There remain many formidable challenges to

developing technologies for charge-based devices

whose performance approaches the best theoretically
achievable. For example, the energy consumed
per operation by current generation devices
is on the order of 104 to 106 of that which is set by
fundamental physics. A broad spectrum of
research and development is needed in the underlying
disciplines if we are to even approach the
physical limits and this will probably include new
material systems, new fabrication processes, and
new device and interconnect structures. The 2005
edition of the International Technology Roadmap
for Semiconductors provides a detailed