INCORPORATING HEALTH CRITERIA INTO WASTE DISPOSAL & REUSE STANDARDS

APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

IN WASTE-WATER
MONITORING AND TREATMENT
Institute o Geno!i"s & Inte#$%ti&e Bio'o#( Institute o Geno!i"s & Inte#$%ti&e Bio'o#(
M%'' Ro%)*De'+i-,,---. M%'' Ro%)*De'+i-,,---.
- DR/0MRS/1 RITA 2UMAR - DR/0MRS/1 RITA 2UMAR

WATER - AN ELIXIR OF LIFE
WATER IS UNDOUBTEDLY THE MOST PRECIOUS NATURAL
RESOURCE COMPRISING OF HYDROGEN AND O3YGEN AND
COVERS AROUND .-4 OF EARTH SURFACE
WATER IN ITS BIOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE* IS A COMPLE3 SYSTEM
OF CHEMICAL SPECIES
COMPARED TO OTHER LI5UIDS* WATER HAS A HIGH CAPACITY TO
ABSORB AND STORE HEAT AND IS A E3CELLENT LI5UID SOLVENT
HIGH SURFACE TENSION IMPARTS A UNI5UENESS TO WATER FOR
PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
HIGHLY VERSATILE SOLVENT FOR DISSOLVING VARIED
COMPOUNDS LI2E SIMPLE SALTS OR EVEN MINERALS
ONLY SOLVENT WHOSE SOLID FORM IS LIGHTER THAN IT6S
LI5UID FORM/ THIS PROPERTY IS CRUCIAL FOR THE SURVIVAL OF
A5UATIC LIVE FORMS

Wit+out t+e see!in#'( in&%'u%7'e "o!8oun) in&%'u%7'e "o!8oun) "o!8$ise)

o +()$o#en %n) o9(#en* 'ie on e%$t+ :ou') +%&e 7een
non-e9istent

T+e nee) to !%int%in "'e%n :%te$ !%int%in "'e%n :%te$ o$ 7ot+ +u!%ns %n)
%ni!%'s +%s 7e"o!e % !%;o$* e&en % "$iti"%' "on"e$n "$iti"%' "on"e$n

Ti'' ,<.=* t+e$e :e$e no unio$! n%tion%' '%:s n%tion%' '%:s

#o&e$nin# :%te$ >u%'it(

T:o &e$( si#nii"%nt n%tion%' '%:s* t+e

,<.= C'e%n W%te$ A"t %n)
,<.? S%e D$in@in# W%te$ A"t 0SDWA1
:e$e 8%sse) %n) t+ese '%:s +%&e 7een u8)%te) o&e$ t+e
(e%$s/
WATER A THE MOST PRECIOUS
WATER A THE MOST PRECIOUS
NATURAL RESOURCE
NATURAL RESOURCE

W
W
W
A
A
A
T
T
T
E
E
E
R
R
R


U
U
U
S
S
S
E
E
E


I
I
I
N
N
N


D
D
D
I
I
I
F
F
F
F
F
F
E
E
E
R
R
R
E
E
E
N
N
N
T
T
T


C
C
C
O
O
O
U
U
U
N
N
N
T
T
T
R
R
R
I
I
I
E
E
E
S
S
S


PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL WATER
USE COUNTRY
ANNUAL
WATER USE
PER CAPITA
0GALLONS1
RESIDENTIAL INDUSTRY B
AGRICULTURE
US 525,000 10 90
CANADA 310,000 13 87
BELGIUM 221,000 6 94
INDIA 132,000 3 97
CHINA 122,000 6 94
POLAND 112,000 14 86
NICARAGUA 72,000 18 82
MALTA 16,000 100 0



MORE THAN << 4 OF THE EARTH6S WATER IN ITS NATURAL
STATE IS UNAVAILABLE OR UNAVITABLE FOR HUMAN USE
THUS* THE AMOUNT OF WATER FOR ALL THE PEOPLE*
PLANTS AND ANIMALS COMPETE IS MUCH LESS THAN , 4
OF THE TOTAL
ON AN AVERAGE* OUR SOCIETY USES ALMOST ,-- GALLONS
OF DRIN2ING WATER PER PERSON PER DAY
IN INDIA* ABOUT ,- 4 OF THE TOTAL SURFACE WATER IS
POLLUTED LEADING TO A FURTHER REDUCTION IN THE
PERCENTAGE OF WATER AVAILABE FOR HUMAN
CONSUMPTION
HOW MUCH WATER IS USED BY US ?

WHERE DOES WATER COME FROM ?
WATER SOURCES CAN BROADLY BE CLASSSIFIED
INTO TWO TYPES A
SURFACE WATER
A GENERAL TERM
DESCRIBING ANY
WATER BODY
WHICH IS FOUND
FLOWING OR
STANDING ON THE
SURFACE* SUCH AS
STREAMS* RIVERS*
PONDS* LA2ES AND
RESERVOIRS
GROUND WATER
IT IS IN THE FORM OF
A5UIFERS 0NATURAL
GEOLOGICAL
FORMATIONS -
UNDERGROUND WATER
BEARING LAYERS OF
POROUS ROC2S
THROUGH WHICH
WATER CAN FLOW
AFTER IT HAS PASSED
DOWNWARD THROUGH
THE UPPER LAYERS OF
SOIL1

GROUND WATER AND SURFACE
WATER FLOW SYSTEM

WATER RESOURCE PROBLEMS FALL INTO THREE
CATEGORIESA
TOO MUCH WATER
TOO LITTLE WATER
POOR 5UALITY B CONTAMINATION
0ALL THE ABOVE CATEGORIES ARE A DIRECT OUTCOME
OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES WHICH OFTEN 5UOTE DISASTER1
WATER IS UTILICED PRIMARILY FOR THREE MADOR
ACTIVITIES
WATER INDEPENDENT OF THE SOURCE WHEN UTILICED
FOR THE ABOVE SAID ACTIVITIES* RESULTS IN WATER
CONTAMINATION B POLLUTION WHICH IS A MADOR ISSUE
IN TODAY6S CONTE3T
WHERE DOES THE WATER GO ?
INDUSTRIAL
AGRICULTURAL
DOMESTIC

THERE ARE A NUMBER OF DEFINITIONS OF POLLUTION BY
DIFFERENT AGENCIES
THE U2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 0DOE*
,<<E1 DEFINES IT AS A SUBSTANCE WHICH IS PRESENT AT
CONCENTRATIONS WHICH CAUSE HARM OR E3CEED AN
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD
POLLUTION MAY ALSO BE REFERRED AS ANY CHANGE IN
THE ENVIRONMENT DUE TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES
ACCORDING TO THE ,<<F EU DIRECTIVE ON INTEGRATED
POLLUTION PREVENTION & CONTROL* POLLUTION CAN BE
DEFINED AS GANY DIRECT OR INDIRECT INTRODUCTION AS
A RESULT OF HUMAN ACTIVITY* OF SUBSTANCES*
VIBRATION* ETC/ WHICH MAY BE HARMFUL TO THE
5UALITY OF ENVIRONMENTH
POLLUTION

POINT SOURCE
POLLUTION
POLLUTION THAT ENTERS
THROUGH PIPES* SEWERS OR
DITCHES FROM SPECIFIC
SITES SUCH AS FACTORIES OR
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
e#/ THE E33ON VALDEC OIL
SPILL IN ,<I<
NON POINT SOURCE POLLUTION
ALSO CALLED POLLUTED RUN-
OFF CAUSED BY LAND
POLLUTANTS THAT ENTERS
BODIES OF WATER OVER LARGE
AREAS RATHER THAN AT SINGLE
POINT
e#/ AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF
MINING WASTES
MUNICIPAL WASTES
CONSTRUCTION SEDIMENTS
WHERE DOES POLLUTION COMES FROM ?
SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION CAN BE CATEGORISED
INTO TWO MAJOR TYPES:
ALTHOUGH NATURAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION ARE SOMETIMES OF
LOCAL CONCERN* POLLUTION CAUSED BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES IS
MORE WIDESPREAD
NON-POINT SOURCES POLLUTION ACCOUNTS FOR MAJORITY OF THE
CONTAMINANTS IN STREAMS AND LAKES

WATER CONTAMINANTS - SOURCES AN
EXHAUSTIVE SURVEY
RESOURCE BASED
NITRATES
PESTICIDES
INDUSTRIAL SOLVENTS
ODOUR AND TASTE
IRON AND MANGANESE
HARDNESS
PATHOGENS
ALGAL TO3INS
RADIOACTIVITY
WATER TREATMENT BASED
ALUMINIUM
DISCOLORATION
CHLORINE
ODOUR AND TASTE
IRON
TRIHALOMETHANES
FLUORIDE
PATHOGENS
NITRITE
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM BASED
SEDIMENT
DISCOLOURATION
ASBESTOS
ODOUR AND TASTE
IRON
PAH
ANIMAL AND BIOFILMS
PATHOGEN
HOME PLUMBING SYSTEM
LEAD* COPPER* CINC*
ODOUR AND TASTE*
FIBRES
CORROSION
PATHOGENS

THERMAL POLLUTION
SEDIMENT POLLUTION
INORGANIC CHEMICAL POLLUTION
DEAD ORGANIC MATTER
RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE
INORGANIC PLANT OR ALGAL NUTRIENTS
ORGANIC CHEMICALS B COMPOUNDS
SEWAGE POLLUTION
WHAT ARE THE CATEGORIES OF WATER POLLUTION ?

