Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 27

$#

'9D?@ .GA?B%##&

1*4,23&

)* )*1*(+0

&.',*/3&-

4<H?EF8;<

@cl_]nil
Jmnil =( ?[``_l[nn[
?igcn ?ihmofncpi J[]cih[f
Dilh_li
I* >c\cfihc( ?[lfim =* >in[mmc(=h\[f B[f\i(
Fila_ =* Bl[ht[( Fila_ I* C[f^m( Emc^ili D* Cif^_h\_la(
B_fcj_ Cihtf_t =lt[](
Ako[l^i
L* Fcgh_t( =^[ N* G_g_fg[d_l
^_ ?[lfo]]c(
>_[nlct Glig( @[hc_f D* H[ai6 Nc][l^i H* Hil_ht_nnc(
J[l]cmi F* Hoaih_m( N[f I[^o_i(
=oaomni I* Iil_ffi(
Fila_ Iimm_n
Enoll[mj_( A^o[l^i
=* Lcal_nnc(@[hc_f =* O[\m[s( I[lci
B(R[ffm(
=s^_ Rtko_t Rcff[l( Fo[h Ni^lcai S[fmb( P_i^il[
V[go^ci

*+4+),2
'0(-+16'/
*B:FD?A8!.GD?ECDG;<A:?8!
/<>?E@8:?OAD 3DM:F?:8

?igcn ?ihmofncpi Ehn_lh[]cih[f

Qh[ jo\fc][]ch ^_
H_rcmJ_rcm
=la_hnch[ O=
?[lfim$L_ff_alchc 443(
-! jcmi %?fK,5=>Mf(
>o_him =cl_m(
=la_hnch[
@cl_]nil A^cnilc[f
=f_d[h^li L* B*Potci
N_^[]]ch
?[lfim >iff[_ln
Fcg_h[ Gf[jj_h\[]b
Oom[h[ I[lnch Bcao_li[
Lli^o]]ch
N[f D_lhh^_tPill_t
EOOJ -41-)--54

=hnihci D* >_hd[gch %>l[mcf&(Ocfpc[ ?[j_ffc %>l[mcf&(I[ho_f ?[mn[ih


^_f R[ff_ %Amj[[&( Ocfpc[ F[ko_hi^ Vmiaih %Amj[[&( L[ofi =``ihmi
H_g_ I[]b[^i
%>l[mcf&(J_`cni Hj_t N[gim %Irc]i&( Nc][l^i I_lfi
%L[l[ao[s&( Rf[^cgcl L[mmim^_ Bl_cn[m%>l[mcf&(Fim =hnihci L_f_t
>[l^[f_m %L_l&(Ic]b_f Llc_ol %Bl[h]c[&( =kocfchi Rtko_t C[l][
%Irc]i&( Nimm[h[ Ocfp[ N_j_nni %LJQI=&
N_mjihm[\f_m ^_ l_[
=olil[
>_m[f L[lechmih %@[i [g\c_hn[f&
C[\lc_f[ H* >il^_ficm ^_ Nimmc%@_l_]bi [^gchcmnl[ncpi [g\c_hn[f&
?[lfim ?[gjm s @[hc_f H[ai %@_l_]bi jli]_m[f
[g\c_hn[f&
L[\fi =* f[hh_ffi %A]ihig[ s g_^ci [g\c_hn_&
H_[h^li L[]b_]i
%N_]olmim h[nol[f_m&
=h\[f B[f\i %=]no[fc^[^ [g\c_hn[f _h f[ jlipch]c[
^_ >o_him =cl_m&
J_fmih ?imm[lc %=]no[fc^[^ [g\c_hn[f ^_f Hcnil[f&

&

@cl_]nil6 1NEFBD'" )8==<D8FF8

?if[\il[^il_m
I[l[

Hodh=t]oll[(

I_l]_^_m

@[t =l[odi(

I[l[

Af_h[ C[l][

Iil[

-156-6762

_D <_J_;@G HGJ MFHD9 AAL9\=J<C

ww*
El

H0S BK[

= CNAAJ

LH=JAP

K-156-676+

E E- rcmn)E_rcm$

H[ l_mjihm[\cfc^[^ jil fim b_]bim _ c^_[m_rjo_mnim _h fim [ln]ofim `clg[^im


_ chc]c[f[^im( _mn
_r]fomcp[g_hn_ [ ][lai ^_ fim [onil_m

EOOJ6-41-)--54
Pi^im fim ^_l_]bim l_m_lp[^im

HATEOJATEO =NCAJPEJ=

2&

@cl_]]ch( [^gchcmnl[]ch o l_^[]]ch


?[lfim L_ff_alchc 443( -, jcmi
P_f*6%10)--& 1./2)44,,
) B[r*6 %10)--& 1./5)-44R_hn[m
P[f][bo[hi
050 ) P_f*6%10)--& 1./1),,/,
H[p[ff_ -.4, ) P_f*6%10)--& 1./1)10/,
P[f][bo[hi
21, ) P_f*6%10)--& 1./2)-,00
B[r*6 %10)--& 1./5)-435
l^[g\<f_rcmh_rcm*]ig*[l
>o_him =cl_m) =la_hnch[
>VTY` V] UVazdZe`bfV VdeRS]VTV]R ]Vj ++(1,-(
?^acVd` V_ ]R 7cXV_eZ_R'EcZ_eVUZ_7cXV_eZ_R'
O_ n_lgch^_ cgjlcgcl _f(*.1 ^_ dohci ^_ .,,3(
_h AJ?Q=@ANJ=?cJ H=PEJK=INE?= O*N*H*(
V_\[ffim 441( =p_ff[h_^[( L]c[* ^_ >o_him =cl_m(=la_hnch[
Pcl[^[6 3,, _d_gjf[l_m

*2)64-1'

9HGKLADD9K9D <GEAFAG <=4D9K 9?M9K =F D9


>=<=J9;AzF
9J?=FLAF9
('+

$x (

B`jZCD

feh 9EyD;9J

;"HJGHzKALG
H[ jlijimc]ch \cia_hnc][ ^_ Alh_mnD[_]e_f go_mnl[ f[ bcmnilc[^_f ^_m[lliffi ^_
][^[)ch^cpc^oi s l_jli^o]_
f[ bcmnilc[ _pifoncp[ ^_f aloji ^_ [hcg[f_m [f ko_ j_ln_h_)
]_i @_n[f `ilg[( _f ^_m[lliffi _g\lcifac]i ^_f ]_l_\li(
ohc^i [f _mno^ci^_ mo[h[ni)
g[ ]igj[l[^[(
_rjfc][( mo_pifo]ch +( = mop_t( f[m l_f[]cih_m ko_ ][^[ ]igohc^[^
g[hnc_h_ ]ih momnc_ll[ms[ao[m momn_hn[_f ^igchci s f[ dolcm^c]]chko_ g[hnc_h_ _f
_]imcmn_g[( _h ko_ jlial_m[ mopc^[* A cao[fg_hn_( f[mdqlcmic]]cih_m ko_ _d_l]_h mi)
\l_ fim omims l_f[]cih_m chn_l`c_l_h_h _f ]igjiln[gc_hni
^_f _]imcmn_g[ j[l[ ]l_[l
XFM[mi]c_^[^ fac][g_hn_ [^_]fFF[^[ [ _m[ ]igohc^[^
,( !"6
3%4

,," I:B=LG f= =KLM<AG


( =al_a[^i [f mijiln_ ]ofnol[f( ][^[ ila[hcmgi s f[ gcmg[ ila[hctw]ch ^_ f[ ]igo)
hc^[^ m_ \[m[ _h oh[ _mnlo]nol[ `mc][ ko_ f ]c]fi bc_flifac]imimnc$cg_7[fcg_hn[ s
j_lgcn_ jlial_m[l( b[]c_h^i jimc\f_ f[f _rcmn_h]c[)^_f big\l_
]igi
_mj_]c_* Oi\l_
_m[ \[m_( _f jl_m_hn_ ^i]og_hni
[jimncff[ mi\l_ _f ][g\ci
ij_l[^i
_h _f^_l_]bi ^_
[ao[m( ko_ bis l_aof[ f[m l_f[]cih_m ^_ $_m_$]c]fi ]ih f[ ][^_h[ nl`c][ko_ g[hnc_h_
[f m_l bolh[hi*o_hnli
f[ h[nol[f_t[( s ]igi
[ln`c]_ il^_h[^il
^_ mo]ofnol[* H[
lc_oli\i`ia[
]ih mohn_l]ilhjl_hmch [j[ _]_
]igiij_l[ch
`oh^[^il[
^_f il^_h(
[nl[pm ^_f [p[h]_ hilg[ncpi oV nc_i$i_fila[hcmgi s mo]igohc^[^(
_h fi ko_ oh g)
hcf`ci^_ ]ii$j$_l[]clc [f mcmn_g[_m][om[ ^_ mo_rcmn_h]c[sj_$l^ol[\cfc^[^w*
E

^_

(h

$!

**($

$&

- D=A?GAH(Alh_mn(]xZde`cZR
UV]R TcVRTZz_%
nl[^* ^_ Fo[h ][him Ni\f_^i*=g_lc][h[(
>o_)
him =cl_m( +3.1& jm( /0+)/2/ ]cn* jil Z* OIEPD( Q*
I*(
;]
TVcVSc`%
nl?f^*^_
Fim
Kln_a[
Gf_ch(
`

=fc[ht[ Qhcp_lmc^[^( I[^lc^( +321&j( ,+1& r


$G
*
. PKJJEAO(B_l^ch[h^( 9`^f_\ RU o d`TZVURU%
]cn* jil SA>AN( I[r( ;T`_`^xR o d`TZVURU%
nl[^* ^_ Fim I_^ch[ A]b[p[llf[( Fo[h Niol[ L[(l_ff[( A^o[l^i C[l][ Ish_t( Aoa_hci Fol_t s
Fim B_ll[n_l Iil[(
n* +&B?A( Irc]i( +303&jm* /&,!# U/1*
p * - ?D=JCAQT(F_[h Lc_ll_ ) NE?KAQNx
L[of( AR_RefcR]VkRs ]R_`c^R3 ]` bfV him YRTVaV_dRc%
nl[^* ^_ ?[lfim pcf[ Bfil_m! B?>( Irc]i(
,**+& jm* ++, s ++/)++3( PDKI=O( ScFfc[lhm=*(

[4

@K?PNEJ=

---"ExLG<G
Lil
g[hi

<= =KLM<AG

f[m ^o^[m
0( s )b[mn[

^_f !]l_[]cihcmgi!

ko_ jl_m_hn[
[bil[)

f[ !m_f_]]ch _pifoncp[!

mch f[ p_lc`c][]ch

/& _m jlo^_hn_

al_mim ^_f j_hm[gc_hni

\cifac]i

j[m[^i(

][om[m

f[m p_l^[^_l[m

P_l]_l
^[^

Ioh^i6

_f nl[\[di

s ][fc^[^

jlo_\[

g[hn_h_l

m_ _h`l_hn[

^_ go_ln_

[ mo gm _f_g_hn[f

fc\l_h

_f [og_hni

l[tih[\f_g_hn_

]igohc^[^_m
]os[

p[fc^_t

^_ oh[
]ih

ila[hct[]ch
[]_jn[l

f[m ][om[m

mch^_m_]b[l

oh il^_h

]ch 2( P[f ]igi

gm jil
fi l_]o_l^[

_rj_]n[ncp[

f[ bcmnilc[( ^ih^_(
f[m gcmg[m

_h_gcai(

ho_pim

_f ^_l_]bi

oh[

jil

ko_ bis

]ih^o]n[

bog[h[

f[ ]i[]ncpc^[^

^_f ^_l_]bi

]igjf_g_hn[]ch
_f [lni

j[l[

+3&
?J(

^_\_

^cm]il^[hn_

!gil[f

j\fc][!

