of the NRA in mind when making decisions.
Republicans are usually in support of NRA policies while Democrats do not wish to
offend the powerful organization. It is disillusioning to see how a minority can overrule
the voices of the people, this article stated.
Jaeger, Michael. "Gun Control Is an Individual Responsibility." Washington Times Communities.
The Washington Times, 19 Dec. 2012. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.
<http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/political-
potpourri/2012/dec/19/gun-control-individual-responsibiity/>.
This article from the Washington Times focuses on individual responsibility in the
ownership of arms, not governmental responsibility. I would use it in the responsibilities
section of the project, and it could support the fact that the government doesnt always
have to interfere with our rights- if the gun owners follow their responsibilities, we will
reduce the damage guns cause.
Johnson, Fawn. "Gun-Control Advocates Will Have to Settle for Partial Victory." National
Journal (2013). Academic OneFile. Web. 12 Nov. 2013.
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA323270187&v=2.1&u=nysl_me_quee
nsb&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=24629e7f4aa98c72535900a4336a2a59>.
This source expressed frustration with Congress for failing to do something about gun
control. It cited the shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn. as a
plausible opening for any kind of gun control law. President Obamas efforts had not
gotten through the Senate. Background checks could be done on gun owners, but they
would be hard to enforce. The outcomes of the elections in the future could depend on the
voting candidates view of this issue. Republicans of the Senate were generally cautious
in putting their support behind gun control laws, and Democrats were intent on striking a
balance between going too far and not going far enough, but that rarely involved them
putting their support behind laws that addressed gun control. There is a need for change,
said this author, but the most we can hope for in the future are slight improvements in
gun control.
Johnson, Fawn. "The Silver Lining in the Gun-Control Defeat." National Journal (2013).
Academic OneFile. Web. 12 Nov. 2013.
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA327112182&v=2.1&u=nysl_me_quee
nsb&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=33076e6d36ff1bf7df2cd44d78579e26>.
A debate among lawmakers about gun control was inevitable after Newtown, says this
source. However, the possibility of legislation actually getting passed was highly
unlikely, stated a Republican senator- he was right. The political field concerning gun
control was at a stalemate, and that situation correctly reflected a uncertain public. The
upcoming 2014 congressional races will most likely have the issue of gun control at its
forefront, and if it doesnt, then this situation will remain as it was at that moment after
Newtown- at a stalemate, a situation where both sides are equally balanced.
Kates, Don B., Jr. "The Battle Over Gun Control." National Affairs 84 (1986): n. pag.National
Affairs. EResources. Web. 5 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.nationalaffairs.com/doclib/20080708_1986844thebattleoverguncontroldonb
katesjr.pdf>.
This article, published in 1986, explained the significance of the Firearms Owners
Protection Act of 1986 in relation to the gun control battle; it lessened the effect of the
Gun Control Act of 1968. The author asserted that guns do need to be restricted, but on a
reasonable level, and that both gun owners, and gun control lobbyists agreed on that.
However, there was a small minority who believed that guns were a tool of destruction,
tools that needed to be banned altogether from the life of an American civilian, and it was
these people who made compromise difficult. In response to these extremists, gun owners
tightened their stance against gun control, and widened the debate further. The Sullivan
Law of 1911 made New York the first state to require a permit for the ownership and
usage of a handgun on one's own premises (New York State remains one of the few states
today with this type of gun control legislation). New York further tightened their control
of gun ownership in 1957 by disallowing permits given to people who used guns for
target shooting. The source further explained the effect of gun control on New York City
and the State, and expanded on the impact of the Firearms Owners Protection Act in
helping correct the too-restrictive measures of the Gun Control Act of 1968. The author,
Don B. Kates, was present at the time that the Gun Control Act was ratified.
Kristof, Nicholas D. "Brady Law (United States Law)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Dec. 2013. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1523069/Brady-Law>.
A person who killed another with a gun, and is now imprisoned, speaks out about the
dangers of guns and the control that he feels is necessary to prevent this problem. This
source can be used in the for gun control part.
Kwon, Ik-Whan G., and Daniel W. Baack. "The Effectiveness of Legislation Controlling Gun
Usage: A Holistic Measure of Gun Control Legislation." The American Journal of
Economics and Sociology 64.2 (2005): 533-47. JSTOR. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/3488101>.