INORGANIC CHEMICAL POLLUTION A

SULFURIC ACID 0H
=
SO
?
1 FROM COAL AND SOME METAL MINESJ INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES THAT DISPOSE OF ACIDS IMPROPERLY
RESULTS IN ACID MINE DRAINAGE* DAMAGING ECOSYSTEMS AND SPOILING
WATER RESOURCES
LEAD AND MERCURY CAN CAUSE VARIOUS HUMAN DISEASES AND RENDER
WATER UNSUITABLE FOR USE
DEAD ORGANIC MATTER A
RAW SEWAGE* AGRICULTURAL WASTES* URBAN GARBAGE CAUSE
BIOCHEMICAL O3YGEN DEMAND AND VARIOUS DISEASES
RADIOACTIVITY A
CONTAMINATION BY NUCLEAR POWER PLANT* MILITARY AND NATURAL
SOURCES

OFTEN RELATED TO STORAGE OF RADIOACTIVITY WASTES

INORGANIC PLANT OR ALGAL NUTRIENTS A
MADOR CAUSE OF ARTIFICIAL EUTROPHICATION
PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN FROM AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN LAND USE
0FERTILICERS1 AND WASTE WATERS FROM SEWAGE TREATMENT
NITRATES CAN CAUSE POLLUTION AND DAMAGE TO ECOSYSTEM AND PEOPLE
ORGANIC CHEMICALSBCOUMPOUNDS A
SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS THAT ARE PRODUCED BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES
INCLUDE PESTICIDES* SOLVENTS* INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS
SOME E3AMPLES A
CANCER VINYL CHLORIDE 0PLASTIC
INDUSTRY1
ATTAC2 LIVER AND 2IDNEYS* MAY
CAUSE CANCER
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHYNYLS
0PCBS10INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS1
CANCER* LIVER DAMAGE* MAY
ALSO ATTAC2 2IDNEYS AND VISION
CARBON TETRA CHLORIDE
0SOLVENT1
ATTAC2S NERVOUS SYSTEM ALDICARB 0PESTICIDE1
SOME REPORTED HEALTH EFFECTS NAME OF COMPOUND

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH AND
INDUSTRIAL GROWTH AND
ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT
In 8u$suit o % 7ette$ 'ie* in)ust$i%'iK%tion is #$o:in# )%(
7( )%( 'e%&in# 7e+in) t+e 8o''ut%nts in ou$ en&i$on!ent/
En&i$on!ent%' 8o''ution is %n ine&it%7'e "onse>uen"e o
e"ono!i" )e&e'o8!ent %n) 8eo8'e6s )esi$e to i!8$o&e t+ei$
>u%'it( o 'ie/
contributing to cancer
birth defects or by damaging the immune system
other health risks
T+ese 8o''ut%nts "%n un)e$!ine ou$ +e%'t+ in &%$ious :%(s

,. RED CATEGORY INDUSTRIES

Distillery including
Fermentation industry

Fertiliser

Dyes and Dye

Intermediates

etroc!emicals

"ugar

ul# $ a#er

!armaceuticals

Fertilisers and esticides

%anneries

%!ermal o&er lants

'rganic sol(ent,
c!lorinated minerals

)ea(y and large industries

Inorganic c!emical
industries

'il *e+inery

!enols and related

industries ,ased on coalta
distillation

Iron $ "teel

-o##er "melter

138.124 8665 -/F0**'1
221.252 2566 -2*3'F/*21
201.221 6129 -2*32*45
300.589 8606 -2%21
298.515 9011 3/%45)'")'*'%*I%)I'2%0
214.645 7153 60%)7'10
214 85445 60-'*'
330.36 4004 6252%)I'1
249.093 9502 5I1/*'1
438.764 51556 F'60"2F01
3039 3039 DI-)5'*8'"
278.343 3026 DI3/%45%)25262%0
168.191 568 DI3019'F/*21
154.208 7095 3I)0145
276.331 9117 3019'0*45010
215.683 2256 2%*29I10
8418 8418 21%)*2-010
227.331 3263 260%*41
71.0779 6342 2-*45'1I%*I50
383.639 44072 2-IF5/'*F01
MW PUBCHEM CHEMICAL ID CHEMICAL NAME

6itoc!ondrial dys+unction in t!e do#aminergic neurons o+ t!e
su,stantia nigra
Iso:uinolines ;Iso<= and t&o
classes o+ #esticides, an
organoc!lorine and a
dit!iocar,amate
ar>insonism 1?met!yl?4?#!enyl?1,2,5,6?
tetra!ydro#yridine ;6%=, a
com#ound &it! structural
similarities to some !er,icides
and #esticides.
Dermatitis;ras!es and ,listers= "ome c!emicals +ound in #aints,
dyes, cosmetics and detergents
-an cause li(er and ner(ous system damage, (ascular diseases and
also s>in cancer.
2rsenic
-an cause cancer e(en at lo& e@#osure le(els. etroc!emicals
2,ility to cause ,irt! de+ects ;teratogenicity= Dio@ins ;2,3,7,8?
tetrac!lorodi,enAo?#?dio@in=
3lue ,a,yB syndrome 1itrates
-an cause yello&ing o+ t!e teet! and damage to t!e s#inal cord and
ot!er cri##ling diseases
0@cess Fluoride
Damage t!e ner(ous system and can cause cancer esticides
RELATED DISEASES POLLUTANT

TASTE AND ODOUR
CATEGORICED ACCORDING TO THE ORIGIN OF THE SUBSTANCE CAUSING THE PROBLEM
SUCH SUBSTANCES CAN BE PRESENT EITHER IN RAW WATER* BE ADDED B CREATED DURING WATER
TREATMENTJ ARISE WITHIN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OR ARISE WITHIN THE PLUMBING SYSTEM
FOUL TASTE AND ODOUR IN WATER RENDER IT AESTHETICALLY UNPALATABLE
IRON AND MANGANESE
FOUND IN LARGE AMOUNTS IN SOIL AND ROC2S IN INSOLUBLE FORM
DUE TO COMPLE3 REACTIONS OCCURING NATURALLY* THEY ARE SOLUBILICED AND ENTER THE
WATER RESOURCES* LEADING TO THEIR CONTAMINATION
HIGH CONCENTRATION OF IRON CAUSES DOMESTIC PROBLEMS LI2E STAINING OF LAUNDRY AND
DISCOLORATION OF VEGETABLES
HIGH CONCENTRATION OF MANGANESE INDUCES NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
NITRATES
FINDS ITS WAY INTO WATER RESOURCES EITHER BY LEACHING INTO A5UIFERS OR AS RUN-OFF INTO
SURFACE WATERS FROM AGRICULTURAL LAND
THE MAIN CONCERN IN POTABLE SUPPLIES IS METHAEMOGLOBINEMIA OR BLUE-BABY SYNDROME IN
INFANTS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CAN BE NATURALLY OCCURRING OR SYNTHETIC* SUCH AS PESTICIDES AND INDUSTRIAL SOLVENTS
NEARLY ALL ORGANIC COUMPOUNDS FOUND IN DRIN2ING WATER ARE TO3IC AND CARCINOGENIC* EVEN
AT VERY LOW CONCENTRATIONS
CHLORINE AND CHLORINATED ORGANIC COUMPOUNDSA
CHLORINE AND CHLORAMINES HAVE DISTINCTIVE ODOUR WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST REPORTED
ODOUR AND TASTE PROBLEM IN DRIN2ING WATER
MONO OR DI-CHLOROPHENOLS WHICH ARE FORMED WHEN PHENOLIC COUMPOUNDS REACT WITH
CHLORINE* IMPART A STRONG MEDICINAL ODOUR TO DRIN2ING WATER
TRIHALOMETHANES ARE 2NOWN TO BE CARCINOGENIC
FLUORIDE
PRESENT NATURALLY IN WATER
E3CESS FLUORIDE CAUSES TEETH TO BECOME DISCOLORED 0FLUOROSIS1 AND LONG - TERM E3POSURE
RESULTS IN PERMANENT GREY TO BLAC2 DISCOLORATION OF THE ENAMEL/ OTHER EFFECTS INCLUDE
MILD GASTROENTERITIS AND POSSIBLE S2IN IRRITATION
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDRO CARBONS 0PAH1
GENERALLY NOT VERY SOLUBLE BUT ARE READILY ADSORBED INTO PARTICULATE MATTER RESULTING
IN HIGH CONCENTRATIONS WHERE SUSPENDED SOLIDS ARE PRESENT IN WATER
THEY ARE CARCINOGENIC* CAN CAUSE GASTROINTESTINAL AND OESOPHAGEAL TUMOURS