[ao[m(

_h _f ][mi*

aol[h

s ![]]cih_m
Oi\l_

ko_ f[m [ao[m

ko_ hi

mih l_]olmim
^_\_

g_hn_(

m_l l_mo_fni

^_\_

^_ Fomnc]c[ ^_ f[ J[]ch(

jil

jil

s(

EDF_h^_(

+,. ?_WZ_V
^_^f]bw

ilcach[lci

m_l ]iil^ch[^[

^_l_wbi

^_ f[m w_fhnfnl_m jlipgi[m(

+,/ i(
(w_ Ew
?iln_

]ihmnho]ih

^_ f[ gcmg[

^_

?ihmnfno*]fih

nl[w[^wm m_awh _f [lni

f[ dolcm^c]]cih ifjilh[nc][

+,1

m_ah _f [lni

[ oh n*_l]_li!(

+,+

^_f ^igchci

mo _rcmn_h]c[ ]igj[lnc^[
mo ]ih`fc]ni

j_ldo^cko_h

_m[ \[m_( fim [lnm*

=NCAJPEJ=

[m_)
s kow

_p_hno[f)
Oojl_g[

mo\mcmn_h _h _f

]_ln_l[

l_mn[ol[l

^_f

f[ pc^[ _h ][hnc)
f[ bcmnilc[

s ^_

H[ ]igohc^[^$
?ihmncno]ch
p[h

<= =KLM<AG

\mc][ [la_hnch[

J[]cih[f

mom ji^_l_m

^_

mih f[m ][nil]_

+2/-'+20*&

l_m_lp[^im(

gc_hnl[m

@_ [b ko_ jil

]ih^o]ni

ko_ jil

]igj_n_h]c[m*

^_ ko_ ^_hnli

]c[m( m_ ff_a[ | f[m \[m_m ^_ f[ `_^_l[]ch

b[\l

^_ nlij_t[l

_h m_hnc^i _mnlc]ni( s mch^_d[l


ko_ oh il^_h

no]ch ]l_[

pcn[f ^_ ][^[
jil
ni^i

jlijci
ila[hct[]ch(

^_

cgjimc)
(!il^_h!(

]igi
f_ j_ln_h_]_h(
g_l

il^_h

f[ p[fc^_t
!Osgjimc$og ih H[q O]c_h]_ ?iij_l[ncih
Qh^_l nb_ J[ncih[f Ahpclihg_hn[f Lifc]s =]n!( ?ihp_)
h_^ 4+-,+-54.(
J[ncih[f
O]c_h]_ Bioh^[ncih(
S[mbchanih @?( CRefcR]"N_miol]_m ARhjVc &
CGA%pif* Q*B&hli* /( =g_lc][h
>[l =mmi]c[ncih =>=( ?bc][ai( -54/( jm* 124+22.( s _h _mj_]c[f
jm* 134( !f[ _]ifia[
_m _f ]il[th ^_f [g\c_hn_ ]c_hn`c]i! s 145+15.* IKU=JK( =gcf][l( !=g)
\c_hn_6 _f ^_m[lliffi
^_f g_^ci s ^_f big\l_
m_lhch^cpcmc\f_m
_h _f mcafi TTE!( ^c[lci Him 7_UVd%
I_h^it[(
-/+/+-54/(
j* 2*
0 HQDQI=JJ( Jcef[m( DSdVcgRTZ`_VdUV ]R ^`UVc_ZURU%nl[^* ^_ ?[lfim Biln_[ Ccf( L[c^m(
>[l]_fih[(
-553( j* -0,6 !f[m `onol[m mi]c_^[^_m( mc_mko_ f[m b[s( mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ ]igo)
hc][]ch ]ih m_hnc^i( pcpclh_h inli goh^i( \[m[^i
_h inl[m j_lmj_]ncp[m s inl[m jl_`_l_h]c[m!*
/ @QLN(Fibh( ;] ]VXRU` UV :RchZ_%bfw dZX_ZWZTR
Y`j ]R Vg`]fTZz_%nl[^* ^_ Icln[
G[nt( >o_him =cl_m(
.,,2(
j*$ -12*
T&

f[ a[l[hn[

^_f n_llcnilci

Nim_q\_(

OIEPD(?* Q* I*( ;] ac`S]V^R UV ]R gZUR';_dRj` mi\l_ ]`d `cxXV_Vd UV]aV_dR^ZV_e` SZ`&


]zXZT`%nl[^* J[ncpc^[^ Oh]b_tO[cht)Plj[a[(
=fc[ht[ Qhcp_lmc^[^( I[^lc^(
-533( jm* 0--+0-/*
0

3 HASKJPEJ(Nc]b[l^ ?*( =m_Vd%`cXR_Zd^`d o R^SZV_eV%]Rd mV]RTZ`_Vd


UV ][om[ o VWVTe`V_
SZ`]`XxR%nl[^* =f\_lni H* >crci( C_^cm[( >[l]_fih[(
.,,,(
jm* -., s '.-*
IKU=JK( =gf][l( !H[
im]ol[
mig\l[
^_ f[ ji\l_t[
[g_h[t[
[f [g\c_hn_
bog[hi!(
^c[lci A`d 7_UVd% I_h^it[(
-1+3+-553( m_]]* -( j* 2( sm_]]* .( j* 0 l_]o_l^[
[$D( @[fs ]ih mo_]ihig[
]_hnli ^_ fim fgc6
n_m^_ f[ h[nol[f_t[
s f[ jlijo_mn[
^_f Bili Ni ' 1 ^_ jlijil]cih[l
l[]cih[fc^[^
[f j[]ni
mi]c[f(

2 OPNKJC(I[olc]_(
!Pb_ ?b[hacha Niff i` J[nol[f N_miol]_m!( CRefcR] GVd`fcTVd @`f^R(&
CG@%
Qhcp_lmcnsi`J_q I_rc]i(
O]biif i`H[q( QO=( -543( pif* .3( hli* -( j*f* I=?@KJAHH( H[o)
l_h]_ F* ) S=HHfJA( Ni\_ln A*( !Ahpclihg_hn[f
@cmjon_N_mifoncih!( CRefcR] GVd`fcTVd @`fZ_R(&
CG@%
Qhcp_lmcnsi` J_q I_rc]i(
O]biif i` H[q( QO=( pif* .4( hli* -( -544( jm( /( 1 Q -01* S=P)
OKJ( Fibh H*) @=JEAHOKJ(Hoe_ F*( !Ahpclihg_hn[f
I_^c[ncih!(
CRefcR] GVd`fcTVd ARhjVc &CGA'%
=g_lc][h
>[l =mmi]c[ncih( ?bc][ai( -54/( pif* TRE(hli* /( j* 1,/( A@AHI=J( H[ol_h]_ D( ) S=)
HHfJA(Ni\_ln A*( !@_p_fijcha [ ?iij_l[ncih
=jli[]b
ni Ahpclihg_hn[f N_aof[nfih!( C ?e]]]R]GV&
d`fcTVd ARhjVc &CGA%=g_lc][h
>[l =mmi]c[ncih( ?bc][ai( -54/( pif* TRE(pif* &f(+b\+ ( E=f C&
O[h`il^
@** !P_hmcihm >_nq__h S[n_l H_acmf[ncih [h^ ?imnolg[ls
Nfaf-n$!( C ***********" ,--E
+++ EwJEEGEw
+c

j[l[

]igi

$jil

f[ jlijc[

^_ fim Amn[^im

ko_ ][^[

^_ f[ ]igohc^[^(

jlipch]c[m

gc_g\li

s f[ jimc\cfc^[^

+* [ f[

+q+ ]ihm_l)
]ihmono]lih [faoh[m
^_f [lni

gc_g\lim

ff[g[^im

++( = mo p_t _f [lni

[la_hnch[

Amn[^i

jl__rcmn_hn_m

f[ ]fomof[ ]_hnl[f(

^_f_a[h

m_l oh il^_h(

_f il^_h

_h m_hnc^i f[ni(

AN(E=LG<GDG?y9

g_^c]c)
ko_ _koc)

f[ pc^[ ^_ ila[hcmgim

^_ [ao[m

i ]iil^ch[]ch
_m ^_l_]bi(

fim jli)

^_m]o\lcgc_hnim

f[ jli\[\cfc^[^

m_hmc\f_ s j_l]_jnc\f_

j[l[

chn_l_mn[^o[f_m(

s [a_hn_m ko_ jl_m_lp_h

bo)

`ilg[

_h f[ Aolij[

f[ giln[fc^[^*

s fim []o_l^im

_rn_lh[g_hn_

ila[hct[^[(
a_h_l[f(

gi^_l[^[

^cmgchocl jil

1( @_ n[f `ilg[(

_mn a[l[hnct[^[

]igohc^[^

hi

^_ f[ jli^o]]ch

ila[hct[^[m

f[ l_jli\[]ch

_l[h

^_f chn_f_]ni

chn_fca_hn_! ]igi

s f[ ^_mhonlc]ch* Ah ]ihm_]o_h]c[(

ko_ f[ n[m[ ^_ giln[fc^[^

h[f_m( mchi jil

oh[

0( = _ffi m_ mog[

_r]_mcpi

_h _f jlial_mi

^_ oh !^cm_i

=LKOPEHH=O =H @KIEJEK @A H=O =CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ

jlipch]c[f

1|

imn_hn_ f[

^_ jl_m_lp[lm_

jliREw)

^_ f[ ?ihwwE)

jim_mch

_h mQ(_]imfmn_g[

^cmjihc_h^i(
_rjfin[h^i(
om[w^i s ^_m[lliff[h^i
f[m (lcko_t[m
j[ln_ ^_ mgcmgi s ^_ mo b\cn[n+,( H[ ?ihmncno]fh( ]igi

]ihp_h]cih[f
s f[ _mn[\cfc^[^

ko_ jl_m_(lp[

[f 5la[hcmlhir6w

^_ mom]igohc^w^_m(

hi m_[ mo fac][ ]ihm_]o_]c[

+-( @_

[kon

momila[lot[]cih_m(

kow
jlc)

a[l[hnct[

l_mnhwa_ *ni^[ *_mnlo]nolw KG;_Wbko_

jlipc_h_

f[

hofc^[^

Ehm[h[\f_

]ih

ko_ f[

Fiolh[f Z JNF Qhcp_lmcnsi` J_q I_rc]i(


O]biif i` H[q( =f\oko_lko_(
-55,( pif* /,( hli* /( j*
14-* IQIIw(
On_jb_h L* ) IKKNA( O]inn L(& !=a_h]s =oniwigs
ch Pl[hm\ioh^[ls
N_miol]_m
I[h[a_g_hn6
Pb_ Qhcn_^ On[n_mm_]nih i` nb_ Ehn_lh[ncih[f >ioh^[ls
[h^ S[n_l ]ilgmmcih
Qhcn_^ On[n_m[h^ I_rc]i!(
CRefcR] GVd`fcTVd @`f^R] &CG@%
Qhcp_lmw*ns
i` J_q I_rf]i(
m]hii
i` H[q( =f\oko_lko_( -55,( pif* /,( hli* /( j* 22-* PA?H=BB(Ho^Sfe=*( Osgjimfog ih nhn_lh[ni)
h[f N_miol]_m H[q! CRefcR]GVd`fcTVd@`f^R]& CG@%
Qhcp_lmfnsin J_q I_rf]i(
O]biif ej jWm&
=f)
\oko_lko_( -541( $pif* .1( hli* /( jm* 12/+4-.*
IKU=JK( =*gf][l( !?oc^[l _f [g\c_hn_ _m oh
^_l_]bi ko_ ^_\_h jl_m_lp[l f[m jlipch]c[m!( _h(*^c[hi Him 7_Umd%I_h^it[(
.2+--+.,,.(
j* =)4*
3 B[ffim /-,6/(
j* .053*
*
+* N=IKO IAF=( Bl[h]cm]i( ;] eVUVcR]Zd^`%jm* ;.4 s ..5( ]cni jwl C=N]=( Fo[h =*( ?_ec`UfT&
TZz_R] VdefUZ` UV ]RdTZV_TZRd
d`TZR]VdRcXV_eZ_Rd=ha_f Amnl[^[ s ?f[*( >o_him =cl_m( -5,3( jm*
.3 s .46 !f[ `_^_l[]ch [la_hnch[ mola_ ^_f( ^_m_hpifwcgc_hni h[nol[f ^_ f[m ]igohc^[^_m ]ifi)
hc[f_m ko_ ]ihmncno[h f[m -0 jlipch]c[m ohc^[m ^_f* NE;(^_ f[ Lf[n[( ko_ ^_m^_ -4-,
[mogc_lih
E l_jl_m_hn[]ch ^_f jo_\fi
++ @AIE?DAHE(
=f\_lni(
-.

s mo][j[]c^[^

]if_]ncp[

DcZXV_WVUVcR]
RcXV_eZ_`%'
@_j[fg[(

IAN?=@K HQJ=( Nc][l^i(

(
>o_him =cl_m( -52.(

$
j* /(

:VcVTY` T`_deZefTZ`_R]%=mnl_[( >o_him =cl_m( -54,(

j* 3* ?=@)

SE HH(Hshnih G*( != mno^s [ S[sm ni Egjlip_ nb_ O]c_hnc`c]?ihn_hn [h^ I_nbi^ifias


i` Ahpclih)
g hn[ffgj[]n!(
7_R]jdZd TER)01-( O]biif i` Lo\fc] [h^ Ahpclihg_hn[f =``[clm( *Eh^f[h[ Qhcp_lmfns(
-* 4.( ]fn* jil

PDKI=O( Scffc[gm =*( _h CRefcR] GVd`fcTVd ARhjVcd &CGA%?bc][ai(

pif* TR( hli* -/( j* 14.*


+(- -/l*JlC= HUJ?D(=f\_lni(

!H[ mojl_g[][

-54/(

^_ f[ fc\_ln[^ s f[m ]ihmncno]cih_m!(7h

=>=(

*
A?Sc`V_

*](*(]* )b WV"? jl dZ_ **# :c' EVUc`@' <cZRdUV f[ 7TRUV^ZR CRTZ`_R] UV :VcVTY`UV 9`cU`SR% l_p*
?e]] )"+ ?(]]Z(]]]W]??@?# *(*#(%
hnli Z mno++* i\l_ f[ Hc\_ln[^(* hli* 2,( >o_him =cl_m( gwi -55/(
j* ++4!+++ +++$) xff]ff Egffpf]fffff
ko ` ( nl hnf3, f= ihmnno]ch%_h_mj_]c[f fim [lnm* 1 ( -3( -5(