The article was a study of the ineffectiveness of existing legislation prohibiting the free
use of guns for citizens safety. It expanded, statistically, on what we have done as a
nation concerning this matter, and why it is ineffective, still causing many deaths even
with increased interest and legislation. It proposes that the matter is complex and
intricate, with many causes, and in order to control it, the solutions implemented also
have to be complicated- no simple solution will fix it, and the government on a federal
and state level has to realize that fact, which they proved through statistics and through
arguments drawing from various sources. State gun control laws are expanded on and
explained in this study, and they are classified as extreme or moderate. The effects of the
laws on the people show, says this article, that states that exert greater pressures on their
constituents in terms of gun control have lower gun-related death rates. The enforcement
of the laws established by the states also play a role in the effect of guns on the
community.
Ik-Whan G. Kwon, an author of the article, is more than qualified to assert his opinions
on the issue addressed, as he has two Ph.Ds, one in Economics Statistics from the
University of Georgia and the other on Health Administration from St. Louis University.
His current occupation involves directing management studies at the University, and
serving as a professor of decision sciences and management at the Universitys business
college. He is a key member of various prestigious organizations, and he wrote this
article in the American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Inc. His colleague, Daniel
Baak, also contributed to the article, and he is the Assistant Professor of Marketing at the
University of Denver. He has a doctorate degree in International Business and
Marketing, and has traveled around the world giving presentations about his topic. Both
authors contributed useful information, but they also injected a great deal of bias into the
paper: from the first sentence, it was apparent that they viewed laws concerning gun
control as ineffective, and they went forward by stating information from countless
sources to support their stand; all the research that they conducted was to support their
view. The conclusion that they suggested at the end, that gun control laws be changed
from clear-cut solutions, which, according to their article, simply do not work, to more
intricate laws that address all factors of the matter, was a reasonable one, but it seemed as
if theyd been working towards saying that from the start.
"Leopold vs. Loeb." Northwestern University. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 June 2014.
Used in gang violence.
"LBJ Historian Looks Back at 1968 Gun Control Act." NBCNews.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May
2014. <http://video.msnbc.msn.com/msnbc/50284469>.
An interview with a Lyndon B. Johnson historian is basically what this source is. The
1968 Gun Control Act is discussed, which is why we needed this source to interpret the
Act on a higher level, and gain insight from an expert on the field.
Le Brun, George. "Revolver Killings Fast Increasing." The New York Times, n.d. Web. 21 Jan.
2014. <http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/nyregion/2011/revolver-kills-fast-
increasing.pdf>.This is a primary source written by George Petit le Brun, later delivered
to Tammany Hall boss Timothy Sullivan. He states that the current gun control laws in
New York are inadequate and clamors for change. This is helpful because it reveals a
cause behind the Sullivan Law.
Murray, Douglas R. "Handguns, Gun Control Laws, and Firearm Violence." JSTOR. JSTOR,
n.d.
Web. 12 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/799630?Search=yes&searchText=gun&searchText
=control&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgun%2Bcontrol%26a
mp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff>.
This excerpt from a journal entry by Douglas R. Murray explores the relationship
between access to firearms and the incidence of violence involving firearms. Using
several sources, the author concludes that gun control laws have no significant effect on
the rates of violence outside of what can be associated with social conditions. The author
considers that it may not be because laws are inherently ineffective, but that given gun
control laws werent very thorough, also backed data; ultimately, the author states that
gun control laws are ineffective. The author uses New Yorks Sullivan Law and
Englands Statute of Northampton as examples.
Not much information is available on Douglas R. Murray of the University of Wisconsin,
but the journal speaks for itself on the matter of bias. He doesnt speculate much,
stipulating facts and supporting his case with hard statistical data provided by the F.B.I,
census materials, and Harris and Gallup surveys. He notes a lack of pattern in the data,
and so his conclusion, which is that gun control laws are generally ineffective, seems
logical.
Nickitas, Donna M. "With our voices and our votes: advocating gun control." Nursing
Economics Mar.-Apr. 2013: 57+. Academic OneFile. Web. 7 Nov. 2013
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA327586188&v=2.1&u=nysl_me_quee
nsb&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=2333027dcc6c25211ca9e4aa20f8da2c>.
