Mononitrobezene

1,3- dinitrobenzene m- dinitrobezene

1,3,5 trinitrobezene
Dinitrobezene is prepared by the direct nitration of
nitrobenzene. This yields m- dinitrobenzene
It is yellow ,crystalline solid with a melting point
89C. It is slightly polar substance, insoluble in water,
but soluble in alcohol.
Toluene is easily nitrated since it has an alkyl
(-CH3) group attached to the benzene ring. It
can be prepared by direct nitration of toluene
with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
The nitration mechanism is similar to that of
the nitration of benzene.
Trinitrotoluene is a crystalline sold that melts
at 81C. It is widely used as an explosive (TNT)
in shells and bombs. It is not as sensitive to
shock and friction as other explosives can be.
The nitration of an aromatic ring, requires a
mixture of concentrated sulfuric and nitric
acids, This generates the nitronium ion, NO2+.
When benzene is added to this mixture at
room temperature, mononitrobenzene is
formed, Hydrogen atoms in an aromatic ring
can only be substituted by a strong
electrophile , such as NO2+.
+ H+
Nitrobenzene
Benzene
+ NO2+
The yield of nitration depends upon the
concentrations of the acids , temperature and
the length of the nitration process . In the
nitration process ,a maximum of three
nitronium ions (NO2+) can be attached to the
benzene ring since the nitro group is a meta
director. However attaching the third nitro
group is very difficult. The existance of the
CH3 or OH group on a benzene ring makes
nitration easier.
Nitrobenzene is a yellow, oily liquid with a
boiling point of 209C and a characteristic
almond smell. The vapor of nitrobenzene is
poisonous and it is a carcinogen. Nitrobenzene
is denser than water and insoluble in it ,
though it is a good polar solvent itself.
Benzene
+ HO NO2
Nitrobenzene
+H20
H2SO4
Nitrobenzene does not react with acids and bases. It can
be reduced to aniline using the catalysts of Fe,Sn or Zn in
acidic solutions.