EE($wE
+++ j_" ++++++&&+++"+++++++++++++++wE!
+++

"&+

@K?PNEJ=

?ihmncno]ch ][mnca[ [ ni^[6hilg[a_h_l[fko_


jiha[
_h j_fcali fim ^_l_]bim*ch^p)
^o[f_m _h ][^[
Amn[^i gn_g\li(
m_ah f[ n[]b[ bcmnlc][ko_ ][mnca[ _f [lni .5 ]ihf[
ch`[gc[( fi ko_ hi [^gcn_ ko_ m_ [fn_l_ f[ jimc\f_ l[tih[\cfc^[^
^_ mo _d_l]c]ci( m_ah
_f [lni .4 +.( Affi b[ ff_p[^i [ n[]b[l*^_nh]ihmnno]ih[n
[ f[ H_s ^_ Ll_mojo_mnim I)
hcgim =g\c_hn[f_m mi\l_ _f =ao[ .16244 +/&jil cgjih_l
f[ dolcm^c]]ch h[]cih[f
j[l[
f[m [ao[m chn_l_mn[^o[f_m _h ]ihnl[
^_ fim [lnm* -.[ -.1( s pcif_hn[l _f [lni 0- ko_
i\fca[ [f ?ihal_mi [ hi [fn_l[l f[m dolcm^c]]cih_m jlipch]c[f_m +0&ifpc^[h^i
f[ f_s 1 ^_f
?ihal_mi
^_ L[l[h ^_f .-+--+-410(
ko_ cgjih[
f[ m_aolc^[^ _ chn_alc^[^ ^_ ][^[
ohi ^_ fim Amn[^im gc_g\lim
jlipch]c[f_m mom]lcjnil_m ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch*6
@_ []o_l^i
]ih fi _rjo_mni( [ fi ko_ go_mnl[h fim jlcg_lim `[ffim ^_ f[ ?iln_ Oo)
jl_g[(
[ f[ l[nc`c][]ch ^_f [lni -.-(
s[ f[ chn_ljl_n[]ch(^_f [lni -.0 ^_ f[ l_`ilg[
iihmncno]cih[f ^_ -550( !f[ mi\_l[h[
_h f[`_^_l[]ch [la_hnch[ _mn^cpckc^[ i nc_h_$
.3 U.5& hi jo_^_h ko_^[l fc\l[^[m [ f[m g[silf[m ]fl]ohmn[h][f_m l_jl_m_hn[^[m_h fim ji^_)
l m^_ ai\c_lhi( mchf[ gofc^[^ chm[h[\f_ s f[ n[]b[ ^_ ch`[g_m nl[c^il_m [ f[ j[nlc[( ko_ m_[f_
Ehgcl[gc_hnim _f Fo_t!* HK?GA(Fibh( !Ahm[si mi\l_ _f ai\c_lhi ]cpcf!( OVg'%]UVZW]H
d`ScV ]R AZSVc&
eRU%
?_hnli ^_ Amno^cimj[l[ f[ Hc\_ln[^( hli* 1,( >o_him =cl_m(-543( j* 216 !hi _mjimc\f_ mo)
jih_l ko_ m_[ pifohn[^ ^_ f[ mi]c_^[^ %]igohc^[^& inila[l [f f_acmf[ncpif[ `[]ofn[^ ^_ ^_mnlocl
fi ko_ fim big\l_m b[h m[fp[ao[l^[^i
_h f[ ?ihmncno]ch(s ko_ `o_ f[ ][om[ ^_f mig_ncgc_hni
^_f jo_\fi [f ^_l_]bi ko_ _fcac!*=H>AN@E(
Fo[h >*( HZdeV^RVT`_z^ZT` s cV_exdeZT`
UV ]R 9`_eV&
UVcRTZz_7cXV_eZ_RdVX{_ df 9`_deZefTZz_ UV -41/( ?ihal_mi ^_ f[ J[]ch( >o_him =cl_m(-533(
j* 016 !f[ ?ihmncno]ch=la_hnch[ W
***Y[hn_m ^_ ]l_[l fim ji^_l_m j\fc]im( nl[t _h mo jlcg_l[
j[ln_ fim jlch]cjcim )fim ^_l_]bim s a[l[hn[m ch^cpc^o[f_m) ko_ ^_\_l[h m_lpcl^_ fgcn_^_
_mimji^_l_m7 jlcg_li ]ihmncnosf[ g_^c^[( s ^_mjom )_h f[ m_aoh^[ j[ln_)
_f ji^_l* Ah _ffi
nopi jil i\d_ni fcgcn[l( hi [ ohi mchi [ fim nl_mji^_l_m7 s^_ _m_gi^i _f ji^_l f_acmf[^il ko_^
n[h fcgcn[^i 5igi _f ^_f _d_]oncpi gcmgi!* @q[NGEw
*
Nih[f^( ARhd ;^aZcV% -542( ]cn*jil G=DJ(
L[of( ; R_v(#mZl5
Tf efcR]UV] UVcVTY`%U[f_ H[q O]biif( C_^cm[( >[l_fih[!(.,,-(
j* /06 !s _mn[
chnljl_n[]h _h][la[^[
[f do_t _wn]igjlilh_n^[
]ih f[ ]igjl_hmch ^_f ^_l_]bi( ko_ g_dil
_rjlwm_!_f `oh]cih[gc_hni^_
f[ l[th!* wO?(*!>\[l^ N( >[lh_nn! %-50/&6 !_f ^_l_]bi ch^cpc^o[f
^_ ][^[ ohi!h*i jo_^_ m_l mig_nc^i [ pin[]ch( hc[ _f_]]ch( s[ ko_ mojlijmcni _h f[ ?ihmnf)
no]ch`o_ momnl[_hi $^_f[ ]ihncip_lm[ jifcnc][ s iWYW^e^_f [f][h]_ ^_ c[mg[sil[m!( ]cn* jil
I[U=J[( =lhf][l( !L_lmj_]ncp[m$^_f ^_l_]bi [g\c_hn[f!( ;] ^VUZ` R^SZV_eVs ]R T`_eR^Z_RTZz_
ac`UfTZUR a`c _ Y`^ScV% E^_[lcog( QI( I_h^it[(
-545( jO* -42 U -43*
+. @ARA@E=(
=aomnh(9`_deZefTZz_7cXV_eZ_R%
?ihc( >o_him =cl_m(-5,3( j* -.36 !m_nl[n[ ^_
l_mnlchaclfim ji^_l_m ^_f ai\c_lhi `_^_l[f( j[l[ ^_d[l [ m[fpi fim ^_l_]bim ^_ fim Amn[^im lh_g)
\lim$s f[m fc\wln[^_m jijof[l_m!(
OJ?DAVRE=I[JPA( ?[lfim( BR_fR] UwUVcVTY` a`]xeZT`%>c\fci)
al`c][ =la_hnch[( >o_him =cl_m(-515( j* -.16 !Af [lni .4 [m_aol[ f[ mo\il^fh[_ch ^_ f[ f_s [
f[ ?ihmncno]ch!*
+/ LECNAPPE(
A^o[l^i =*( !C_mnch[g\c_hn[f ^_ f[m [ao[m!( =@H= HTEEE)=)-0-3( >if_nh -(
>o_him =cl_m(.,,/(
j* 0.6 !f[ f_s .1*244 W
***Yj_lmcao_ ]ihp_lncl [f j[m `_^_l[f( _h oh j[m ohc)
n[lci( mchh_]_mc^[^ [faoh[ ^_ l_[fct[l oh[ l_`ilg[ ]ihmncno]cih[f!*
+0 ?iln_ Ooj*( -5+/+.,,/(
!I_h^it[
o( J[]ch m+ch]ihmncno]cih[fc^[^ ^_ f[ f_s .1(244!(
_rjn_* I*/55( mchm_hn_h]c[* I=PDQOAO?KNEDQSX(
Icao_f ) IKU=JK( =fhff][l( !H[ [jncno^ ^_ f[m
[ao[m j[l[ m[ncm`[]_l omim^_ chn_lma_h_l[f ]igi `oh^[g_hni ^_ mo][l]n_l ^_ \c_h_m j\fc)
]im!( ?UVRcZf^%Qhcp_lmc^[^^_ I_h^it[(
hlim( 4+5( -54. **-54/( j* .2,f* I[U=JK( =hh`f][l( !@i)
gchci ^_ f[m [ao[m mo\n_llh_[m( mola_hn_ms p_lnc_hn_m!(HHCl[h ?Qs, .,,/)-.,(
o`ci 4( hli*
.( jll( .3( _f ^igchci j\fc]i ^_ f[m [ao[m _mn
l_ac^i j[l _f ^_l_ibi j\nfii jlipfff ---( s hF hi
[ f[ ]igj_n_h]c[
^_f ?ihal_mi( m_ah_f [ln* -.-( ?J*

=LKOPEHf =O=H @KIEJEK @A H=O=CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ =NCAJPEJ=


)

oh [mc_hni jfol[f!
+1( jil oh f[^i( fim Amn[^im gc_g\lim
]ihm_lp[h
momg[n_lc[m l_}
m_lp[^[m _h _f [lni -.-(
jo^c_h^i
mig_n_lm_ [f ^_l_]bi
chn_g[]cih[f*j\fc]i*jil
[h[fia[(
_h f[ ko_ hi*m_ ijiha[
[*f[ ?ihmncno]ch m_ah f[m [lnm* .3 s -.0* Lil)_f
inli( f[ J[]ch _d_l]_ f[ mi\_l[h[
^_f_a[^[
s jo_^_ ]_f_\l[l
nl[n[^im \[di _f(^_l_]bi
^_ a_hn_m _h f[m g[n_lc[m ko_ nc_h_ [nlc\o]cih_m(f[
ko_ hi cgjfc][ h_ai]c[l
_f ^igc)
hci ^_ fiml_]olm[m h[nol[f_m ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m %]osi ^igchci _m ilcach[lci m_ah _*[ln*
*+- Z_WZ_V$
hc h_ai]c[l
mo [g\c_hn_ %]os[ dolcm^c]]ch ^_\_ ko_^[l hi [fn_l[^[
jilf[
f_s_m ^_f ?ihal_mi
m_ah _f [lni 0-( jll* /|7 ?J&* Amn[ ^cmnlc\o]ch ^_ ]igj_n_h]c[m
i\fca[ [f Ad_]oncpi h[]cih[f
[ h_ai]c[l
jl_pc[g_hn_
]ih f[m jlipch]c[m ^o_[m ^_ fim
l_]olmim %]ig[ _f [ao[&( [ ]ih ]igj_n_h]c[mi\l_
mo [g\c_hn_( [hn_m ^_ chc]c[l ]o[f)
koc_l h_ai]c[_ch ]ih oh Amn[^i _rnl[hc_li6 ^_ [b ko_ _f []o_l^i
g[l]i
mi\l_ g_^ci
[g\c_hn_ ^_f)I_l]imol
_hnl_ f[)=la_hnch[( >l[m*L[l[ao[ss
Qloao[s( ^_f ..+2+.,,-(
[jli\[^i
jil f[ f_s .1*40-(^_f
.2+--+.,,/(
jligofa[^[
_f 5+-+.,,0(
*_mn[\f_]_
ko_ _h ][^[
][m[ _h ko_ m_[`_]n_h fim l_]olmim s _f [g\c_hn_( ][^[
jlipch]c[
n_h^l
_f ^_l_]bi
^_ l_pcm[l _f nl[n[^i
+2( R_h_to_f[
m_ [^bclc ]igi
j[ln_ ^_f I_l]imol
_f
/+3+.,,2
]ih f[ `clg[ ^_ mo Ad_]oncpi*
Hi _rjo_mn[ f_ b[ j_lgcnc^i ^_]cl [ f[ ?iln_ Oojl_g[
ko_ !_h _f il^_h chn_lhi( f[m
^_]cmcih_m ^_( f[m jlipch]c[m
hi mfj mih i\fca[nilc[m
j[l[
mo jk\f[]ch(
mchi ko_ m_
cgjih_h
w f[m [onilc^[^_m
`_^_l[f_m ***! s kow! !_h wE(5l^_w chn_lh[]cih[f(
_mnim []nim
%i ^_]cmc[h_m jlipch]c[fm& mih g[hc`_mn[]c[h_m ^_f[ mi\_l[h[
^_f A$mn[^i [la_hnchi
s ^_\_h m_l l_mj_n[^im ]igi
n[f_m jil fim inlim Amn[^im! -5w =f l_mj_]ni( _m cgjil)
n[hn_l_]il^[l
ko_ ]o[h^i
m_ ^cm]onc_h _f O_h[^i ^_ f[ J[]ch _f [lni -,0( _J( bis
[lni -.-(
m_ m_[f ko_ !m_ _gjf_[
_f p_l\i $]ihm_lp[l$ s hi $jim__l$( jilko_
m_ b[
ko_lc^i ^_mn[][l ko_ f[ mi\_l[h[
i ji^_l
]ill_mjih^_
ilcach[lc[g_hn_
[ f[m jlipch)
]c[m( sko_ mn[m ^_f_a[h [ f[( J[]ch( f[ j[ln_ h_]_m[lc[ j[l[
]ihmncnocl _f ila[hcmgi
]igh!
.,* Liln[f
gincpi( mc_h^i fim l_]olmimh[nol[f_m(
]igi
_f [ao[( ilcach[lcim ^_
][^[
Amn[^igc_g\li
jlipch]c[f
%[ln* -.0 Z_WZ_V$%j
_f [g\c_hn_ l_m_lp[^i(
_h f[ g_)
^c^[ _h ko_ f[ J[]ch( j[l[
^c]n[l oh[ f_s ^_ jl_mojo_mni ghcgi( ^_\_ ]oc^[l ^_ hi
[fn_l[l f[ dolcm^c]]ch jlipch]c[f
%[ln* 0-( jll* /|&( ]i\l[
_f gsilm_bnc`2 f[ [^p_ln_ll)
%

'Q

]"