This article was written by a registered nurse who lives in Connecticut, who felt that it
was her personal duty as a medical aide and citizen of Connecticut to take a stand against
gun ownership. The statistic that every day, about 80 Americans die from gun violence
was cited by her in the article. She said that the cost of gun ownership was too high to
bear, and that to prevent more deaths, the medical world had to reach out to elected
officials in DC and make their voices heard. There was a time and a place for action, and
that time was apparently then. The author wanted to prevent further shooting occurrences
not only in her home state, but all across America, and she wrote this article as an
expression of her views and a cry for support from the medical world.
"Now Is the Time." The White House. The White House, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/preventing-gun-violence>.
The issue presented here is the violent deaths of innocent people due to the misuse of
guns, and it shows a series of laws and preventative measures the President wishes to see
occur in order to save lives and to stop shootings from happening frequently.
"National Rifle Association President Glassen on Gun Control Laws 1968."YouTube. YouTube,
n.d. Web. 06 June 2014.
Used in Gun Control Act of 1968 page to show conflicted responses to the new act.
Obama, Barack. "The White House." Letter to D. Todd. 18 Mar. 2013. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag.
Interest Archive. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
<https://ia801600.us.archive.org/30/items/LetterFromPresObama/Letter%20from%20Pre
s%20Obama.pdf>.
This is an actual letter from Barack Obama to a citizen. He explains what hes doing as
President to deal with gun control issues that have arose from recent shootings. He
acknowledges the ideas of the Founding Fathers, and he has no problem against the
responsible people in possession of arms for hunting or for personal protection. However,
he does pose the question: Are we doing enough to prevent these shootings? He states
that he, along with his administration, are doing everything within their power, to ensure
that the delicate balance between citizens rights and citizens freedoms dont become
unbalanced. His main desire concerning gun control is to take measures that will prevent
harm from the irresponsible few, while also giving the majority of the gun-bearing
population the guns that they need. Obama said, about his plan, that it gives law
enforcement, schools, mental health professionals, and the public health
community some of the tools they need to help reduce gun violence. These tools include
strengthening the background check system, helping schools hire more resource officers
and counselors and develop emergency preparedness plans, and ensuring mental health
professionals know their options for reporting threats of violence We owe the
victims of heartbreaking national tragedies and the countless unheralded tragedies each
year nothing less than our best effortto seek consensus in order to save lives and ensure
a brighter future for our children.
Obama is a politician, it is manifest when this letter is read, because throughout, he
constantly references his administration and all the steps that theyre taking to control the
damage and to increase safety. Obama seemed to be affected by current shootings, at
Newtown, at Aurora, etc. and so, his personal attachments have affected the letter. Effort
is a vague word, mainly because it is not definite, and varying amounts of it can be done,
with little consequence. Obama is portraying this idealistically, which is an intelligent
way to approach inquiries, but were still waiting on something to be passed that cures
the problem!
Parker, Ashley. "Obama Announces Gun Control Actions." The Caucus Obama Announces Gun
Control Actions Comments. The New York Times, 3 Jan. 2014. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.
<http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/03/obama-announces-gun-control-
actions/?_r=0>.
The President still has gun control on his top issues to resolve, as shown by this recent
article. Hes been continually tightening his surveillance on the issue and hes looking
into the most that he can do without violating Second Amendment rights.
Patrick, Brian A. "Interview with Gun Control Expert." E-mail interview. 30 Nov. 2013.
Mr. Patrick shared his views on gun control with us and enlightened us on a few
misconceptions wed had previously. He said that no one truly believes in a full
ownership to bear arms, and history shows us so. Felons and insane minors are usually
restricted. In early America, racism played into gun ownership and usage. Later,
immigrant groups were targeted. For example, the 1911 New York Sullivan Law focused
on Italians: the first person prosecuted under the law for illegal gun usage was a man
named Marino.
Patrick, Brian. Mail-Order Pistols, The Sullivan Law and the Uniform Firearms Act. Rise of the
Anti-Media:In-forming America's Concealed Weapon Carry Movement. N.p.: Rowman
& Littlefield, 2010. 6-7. Books.google.com. Google Books. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
<http://books.google.com/books?id=93f4RzMSgXsC>.