ANIMALS AND BIOFILM
BACTERIA AND FUNGI ARE COMMON IN WATER AND FOUND AS BIOFILMS AND SLIME GROWTHS
THEIR PRESENCE CAUSES CORROSION OF PIPES* ALTERS CHEMICAL NATURE OF WATER* REDUCES
DISSOLVED O3YGEN LEVELS AND ALSO ODOUR AND TASTE PROBLEMS
CORROSION
INVOLVES ELECTRO CHEMISTRY ie/* ANODE AND CATHODE 0THE PIPE1 AND THE CONDUCTING
SOLUTION 0THE WATER1
CORROSION OF PIPES LEADS TO CHANGES IN THE ORGANOLEPTIC 5UALITY OF WATER RENDERING IT
UNPALATABLE
THE PROBLEM CAN BE CIRCUMVENTED BY USING PLASTIC B PVC PIPES

WATER BORNE DISEASES
TRANSMITTED BY INGESTION OF
CONTAMINATED WATER
e#/ CHOLERA* TYPHOID
WATER BASED INFECTIONS
CAUSED BY PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS
WHICH SPEND PART OF THEIR
LIFE-CYCLE IN A5UATIC ORGANISM
e#/*SCHISTOSOMIASIS
WATER WASHED DISEASE
INCLUDE FAECAL B ORALLY SPREAD
DISEASE B DISEASE SPREAD FROM ONE
PERSON TO ANOTHER e#/* INFECTIONS OF
THE INTESTINAL TRACT* S2IN
AND EYES
WATER RELATED DISEASES
CAUSED BY PATHOGENS CARRIED
BY INSECTS THAT ACT AS MECHANICAL
VECTORS e#/* YELLOW FEVER* DENGUE*
MALARIA* ETC/
0MOS5UITOES BREED IN WATER1
WATER
TRANSMITTED
DISEASES
PATHOGEN AND THE MICROBIAL QUALITY OF
DRINKING WATER
MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION IS THE MOST CRITICAL RISK
FACTOR IN DRINKING WATER QUALITY

MAJOR WATER BORNE DISEASES
MENINGITIS* PARALYSIS* RASH*
FEVER* RESPIRATORY DISEASES
ENTEROVIRUS (POLIO,
ECHO, COXSACKIE
DIARRHEA* POSSIBLE
PRODUCTION CARCINOGEN
ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDS
TAENIA SOLIUM
SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI
HELMINTHS
DIARRHEA*
POSSIBLE PRODUCTION OF
CARCINOGENS
MICROCYSTIS
ANABENA
APHANITOMENOM
BLUE GREEN
ALGAE
AMOEBIC DYSENTARY
MENINGO-ENCEPHALITIS
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLITICA
NAEGLERIA
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
PROTOCOA
CHOLERA
SHIGELLOSIS
DIARRHEA
VIBRIO CHOLERAE
SHIGELLA
YERSINIA
ENTEROCOLITICA
BACTERIA
HEPATITIS
DIARRHEA* EYE INFECTIONS*
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
HEPATITIS A ! E
ADENOVIRUS
VIRUSES
DISEASE PATHOGEN GROUP

Increasing demands on &ater resources +or

domestic, commercial, industrial, and
agricultural #ur#oses !a(e made &ater
$e"'%!%tion %n) $euse an attracti(e o#tion +or
conser(ing and e@tending a(aila,le &ater
su##lies.

WATER REUSE DRIVERS

In"$e%sin# :%te$ )e!%n)s to sustain industrial and #o#ulation

gro&t!.

W%te$ s"%$"it( %n) )$ou#+ts* #articularly in arid and semi?arid

regions.

En&i$on!ent%' 8$ote"tion %n) en+%n"e!ent in com,ination

&it! :%ste:%te$ !%n%#e!ent nee)s re#resent an emerging
dri(er, in a num,er o+ industrialiAed countries, coastal areas, and
tourist regions.

So"io-e"ono!i" %"to$s suc! as ne& regulations, !ealt!

concerns, #u,lic #olicies, and economic incenti(es are ,ecoming
increasingly im#ortant to t!e im#lementation o+ &ater reuse
#roCects.

Pu7'i" +e%'t+ 8$ote"tion is t!e maCor dri(er in de(elo#ing

countries &!ere lac> o+ access to +res! &ater su##lies cou#led
&it! !ig! mar>et access in ur,an and #eri?ur,an areas, dri(es
untreated reuse in agriculture. u,lic !ealt! #rotection and
en(ironmental ris> mitigation are >ey com#onents o+ any reuse
#rogram under t!ese conditions.

o#ulation gro&t!, ur,aniAation, and industrial de(elo#ment,
contri,ute to &ater s!ortages ,y #er#etually #us!ing u#
demand. In addition, t!ese same +actors increase &ater
#ollution, add to #ota,le &ater treatment costs, and most
li>ely, !a(e ad(erse !ealt! e++ects
Dater recycling is a critical element +or managing our &ater
resources. %!roug! &ater conser(ation and &ater recycling,
en(ironmental needs can ,e met and &e can still !a(e
sustaina,le de(elo#ment as &ell as a (ia,le economy

SOURCE OF WATER THAT CAN BE REUSED

Erey &ater "ystems

2gricultural Industrial rocess Dater

Industrial *euse Dater

FErey&aterG is &aste&ater !a(ing t!e consistency and strengt! o+ residential domestic
&aste&ater. Erey&ater includes &aste&ater +rom sin>s, s!o&ers and laundry +i@tures ,ut does
not include toilet or urinal &aters. Erey&ater use is administered ,y t!e De#artment o+ )ealt!.

WHAT IS RECLAIMED WATERL
F*eclaimed &aterG is de+ined as e++luent deri(ed in
any #art +rom se&age t!at !as ,een ade:uately and
relia,ly treated to a !ig! :uality so t!at it is suita,le
+or ,ene+icial uses. *eclaimed &ater is no longer
considered a &aste&ater. 2ll reclaimed &ater must
meet t!e Dater *eclamation and *euse "tandards
esta,lis!ed ,y t!e state De#artments o+ )ealt! and
0cology. %!e standards !a(e stringent re:uirements
to assure ade:uate treatment and #at!ogen remo(al.

CLASSES OF RECLAIMED WATER
Fou$ 7%si" "'%sses o
$e"'%i!e) :%te$ A* B* C
%n) D
A'' "'%sses use %n o9i)iKe)
:%ste:%te$ M % !ini!u!
o se"on)%$( t$e%t!ent A''
$e>ui$e % +i#+ 'e&e' o
)isine"tion
C'%ss A $e>ui$es %)&%n"e)
t$e%t!ent %n) %''o:s t+e
!ost uses/
C'%sses B* C %n) D %$e o
% 'esse$ >u%'it( %n) +%&e
!o$e $est$i"tions on use
)e8en)in# on t+e 8otenti%'
o$ +u!%n "ont%"t/

GOALSA
En"ou$%#e %n) %"i'it%te
$e"'%i!e) :%te$ use
P$o&i)e ne: 7%si" :%te$ su88'ies
to !eet utu$e :%te$ nee)s
P$ote"t 8u7'i" +e%'t+ %n) s%et(
P$ote"t %n) en+%n"e ou$
en&i$on!ent
G%in 8u7'i" "oni)en"e %n)
su88o$t in $e"'%i!e) :%te$
Fin) "ost-ee"ti&e so'utions

TYPICAL USES -

AGRICULTURAL REUSE
G$eenin# o t+e S%u)i A$%7i%n
)ese$t %s % $esu't o "$o8
i$$i#%tion :it+ t$e%te)
:%ste:%te$/
Li!%* Pe$uA i$$i#%tion o
eu"%'(8tus t$ees :it+
%"u't%ti&e 8on) e'uent
0e9%!8'e o $est$i"te)
i$$i#%tion1/
Li!%* Pe$uA "$o8 i$$i#%tion :it+ !%tu$%tion
8on) e'uent 0see "+%nne' 7otto! $i#+t1 M
%"tu%''( e'uent $o! ?t+!%tu$%tion 8on)A
so %n e9%!8'e o un$est$i"te) i$$i#%tion/
C(8$usA #o&e$n!ent )e!onst$%tion o
:%ste:%te$ $euse/ T+e 8'ots on t+e 'et %$e
i$$i#%te) :it+ !%tu$%tion 8on) 0o$e#$oun)1
e'uentJ t+ose on t+e $i#+t :it+ $es+:%te$/
Yie')s +i#+e$ $o! :%ste:%te$-i$$i#%te) 8'ots/

Cyprus:
Irrigation of jojoba shrubs. Oil yield
from wastewater-irrigated shrubs
higher than that from freshwater-
irrigated shrubs.
Yorkshire, England. farmer is pumping
maturation pond effluent!