+1 B[ffim -6-307 36/3/7 -56.427 -036./5*


?=JK( Cocff_llhi F( GVTfcd`dYxUcZT`d Z_eVc_R!
TZ`_R(Vd UV ?%R7cXV_eZ_R!R]nil L* ^_ V[p[f[( >o_him =cl_m(-535( j* .- U hin[ -1( >=N>ANEO$(
Fofci =*( A8dqdf[Ve`d UV] UVmVTY`Z_eVc_RTZ`_R]RTefR]%P_]him( I[^lc^( -540( jm* 21 s 22( hin[
45* ?[HHf=N@(?f[o^_ =*( ?_deZefTZ`_VdUV ]Rd cV]RTZ`_VdZ_eVc_RTZ`_R]Vd%
nl[^* ^_ L[ofch_ Bil]_)

fE[ ^_ O_aipc[( B?A( Irc]i( -534( jm* -00(-01


U -1-6 !_h =la_hnch[ f[ _hog_l[]ch ^_ fim
_fZ_VcReVUa`hVcd %]igj_n_h]c[m chn_lh[]cih[f_m& []n[ [ `[pil ^_ fim Amn[^im gc_g\lim
%jlipch]c[f_m&s hi [ `[pil( ^_f x6mn[^i`_^_l[f!*
(
*
+2 AOPN=@=(
Fim I*( mfcd` UV%UVcVTWZ%v
T`_deZefTZ`_R]4j( -( A?UH=(>o_him&Xcl6_m(
j* /-06 !f[ 'c
f_s ko_ [jlo_\[
_f nl[n[^i hi _mp[fc^[ mc)pcif[f[ mi\_l[h[ jlipch]c[f ko_ jgj[l[
fim ^_(l7_Cgiw$
Eh^cpc^o[f_m^_ momb[\cn[hn_m!*
(
!+
"
6E 5B[ffim ./56.1s /0/7 .056.5.7 .1-6-4,7 .536/52* IKU=JC( =gcf][l( !@_l_]bi s f_(
AfEf[]fh [g\c_hn[f ch`l[h[]cih[f!(
Ah]o_hnli ^_ H[m H_[m( >E@))B=NJ(I_h^kt[(
*-55-*( pif* --(
--* -.46 !_h g[n_h[ ^_ [ao[m s ^_ [g\c_hn_( fim ./ Amn[^im gc_g\lim ^_ f[ `_^_l[]ch mih ch)
8- j h[ff hn [ ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch!*
$*
4&+* ?$(]c]` #)* O %'(`_ UV] HV_RU` UV ]R CRTZz_%j( .* >o_him =cl_m(-5/,(
j* --0( ]cni jil
IE EDf=E&%&
EQJ=( -w-%Ffffff
'``o &++* TD]]de]efT]`_R]%]cn*( e( 0f( hin[ 10*
EEf-REEEEE
nff ++++++++++++=EEEEfEEEEEEEE
F! +++

@K?PNEJ6=*

**P"

]c[ ^_*im ]ihp_h]cih[f_m


^_ -42,6 !H[ [onihig[
^_ f[m jlipch]c[m hi m_]igjl_h^_
m hf[ jim_mch^_ oh n_llcnilci jlijci(
mi\l_ _f ]o[f _d_l]cn_h mmi\_l[h[ s ^igchci(
mc_h^i _ff[ f[ jlcg_l[ ]ih^c]ch _rcac^[ j[l[ f[ pc^[ s _f ^_m_bpifpclhc_hni ^_ oh[_hnc)
^[^ ]ih ][j[]c^[^
s ai\c_lhi!
,+( Hi _rjo_mni j_lgcn_ [mogcl ko_ _f ^_l_]bi
^_
[ao[m _h f[ =la_hnch[ _m i\d_ncp[g_hn_ ]ihmfno]fih[f(
jilko_ ^igchci s dolcm^c]]ch
m;\l_ f[m [aw[m ^_j_h^_h \mc][g_hn_ ^_ fim n_rnim ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]chJ[]cih[f(
ko_
mc_h^i g[n_lc[ l_m_lp[^[ jil fim p_hncnlmAmn[^im gc_g\lim _h fim [lnm* ,F%%.N%
-/(
-5(.3(.4(.5($0-(-.[ -.1s
-.3( _mjil l_af[ oh ^_l_]bi fi][f( chn_lhi i chn_l)
h[]cih[f ,,( I_ni^ifac][lh_hn_(
hi _m g[n_lc[ ^_)_mn[m [jimncff[m _f ^_l_]bi
^_f
g[l( molac^i ^_f nl[n[^i ^_ -54.( jilko_ _f ]ih`fc]ni hilg[ncpi _hnl_ fim []nim ohcf[n_l[)
f_m^_f Amn[^i( ]ih f[m*`o_hn_m^_f^_l_]bi chn_lh[]cih[fs f[m`illh[m ^_ fmhilg[m ]ih)
ww_nf f^ch[lc[m,-& l_koc_l_ ^_ oh _mno^cig[sil( s [ko( fim [mj_]nim ko_ jl_mog_h ^_ ji)
nc]im igcn_h _f ^_l_]bi s m_cgjih_h ]igi
ji^_l* P[gji]i
m_)ch]fos__f nl[hmjiln_ jil
[ao[( ko_ ]ih]c_lh_ [ f[ h[p_a[]ch( s_m g[n_lc[ ^_f ^_l_]bi ]ig_l]c[f
,.(

N( <GEAFAG

s BMJAK<A;;AzF ;GFKLALM;AGF9D

KI:J=

D9K9?M9K

(! H[m jlipch]c[m [la_hnch[m mih Amn[^im `_^_l[^m ,/4 @_mjom^_ -4-2m4$ [fc[lih
_h ]ih`_^_l[]cih_m*
>[di f[ ?ihmncno]chJ[]cih[f
^_ -41/ ,0& f[ g[sil[
$^x$]n
mo
(

!**

,+q IAN?=@K HQJ=( GZTRcU`%':VcVTY`T`_deZefTZ`_R]%]cn*( j* 1&]cn[ n_rno[f ^_ f[ ?ihp_h]ch


^_ +20*(
"
,,
OJ?DAVRE=IKJPA(?[lfim( ;] T`_deZefTZ`_R]Zd^`mdfd ac`S]V^md% >c\fcial`c][ =la_hnch[(
>o_him =El_m7+3/ 1&jm* +1, s +1-4 !^ fim hog_limim [ln]ofim ]ihmncno]cih[f_m ko_ l_mnlcha_h
fim ji^_l_m ^_ ai\c_lhi( m_ch^o]_ ko_ hi)b[s `[]ofn[^_m cgjf]cn[m ]ihnl[ f[ fc\_ln[(^ ch^cpc^o[f(
j_li mb[s ^_l_]bim( jlch]cjcim s a[l[hn[m clhjff]cn[m[)`[pil
^_ f[ fc\_ln[^ ko_ ][^[ Acmn[^i
gc_g\li
^_\_ m[fp[ao[l^[l
[ momb[\cn[hn_m( ]igi
fi _rca_ _f [lni 88 j[l[ a[l[hnct[l [ ][^[ Am)(
n[wi gc_g\li jl5wch]w[f7$($*(I=NEAJDKBB(
Icao_f O*( GwXZ^V_ j]mXZd(RTZz_k_ ]Rd RXfRd a{S]ZTRd s
a_gRURd%=][^_gc[
^_ @_l_]bi s ?c_h]c[m OK?c[f_m^_ >o_him =cl_m(+31+&j* -,+& hin[ -/2&
,- =F= AOLEH(
Fila_ =*( ;] UVcVTY` UV] ^Rc%]Rd _fVgRd TfVdeZ`_Vd UV] UVcVTY` Z_eVc_RTZ`_R]
^RcxeZ^`% P_lhcm( >iain( +31-& j* +0( ?EF( ][mi ^_ f[m !j_mko_l[m [hafihilo_a[m!(
*1(*+(*2.*%GVTfVZ] UVd 9`fcd +3/+'+/,4 !mcf[ ^_fcgcn[]ch ^_f _mj[]ci g[l`nclhi mola_)^_ oh
[]ni ohcf[n_l[f ^_f Amn[^i( mop[fc^_t( l_mj_]ni ^_ n_l]_lim Amn[^im( ^_j_h^_ ^_f ^_l_]bi chn_l)
h[]cih[f!($
(.0(
H=B=EHHA(
D]nil( :VcVT>` wZgZ]%
j( ER7!Pl[n[^i
him$=cl_m$(+3..& j* /.& hli* 20*( "
!+&!

^_ fim ^_l_]bim

l_[f_m!( pif* --( A^c[l( >o_)

,/ >KP=J=( J[n[fci( 6$Pcwgjim^_ ?ihmncno]ch!(^c[lci H[ CRTZz_"%


>o_him =cl_m(,*),),**-4
!Af ?ihal_mi ^_ O[hn[ B_ hi ]ihn ]ih _f ]ih]olmi
>o_him)=cl_m W
**(Y]osim l_jl_m_hn[hn_m
mfichn_np_h^l[lc$_hf[ ?ihp_h]ch ^_ +20* S(((U\[mh^im_ f[m ][nl]_ $jlipch]c[m _h _f `_^_)
l[fcmlhi l_jo\fc][hi
W
**(bko_ molac^_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ ^_ fim j[]nim `_^_l[f_m$s ^_f ]ihmncno]cih[)
fcmgi fc\_l[f s ^_gi]lnc]i!*
!
$
( !(
$

^_

,0! @=V
?EOJANKO(?wm[l( :VcVTY` Z_mVc_RTZ`_R]
a{S]ZT`% n* -( PA=( >o_him =cl_m( jm* 0-, s
0--4 _'pll_h[ni ^_f Ni ^_ f[ Lf[n[ ^_ +110&m_]ihpclncjil _f feZa`ddZUVeZd^_ +2+* _h f[m
+. jlipch]c[m ohc^[m ^_f Ni ^_ f[ Lf[n[( ko_ j[l[ _f ^_l_]bi ^_ a_hn_m_mf[ `ihg Z [^kofhcl
_f ^igchci n_llcnilc[f* Af]ih]_jni
f[nchi ko_ nig[_f ^_l_]bi fhn_lh[]fih[f
jlipf h% ^%f fhn l^f]ni
^_ l_n_h_l f[ jim_mchdol^c][ ]ihn_hc^i _h _f @ca_mniNig[hi
%f_s0 ( ---* ?c% j +++"( -& U EEf%
l[f)
E!wfbJ((w-(h(

=LKOPEHH=O=H @KIEJEK @A H=O =CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ =NCAJPEJ=