This book addressed the gun control carrying movement (the concealed carrying of guns)
and how that affected the political processes occurring in the past two centuries. The
section on the Sullivan Law was found in the first chapter- The Era of Restricted Carry.
The text discussed, in an argumentative manner, the unfairness of the Sullivan Law and
the conflict of interest it caused. People believed that it was passed to support the needs
of politicians, not the people who needed to be armed in the crime-ridden era.. It further
showed how gun control and the right to bear arms and legislation passed in response to
irresponsible use of guns caused disagreements both in the courthouse and in the streets.
Brian Anse Patrick, a Ph.D. in Communications Research, a Professor in the Department
of Communication in the University of Toledo and the author of many books, is
considered a gun control expert and describes (in this section of one of the books hes
written) two state laws banning guns (no laws have been enacted on this matter on a
federal level). This section was written for the interested general public and it is written
in a way that is easy to understand, although it seems that it would be of interest to gun
scholars, like the author himself. I found it useful that the author cited other authors who
wrote longer pieces of work, so even if he only briefly mentioned the issue were
researching, and quotes authors who support his view, we can go into other sources and
find more, a bit more helpful, information.
Pilon, Roger. "Gun Control and Individual Responsibility." Cato Institute. Cato Institute, 11 Jan.
2011. Web. 2 Mar. 2014. <http://www.cato.org/blog/gun-control-individual-
responsibility>.
This stating of opinions brings light to the fact that gun control , as shown throughout
history, has taken the arms away from the people who need it, aka the general populace,
and have failed to remove the guns of those who would use guns for deliberate harm. I
would add this to the project to show how ineffective gun control is, and how we are
affecting a large body of people through restrictive laws when, in reality, we shouldnt
apply the law to the responsible people wholl use it for self-defense or any other non
harmful purpose. The individual has the responsibility to use arms in a humane manner,
and the state has the responsibility to allow individuals the right to bear them with little
restriction.
Prutzman, Deborah S. "Prior Convictions and the Gun Control Act of 1968." (n.d.): n. pag.
JSTOR.
Web. Nov.-Dec. 2013. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1121640>.
This journal, published eleven years after the passing of the Gun Control Act of 1968 by
the Columbia Law Review, outlines the prohibitions and various titles under the Act. It
describes the Act as prohibiting convicted felons from purchasing or possessing firearms.
It describes several problems Congress faced in amending the act, although the author
describes it as nevertheless remaining unclear. The problems included the murky
definition of a felony conviction, as well as the extent a defendant can limit
information that reaches a jury. Title IV and VII, for example, limit the right of felons to
transport firearms.
Prutzman has a thorough background in finance, known for helping businesses thrive
despite difficult circumstances. She also has a background in law, managing a 60+ person
team and developing rules and contracts that met the laws and regulations of 13
jurisdictions and shareholder institutions. Her legal background affirms her competence
in determining whether or not a law or act makes its purpose clear. Even though she
acknowledges the vagueness of the Act, she goes into a surprising amount of detail
describing how various aspects of the law are vague and what needs to be clarified. Her
journal proves to be a valuable primary source, raising the questions that need to be asked
concerning what is supposedly the most comprehensive piece of gun control legislation in
U.S. history.
"Responsibility and Guns." The New York Times. The New York Times, 20 Sept. 2013. Web. 15
Mar. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/21/opinion/global/responsibility-and-
guns.html?_r=1&>.
This source says that the people who allow for others to use their gun in a criminal
manner should be punished in a way that indicates the severity of their actions. I would
use this to show the responsibilities that come with owning a gun- specifically making
sure that it doesnt fall into the wrong hands.
Roberts, Paul C. "Going After Guns: You Cant Have Police State and Armed Population."
Interview by RT. PaulCraigRobertsorg. Institute for Political Economy, 19 Dec. 2012.
Web. 19 Feb. 2014. <http://www.paulcraigroberts.org/2012/12/19/going-after-guns-you-
cant-have-police-state-and-armed-population/>.
This video interview is about 6 minutes long and was extremely insightful on the matter
of gun control. It connects the gun market to alcohol restrictions and drug restrictions of
the past. America is defined as a police state and you cannot have a police state in an
armed generation, so guns must be taken away. Roberts said that the media distorted
what really happened in shootings, and that the media has an agenda to whatever they
write. His statement guns will have to be taken away from the American population
correctly sums up his whole interview.