2</2-/5%/*25 *0/"0
2isu!u* 2en(%A s"+oo'7o(s
'ite$%''( is+in# o$ t+ei$ su88e$
in % se"on)%$( !%tu$%tion
8on)/
C%'"utt%* In)i%A A'' t+e "it(6s
:%ste:%te$ 0EE-*---!NB)%(1 is use) to
e$ti'ise N--- +% o is+8on)s* 8$o)u"in#
so!e ,N*--- tonnes o is+ 8e$ (e%$/
Anot+e$ &ie: o t+e C%'"utt% E%st
:%ste:%te$-e) is+8on)s/
Fis+in# %t t+e C%'"utt% E%st
is+8on)s/

"itto: sludge remo#al from a fishpond.
"itto: the fish are mainly
Indian major $arp, with some
tilapia. %he $arp are$atla&Catla
$atla',mrigal&Cirrhina mrigala'
androhu&(abeo rohita'.
"itto: lo$al women taking fish
to market. %hey also irrigate
some $rops with water taken
from the fishponds.

HOW CAN RECYCLED WATER BENEFIT USL

WATER RECYCLING AND REUSEA
THE ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF WATER
RECYCLINGL
W%te$ $e"("'in# "%n )e"$e%se
)i&e$sion o $es+:%te$ $o! sensiti&e
e"os(ste!s/
W%te$ $e"("'in# )e"$e%ses )is"+%$#e
to sensiti&e :%te$ 7o)ies/
Re"("'e) :%te$ !%( 7e use) to "$e%te
o$ en+%n"e :et '%n)s %n) $i8%$i%n
0st$e%!1 +%7it%ts/
W%te$ $e"("'in# "%n $e)u"e %n)
8$e&ent 8o''ution/

T+ese %$e "on&ention%' te"+no'o#ies 7%se) on
"+e!i"%' o$ t+e$!%' 8$o"esses :+i"+ oten
e!8'o( t+e use o +i#+ te!8e$%tu$es* e9t$e!e
8H %n) o$#%ni" so'&ents/
Although a number of technologies are
available to prevent pollution
Ot+e$ )is%)&%nt%#es %$e A
une"ono!i"%'
u$t+e$ 8o''ute t+e en&i$on!ent
te"+no'o#i"%''( $et%$)e)
in"$e%se in !%ss o :%ste #ene$%te)

ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL

3I'%0-)1'5'E4
Biote"+no'o#( is % useu' too' t+%t is
)e'i&e$in# i!8$o&e) 8$o)u"ts %n)
8$o"esses o$ t+e en&i$on!ent%'
sust%in%7i'it(/ Biote"+no'o#( 8$o!ises
% $%n#e o 7eneits to !%n%#e t+e
in)ust$i%' :%ste :%te$ e"ono!i"%''(
%n) ee"ti&e'( %$oun) t+e :o$')/
En&i$on!ent%' Biote"+no'o#( is t+e
!u'ti)is"i8'in%$( inte#$%tion o
s"ien"es %n) en#inee$in# in o$)e$ to
uti'iKe t+e +u#e 7io"+e!i"%' 8otenti%'
o !i"$oo$#%nis!s* 8'%nts %n) 8%$ts
t+e$eo o$ t+e $esto$%tion %n)
8$ese$&%tion o t+e en&i$on!ent %n)
o$ t+e sust%in%7'e use o $esou$"es/
018I*'1601%25 3I'%0-)1'5'E4
Cleaning of environment through natures scavengers

En&i$on!ent%' Biote"+no'o#( En&i$on!ent%' Biote"+no'o#( e!8'o(s % )i&e$se set o

!et+o)o'o#i"%' %88$o%"+es to e98'o$e %n) e98'oit t+e
n%tu$%' 7io )i&e$sit( o !i"$oo$#%nis!s %n) t+ei$
eno$!ous !et%7o'i" "%8%"ities

T+e ie') in"'u)es t+e %88'i"%tion o !i"$oo$#%nis!s ie') in"'u)es t+e %88'i"%tion o !i"$oo$#%nis!s
o$
- i!8$o&e!ent o en&i$on!ent%' >u%'it(
- )is"o&e$( o !i"$oo$#%nis!s :it+ !et%7o'i"
8otenti%'s t+%t "%n 7e e!8'o(e) o$ in)ust$i%'
%88'i"%tions
- use o !o'e"u'%$ !et+o)s o$ %ssessin# t+e n%tu$%'
)ist$i7ution o !i"$o7es in t+e en&i$on!ent %n)
t+e e"o'o#i"%' un"tion t+e( 8e$o$!

NECESSITY OF THE DIFFERENCE A
NECESSITY OF THE DIFFERENCE A

Con"e$n %7out t+e en&i$on!ent%' i!8%"t o #eneti"%''(

en#inee$e) !i"$oo$#%nis!s +%s #$e%t'( "onst$%ine)
t+e 8ossi7i'it( o )e'i7e$%te'( $e'e%sin# $e"o!7in%nt
!i"$o7es o$ en&i$on!ent%' $e!e)i%tion

Usin# su"+ $e"o!7in%nt !i"$oo$#%nis!s !%( 7e

8ossi7'e :it+in "ont%ine) 7io$e%"to$s 7ut* t+ei$
7$o%)e$ en&i$on!ent%' %88'i"%tions :i'' )e8en) u8on
ne: un)e$st%n)in# o e"o'o#i"%' un"tions %n) $is@
%ssess!ents $e'%te) to 8o8u'%tion o int$o)u"e)
o$#%nis!s

Te"+no'o#i"%' %)&%n"e!ents in t+e en&i$on!ent%'
7iote"+no'o#( se"to$ %$e "on"e$ne) :it+ t+e in)ust$i%' in)ust$i%'
8$o"essin# o !%te$i%'s 7( !i"$oo$#%nis!s to 8$o&i)e 8$o"essin# o !%te$i%'s 7( !i"$oo$#%nis!s to 8$o&i)e
)esi$%7'e 8$o)u"ts o$ se$&e ot+e$ useu' 8u$8oses/ )esi$%7'e 8$o)u"ts o$ se$&e ot+e$ useu' 8u$8oses/
It o$!s 8%$t o 7iote"+no'o#(* :+i"+ e!8+%siKes t+e
%88'i"%tion o 7io'o#i"%' s(ste!s to t+e !%nu%"tu$in#
%n) se$&i"e in)ust$ies o$ t+e
use o 7io'o#i"%' 8$o"esses
use o 7io'o#i"%' 8$o"esses
:it+in t+e $%!e:o$@ o te"+ni"%' o8e$%tions %n)
:it+in t+e $%!e:o$@ o te"+ni"%' o8e$%tions %n)
in)ust$i%' 8$o)u"tion/
in)ust$i%' 8$o)u"tion/

T+e use o 'i&in# !i"$o7es to
t$%nso$! un)esi$%7'e %n)
+%$!u' su7st%n"es into
non-to9i" "o!8oun)s/
T+e +us7%n)$( %n) !%n%#e!ent o n%tu$%''(-o""u$$in# !i"$o7es
to )e#$%)e t%$#et 8o''ut%nts o$ t+e 8u$8ose o $esto$in#
"ont%!in%te) en&i$on!ent/
Environmental Biotechnology

En&i$on!ent%' biote$hnology offers
the pri#ate se$tor remarkable new
tools for pollution pre#ention that
ha#e not been widely a#ailable before
now.
%hese new tools not
only pre#ent pollution
but $an also
signifi$antly $ut
energy demand,
natural resour$e
$onsumption, and
produ$tion $osts while
$reating high-)uality
intermediates or
$onsumer produ$ts.
$$elerated uptake of
new industrial
biote$hnology
pro$esses $ould lead to
further pollution
pre#ention, waste
redu$tion, and energy
$ost sa#ings in related
ser#i$es su$h as waste
disposal or energy
produ$tion.