jlijc[
?ihmncno]ch*Ah _ff[m _mn[\f_]c_lih
momfgcn_mn_llcnilc[f_m( ch]fos_h^i f[m
[ao[m* L_m_ [ mo ch]fomch_h _f ^igchci j\fc]i
jlipch]c[f( f[ f_s h[]cih[f
^_ -42.
ko_ ]l_ [ fimn_llcnilcim h[]cih[f_m m_[ji^_l ^_f mo_fi o ^_ f[m [ao[m hi i]oj[^[m
jil f[m jlipch]c[m( s [f ^_m[j[l_]_l]c]\im
n_llcnilcim( mo_fim s[ao[m ko_^[lih
_h *
wE_6fif--chcilj\fc]i ^_ f[m ho_p[m jlipch]c[m( ij_lh^im_
oh[ nl[hm`_l_h]c[ ko_ [b
fexa`ddxUVCd q1 ^_f ^_l_]bi chn_lh[]cih[f j\fc]i cgj_^[ ,2( H[m][nil]_ jlipch]c[m
jl__rcmn_hn_m,3 [la_hnch[m m_]ihpclnc_lih _h f[m mo]_mil[m ]ifilcc[f_m ^_ -4-,(
jil*
-(, ko_ f[ ]imnog\l_
]ihmncno]cih[f acRVeVc]VXV^ /, []_jn[
ko_ fim ho_p_ n_llcnilcim
h[]cih[f_m m_nopc_l[h ]ilhi
!jlipch]c[m _h _g\lch$F(b[mn[)ko_ f[ J[]ch f[m _lcac
_h jlipch]c[m ho_p[m -+( @_mjom^_ f[*m_hn_h]c[ ^_ f[ ?iln_ Ehn_lh[]cih[f ^_ Fomnc]c[
%(?EF&(
^_f ..+-.+-542(
_f fexEFddxUVexd3Vd
_mncg[^i ]ilhi*oh[
]imnog\l_ l_acih[f -,5
j[l[ inlim _mmfi)oh jlch]cjci jifnc]i -q&j_li (_h a_h_l[f m_[^gcn_ ko_ _moh jli]_)
mi i gni^i j[l[ `cd[l f[m `lihn_l[m chn_lh[]cih[f_m( ]o[h^i*_ff[mm_h
f[m ohc^[^_m [^)
g_hn_ mcahc`c][!]ilhi
jim_cm* m_aoclcmjim_s_h^i!(
?=JK( Cocff_lgi F*( !H[m [ao[m s f[m*gc)
h[m _h _f lacg_h `_^_l[f [la_hnchi* =mj_]nim ]ihmncno]cih[f_m!( F=( hli* 2 ^_f ,*)2)+3/14 !f[
?ihmncno]chigcnc^[l( hilg[m jl_]cm[m mi\l_ _f ^igchfi j\fc]i s jlcp[^i( hcm_[f ko ji^_l
h[]cih[f$ i jlipch]c[f $^_\[ l_mKfp_lmo`ilg[ ^_ ^igchci i ^_ dQlcm^c]]ch(jilko_ m_[\mnopi^_
`cd[lf_ ]ihn_hc^i [ fim ]^caimko_ _h][la [f ?ihal_mi!*
$
,1 OAc($I[h$o_f =7( Ax^ZeVds a`dwZ`_WZH3Um]R ammgn_rnws
UV !7V_U`kR% A^*fbfjl_hn[
Eh^w)
j_h^c_hn_( KWdj_W]e(Z[
?bcf_( +21-& j* +.&mimnc_h_gk["bei ][nil]_ Amn[^im fh[[n_ij[dj[i [ (f[
J[]ch m__rn_h^c_lih [\[l][h^i
ni^i* _f n_llcnilci ko_ [hn_m i]oj _f pcll_ch[ni ^_f Ni ^_*H[
Lf[n[( Ah ]ihm_]o_h]c[7 f[ J[]ch hi jo^i n_h_l [ mo][lain_llfnilcim
h[]cih[f_m*(>=N>ANEO( Fo)
fci =*( !H[ l_af[ ^_f feZa`ddZUVeZd_h f[m ]ihnlip_lmc[m fcgwmi`_m
_hnl_ Awn7[^imbcmj$[h]c[g_lc][w
him!( AZSVc7^ZT`cf^"% ?if_]]ch ^_ _mno^cimdolec]im_h big_h[d_
[(f jlil( @l* @(*Fim Ll_t
Iil_hi(
pif* -( Kpc_^i( +322&j* +,/4 w$E
[jfc][]ch ^_f feZa`ddZUVeZdnl[hm`ilg[ fim fgcn_m[^) E
gchcmnl[ncpim_h `lihn_l[m chn_lh[]cih[f_m jlijc[g_hn_
^c]b[m!* ?EF(GVTfVZ]%+320&jll( ,*& m_h)
n_h]c[ ^_f ,,)+,)+320 _h _f [mohni !?ihnlip_lmc[ `lihn_lct[ _hnl_ >olech[ B[mi N( N][ ^_ I[fc!( !fi
ko_ ]ihmncnos_ohjlch]cjci a_h_l[f fca[^i [x$`_hg_hi ^_ $[]]_mch[ f[ ch^_j_h^_h]c[!* $
,2 >=N>ANEO(
Fofci =*($$$Qhjl_]_^_hn_ ji]i
]ihi]c^i
mi\l_ f[ [jfc][]$ch^_f feZE2ddZUVeZd
[
oh li fcgnli`_ ko_ ][lj\c[
^_ ]olmi!( 7_JRcZ6 UmaVcVTY` ?_eVc_RTZ`_R]%
Qhcp_cmc^[(^^w J[p[ll[(
P& L[gjfih[(
+33.& f( 0+&
,3 N=IKO IAF=( Bl[h]cm]i( ;] WVUVcR]Zd^`%
]cn*( jm6
oR,3& _cn*jil C=N]=( Fo[h =*( ?_&
ec`UfTTZz_ R] VdefUZ`''' %]cn*( jm* ,1 s.46 !f[ `_^_l[]ch [la_hnch[ mola_ ^_f ^_m_hpifpcgc_hni
h[nol[f ^_ f[m ]igohc^[]_m
]ifihc[f_m$ ko_ ]ihmncno[h
+. jlipchc[m ohc^[m ^_f Ni ^_ f[ Lf[)
n[( ko_ ^_m^_ +2+* [mogc_lih f[ l_jl_m_hn[]ch ^_f jo_\fi s mo][j[]c^[^
]]f_]ncp[!*
-* B[ffim ,-34,/+
s -.-&,.34,3,4
!_h _f il^_h chn_lhi( f[m ^_]cmcih_m ^_ f[m jliwch]cmhi
m2-, mih i\fca[nilc[m j[l[mo ji\f[]cwx mchi ko_ m_ cgjih_h [ f[m [onilc^[^_m `_^_l[f_m( jil m_l
r

&(&"

"!

(.w4

Ewm

fh[[n~ij[dj[i!(

"!

B[ffim -+*'-4,.314
f[m j7ipcw]c[m ho_p[m`o_lih
a_mn[^[m jil f[ J[_cl$]wb6cijlipch]c[m
h _g\lch( jilko_ f[ ?iln_ _hnc_h^_ ko_ mo*iha_h _mn_h fim n_llcnilcim h[]cih[f_m( ko_ ^657Q
o"b hi _rcmn_h(N=IAHH=(L[\fi =*( H[ VdecfTefcR UV] Amn[^i( _^c]ch^_f [onil*Egjc_hn[
Blca_lci _
Effdi( >o_him =cl_m( +3.0& jO* +.2 o +&.34!^_ -,(m+* n_llcnilcim( [ Him =h^_m( _f ^_]* h[]cih[f
31 ^ E,4bB3)+3.-&fi ^cpc^c
j[l[ [h_r[lfi
[ Fodos(O[fn[ s ?[n[lh[l][!(
$
q,
Q=JE(=*( $f[ mifc^[lcn chn_lh[ncih[f_ ^[hm E$=g_lcko_ H[nch_!(GVTfVZ] UVd 9mfcd%j( 4(
E&wnDEE(
L (., ? ,2'
PE &-JJEJf- cl ADQ! HHM
7e]b]]]Pm(?"?D?m
e\\6 cc]e`]M?_?_eVc_Ve]`_R]DWm&
EWdY^[ij[h&+30-& f( 12(
/-

Ecn$REwfl$
jA&"--!!$----!=EEEEEEEEEEEEEE
F! +++

@K?PNEJ=

gchcmnl[ncp[m ^_ *E[ch^_j_h^_h]c[(
ko_ m_ l_cpch^c][h ^_f lacg_h ]ifihc[f
_mj[if(
_h
][m;m _h ko_ hi m_ ]ihnlipc_ln[h
inlim6 n_llcnilcim s hi bo\c_m_h inl[m j[ln_m _h fcnc)
aci
Dis _rcmn_h p_chncnlmjlipch]c[m s$f[ ?co^[^ =onhig[ ^_ >o_him =cl_m ko_( _h
l_f[]ch ]ih f[m [ao[m jlipch]c[f_m(
ko_^[lih
]igi
g[n_lc[ mod_n[ [ fim ji^_l_m
l_)
m_lp[^im( _r]fQOERKOs _r]fos_hn_m ko_ fim Amn[^im gc_g\lim
]ihm_lp[lih
^_m^_ f[
]l_[]ch ^7 f[ J[]ch( m_ah _f [lni -,0 ilcach[lci ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch J[]cih[f
-/( H[
?ihmncno]ch^_ -41/ ;EOLQOKko_ !f[m jlipch]c[m ]ihm_lp[h
ni^i _f ji^_l
hi ^_f_a[)
^i$ jil _mn[ ?ihmncno]ch[f ai\c_lhi
`_^_l[f!*
H[ ^cmjimc]ch m_ l_cn_l _h _f [lni -.w_ f[ l_`ilg[
^_ -550* wh [lgih[(
_f [lni -.0 ^ f[ gcmg[ ?ihmncno]ch _mncjofko_
]ill_mjih^_
[ f[m jlipch]c[m _f ^igchci
ilcach[lci ^_ fim l_]olmim h[nol[f_m _rcmn_h$
n_m_hmo n_llcnilci! -0( !?[^[
jlipch]c[
ko_ `ilg[\[
j[ln_ ^_f pcll_ch[ni ^_f Ni ^_f[
Lf[n[ ^_ -332 n_h[ mo jlijci
n_llcnilci( _f k_ [jiln [f ho_pi Amn[^i$ ^_f ]o[f _m[
jlipch]c[
j[m [ `ilg[l
j[ln_!* !@_ _mn[ g[h_l[(
fim fgcn_m^_ f[m ^cmnchn[mjlipch]c[m
i Amn[^im ko_ molac_lih ^_ _mn_pcll_ch[ni _mnh^_n_lgch[^im(
_h al[h g_^c^[(
jil
f[m hilg[m
ko_ ^_fcgcn[\[h
f[m [hncao[m jlipch]c[m _h f[ ji][
]ifihc[f!
-1(

-q4

v&

NA(<GEAFAG H{:DA;G <= D9K 9?MwK =KLAHMD9<G=F =D ;zA47A?q ;ANAD


D <ec_d_e fh_lWZeZ[ bWiW]kqiYece h[]bWs fXb_Yefeh [nY[fY_d

A5K(

* (Him*wihwncnH6fs_f-n_m
^_ -41/ME7x^[lih
ko_ f[ ?ihwwcwo]ch ko_ ]l_[\[h
jlipch)
]c[m ihag[h[m
_l[ _f []o_l^i
mi\l_ jlch]cjcim s ]igj_n_h]c[m
j[l[
_f g[h_di ^_ oh[
`_^_l[]ch ^_ ][nil]_
Amn[^im gc_g\lim*ko_
m_ ]igjih[h
^_ _mj[]ci(
mo_fi `fil[
`woww( gch[m s[ao[m s ]ihmncno[h _f _]imcmn_lh[ ko_ [f\_la[\[
[ ][^[
]igohc$^[^7
MgfwY_lih( _h f[ ?[ln[ I[ah[(
$m_[f[l f[ ]igjm`]ch ^_ mo ^igchci j\fc]i
ohc`ilg_

-.

"

"((

c7$

>=N>ANEO7
Fofci =*( !H_ml_af_m*_mj_]c`ko_m^o 5(licn chn_h[ncih[f _h =lhlcko_!( GVTfVZ]
Umd9`fcdVd% n**./1 %-(55.)ER&(Iwlnchom Jcdbi`` Lo\fcmb_lm( @il^l_]bn( >imnih( Hih^ih( j* 13*
NAQPAN(L[of( :VcVTY` Z_eVc_RTZ`_v]aexS]ZT`3nl[^* ^*_ Fim (Lw_hn_ Aac^i( >im]w( >[l]_fih[(
-53w( j* -44* NKQOOn=HF(
?b[lf_m( :VcVTY` ]_eV^VTZ`_V" a{S]ZT` ac`Wf_UZkRU`%
nl[^* ^_ @_fc[
C[l][ @[fl_[or( H[ H_s( >o_him =cl_m(-522( j* -*5,6 !f[ ^_fcgcn[]ch ^_ f[ ]igj_n_h]c[
n_llf) (
nilc[f _l _f feZa`ddZUVeZd
mola_ ^_ oh fgcn_chn_lhi jl__rcmn_hn_!*
*
(&-/ BN=O(L_;li B(&!H[m jlipch]c[m _h -5506$( ^c[lci A`d 7_Un34d%
I_h^it[(
.$,+-.+-550(
m_]]* -( j* -*,* HKLAV(Fi[koh( !Af ^_l_]bi ^_ [ao[m _h f[ f_acmf[]ch`_^_l[f [la_hnch[! 7_R]Vd
UV $%
]R7TRUV^ZRCRTZ`_R]UV%
:VcVTY` s 9ZV_TZRd
H`TZR]VdUV9zcU`SR n*TTRE?l^i\[
-543$ L (.2$
!
!
B!

IKU=JK( =gf][l( !=ao[m chn_l_mn[^o[f_m _h =la_hnch[* = jlijmcni ^_f nl[mp[m_ ^_f li


?ifil[^i!(
HHCl[h ?osi .,,0)-,15(
hli* --( [i 5* IKU=JK( =lhf][l( !@_l_]bi chn_l_mn[^o[f
^_ [ao[7( w jlij6(cni ^_ f[m ]ihm_]o_h]c[m ^_ f[ m_hn_h]c[ mi\l_ _f li =no_f!( HHCl[h ?osi
.,,0) 33+3 0-( [hi 5( hli* 4* CQ=NEJK=NE=O(=f^i( !=hfcmcm
s jlis_]]ch ^_f `[ffi ^_ f[ ?iln_
^_ EwJ[]ch m(i\l_ f[m [ao[m ^_f =no_f!( 7_R]Vd%"UV
]R7TRUV^ZRCRTZ`_R]UV :VcVTY` s 9ZV_TZRd
HD9ZR]Vd
%f_9`cURSR%n*TTREEE(
?l^i\[( -*545( jm* 5-7-,1* VQ??DANEJK(Nc][l^i I*( IcReRU` UV
UVcVTY` WVUVcR]%
VdeRUfR]o ^f_ZTZaR] #RcXV_eZ_`
o T`c_aRcRU`$%n* -( @_j[fg[(
>o_him =cl_m(
-55-*( jm* /-3+/..*
$
*
c(

/3 >=N>ANEO(
Fofci=*( !Qh jl_]_^_hn_ ***!* ]cn*(j* 25( ?=JK( Cocff_llhiF*( ;defUZ`d UVUVcVTY`
w_ RXmRd%
R[f_lni =\_f_^i( >o_him =cl_m(-50/( jm* 32( $35(.2,(.35
Q .4,( >=EEf>ANEO(
Fofci =*(
H_ml_a_m_mj_]c`cko_m***!( ]cn*( j* 4.( _h _mj_]c[f jm( -11+-2,*

=LKOPEHH=O=H @KIEJEK @A H=O =CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ =NCAJPEJ=