Roberts, Paul C. "Gun Control: What Is the Agenda?" LewRockwell.com. Creators Syndicate,
n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2013. <http://archive.lewrockwell.com/roberts/roberts269.html>.
Civilians usually armed themselves in defense from the crime that ran rampant through
the streets of New York, and people who wanted to pass the Sullivan Law lobbied for it
in order to rid the robbers of their weapons (their pistols, blackjacks, and daggers) and
make life easier for the average civilian, but Paul Roberts, the author of this archived
article, warns us that it was not so. The real intent behind one of Americas first gun
control laws, the Sullivan Law, was to make stealing easier for the criminals, according
to Roberts, because the law was passed by criminals. Statistics show that areas with less
restrictions on the Second Amendment prove to defend themselves better and have drops
in the effectiveness of crimes against people. Roberts supported the claims of the NRA
(the National Rifle Association) who insisted that prohibiting arms would only enable
them to fall in the wrong hands.
Paul Craig Roberts has two decades worth of experience reporting prosecutorial abuse to
his name, as he was the Assistant Secretary of the US Treasury and the associate editor of
the Wall Street Journal. He released a book called The Tyranny of Good Intentions, a
book focused on the loss of American rights. He seems to be a credible source, and a
worthy one to cite.
Robin M. Wolpert and James G. Gimpel. Political Behavior , Vol. 20, No. 3 (Sep., 1998), pp.
241-262. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/586530>.
A different approach to gun control is to not control the usage of guns because that just
introduces more discrepancies, said this article. Numerous studies have found that
immediate and tangible self-interest has a minimal influence on public attitudes toward
many policy issues. The mindset of the public towards gun control is looked at in this
study, especially those of gun owners, to attempt to find a pattern between the policies
preferred by the owners. Results depicted showed that self-interest affects the view of the
public on gun control, and that taking away handguns altogether provoke a more
impassioned outcry, because it directly relates to self, than implementing a waiting period
on purchases of firearms. The conclusion included the effect of gun control on the
behaviors of gun owners, the enhancements on the self-interest theory that could be more
firmly rooted because of this argument, and topics for research that could stem from the
topic.
The two authors of this study both seem to be interested in politics, and that is apparent in
the article that theyve written collaboratively. Robin M. Wolpert is currently an assistant
county attorney, and shes won numerous awards, like Attorney of the Year, in 2012, and
Rising Star, Minnesota Law & Politics, 2011. James G. Gimpel has been a political
science professor at the University of Maryland since 1992. His qualifications include a
Ph.D in political science from the University of Chicago and hes published various
books on political topics, like Patchwork Nation, which he wrote in conjunction with
Jason E. Schuknecht. Currently, James immerses himself in politics by taking on several
projects, some of which involve research on the geography of campaign donations,
volunteer outreach and voting; hes also the editor of a journal concerning the exploration
of U.S. politics, called American Politics Research. The main concern with having two
politically minded people formulating a study is that their political views can influence
their take on the point of discussion, and the study will not be as unbiased as it couldve
been if two neutrally thinking non-political persons completed it. This was not something
to be worried about in this piece, however, because it read more like a behavioral study
due to gun control than an argument either for or against it. It described the effects on the
mindsets of gun owners, and that insight is valuable.
Sasinoski, Megan. Homicide Trends in America 1850-1950. Carengie Mellon University. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 28 May 2014.
<http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1137&context=hsshonors>.
The evidence in this scholarly report shows no correlation between the years after gun
control was instilled in Northeastern states and the number of homicides at the time.
Smith, Laura. "Thomas J Dodd and the Gun Control Act of 1968." ConnecticutHistory.org. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 6 Mar. 2014. <http://connecticuthistory.org/thomas-j-dodd-and-the-gun-
control-act-of-1968/>.
Thomas J. Dodd was a man who strongly believed in the controlling of firearms, and he
fought for the Gun Control Act of 1968. We can use this in the antithesis paragraph, and
expand on how he wanted too much government interference into basic human rights,
and the effects of his actions in the years to come.
Staff, Queens Courier. "U.S. Senate Gun Control Vote Disappoints New York
Lawmakers."Queens Courier. N.p., 25 Apr. 2013. Web. 09 Nov. 2013.