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
APPLICATIONS FOR APPLICATIONS FOR
WASTE WATER WASTE WATER
MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT
*O((+%IO, *O((+%IO,
-O,I%O.I,/ -O,I%O.I,/
POLLUTION CONTROL POLLUTION CONTROL
P$e&ention %t t+e
#$%ss $oot 'e&e'
En) o 8i8e t$e%t!ent
E98'o$in# ne: !i"$o7i%'
'o$% :it+ un$e&e%'e)
!et%7o'i" 8otenti%'s
Re8'%"in# "+e!i"%'
"%t%'(sis :it+ 7io"%t%'(sis

WATER CAN BE MONITORED BY
HOW CAN WE MONITOR THE WATER QUALITY ?
BIOLOGICAL MEANS
BIOLOGICAL O3YGEN
DEMAND 0BOD1
PATHOGENS
CHEMICAL MEANS
CHEMICAL O3YGEN
DEMAND 0COD1
8H
AL2ALINITY
TOTAL SUSPENDED
SOLIDS 0TSS1
TOTAL ORGANIC
CARBON 0TOC1
OIL AND GREASE

HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT
REPRESENTS THE AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC BACTERIA PRESENT IN WATER
NOT A DIRECT INDICATOR OF FAECAL CONTAMINATION BUT DO INDICATE VARIATION IN WATER
5UALITY
THIS VALUE MAINLY INDICATES THE EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
MULTIPLE TUBE METHOD
REPRESENTS THE MOST PROBABLE NUMBER 0MPN1 OF COLIFORMS PRESENT IN A WATER SAMPLE
IT IS CALCULATED WITH REFERENCE TO PROBABILITY TABLES
MEMBRANE FILTRATION
WIDELY USED METHOD FOR ALL COLIFORM TESTING
TA2ES SHORTER TIME* IS SIMPLER* ECONOMIC
LARGE SAMPLE VOLUMES CAN BE PROCESSED IN SITU
MONITORING PATHOGENS
MEMBRANE FILTRATION METHOD

EMERGING TECHNI5UES
THESE TECHNI5UES ARE BASED ON COMPLE3 BIOCHEMICAL
TECHNI5UES SUCH AS ENCYME DETECTION* HYBRIDICATION*
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION* GENE PROBE TECHNOLOGY AND
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY METHOD
ALLOW EVEN SINGLE BACTERIAL CELLS PRESENT IN THE WATER
SAMPLES TO BE DETECTED
MONITORING PATHOGENS

WHAT ARE THE STRATEGIES FOR
CONTROLLING PATHOGEN TRANSFER ?
A BARRIER APPROACH IS THE 2EY STRATEGY FOR
CONTROLLING THE HEALTH RIS2S POSED BY MICROBES IN
DRIN2ING WATER
P
H
Y
S
I
C
O

M

C
H
E
M
I
C
A
L
M
E
T
H
O
D
S

0
U
V
1
*

e
t
"
/
%*02%601% 'F D2%0*
%' *06'80
2%)'E01"
%*02%601% 'F *2D
D2%0* D)I-) I1-5/D0"
DI"I1F0-%I'1

STRATEGIES FOR CONTROLLING PATHOGEN TRANSFER
SOURCE FAECAL COLIFORMS 0FC1
HUMAN FEACAL COLIFORM DISCHARGES
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
DISINFECTION
FAECAL COLIFORMS B ,-- ML
I*=F-*--- FC CELLSB,-- ML
,*<E-*---*--- FCBPERSONBDAY
CUMULATIVE REDUCTION
041
E-
F-
<</<<
<</<<<<
FC SURVIVING
=-- -NE-
I- -,?-
-/I -,/?
-/--- -I - -/---,?
SELF -PURIFICATION AND EFFLUENT DILUTION ,- -,E 4
WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT
RAW WATER STORAGE
COAGULATION - SEDIMENTATION
FILTRATION
DISINFECTION
MUNICIPAL RAW SEWAGE
SEWAGE TREATMENT REDUCTIONS
CUMULATIVE REDUCTION
041
E-
I-
<I
<</<<
FC SURVIVING
? ,N- ---
, FE= ---
,FE =--
I--

TWO TYPES OF WATER TREATMENT DEVICES CAN BE INSTALLED
POINT-OF-USE 0POU1 TREATING WATER AT A
SINGLE TAP
POINT OF ENTRY 0POE1 TREATING WATER USED
THROUGHOUT A HOUSE
SUCH DEVICES ARE BASED ON VARIOUS CONTAMINANT REMOVAL
TECHNOLOGIES LI2E FILTRATION* ION-E3CHANGE* REVERSE OSMOSIS AND
BOILING
HOME FILTRATION UNITS USE ACTIVATED CARBON FILTERS* WHICH ADSORB
ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS AND CONSTITUENTS
ION-E3CHANGE UNITS CAN BE USED TO REMOVE MINERALS LI2E C%
=O
AND M#
=O
AS WELL AS ARSENATE AND FLUORIDE
REVERSE OSMOSIS TREATMENT UNITS CAN REMOVE NITRATES* SODIUM*
OTHER DISSOLVED INORGANICS AND ORGANIC COUMPOUNDS
WE MAY ALSO CHOOSE TO BOIL OUR WATER TO REMOVE MICROBIAL
CONTAMINATIONS* ALTHOUGH 2EEPING IN MIND THAT BOILING MAY
CONCENTRATE OTHER CONTAMINANTS

c=
a=
d=
,=
e=
TREATMENT PROCESS TRAIN
"'
=
"'
=
CHLORINATION
"'
=
FILTRATION
FILTRATION
"'
= COAGULANT
FILTRATION
IN LINE FILTRATION
"'
=
"'
= COAGULANT
FLOCCULATION
SEDIMENTATION
CONVENTIONAL
TREATMENT
FILTRATION
"'
= COAGULANT
FILTRATION
FLOCCULATION
DIRECT
FILTRATION
"'
=

T+e )is"+%$#e o o9(#en "onsu!in# !%te$i%'s )e8'ete

t+e Disso'&e) O9(#en0DO1 o $e"ei&in# :%te$s
!%@in# it HYPO3IC HYPO3IC

H(8o9i" %>u%ti" en&i$on!ents 8ose % t+$e%t to

%>u%ti" 'o$%B%un% %n) "%n e&en "%use % s+it in t+ei$
8o8u'%tions

On to8 o %''* sui"ient PDO6 is essenti%' o$ t+e

8$o8e$ %e$%tion o !%n( :%ste-:%te$ t$e%t!ent
8$o"esses
T"#$#%&$#, 'DO( )#*+,$#)#-. /+ #++#-./*0
T"#$#%&$#, 'DO( )#*+,$#)#-. /+ #++#-./*0
/
/

T+e $%te %t :+i"+ o9(#en is use)* is 8e$+%8s e&en !o$e

i!8o$t%nt t+%n t+e )ete$!in%tion o PDO6

A +i#+ $%te o o9(#en u8t%@e i!8'ies % +i#+ o9(#en

)e!%n)in# :%ste

W+e$e%s* % 'o: $%te o o9(#en use :ou') in)i"%teA

- eit+e$ "'e%n :%te$
- '%"@ o inte$est o %&%i'%7'e !i"$oo$#%nis!s to
"onsu!e t+e o$#%ni" !%te$i%'
- )e%t+B )e"%( o !i"$oo$#%nis!s
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF
PDO6 MEASUREMENT L
PDO6 MEASUREMENT L

BIOCHEMICAL O3YGEN DEMAND0BOD1A
BIOCHEMICAL O3YGEN DEMAND0BOD1A
THE RATE OF OXYGEN USE
THE RATE OF OXYGEN USE
BOD $e8$esents t+e %!ount o O
=
"onsu!e) 7(
7%"te$i% %n) ot+e$ !i"$oo$#%nis!s :+i'e t+e(
)e"o!8ose o$#%ni" !%tte$ un)e$ %e$o7i" "on)itions %t
% s8e"iie) te!8e$%tu$e 0APHA* ,<<I1

BOD is not % s8e"ii" 8o''ut%nt 7ut $%t+e$ % !e%su$e o

t+e %!ount o O
=
$e>ui$e) 7( 7%"te$i% %n) ot+e$
!i"$o7es en#%#e) in st%7i'iKin# )e"o!8os%7'e o$#%ni"
!%tte$

BOD IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT AND WIDELY
USED PARAMETER FOR ASSESSING THE POLLUTIONAL
STRENGTH OF WATER
WHEN BOD IS TOO HIGH * THE DISSOLVED O3YGEN
CONTENT OF THE WATER BECOMES TOO LOW TO
SUPPORT ALL THE LIFE FORM IN THE WATER
THE COUNCIL OF ENVIRONMENTAL 5UALITY DEFINES
THE THRESHOLD FOR WATER POLLUTION ALERT AS A
D/O/ CONTENT OF LESS THAN E !# B ' OF WATER
WHY ASSESS BOD ?

