I. 8.

Notes
A. Dissolving
Solute: substance are dissolved in a solution
Solvent: substance in which solute dissolves
Can take form of liquid, gas, or sold
Solution takes state of solvent
Example: air, seawater, tea, soda
Substances can dissolve in water in three ways: by dissociation,
dispersion, and ionization.
1. Dissociation of Ionic Compounds
a. For solute to dissolve in water, solute and solvent particles must
attract
b. Before solution can form, attractions holding solute together and
solvent together must be overcome
c. Water = polar molecule, attracted to ions in solute, pulls into
water one by one
d. Dissociation: process in which an ionic compound separates into
ions as it dissolves
2. Dispersion of Molecular Compounds
a. Dispersion: breaking into small pieces that spread throughout
water
b. Sugar: polar, molecules collide with water molecules
c. Exposed sugar attracts water, breaks free
d. Layer by layer of sugar dissolved, spread evenly through water
3. Ionization
a. Ions transferred to water molecule; 2 molecular compounds react
to form two ions
b. Ionization: process in which neutral molecules gain or lose
electrons
c. Chemical change, unlike others, b/c new ions are formed
B. Properties of Liquid Solutions
Three physical properties of a solution that can differ from those of
its solute and solvent are conductivity, freezing point, and boiling
point.
1. Conductivity
a. After dissolving, solution may conduct electric current
2. Freezing pt. and boiling pt.
a. Solute can lower freezing point/raise boiling point of a solvent
C. Heat of Solution
During the formation of a solution, energy is either released or
absorbed.
Endothermic (absorbs heat)/exothermic (Releases heat)
For a solution to form, attractions among solute particles and among
solvent particles must be broken requires energy
During dissolving, new attractions btwn solvent and solute form,
releasing energy
Difference btwn energy: heat of solution
D. Factors affecting rates of Dissolving
Depends on frequency, energy of collisions btwn small particles (solute
and solvent during formation of solution)
Factors = surface area, stirring, temperature