<http://queenscourier.com/2013/u-s-senate-gun-control-vote-disappoints-new-york-
lawmakers/>.
This contemporary connection source, written by the Queens Courier staff, informed us
about a prominent gun control act of much controversy today in New York State- The
SAFE Act. It was passed in January 2013, and has within it some of the strictest gun
control laws in the country. Assault rifles were banned by this act, background checks
were enforced and magazine capacity brought down to seven bullets (the magazine
capacity part was later revoked as a part of a compromise to reach the years budget in a
timely manner). Some citizens viewed the laws as a too-quick reaction to the Sandy Hook
Shooting, and blamed Governor Anthony Cuomo and other legislators for passing it in a
short period of time, with perhaps too little thought. A few New York State legislators
were against the act as well, especially State Senator Greg Ball who stated that there
would be a significant loss of rights to people who legally purchased assault rifles, and
that law-abiding citizens who were using the rifles responsibly would lose that right
through no fault of their own. Most New York citizens put their support behind the law,
and many proponents advocated for the cause with their like-minded colleagues on a
national level. The youngest New York State Assemblywoman, Nily Rozic, who was a
co-sponsor of the NYC Safe Act, went to the nations capitol and actively sought to pass
gun-controlling measures. Although the Senate did not approve the legislation, she
believes that significant steps have been taken to further gun control.
"This Day in Supreme Court History: United States v. Cruikshank | Constitutional
Accountability \
Center." This Day in Supreme Court History: United States v. Cruikshank |
Constitutional Accountability Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2014.
<http://theusconstitution.org/text-history/580>.
This source describes the Unites States v.s. Cruikshank case in an article format. In it, the
author provides a wealth of information that enhanced our own understanding of the case.
"Timothy Sullivan." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 30 May 2014. Web. 06 June 2014.
Photo of Tammany Hall crime boss Timothy Sullivan used for gang violence page
United States. BEARING ARMS. Authenticated US Government Information GPO, n.d. Web. 21
Feb. 2014. <http://beta.congress.gov/content/conan/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013-10-3.pdf>.
This is the direct quote from the Second Amendment that has been the subject of all
arguments over the past 200-odd years; the prefatory clause, A well regulated Militia,
being necessary to the security of a free State, emphasizes two things: the favor of the
right to bear arms in the context of the militia, as well as the importance of state
regulation of firearm rights over federal regulation. It also suggests military at a state
level as opposed to federal. The operative clause, the right of the people to keep and
bear Arms shall not be infringed is what leaves scholars befuddled; there is no
conjunctive to clarify its relation to the previous statement, but the right of the people is a
completely different idea than the right of the military.
Congress is certainly a reliable source; the statement cant be disputed as false or
tampered with. This is the legislation that is at the very center of our project, so in
relation to the project it is undoubtedly the one document that can not be overlooked.
It supports our thesis because it makes it obvious that there are pieces of gun control
legislation in violation of the operative clause of the Second Amendment.
Updegrove, Mark. "LBJ Historian Looks Back at 1968 Gun Control Act." Interview by Alex
Witt.
NBC News. Msn.com, 23 Dec. 2012. Web. 1 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/watch/lbj-historian-looks-back-at-1968-gun-control-act-
13093443629>.
This is an interview with the director of the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum.
The Gun Control Act of 1968 was passed under Lyndon B. Johnson, so to have a video of
a person who knows about the Act and about the President who passed it would be a
welcome addition to the documentary. There was a clip at the beginning of the interview
of President Johnson officially stating that the bill was in effect, and after the clip came
the actual interview. The interview answered questions like What led to the passage of
the Gun Control Act of 1968? What exactly did the Gun Control Act of 1968 restrict?
and What was the countrys reaction to the Act? It related what happened in the past to
Obamas actions after the Newtown shooting which occurred not too long ago. The
source will be useful as a connection to the world today, and as a video clip of what
happened in the past.
Vizzard, William. "THE GUN CONTROL ACT OF 1968." THE GUN CONTROL ACT OF
1968.
Jews for the Preservation of Firearm Ownership, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014.
<http://jpfo.org/articles-assd02/gca68-nra4.htm>.