THE CONVENTIONAL BOD TEST A
THE CONVENTIONAL BOD TEST A
SOME INHERENT PROBLEMS
SOME INHERENT PROBLEMS
It is % "o!8'e9 $e%"tion $e>ui$in# s@i''e) te"+ni"i%ns
Use o non-st%n)%$)Bunio$! see)in# !%te$i%'
Nee)s N-E )%(s to %$$i&e %t % 8'%usi7'e "on"'usion
Unsuit%7'e o$ /- +/., %n) $e%' ti!e !onito$in#

En&i$on!ent%' 7io-te"+no'o#ies
En&i$on!ent%' 7io-te"+no'o#ies
)e&e'o8e) %t IGIB
)e&e'o8e) %t IGIB
Technologies
Technologies
PHENOTREA
T
BODSEED
BODBEADS
BIOSENSOR
AL2ANEUTRI
BIOBLEACHING
DECOLOURICATION
PHENOTREAT

IMPORTANCE OF
IMPORTANCE OF
SEEDING
SEEDING
IN BOD
IN BOD
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
S##1/-2 /+ * 3$&4#++ /- 5"/4" ."# )/4$&&$2*-/+)+ ."*. S##1/-2 /+ * 3$&4#++ /- 5"/4" ."# )/4$&&$2*-/+)+ ."*.
&6/1/7# ."# BOD *$# *11#1 .& ."# BOD 8&..0# &6/1/7# ."# BOD *$# *11#1 .& ."# BOD 8&..0#
In)ust$i%' :%ste-:%te$s $%$e'( "ont%in % sin#'e
"o!8oun) %n) 7io)e#$%)%tion o t+ese "o!8oun)s !%(
not 7e %e"te) 7( sin#'e !i"$o7e
E%%/4/#-. 8/&1#2$*1*./&- E%%/4/#-. 8/&1#2$*1*./&- "%n on'( 7e o7t%ine) 7( usin# %
)/6.,$# &% )/4$&&$2*-/+)+ )/6.,$# &% )/4$&&$2*-/+)+* 7e"%use "o''e"ti&e'( !i"$o7es
e9+i7it un8%$%''e'e) !et%7o'i" )i&e$sit( %n) %)%8t%7i'it(
%''o:in# t+e! to su$&i&e in en&i$on!ents in"o!8%ti7'e
:it+ '%$#e 'ie o$!s

Use o %"ti&%te) s'u)#eBnon-unio$! !i"$o7i%' !i9tu$e
%s see)in# !%te$i%' in BOD %n%'(sis 'e%)s to e$$oneous
%n) non-$e8$o)u"i7'e $esu'ts
Re8$o)u"i7i'it( o BOD &%'ues "%n 7e o7t%ine) 7(
o$!u'%tin# % )eine) !i"$o7i%' "onso$tiu! "ont%inin#
% unio$! !i"$o7i%' 8o8u'%tion

BODSEED
BODSEED
A o$!u'%te)* s(ne$#isti"* )e+()$%te) unio$!
!i"$o7i%' "onso$tiu! to 7e use) %s % $ee$en"e
see)in# !%te$i%' in BOD %n%'(sis
T+e 8$o)u"t is %/$+. &% /.(+ 9/-1 /- ."# I-1/*- )*$9#. %/$+. &% /.(+ 9/-1 /- ."# I-1/*- )*$9#.

L*,-4"#1 /- ."# )*$9#.

L*,-4"#1 /- ."# )*$9#. t+$ou#+ MBs/ In)o Bio%"ti&e
L%7s Lt)/* Pune/
P*.#-.#1 /- I-1/*
Use o s(nt+eti" see)in# !%te$i%' in BOD %n%'(sis +%s
7een %88$o&e) 7( BIS

BODSEED - See)in# o$ BOD %n%'(sis
BODSEED - See)in# o$ BOD %n%'(sis
A REVOLUTIONARY PRODUCT FOR MONITORING BOD
De&e'o8e) 7( CBT* De'+i
V%'i)%te) 7( CPCB* De'+i
M%nu%"tu$e) %n) !%$@ete) 7(
I-1& B/&*4./:# L*8+ (3 L.1;, P,-#
E-!%i' A in)o7ioQ&sn'/"o!

BODBEADS
A CONVENIENT* INSTANT SEEDING MATERIAL FOR
REPRODUCIBLE BOD ANALYSIS
EXCELLENT AGREEMENT WITH
CONVENTIONAL METHOD
SEEDING MATERIAL IN THE FORM OF
REUSABLE BEADS
UNIFORM MICROBIAL POPULATION,
PROVIDES CONSISTENT RESULTS,
THUS REDUCING POTENTIAL
FOR ERROR
CAN HANDLE A BROAD RANGE OF
SUBSTRATES (SYNTHETIC ! INDUSTRIAL
EFFLUENTS IN A CLEAN AND SAFE
MANNER
PRODUCT PATENTED IN US AND
INDIA
D#:#0&3#1 8< C#-.$# F&$ B/&4"#)/4*0
T#4"-&0&2<, M*00 R&*1,, D#0"/-==> >>?
V*0/1*.#1 8< C#-.$*0 P&00,./&- C&-.$&0
B&*$1, P*$/:#+" B"*5*-, E*+. A$@,-
N*2*$, D#0"/ -==> >AB
F&$ )&$# /-%&$)*./&- , 30#*+# 4&-.*4.:
T"# D/$#4.&$, C#-.$# F&$ B/&4"#)/4*0 T#4"-&0&2<,
M*00 R&*1, D#0"/- ==> >>?

NEED FOR RAPID BOD MEASUREMENT
NEED FOR RAPID BOD MEASUREMENT
T+e 4&-:#-./&-*0 BOD .#+. 4&-:#-./&-*0 BOD .#+. $e>ui$es N-E )%(s t+us*
3$&:/-2 .&& +0&5 3$&:/-2 .&& +0&5 to 8$o&i)e ti!e'( ino$!%tion to t+e
o8e$%to$ o$ "ont$o' 8u$8oses
Fo$ 7ette$ o8e$%tion o t$e%t!ent 8'%nts* :e nee) to
+%&e $*3/1 *-*0<./4*0 )#."&1+ +,4" *+ BIOSENSORS $*3/1 *-*0<./4*0 )#."&1+ +,4" *+ BIOSENSORS
Biosenso$s +%&e e&o'&e) 7( t+e "on"e$te) eo$ts o
s"ientists %n) en#inee$s t$%ine) in t+e t$%)ition%'
en&i$on!ent%' )is"i8'ines* %s :e'' %s 7( t+e )iusion o
i)e%s $o! ot+e$ ie')s

Biosenso$s %$e %n%'(ti"%' )e&i"es sensiti&e
to 7io'o#i"%' 8%$%!ete$s
BIOSENSORS
BIOSENSORS
3I'6'50-/50
3I'6'50-/50


6063*210
6063*210


%*21"D/-0*
%*21"D/-0*
eg., enzymes, to immobilize convert biological
microbes & biomolecules signal to
antibodies, etc. quantitative response

BOD BIOSENSOR DEVELOPED AT IGIB
BOD BIOSENSOR DEVELOPED AT IGIB
BOD %n%'(sis
in ,- !in/

See)in# !%te$i%' o$ t+e %"tu%'
esti!%tion o BOD 'o%) o Pu'8 %n)
P%8e$ in)ust$i%' :%ste :%te$

A "onso$tiu! o s8e"ii" 7%"te$i% o$ )ete$!inin#

t+e 8o''ution 'o%) in 8u'8 %n) 8%8e$ e'uents

Cone$s "o!8'ete %""ountin# o 8o''ution 'o%) in

BOD %n%'(sis

E9+i7its BODACOD $%tio o -/FE--/FI %s %#%inst

-/NF e9+i7ite) usin# BODSEED B "on&ention%'
see)in# !%te$i%'

BODACOD $%tio o -/F. :it+ t+e )e&e'o8e) see) is

%'!ost e>u%' to t+%t e9+i7ite) 7( GGA 0$ee$en"es
so'ution1usin# t+e "on&ention%' see) i/e/* -/F.
SEEDING MATERIAL IN BOD ANALYSIS

WATER MUST BE TREATED TO RENDER IT SUITABLE FOR
DISCHARGE INTO WATER BODIES AS PER THE LIMITS SET
BY POLLUTION CONTROL AUTHORITIES
WATER TREATMENT IS DONE IN THREE MADOR STEPS
PRIMARY TREATMENT
SECONDARY TREATMENT
H BIOLOGICAL
TERTIARY TREATMENT
H PHYSICO-CHEMICAL METHODS INCLUDING COAGULATION*
FILTRATION* ACTIVATED CARBON* ADSORPTION OF ORGANIC
AND ADDITIONAL DISINFECTANTS
WHAT NEXT AFTER MONITORING ?
PHYSICAL
SCREENING
FILTRATION
SETTLING
CHEMICAL
FLOCCULATION

Besi)es t+e in)is8ens%7'e $o'e o !i"$oo$#%nis!s in

en&i$on!ent%' !onito$in#* t+ei$ 8otenti%' o$
"ont$o''in# :%ste-:%te$ 8o''ution "%nnot 7e i#no$e)

T+$ee 7%si" st$%te#ies %$e %)o8te) in "o!7%tin#

in)ust$i%' :%te$ 8o''ution* &iK/* B/&$#)#1/*./&-,
8/&*,2)#-.*./&- %n) B/&+./),0*./&-
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

BIOREMEDIATION A
BIOREMEDIATION A
E98'oits t+e !et%7o'i" "%8%"ities o !i"$oo$#%nis!s to
$e!o&e 8o''ut%nts $o! t+e en&i$on!ent
BIOSTIMULATION A
BIOSTIMULATION A
Re'ies on t+e n%tu$%' %"ti&ities o in)i#enous
!i"$oo$#%nis!s "o!7ine) :it+ t+e use o en&i$on!ent%'
!o)ii"%tions* su"+ %s %))ition o !ine$%' nut$ients* to
sti!u'%te t+e $%te %t :+i"+ !i"$o7es !et%7o'iKe 8o''ut%nts
BIOAUGMENTATION A
BIOAUGMENTATION A
In&o'&es t+e %))ition o "u'tu$es o !i"$oo$#%nis!s :it+
s8e"ii" 8o''ut%nt )e#$%)in# "%8%7i'ities to % 8o''ute) site