]ih _f ko_ ][^[


ohi ^_ fim Amn[^im gc_g\lim
^_\[ l_aclm_ s g[hn_h_lm_(
j[l[
mo\)
mcmncl
]ih mo [onihig[
s ai\_lh[lm_
]ih mo mi\_l[h[
l_mnlchac^[( jil f[m ^_f_a[]ci)
h_m ko_ ^wd[\[h
]ihp_hc^[m(
H6xigcm wh ff_p [ ko_ _f( ?ihal_mi
[^gcnc_m_( ]ih f[
g_ni^ifia[
^_ f[ f_s 5^_f .5+--+-410
^_ L[l[h( [ f[m nl_]_ jlipch]c[m ilcach[lc[m s
mom?ihmncno]cih_m s momn_llcnilcim(ko$_ i]oj[\[h
f[ nin[fc^[^ ^_f pcll_ch[ni6 fi ko_
cao[fg_hn_ m_ bcti( l_mj_]ni
^_ >o_$him =cl_m( ^_mjom ^_ ij_l[^[
f[ l_`ilg[
^_
-42,* Lil _d_gjfi(
I_h^it[
`o_ [^gcnc^[ jil f[ f_s /2 ^_ L[l[h( _f ..+4+-411
-2&
l_]ihi]c_h^i
]ilhi
fgcn_mfim ^_ mo f_s ^_f 3+-,+-40/(
![n_h^c_h^i
[ ko_ f[ mi\_l[)
h[ jlipch]c[f
hi l_ko_l[ f[ nig[
^_$ jim_mch( hc hchah inli l_kocmcni! /5(
j[l[
]ihllh[lf[(
f[ jlipch]c[
^c]n f[ f_s ^_f -3+-,+-42,(
jil f[ ko_ ^_]f[l ^_ mojlij_6

^[^ ni^im fim \[f^im ko_ fim j[lnc]of[l_m


hi domnc`c][l_h ]ih nnofi i jl_m]lcj]ch ^_
]c_h [im 0%&w
$Eao[f igcmch nopi f[ l_`ilg[
]ihmncno]cih[b$f_
-42,( sfi ]c_lni$`o_ ko_
f[ f_acmf[]ch ^_ `ih^i
^_ -425( ]ih pca_h]c[ [ j[lncl ^_ -43-( nopi ko_ ch]focl _f ^f@)
gchci j\fc]i
^_ f[m [ao[m ]ilhi
oh[ _r]_j]ch [f ^igchci ^_ fim j[lnc]of[l_m
_h fim (
][mim _h ko_ +* _mncgh_]_m[lci* =oh [m( _f ?^cai ?cpcf^_ -425 _mncjof[ _h _f [lni ..
ko_ ni^i !fi ko_ hi _mn^c]bi _h fim [ln]ofim ^_f ?^cai( hi nc_h_ `o_lt[ ^_ f_s( [oh)
ko_ [hn_lcilg_hn_
oh[ ^cmjimc]ch m_g_d[hn_ bo\c_l[ _mn[^i _h pcail!* Hi ko_ hi `o_
p_l^[^( jilko_
fim \c_h_m ^_ f[ ?ilih[
m_ mo]_^c_lih _h fim Amn[^im jlipch]c[f_m( m_)
ah _f _mj[]ci n_llcnilc[f _h ko_ m_ _h]ihnl[\[h(
g[hn_hc_h^i
f[m [hncao[m ^cmjimc]ci)
h_m .+( =f gcmgi nc_gji(
_f [lni ./03
^_f gcmgi ?^cai m_[f ko_ !f[m ]im[m ko_ hi$
`o_l_h \c_h_m ^_ fim$Amn[^im W*(*Y
mih \c_h_m ^_ fim j[lnc]of[l_m!*
Hi ko_ n[gji]i
_m]c_l)
ni( `l_hn_ [f [ln*-3( ?J( mch][g\cim(
ko_ [^gcn_ _h jlch]cjci f[ jlijc_^[^
jlcp[^[( s fo_aj
f[ ^_f Amn[^i( ko_ m_ ]ih]l_n[
]igi
oh[ _r]_j]ch [ nl[pm ^_ f[ _rjlijc[]ch
0. $$f[m
[ao[m ^_f ]c]fi bc^lifaci_ mih j[ln_ ^_f mo_fi moj_l`c]c[f s mcao_h f[ mo_ln_ ^_ mo ^igfhc(
m_ah fim [lnm* ./-0(
./-1
Q .1-4( ??c*F*H[ [jfc][]ch ^_f feZa`ddZUVeZd
bcti ko_ _f nlc\o)
h[f [l\cnl[f( jil _f n_llcnilci _h ^cmjon[ ^_ H[aoh[ ^_f @_mc_lni(_hnl_ f[ =la_hnch[ %jlipch]c[
^_ O[hn[ ?lot& s ?bcf_ %^_1/. eg.&( ff_p[m_ [f f[o^i ^_ N[`[_f Jc_ni J[pc[( Fofci >[l\_lcm(
L_^li Jcee_h( O[hnc[ai >_h[^[p[
sN_sh[f^i
C[fch^i Libf ![ l_]ihi]_l
^c]b[ moj_l]c_
]igi
j_ln_h_]c_hn_ [ f[ mi\_l[h[
[la_hnch[!(
_E$.-+-,+-550
0/(
*

o5

'"(

B(

*-

=@H=-41.)-44,)--3*
*
!
?EF(..+-.+-542(
!=mohni(]ihnlip_lmc[ `lihn_lc7! _hnl_ >olech[ B[mi s f[ N_j\fc][ ^_ I[f!(
GVTfVZ]%
-542( jllm*-4 s ./* ?EF(--&5+-*55.( $6=mohni
]ihnlip_lmc[ `lihn_lct[ n_ll_mnl_(chmof[lo lh[)
lblh[ _hnl_ AfO[fp[^il s Dih^ol[m %Jc][l[ao[ chn_lpchc_hn_&!(
GVTfVZ]%
-55.( jllm*01 o 2-*+2.&*
.* O=HR=P(
N[slhoh^i I*( IcReRU2UV'UVcVTY`TZgZ]
RcXV_eZ_`'ERceVXV_VcR]%
n*-(}(*H[ H_s(>ow!
him =cl_m(-503( j* 4-( jll* -01( T*
(
*
.+ CKJVHAV(
Fi[koh R! DScRdT`^a]VeRd%j( TE(Af ?ihal_mi( >o_him =cl_m(-5/16 !f[ fhe'&
jf ^[^ ^_ fim j[lnc]of[l_m s ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m hi g[n[ ^_f ?^cai ?cpcf^_ -425( ko_ hi b[ ^[^i **
jlijn_^[^
[ g[^c_( s ko_ mfijo^i ]ihm[al[l
f[m [hncao[m f_s_m_mj[if[m* mi\l_f[m ko_ f[ ]
ihmncno]fh^_ -*41/)-42,
hi bcti mchi l_]ihi]_l!(
]n*jil IKU=JK( =gff][l( !Ll_m_lp[]ch ^_
- ![ao[m jlcp[^[m `l_hn_ [ f[ ]lcmcm^_f Amn[^i!( HHCl[h ?osi .,,1)/,(
hli* -( [i -,( hin[ .2*
.,
>EAfO=(N[`[_f( !Af ^_l_]bi ]ihmncno]cih[f( ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m a_h_l[f_m mi\l_ _f gni^i ^_
%$Icfi!( HH-,/ **4-,6 !f[ ?ihmncno]ch[la_hnch[ _mfc\_l[f _ ch^cpc^o[fcmn[(]ilhi fi b[ ^_]f[l[^i
Eh iln]!* Ah ^n]bi m_hncii* B[ffim -356--/
s HH4)0,0( `[ffi /1/2*
w/ - fhli H**7 TZz_%m]_lim =cl_m(..+-,+-*550(
j* -5* OLAVE=HA(
Fim B*( !Lil ko mih cg)
fKEE+++T# fi -$- fK iihnfh hnif j jW]hWeei s _f f[ai ^_f ^_mc_lni!( 9V_e^%?_hnli ^_ Eha_hc_)
+++ (nXEMffff%
ini s nX`flflh h l _f I h^it[ 6-*550}$-2)02+11*
-2

-3

AAjbNA +++ ++++++++++++++++ 9AAAAAAAAAAAAAA


J!

+++

@K?PNEJ=

,( <ec_d_e fXb_Yeec_j_Ze [d bW;edij_jkY_d


>[di f[ a[l[hn[ ko_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch^_ +2/-'+20* inila[ [ f[ jlijc_^[^
_h _f [lni +1&
wi _m jimc\f_ _f ][g\ci
^_f ^_l_]bi
`S[VeZg` mchko_ _f j[lnc]of[l
m_[ jl_m_lp[^i
_h f[
Ehn[haf\fff^w^ ^_ mo j[nlcgihci
g_^c[hn_ f[ _rjlijc[]ch(
ko_ jl_pc[g_hn_
^_\_ m_l
][fc`c][^[
jil f_s _ ch^_ghct[^[*
Amn[ mcno[]ch ^_\c `SgZRcdV_h +203 ]o[h^i
[f
^c]n[lm_ _f ?^cai 9ZgZ]%
m_ RUgZceZz
ko_ f[m ][nil]_
jlipch]c[m jl__rcmn_hn_m hi ch^c][)
lih _h _f n_rni ]ihmncno]cih[f
fim \c_h_m ko_ chn_al[h mo ^igchci
j\fc]i(
^_ []o_l^i
]ih _f l_j[7n,
^_ ]igj_n_h]c[m
_mncjof[^i
_h _f [lni +*.& ?ihmncno]ch( []no[f [lni
+,+ ^_mjo_m ^_ f[ l_`ilg[
^_ +33.( Af chn_lm ]ihnl[jo_mni
_hnl_ fim j[lnc]of[l_m
s
fim A*mn[^im hi m_ jo(mi ^_ wh[hf`f_mni _h +203&fi ko_ jimc\cfcn ko_ f[m jlipch]c[m
]ihmchnc_l[h ko_ _f ;Z_]e ?Epcf^_]f[l[m_
fim \c_h_m j\fc]im chn_al[hn_m ^_ mon_llcni)
hi ..( @_ _mn[ `ilg[(
m_ VgZezko_ f[ chn_al[]ch n_llcnilc[f ^_ Y|ZWjlipch]c[
`o_m_ ^cm)
nchn[( j_li _ffi hi cgjfc][ ko_ _f f_acmf[^il TZgZ]jo_^[
_rjlijc[l
s [`_]n[l
f[m [ao[m
ko_( mc_h^i jlcp[^[m( ^_\[h nl[hm`_lclm_ [f ^igchci
j\fc]i
^_ f[ jlipch]c[
./(

-( F[Y[i_ZWZZ[bfheY[ie [nfhef_Wjeh_efhel_dY_Wb"
?o[h^i
_h +q02 m_ ][g\c[
RUgZVceV
f[ mlno[]chg_h]cih[^[(

f[ ][fc`c][]ch ^_ f[m [ao[m j\fc][m( _f f_acmf[^il hi


hc _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _h f[ []no[fc^[^ m_rcmn_h chn_l_)
m_m]ihnl[jo_mnim
_hnl_ _f ^igchci
^_ fim j[lnc]of[l_m
s _f ^_ fim l_mj_]ncpim Amn[^im*
Lil inl[ j[ln_( f[ ?iln_ b[ m_[f[^i
ko_ f[ []ncpc^[^ f]cn[ ko_ ][om[ oh[ f_mch_h _f
j[nlcgihi
^_ fim [^gchcmnl[^im
_m ch]ihmncno]cih[f jil pcif[l _f [lni +1&?ihmncno]ch(
s a_h_l[ j[l[
_f Amn[^i ko_ f[ _d_]on_ i ]ihmc_hn[ oh[ l_mjihm[\cfc^[^
_rnl[]ihnl[])
.0
no[f ( Us[ m_ chpiko_ f[ i\fca[]ch ^_ hi j_ldo^c][l
_f ^_l_]bi
[d_hi ^_f [lni +3&i _f
..
CKJVfAV(Fi[k(oh R*( !@igchci s dolcm^c]]chmi\l_ f[m lc\_l[m!( _h DScRdT`^a]VeRd% g`]'
TE(?En*(*_h -c$7-ArLimf]EMh(*^_ IincRKO ^_ f[ f_s jlis_]n[^[
_h m_mch
$^_f O_h[^i ^_f -)2)+3+,
^c]_6 !f[ jlijc_^[^
^_ fim j[lnc]of[l_m s ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m mi\l_ f[m nc_ll[m lc\_l_[m hi ^[n[ ^_c
?^cai ?cpcf(ko_ hi b[ ^[^i jlijc_^[^
[ h[^c_( ko_ hi b[ b_]bi mchi f_acmf[l s l_af[g_hn[l _f
omi ^_ f[ jlijc_^[^
_mnw\f_]c^[ jil ^cp_lmimnnofim^_ il^_h j\fc]i i jlcp[^i( s ]ihm[al[^[
jil
f[m [hncao[m f_s_m_mj[hif[m( ko_ `ilg[\[h
_f ^_l_]bi ]igh _h _f Ni ^_ f[ Lf[n[7 s f[m jlipch)
_l[m( ko_ mih [hn_lcil_m [ f[ J[]ch( ]ihm_lp[h mom^_l_]bim ]igi
^o_[m( mi\_l[h[m ^_ mom
n_llcnilcim( ^_l_]bim ^_ mi\_l[h[ s ^igchci mi\l_ fim ]o[f_m f[ ?ihmncno]chhi bcti mchi l_]i)
hi]_l fim n nQEKO
ko_ _ff[m n_h[h ]ih [hn_lcilc^[^ [ moch]iljil[]ch
[ f[ ]ih`_^_l[]ch* Ho_ai(
jo_m( _f ?^cai ?Epcf*
hi b[ ji^c^i ^_mjid[l hc[ fim j[lnc]of[l_m( hc[ fim Amn[^im jlipch]c[f_m ^_
f[ ;lKjf_^[^
n_gniwf[f ko_ s[ n_h[h( s _hnih]_m( _f ?^cai 9ZgZ]_moh[ f_s m_]oh^[lc[ ]ih l_f[)
]cih [ f[ ?ihmncno]chs hi b[ ji^c^i
]l_[l ^_l_]bim ^_ jlijc_^[^(
s m_gV _mn[ ch]ihalo_h]c[ i
Ehdomnc]c[
l_mj_]ni ^_ fim jlijc_n[lcim [ fim ]o[f_m m_^_mjid mchch^_ghct[]ch [faoh[!*
./ ?iln_ Ooj*( 3)+,)+3/1& !Fcgh_tR[la[m Dhim* K' I_h^it[!(
_h B[ffim ,-34-./4 !fim ji)
^_l_m l_m_lp[^im ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m hi jo_^_h m_lnl[hm`_lc^im [ f[ J[]ch( dR]g` jil pifohn[^ _r)
jl_m[ ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m _h ?ihal_mi C_h_l[f ?ihmncnos_hn_!7-+)-)+31/& !H[ Ncid[ K' =tt[fchc
Hocm!(A@0+'-q.4 !H[ _rjlijc[]ch _moh chmncnoni
^_ ^_l_]bi j\fc]i( l_m_lp[^i [ f[m jlipchw
_l[m( [d_hi [f ?^cai ?ERcf
s[ f[m [nlc\o]cih_m _d_f?ihal_mi!*
.0
?iln_ Ooj*( 1).)+3-1& !?[bct[( Agcfci s inli K' Ci\c_lhi h[]cih[f m+ch]ihmncno]cih[fc^[^
^_ (^_]l_ni _ ch^_ghct[]ch ^_ ^[im s j_ldoc]cim!( B[ffim +114,-15 +0),)+30,& !=]o[ Dhim*
s ?c[* ONHK' Llipch]c[ ^_ O[hnc[ai ^_f Amn_li m+_rjlijc[]ch ^_ a[h[^i gRTf_`! B --i* ,/q4-3"
3)0)+30/& !?iljil[]ch
?_g_hn_l[ =la_hnch[ O= K' Llipch]c[ ^_ I_hCfit[!(
>&cf 7:%84,"( "