Well be using this source to further our knowledge of gun control in the 1960s by
reading an essay on gun control (the Dodd Hearings) which directly influenced the
passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968 and explains, in great detail, the causes and
effects (politically, as well as the passage of the Act) of the Hearings.
Walsh, Michael A. "The Strange Birth of NY's Gun Control Laws." New York Post. NYP
Holdings, Inc., 16 Jan. 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2014. <http://nypost.com/2012/01/16/the-
strange-birth-of-nys-gun-laws/>.
This article offered a biased perspective of the intentions behind the passage of the
Sullivan Law of 1911 and implied that the only reason it was really passed was because
the legislator behind it (Timothy Sullivan) wanted to help the political machine he was
rumored to be a part of, Tammany Hall. The Sullivan Act required licenses for handguns,
and made the act of carrying a handgun without a license a felony. It gave way to even
stricter gun control measures and inspired gun control legislation in various states.
"Whats In Obamas Gun Control Proposal." The New York Times. The New York Times, 15
Jan.
2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/01/16/us/obama-
gun-control-proposal.html?_r=0>.
President Obamas recent proposals of 24 congressional movements for gun control
shows a move in executive action in favor of preventing violence, and therefore
tightening the safety of citizens, in regard to our thesis.
"Why Prohibition? | Temperance & Prohibition." Why Prohibition? | Temperance & Prohibition.
Ohio State University, n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2014. <https://prohibition.osu.edu/why-
prohibition>
This is an issue published by Ohio State University and it explains prohibition. This will
enable us to draw conclusions about the causes of legislation that Prohibition
inadvertently caused and will help us provide ample background information about the
topic.
"Woman with Gun." Bill of Rights Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 June 2014.
<http://billofrightsinstitute.org/wpcontent/uploads/2011/12/AP_Constitution_2Amendme
nt.jpg>.
Used in the Second Amendment page to illustrate gun politics.


http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60917FA3A5E13738DDDAC0994D0405B828DF1D3
http://www.blackpast.org/aah/black-panther-party
http://www.blackagendareport.com/category/african-america/black-panther-party
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_zoom_1.html ACTUAL second amendment
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GP30ka-5oHg Arrest of Al Capone
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuU7bEqKcLk Huey Newton Interview from Jail
http://thinkexist.com/quotes/huey_newton/ Huey newton quote source
http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/black-panther-party Fred Hampton quote
http://vault.fbi.gov/Black%20Panther%20Party%20/Black%20Panther%20Party%20Part%2023%20of%2
034/view FBI RECORDS CALLING FOR BLACK PANTHER PARTY TO MEET UP
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/09/the-secret-history-of-guns/308608/ SOURCE
BLACK PARTY START
MAYNARD INSTITUTE http://mije.org/sites/default/files/resize/imagecache/full_column/u678/Bee_A1-
536x409.jpg CAPITOL INVADED
http://makinghistoryatnorthumbria.wordpress.com/2014/03/31/malcolm-x-and-black-nationalism/
Malcolm x photo
http://mije.org/richardprince/nra-was-inspired-black-panthers#BlackPanthers Adam Winkler interview
on Black Panther Party
http://thegrio.com/2013/01/11/nra-was-pro-gun-control-when-it-came-to-black-panthers/2/ NRA
RIGHTWARD SHIFT
http://www.museumca.org/picturethis/sites/default/files/styles/page/public/pictures/m20-
96_edit_1.jpg?itok=MUeiigM0 Bobby Seale: Source Oakland Museum of California
http://www.museumca.org/picturethis/sites/default/files/styles/page/public/pictures/h95.18.802_edit.
jpg?itok=t_IU0lEW bpp protest
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KawYZb94Tbk Contemp Connection safe act
http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/01/15/16515653-new-york-passes-major-gun-control-law-
first-since-newtown-massacre?lite source safe law
http://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/ECM_PRO_060964.pdf united states v. miller source
http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/307/174/case.html Actual miller supreme court description
http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=68070156 frank Layton picture source
http://www.minnpost.com/eric-black-ink/2013/04/trouble-ahead-justices-rulings-gun-rights-raise-
thorny-questions district photo
http://www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/constitutional-law/constitutional-law-keyed-to-chemerinsky/the-
federal-judicial-power/district-of-columbia-v-heller/2/ explaining district