T+e nee) o t+e )%( is to %)o8t En&i$on!ent%'

M%n%#e!ent S(ste!s 0EMS1 so %s to $esu't in in)ust$(
!o&in# %:%( $o! en)-o-8ie t$e%t!ent to 8$e&enti&e
st$%te#ies in&o'&in# $e"("'in#* $euse %n) 8$o)u"t
su7stitution

W+i'e t+e "on"e8t o Ke$o )is"+%$#e is :i)e'( e!7$%"e)*

in 8$%"ti"e e: in)ust$ies +%&e 7een su""essu' in
e'i!in%tin# t+e 8$o)u"tion o %'' :%ste-:%te$s $e>ui$in#
)is8os%' %te$ t$e%t!ent

WHAT IS WASTE-WATER TREATMENT L
WHAT IS WASTE-WATER TREATMENT L

A :%ste-:%te$ t$e%t!ent 8$o"ess is % "o!7in%tion o

se8%$%te t$e%t!ent 8$o"esses o$ units )esi#ne) to 8$o)u"e
%n e'uent o s8e"iie) >u%'it( $o! % :%ste-:%te$ o
@no:n "o!8osition %n) 'o: $%te

P$e-t$e%t!ent o in)ust$i%' :%ste-:%te$s is oten

ne"ess%$( to 8$e&ent )%!%#e to se:e$s o$ t+e t$e%t!ent
8$o"esses e!8'o(e)/ It "%n 7e )one %t sou$"e %n) is
%"+ie&e) !%in'( 7( 'o: 7%'%n"in#* neut$%'iK%tion %n)
%tBoi' sus8ension

METHODS FOR REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED
INORGANICS ! ORGANICS

I1'*E21I-"
H
Distillation
H
6em,rane #rocess
0lectrodialysis
Ion e@c!ange
*e(erse osmosis
H
Filtration
1ano+iltration
/ltra+iltration
6icro+iltration

'*E21I-"
H
2dsor#tion
2cti(ated car,on ;2-=
H 2- ;#o&ered=
H E2- ;granulated=
"ynt!etic #olymer
H 72D
H
'@idation
'
3
)
2
'
2
'
2

Biote"+no'o#(
Biote"+no'o#( "%n 8'%( % !%;o$ $o'e in
8o''ution 8$e&ention* :%ste $e)u"tion*
7io"on&e$sion %n) ene$#( "ost s%&in#s/
E9%!8'esA E9%!8'esA
Pu'8 %n) P%8e$ In)ust$(
Te9ti'e In)ust$(
Be&e$%#e In)ust$(
St%$"+ In)ust$(
Pet$o"+e!i"%'s

Biote"+no'o#(
Biote"+no'o#( "%n 8'%( %
!%;o$ $o'e in 8o''ution
8$e&ention* :%ste $e)u"tion*
7io"on&e$sion %n) ene$#(
"ost s%&in#s in &%$ious
in)ust$ies/
REPLACEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL
PROCESSES WITH BIOTECHNOLOGICAL
PROCESSES
Elimination of the problem before its generation

BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PULP AND
PAPER INDUSTRY
Bio8u'8in# uses enK(!es to se'e"ti&it(
)e#$%)e 'i#nin %n) to 7$e%@ )o:n :oo)
"e'' :%''s/
Bio7'e%"+in# uses enK(!es to 7'e%"+ t+e
8u'8/
Bio'o#i"%' )e"o'ou$iK%tion uses 7%"te$i%
o$ un#i/

BIOTECHNOLOGY IN TE3TILE

H()$o#en 8e$o9i)e use) o$ 7'e%"+in#

te9ti'es usu%''( $e>ui$es se&e$%' $insin#
"("'es/

Ne: enK(!e 8$o"ess -- on'( one +i#+

te!8e$%tu$e $inse is nee)e) to $e!o&e
7'e%"+ $esi)ues/

Re)u"e) 8$o)u"tion "osts

Re)u"e) ene$#( "onsu!8tion

Re)u"e) :%te$ "onsu!8tion

Neut$%'iK%tion %n) )e"o'ou$iK%tion o

:%ste :%te$ usin# 7%"te$i%

BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD INDUSTRY
EnK(!%ti" 8$o"essin#- Use o 8e"tin%ses
%n) %!('%ses in oo) 8$o"essin#
E'uent t$e%t!ent o :%ste :%te$ usin#
8otenti%' !i"$o7es
Bio'o#i"%' neut$%'iK%tion o :%ste :%te$

BIOTECHNOLOGY IN STARCH INDUSTRY
Use o enK(!es in st%$"+ 8$o"essin#
Bio'o#i"%' $e!o&%' o %!!oni% $o!
:%ste :%te$
Ee"ti&e %n) $%8i) t$e%t!ent o :%ste
:%te$ usin# se'e"ti&e !i"$o7es

BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PETROCHEMICALS
C'e%nin# o sto$%#e t%n@ usin#
enK(!es
oi'-s8i'' "'e%n-u8 usin# 8otenti%'
!i"$o7es

ETHANOL FROM BIOMASS OR
ORGANIC WASTE

Biote"+no'o#( %''o:s "on&e$sion o 7io!%ss

o$ o$#%ni" :%ste to et+%no'/
Resu'ts in $e)u"e) CO
=
e!issions 7( !o$e
t+%n <-4 0"o!8%$e) to oi'1/

A''o:s o$ #$e%te$ )o!esti" ene$#(

8$o)u"tion %n) it uses % $ene:%7'e ee)sto"@/

IGIB
Goo) en&i$on!ent%' te"+no'o#ies :i'' 8e$!it
Goo) en&i$on!ent%' te"+no'o#ies :i'' 8e$!it
!%9i!u! e"ono!i" %"ti&it( 0
!%9i!u! e"ono!i" %"ti&it( 0
5#*0." 4$#*./&-
5#*0." 4$#*./&-
1
1
"onsistent :it+ !ini!u! 8u7'i" +e%'t+ )et$i!ent
"onsistent :it+ !ini!u! 8u7'i" +e%'t+ )et$i!ent
%n) en&i$on!ent%' )e#$%)%tion 0
%n) en&i$on!ent%' )e#$%)%tion 0
C,*0/.< &% 0/%#
C,*0/.< &% 0/%#
1
1

AL2ANEUTRI
AL2ANEUTRI

De&e'o8!ent o t+is te"+no'o#( :%s %n en)e%&ou$ o$ t+e

e"ono!i"* ee"ti&e %n) ei"ient 8/&0&2/4*0 -#,.$*0/7*./&-
&% *09*0/-# 5*+.#-5*.#$+

Nee) o$ t+is 8$e-t$e%t!ent is t+e$e* %s !ost o t+e

!i"$o7i%' st$%ins 8$esent in t+e "on&ention%' t$e%t!ent
8$o"esses :o$@ :e'' ne%$ neut$%' 8H

T+e 8$in"i8'e o BIOSTIMULATION :%s uti'iKe) o$ t+e

)e&e'o8!ent o t+e %7o&e s%i) te"+no'o#(

Mo)e' in)ust$ies "+osen o$ "%se stu)( A Te9ti'e* P&P

Inte$n%tion%' 8%tent i'e) Inte$n%tion%' 8%tent i'e) o$ t+is te"+no'o#(

Re%)( o$ u8s"%'in# %n) "o!!e$"i%'iK%tion

IGIB #ets %ssi#n!ent $o! Co"%-Co'%
IGIB #ets %ssi#n!ent $o! Co"%-Co'%
0conomical, +easi,le 0conomical, +easi,le
and en(ironment and en(ironment
+riendly +riendly
To )e&e'o8 t+e 7iote"+-
To )e&e'o8 t+e 7iote"+-
7%se) te"+no'o#( o$ t+e
7%se) te"+no'o#( o$ t+e
neut$%'iK%tion o +i#+'(
neut$%'iK%tion o +i#+'(
%'@%'ine :%ste :%te$
%'@%'ine :%ste :%te$
%ec!nologically %ec!nologically
ad(anced ad(anced treatment treatment

PHENOTREAT
PHENOTREAT

T%i'o$ !%)e 7%"te$i%' 8%"@%#e o$ t+e ee"ti&e

7io)e#$%)%tion o 8+eno' 8$esent in in)ust$i%' :%ste-
:%te$s

Re'ies on t+e 8$in"i8'e o BIOREMEDIATION %s :e'' %s

BIOAUGMENTATION

Mo)e' in)ust$ies "+osen o$ "%se stu)( A M%t+u$% Oi'