=LKOPEHH=O=H @KIEJEK @A H=O =CQ=O AJ MA(BA@AN=?cJ =NCAJPEJ=

!!

l_mj_ni jil fim ^_l_]bim


[^koclc^im ^_f [lni +.&i f[ jlibc\c]ch ^_ [`_]n[l l_nli[]ncp[)
g_hn_ f[m mcno[]cih_m dol^c][m [hn_lcil_m ^_f [lni '+1&f[ ?ihmncno]ch inila[
[ f[ _r)
jlijc[]ch
oh[ jlis_]]ch
_rj[hmcp[ )^cl_]n[
i jil [h[fia[)
[ ni^i ][mi _h ko_ f[
jlijc_^[^
i _f ^_l_]bi
j[nlcgihc[f
]_^_ _h l[th ^_ oh chn_lm j\fc]i
i mo`l_ oh j_l)
doc]ci jil f[ gcmg[ ][om[( s _h ko_ _f ^[ghc`c][^i
^_\_ m_l mc_gjl_ ch^_ghct[^i
jil
_f Amn[^i* Af f_acmf[^il hi jo_^_ [ll_\[n[l
i [fn_l[l oh ^_l_]bi
j[nlcgihc[f
[^koclc^i
[f [gj[li
^_ f[ f_acmf[]ch [hn_lcil( jilko_
_h( _m_ ][mi _f jlch]cjci
^_ f[ cll_nli[]ncpc)
^[^ ^_d[ ^_ m_l oh[ mcgjf_ hilg[
f_a[f( j[l[
]ih`oh^clm_ ]ih _f jlch]cjci
]ihmncno]ci)
h[f ^_ f[ chpcif[\cfc^[^ ^_ f[ fhef_[ZWZ%!(

.( F[Y[i_ZWZZ[ bWW\[YjWY_d
fhel_dY_Wb(
Oc_f ^_l_]bi
^_ jlijc_^[^
_m[hn_lcil [ f[ f_acmf[]ch ]cpcf( n[hni _h +203 ]igi
_h
+302 f[ ][fc`c][]ch j\fc][ ^_ f[m [ao[m mcahc`c]oh[ _rjlijc[]ch(
l_mj_]ni ^_ f[m
[ao[m jlcp[^[m* Ah pclno^ ^_ f[ _rjlijc[]ch
_f Amn[^i 9)h[]ih[f
i jlipch]c[f)
_rnch)
ao_ _f ^_l_]bi
jlcp[^i
^_ jlijc_^[^
mi\l_ oh \c_h )f[m [ao[m _h _f ][m@)))6)(g_^c[h)
n_ oh[ jl_pc[ ch^_ghct[]ch( j[l[
^_mnch[lfi [ f[ m[ncm`[]]ch ^_ oh[ oncfc^[^ j\fc][*
Him _`_]nim ^_ f[ _rjlijc[]ch
mih f[ nl[hm`_l_h]c[
^_f ^_l_]bi
^_ jlijc_^[^
^_f _r)
jlijc[^i
[f _rjlijc[hn_(
s(_f h*[]cgc_hni ^_f ^_l_]bi
[ f[ ch^_ghct[]ch [ `[pil ^_f _r)
jlijc[^i*
H[m _n[j[m ^_f jli]_mi
_rjlijc[nilci
mih6 [& H[ ][fc`c][]ch ^_ oncfc^[^ j\fc)
][ jil f_s ^_f mod_ni _rjlijc[hn_(
ko_ _h _mn_ ][mi _m f[ J[]ch [ nl[pm ^_f ?^cai
?cpcf( ]igjf_g_hn[^[
jil f[ jlipch]c[
ko_ ^_\_ ch]iljil[l
_m[m [ao[m [ mo ^igchci
j\fc]i(
[n_h^c_h^i
[ko_ f[ `[]ofn[^ ^_ _rjlijc[l
f[ jlijc_^[^
jlcp[^[ s ^_ ][fc`c][l f[
oncfc^[^ j\fc][
_h _f il^_h jlipch]c[f
]ill_mjih^_
[ f[ l_mj_]ncp[ f_acmf[nol[ fi][f .2(
=^_gm( f[ _rjlijc[]ch
hi _m g[n_lc[ l_ac^[ jil _f ?^cai ?cpcf( s$f[m f_s_m ko_ f[ l_)
aof[h hi _mnh]igjl_h^c^[m
_h f[ [nlc\o]ch ]ih]_^c^[
[f ?ihal_mi
J[]cih[f
j[l[
m[h]cih[l
_f ?^cai .3( Och _g\[lai(
j[l[
_pcn[l p_chncnlm^igchcim jlipch]c[f_m
^c`_)
l_hn_m s [n_h^c_h^i
[ f[ ^cpcmch
n_llcnilc[f ^_f ji^_l
^_hnli ^_ f[ B_^_l[]cd- ko_ jl_)
pc_lih _f [lni +*. ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch ^_ +2/-'+20* s _f [ln( +,+ ^_ f[ []no[f( [b f_acm)
f[^il
]cpcf ^_ +20 + [`_]n f[m [ao[m ko_ )?Cgi
\c_h_m ^_f Zec_d_e h[nol[f)_)
ko_^[lih
^_mnch[^[m _`_]ncp[g_hn_ [f omi j\fc]i
jil mo mif[ ][fc`c][]ch ^_ j\fc][m
_h fim [lnmw ,--3 s ,-.*( Och _g\[lai(
[ko _f mod_ni _rjlijc[hn_
hi ch]iljil
f[m
[ao[m [ mo ^igchci
j\fc]i(
mchi [f ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m ^ih^_ f[m [ao[m _rcmn[h* \& H[
_aoh^[ _n[j[ ^_f jli]_mi
_rjlijc[nilci
_m f[ ^_n_lgch[]ch ^_ fim \c_h_m _h f[*f_s
.1 ?iln_ Ooj*( ,+)2)+3,,& !Diln[(
Fim p* D[laoch^_aos( Alh_mni!( B[ffim +-04/35
,*)2)+3,/& !I[ht( H_ih[l^i J' Pl[\[( Alh_mni!( B[ffim +..4,,*5 +0)+,)+3//& !:ekhZ_[k&L_)
^li J' Iohc]cj[fc^[^
^_ f[ ?[jcn[f!( B[ffim +.I4-*1(
04 ?iln_ Ooj*( +,)0),**0& !=lc[m Iol[(
Jc]ifm J' Llipch]c[ ^_ O[fn[ j+_rjlijc[]ch
m+ch)
]fh ncno]cih[fc^[^ ^_ f_s_m^_ f[ g[n_lc[ ^_ f[ Llipch]c[ ^_ O[fn[!( B[ffim +*.4,.15 +-)2),**-&
!cXlw --,( Icao_f N( Llipch]c[ ^_ >o_him =cl_mm+jiti ^_ oh n_ll_hi!( B[ffim 314.*2(
qe oj* ?iln_ >m*=m*(-+)+,)+31-& !Af ?cg[llh K' >o_him =cl_m!( A@/3'//2 s HH+/0'
-- $ * ]ilni
oj*( -*)+*)+3/-& !faih( I[ncf^_ H_ihc_ Fo[h[ Amkocpcffih^_ o inl[ p* Bcm]i J[]c)
++ E#+ Eli]]fh
h l[ffgjimfnfp[& m+l_j_nc]ch^_ cgjo_mni!( B[ffim ,-24--/& _hnc_h^_ ko_ f[
b jf E -2h rjlijfhnilf
( Ehi b[\ l E^i ^_f_a[^[ jil f[m jlipch]c[m [ f[ J[]ch( _m[nlc\o]ch ?
KKffffffl? --- Ejil fi ko
E 2%--+%,Epff% Eh jff][\f_*
++ NA +++++! +&&&&&&&+++"
=fffffb++++++F!

+++

!"

@K?PNEJ=

ko_ ][fc`c][ f[ oncfc^[^ j\fc][( ko_ \c_h jo_^_ hi _mj_]c`c][lfim( j_li _mcgjl_m]ch^c)
\f_ ko_ _ff[ fim b[a[ ^_n_lgch[\f_m( _h ]osi ][mi f[ _mj_]c`c][]ch ko_^[ l_f_a[^[ [f
;[VTfeZg`' Ah _f ]^cai ^_ +203 f[m [ao[m _mnh
^_n_lgch[^[m( gc_hnl[m ko_ _h _f ])
^cai ^_ +302 f[m [ao[m nc_h_hoh[ ^_]f[l[]ch a_hlc][( [^_gm ^_ f[ ^_n_lgch[]ch
_mj_]`c][ ^_ f[m mo\n_llh_[ms ^_ f[ ]ih^c]ch ko_ ^_\_lh n_h_l f[m mola_hn_ms f[m
p_lnc_hn_mj[l[ m_l ]ihmc^_l[^[m j\fc][m* Ah +203 f[ J[]ch ][fc`c] [ WRg`c^_ f[m
jlipch]c[m j[l[ jl_m_lp[l f[ ^cmnchn[`ilg[]ch ^_f ^igchci j\fc]i ^_ fim Amn[^im ^_
f[ `_^_l[]ch( s [mjlin_a_l _f ^igchci TZgZ]^_ fim j[lnc]of[l_m ko_ l_af[g_hn[\[
_f
]^cai* Ah +302 f[ J[]ch hi jo^i jli]_^_l
^_ cao[f `ilg[( jilko_ f[m [ao[m jlcp[)
^[m _l[h ^_l_]bim ^_`chcncp[g_hn_[^koclc^im \[di _f [gj[li
^_ f[ ?ihmncno]chs _f
]^cai ^_ +203&s [^_gm l_mofn[\[ cgjimc\f_ jl_n_h^_l f[ ohc`ilgc^[^ ^_f ^igchci
j\fc]i jlipch]c[f* ]& H[ n_l]_l[ _n[j[ ^_ f[ _rjlijc[]ch )[hn_m ^_ nl[hm`_lclm_ f[
jlijc_^[^
^_f j[lnc]of[l [f Amn[^i) ]ihmcmn__h b[\_l m[ncm`_]bi _f j[ai ^_ f[ ch^_g)
hct[]ch* Ji _m]ihmncno]cih[f hcf_a[f oh[ ch^_ghct[]ch ko_ hi m_[ domn[(s _mdomn[
]o[h^i l_mncnos_
[f jlijc_n[lci _f gcmgi gR]`c _]ihgc]i ^_ ko_ m_fi jlcp[( ]o\lc_h^i
[^_gm fim ^[im s j_ldoc]cim ko_ mih ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ^cl_]n[ _ chg_^c[n[ ^_ f[ _rjli)
jc[]ch* ^& ?ogjfc^i _f jli]_mi _rjlijc[nilci(
f[m [ao[m m_nl[hm`c_l_h[f ^igchci jlc)
p[^i ^_ f[ jlipch]c[* L_li( ]igi _h fim [lnm* .//5 s ./0,( ??cp*(f[ J[]ch ^_mnch[f[m
[ao[m [f ^igchci j\fc]i ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m ^ih^_ mn[mm__h]o_hnl[h( ][^[ jlipch]c[
^_\_ p_lc`c][l( _mj_]c`c][l( ch^_ghct[l s [`_]n[lf[m [f omi j\fc]i ^_ chn_lma_h_l[f 1,*
$E