Reine$(

Inte$n%tion%' 8%tent %""e8te) Inte$n%tion%' 8%tent %""e8te) o$ t+is te"+no'o#(

Re%)( o$ u8s"%'in# %n) "o!!e$"i%'iK%tion

BLEACHING OF PULP IS A 2EY PROCESS IN MILL
BLEACHING OF PULP IS A 2EY PROCESS IN MILL
Dood
ul#ing
-!emical
3leac!ing
a#er ma>ing
a#er
Uno$tun%te'(* Uno$tun%te'(*
"+e!i"%' 7'e%"+in#
"+e!i"%' 7'e%"+in# 8$o)u"es % 'ot o 8$o)u"es % 'ot o
to9i" "+'o$in%te) +()$o"%$7ons* :+i"+ #et $e'e%se) into to9i" "+'o$in%te) +()$o"%$7ons* :+i"+ #et $e'e%se) into
t+e en&i$on!ent :it+ t+e :%ste:%te$ $o! t+e !i''s/ T+ese t+e en&i$on!ent :it+ t+e :%ste:%te$ $o! t+e !i''s/ T+ese
"+e!i"%'s #$%7 onto ot+e$ "+e!i"%'s 7esi)es +()$o#en* "+e!i"%'s #$%7 onto ot+e$ "+e!i"%'s 7esi)es +()$o#en*
t+us "$e%tin# +i#+'( to9i" "+e!i"%'s "%''e) t+us "$e%tin# +i#+'( to9i" "+e!i"%'s "%''e)
Go$#%no"+'o$inesH* :+i"+ %$e 7%si"%''( 8oisons* su"+ %s Go$#%no"+'o$inesH* :+i"+ %$e 7%si"%''( 8oisons* su"+ %s
)io9ins et"/ )io9ins et"/

Bio7'e%"+in# M E'i!in%tion o t+e 8$o7'e!
Bio7'e%"+in# M E'i!in%tion o t+e 8$o7'e!
7eo$e its #ene$%tion
7eo$e its #ene$%tion
Te"+no'o#i"%''( %)&%n"e) Te"+no'o#i"%''( %)&%n"e)
E"ono!i"%' E"ono!i"%'
En&i$on!ent%''( s%e En&i$on!ent%''( s%e

Microbial package for C!, "! and #!$ reduction
from tannery %aste %ater
-B%"te$i%' "onso$tiu! o$!u'%te) 7( st$%te#i" se'e"tion
o s8e"ii" 7%"te$i%/
-C%8%7'e to $e)u"e BOD* COD %n) TDS
si!u't%neous'(/
-Re%)(-to-use %s '(o8+i'iKe) 7%"te$i%' 8o:)e$
-Re)u"tion in TDS u8to ,-4 is % "+%$%"te$isti" e%tu$e
o t+is "onso$tiu!
TREATMENT OF TANNERY INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER

TDS - G TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDSH
IDissol(ed solidsI re+er to any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions
dissol(ed in &ater. %!is includes anyt!ing #resent in &ater ot!er t!an t!e
#ure &ater ;)
2
0= molecule and sus#ended solids. ;"us#ended solids are any
#articlesJsu,stances t!at are neit!er dissol(ed nor settled in t!e &ater, suc!
as &ood #ul#.= cation and anion com#osition
In general, t!e total dissol(ed solids concentration is t!e sum o+ t!e cations
;#ositi(ely c!arged= and anions ;negati(ely c!arged= ions in t!e &ater.
%D" is ,ased on t!e electrical conducti(ity ;0-= o+ &ater. ure )20 !as
(irtually Aero conducti(ity. -onducti(ity is usually a,out 100 times t!e
total cations or anions e@#ressed as e:ui(alents. %D" is calculated ,y
con(erting t!e 0- ,y a +actor o+ 0.5 to 1.0 times t!e 0-, de#ending u#on
t!e le(els. %y#ically, t!e !ig!er t!e le(el o+ 0-, t!e !ig!er t!e con(ersion
+actor to determine t!e %D".

IMPORTANCE OF TDS ANALYSIS
=/ TASTEBHEALTHA
)ig! %D" results in undesira,le taste &!ic! could ,e salty, ,itter, or metallic. It could
also indicate t!e #resence o+ to@ic minerals. %!e 02Ks rescommended ma@imum le(el o+
%D" in &ater is 500mgJ5 ;500##m=.
=/ FILTER PERFORMANCEA
%est your &ater to ma>e sure t!e re(erse osmosis or ot!er ty#e o+ &ater +ilter or &ater
#uri+ication system !as a !ig! reCection rate and >no& &!en to c!ange your +ilter ;or
mem,rane= cartridges.
N/ HARDNESSA
)ig! %D" indicates )ard &ater, &!ic! causes scale ,uildu# in #i#es and (al(es,
in!i,iting #er+ormance.
?/ A5UARIUMSBA5UACULTUREA
2 constant le(el o+ minerals is necessary +or a:uatic li+e. %!e &ater in an a:uarium or
tan> s!ould !a(e t!e same le(els o+ %D" and #) as t!e +is! and ree+Ks original !a,itat.
E/ COMMERCIALBINDUSTRIALA
)ig! %D" le(els could im#ede t!e +unctions o+ certain a##lications.
F/ COLLOIDAL SILVER WATERA
%D" le(els must ,e controlled #rior to ma>ing colloidal sil(er.
./ COFFEEA
For a truly great cu# o+ co++ee, #ro#er %D" le(els must ,e maintained. 2 metallic taste
#resent may a++ect t!e taste o+ ,e(erages made +rom t!e &ater.

EFFECTS OF HIGH TDS
0n(ironmental e++ects
%!e e++ects o+ !ardness on a:uatic li+e de#end on &!ic! cations are ma>ing
t!e &ater I!ard.I
Irrigation e++ects
-ar,onate de#osits may clog #i#es and coat t!e inside o+ &ater !olding
tan>s. 0@treme !ardness may inter+ere &it! c!emical #rocesses.
Domestic e++ects
)ard &ater is o,Cectiona,le ,ecause o+ t!e +ormation o+ scale in ,oilers,
&ater !eaters, radiators, and #i#es &it! resultant decrease in t!e rate o+
+lo& and !eat trans+er as &ell as in increased corrosion. In addition to its
e++ect on soa# consum#tion, e@cessi(e !ardness can s!orten t!e &earing
a,ility o+ +a,rics and toug!en coo>ed (egeta,les.
Industry may release dissol(ed cations into e++luent &aters

TDS COMPOSITION
ANIONS

-l
?
1'
2
?
1'
3
?

F
?
)-'
3
?
-'
3
2?
"'
4
2?
)
2
'
4
?
CATIONS

1a
L

M
L
1)
4
L

6g
2L

-a
2L

Fe
2L

6n
2L

2l
3L

TDS STANDARDS

E3ISTING TECHNOLOGIES FOR TDS REMOVAL
,/ CARBON FILTRATION
-!arcoal, a +orm o+ car,on &it! a !ig! sur+ace area, adsor,s ;or stic>s to= many com#ounds,
including some to@ic com#ounds. Dater is #assed t!roug! acti(ated c!arcoal to remo(e suc!
contaminants. ;(ery slig!t reduction=
2. REVERSE OSMOSIS 0R/O/1
*e(erse osmosis &or>s ,y +orcing &ater under great #ressure against a semi?#ermea,le
mem,rane t!at allo&s &ater molecules to #ass t!roug! &!ile e@cluding most contaminants. *'
is t!e most t!oroug! met!od o+ large?scale &ater #uri+ication a(aila,le. ;e@tremely !ig! reduction
and great tasting &ater =
3. DISTILLATION
Distillation in(ol(es ,oiling t!e &ater to #roduce &ater (a#or. %!e &ater (a#or t!en rises to a
cooled sur+ace &!ere it can condense ,ac> into a li:uid and ,e collected. 3ecause t!e dissol(ed
solids are not normally (a#oriAed, t!ey remain in t!e ,oiling solution. ;total reduction ? +lat taste=
4. DEIONICATION 0DI1
Dater is #assed ,et&een a #ositi(e electrode and a negati(e electrode. Ion selecti(e mem,ranes
allo& t!e #ositi(e ions to se#arate +rom t!e &ater to&ard t!e negati(e electrode and t!e negati(e
ions to&ard t!e #ositi(e electrode. )ig! #urity de?ioniAed &ater results. %!e &ater is usually
#assed t!roug! a re(erse osmosis unit +irst to remo(e nonionic organic contaminants. ;usually a
+inal #olis!ing +ilter +ollo&ing a *' *e(erse 'smosis +iltration system to eliminate %D"=

W+( %)o8t 7iote"+no'o#(L To "ut "osts %n) 7e

en&i$on!ent%''( $ien)'(/

Co!8%nies -- 7e %:%$e o "+%n#eJ in) (ou$se'

%n R & D 8%$tne$/

Bui') (ou$ o:n in-+ouse 7iote"+ s@i'' 7%se/

Co!8%nies -- :o$@ :it+ #o&e$n!ent %n) st%(

"'ose to t+e $e#u'%to$s/

Go&e$n!ent -- "o!8%nies sti'' nee) +e'8 M

es8e"i%''( in"enti&es %n) R & D un)in#/
FOR YOUR

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