/( Adj[hfh[jWY_d Yedij_jkY_edWbZ[ bWWkjeh_ZWZgk[ Wi_]dW#bW


FWY_d$
o bWgk[ [nfhef_W o W\[YjW#bW
fhel_dY_W$
=n_h^c_h^i [ ko_ f[ J[]ch hi jo^i _rjlijc[l
[ nl[pm ^_f ?^cai ?cpcfs ][g\c[l
_f
^igchci j[lnc]of[l ^_ f[m [ao[m ko_ ][fc`c] ]igi
j\fc][m( f[ `ilg[ ^_ chn_ljl_n[l [f
l_`ilg[^il
^_ +302 _m[lgihct[l
mo[nlc\o]ch ^_f [ln* 1/&ch]* +,&^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch
]ih f[ a[l[hn[ ko_ _f [lni +1 inila[ [ f[ jlijc_^[^
jlcp[^[* H[ `lgof[ ko_ _mncjof[(
_h _f [ln* ./0,(
ch]* /|( ko_ mih j\fc][m ni^[m f[m [ao[m ko_ n_ha[h i [^koc_l[h f[
[jncno^ ^_ m[ncm`[]_l omim^_ chn_lma_h_l[f _m oh[ ^_]f[l[]ch a_hlc][ ^_ oncfc^[^
j\fc][* Amnihi VgZeRko_ _f mod_ni_rjlijc[hn_ m_[ f[ jlipch]c[ l_mj_]ncp[( koc_h ^_\_
p_lc`c][l f[ oncfc^[^j\fc][ fi][f* ?igi f[ ^_]f[l[]ch ^_f f_acmf[^il TZgZ]_ma_hlc][( f[
jlipch]c[ ^_\_ ^_n_lgch[l f[m [ao[m ko_ m[ncm`[]_h _f chn_lma_h_l[f( [`_]n[lf[m [f
omi j\fc]i _ ch^_ghct[l* Ah ]ihm_]o_h]c[( _mchnl[m]_h^_hn_ ko_ _f ]^cai ^_ +302
_mncjof_ko_ f[m [ao[m mo\n_llh_[m mih j\fc][m( i ko_ f[m mola_hn_mmih j\fc][m
]o[h^i ]ihmncnos_h]olmi ^_ [ao[ jil ][o]_m h[nol[f_m( i ko_ f[m p_lnc_hn_mmih j)
\fc][m mc_r]_^_h fim fgcn_m^_f jl_^ci _h _f ko_ h[]_h( jilko_ [oh _h _mnim][mim hi
m_jo_^_ jl_m]ch^cl ^_ f[ p_lc`c][]ch( ^_n_lgch[]ch( [`_]n[]ch _ ch^_ghct[]ch ^_f
Amn[^i jlipch]c[f* H[m[ao[m l_]ch m_lh^_f ^igchci j\fc]i jlipch]c[f( ]o[h^i _f Am)
n[^i fi][f l_mj_]ncpi f[m [`_]n_ jil oh []ni dol^c]i ]ih]l_ni ko_ f[m ^_mnch__`_]ncp[$)

1,I=PDQO AO?KNEDQAH=(
Icao_f **I$KU=JK(=gf][l( !H[ [jncno^*(7!(Y~j(&
j* ,0*& ?=wK(Coc)
fE_lgi B(&:VcVTY` a{S]ZT` ac`gZ_TZR]%
AfOcafiEfomnl[^i(I_h^it[( +3-/& j* 21&]igj_n_ [f ^_)
l_]bi j\fc]i jlipch]c[f f[ $`[]ofn[^ ^_ ^_n_lgch[l mom\c_h_mj\fc]im s ^_ _mn\fi `$ o
lacg_h( ]igi ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ^_f [lni +*.& []no[f [lni +,+&?J(
-

- JE*E ($(

=LKOPEHH=O
=H @KIEJEK@AH=O=CQ=OAJ H= BA@AN=?cJ=NCAJPEJ=

!#

g_hn_ [f omi j\fc]i 1-* Af]ihm_hncgc_hni jlipch]c[f ko_ f[ ^i]nlch[ [^gcn_ ]igi
h_)
]_m[lci j[l[ f[ _rjlijc[]ch _mcgjl_m]ch^c\f_ _h f[ nl[hm`_l_h]c[ ^_ f[m [ao[m jlcp[)
^[m [f ^igchci j\fc]i jlipch]c[f( s ]ofgch[ _h f[ [`_]n[]ch fi][f 1.*

0( ;edZ_Y_ed[i Z[ bW[nfhef_WY_d s W\[YjWY_d


fhel_dY_Wb
Ah _f ?^cai ?cpcf^_ +203 f[m [ao[m mo\n_llh_[m(mola_hn_ms p_lnc_hn_mmih ^_f
^igchci jlcp[^i ^_ fim j[lnc]of[l_m s( ]ih f[m _hgc_h^[m ^_ +302&jo_^_h ff_a[l [ m_l
^_f ^igchci j\fc]i ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m mcm_ jli^o]_
f[ _rjlijc[]ch s [`_]n[]ch l_m)
j_]ncp[* Ji _rcmn_f[ [`_]n[]ch ^Z_ZdeVcZ`]VXZd_h f[ [mcah[]chko_ b[]_ _f f_acmf[^il
]cpcf^_ +302&[ohko_ _ff[ _rcmn[j[l[ fim \c_h_m ^_f ^igchci j\fc]i h[nol[f [mcah[)
^im _h +203 1/* H[ ^c`_l_h]c[ mola_ jilko_ _f mojo_mni ^_ ch[gipcfc^[^ ko_ nl[[h fim
\c_h_m j\fc]im _m gi^c`c][^i
jil f[ l_`ilg[
^_ +302&]ih f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ]]VgRc
[ao[m jlcp[^[m [f ^igchci j\fc]i jlipch]c[f 10* H[ a[l[hn[ ]ihmncno]cih[f ^_f [lni +1
i\fca[ [ _rjlijc[l
s [ [`_]n[l f[m [ao[m ^_ g_h]ch( _h _f ][mi _h ko_ ^_\[h nl[hm`_)
lclm_^_f ^igchci $^_ fim j[lnc]of[l_m [f ^igchci j\fc]i ^_ f[ jlipch]c[ _h ko_ m__h)
]o_hnl_h* @_ fim `[ffim ^_ f[ ?iln_ m_^_^o]_h f[m mcaoc_hn_m
]ih^c]cih_m j[l[ ko_ _m[
nl[hm`_l_h]c[ m_[$jimc\f_6 [& H[m[ao[m ^_\_h m[ncm`[]_l f[m ]ih^c]cih_m _rn_lcil_m
ko_ _rca_ f[ f_s ]cpcfs ko_ m_[mcgcf[h [ f[ ^_]f[l[]ch a_hlc][ ^_ oncfc^[^j\fc][ ^cm)
jo_mn[ jil _f [lni +1 ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch*H[m [ao[m mo\n_llh_[m ^_\_h m[ncm`[]_l
omim^_ chn_lma_h_l[f* H[mmola_hn_m^_\_h ]ihmncnocl]olmi ^_ [ao[ jil ][o]_ h[no)
l[f s( [^_gm( m[ncm`[]_l om5m^_ chn_lma_h_l[f* U f[m p_lnc_hn_m([ gm^_ _r]_^_l _f
E`gcn_^_f `oh^i _h ko_ h[]_h( n[g\ch ^_\_h m[ncm`[]_l omim^_ chn_lma_h_l[f* \&
H[m[ao[m [ nl[hm`_lcl ^_\_h _h]ihnl[lm_ _h _f j[nlcgihci ^_ f[ jlipch]c[( jil fi ko_
^_\_h b[\_lm_ ]]VgRU` ^_f ^igchci j[lnc]of[l [f ^_f Amn[^i jil oh[ nl[hmgcmch]cpcfi
jil _rjlijc[]ch* ]& H[m[ao[m ko_ chal_m[h [f j[nlcgihci jlcp[^i ^_ f[ jlipch]c[ ^_)
/+ >E@=NP
?=ILKO( C_lgh B(&
:VcVTY` T`_deZefTZ`_R]%j( ++& A^c[l( >o_him =cl_m(+303&j*
-.3 U]cn[ 3."4f[ J[]chmfijo_^_ _rjlijc[l \c_h_mj\fc]im fi][f_m _h n_llcnilcijlipch]c[f ]ih

_f ]ihm_hncgc_hni^_ f[ jlipch]c[ l_mj_]ncp[(s f[m jlipch]f[m jo_^_h b[]_lfi mi\l_ \c_h_mo\c)


][^im _h moml_mj_]ncp[mdolcm^c]]cih_m
s j[l[ `ch_m
^_ oncfc^[^fi][f* AGIAG@FE=J(
Icao_f =*( IcR&
eRU` UV UVcVTY` T`_deZefTZ`_R]%n*++& @_j[fg[( >o_him =cl_m(+33.& j* ,+04 nl[nh^im_^_ oh
\c_hj\fc]i jlipch]c[f( mn[^_\_ ]ihm_hncljl_pc[g_hn_ f[ _rjlijc[]ch j[l[ hi pcif[l _f mcmn_g[
`i^_l[f ^_f [lni /t& ?J* REHHAC=O
=! S[fn_l( !H[ H_sC_h_l[f ^_ Arjlijc[]cih_m ,+(.33 ]ih l_f[)
]ch[ mojl_]_^_hn_!( N@=+311'+/)+0',*4 f[ ?ihmncno]ch
hi ^_f_a[ [ f[ J[]ch ji^_l j[l[
[jlijc[lm_ ^_ \c_h_mj\fc]im jlipch]c[f_m jl_m]ch^c_h^i ^_ f[ pifohn[^ ^_ f[ jlipch]c[ l_mj_])
eZgR'= _ffi ^_\_ [al_a[lm_ ko_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch
n[gji]i
inila[ [ f[ J[]ch_f ji^_l j[l[ nl[hm)
%lg[l fim \c_h_mjlcp[^im _h j\fc]im jlipch]c[f_m mchko_ f[ jlipch]c[ l_pcm_f[ oncfc^[^j\fc][(
fi `_]n__ ch^_ghc]_*Ah]ihnl[6 B[ffim ,*24/024 !H[ `[]ofn[^ ^_ _rjlijc[l hi _mn
moj_^cn[^[
&+ ihm_hncgc_hni^_ f[mjlipch]c[m( hc[oh ]o[h^i fim \c_h_m[`_]n[^im _mnopc_l[h
^_mnch[^im
- `chim^_ oncfc^[^j\fc][ _h _f il^_h fi][f!*
, IKU=JK(=gf][l( !@igchci ***!* ]cn*(j* ++*&_h _mj_]c[f j* +-+( &
$/ I=fNEAJDKLB(
Icao_f O! IcReRU` UV]U`^Z_Z` a{S]ZT`%PA=(>o_him =cl_m(+30*&jm( *".0 o
"+ $ $( E++ *%I ho_f I*( :`^Z_?` a{S]ZT`%R[f_lci =\_f_^i( >o_him=cl_m(+3.*& j* .-3("
j(q IKUEXJ?f(
=g`f]8fl( !@igchci***!* ]fn*( j* ++*&_h _mj_]c[f j* ++,& hin[ ,0( Ah ]ihnl[6
=EEE
JE&E
( %nf!f%++++ +! +$# -X _ffK #?# E+Eo]ih RT`eRTZ`_Vd YZUc`]zXZTRd%
Ao^_\[( >o_him =cl_m(
-$-+-(

f( J HH%
jQf*

6FEf*

++*pc ++&+++ +!*+" +++++9_bbbb^ +++"++F" +++

!$

@K?PNEJ=

\_h m_l ]ihm[al[^[m


jil
^_ [`_]n[lf[m [f ^igchci

oh []ni _rjl_mi ^_f ji^_l


j\fc]i(
g[hc`_mn[h^i
mo pifohn[^
j\fc]i
jil m[ncm`[]_l omim ^_ chn_lma_h_l[f 11*
$(w

1( Acfb_YWdY_Wi
Z[ bW[nfhef_WY_ds W\[YjWY_d
fhel_dY_Wb
H[ _rjlijc[]ch
s [`_]n[]ch jlipch]c[f
jlin_a_h _f j[nlcgihci
^_f j[lnc]of[l*
@_ fi
]ihnl[lci(
f[m*[ao[m mih m[][^[m ^_f ^igchci j[lnc]of[l
g_^c[hn_ oh[ ]ih`cm][]ch ]cpcfi
^_mjidi( ][l[]n_lct[^[
]gi _f ^_m[ji^_l[gc_hni
^_ fim \c_h_m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[
jil _f
Amn[^i mch]igj_hm[]ch(
jlibc\c^[
jil _f [lni -3 ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch12* Amn[]ih`cm][]ch
^_lcp[ ^_ []_jn[l
oh ^igchci j\fc]i jil h[nol[f_t[
j[l[
f[m ho_p[m [ao[m j\fc][m ^_$
-524( mchh_]_mc^[^ ^_ _rjlijc[]ch
s [`_]n[]ch( ko_ mc_h^i h_]_m[lci _ chn_gjil[f(
^_m]ihi]_
f[ jlijc_^[^
jlcp[^[$
_r]fos_ ni^[ ch^_ghct[]ch(13* =^_gm( f[m [ao[m mih
j[ln_ ^_ fim l_]olmim h[nol[f_m ko_ _f [lni -.0 ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch
l_]ihi]_
^_f ^igchci
ilcach[lci ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m* Amn[ _mncjof[]ch nc_h_ _`_]ni ^_]f[l[ncpi Of, j[l[
f[m [ao[m
ko_ s[ m_ _h]ihnl[\[h
_h _f ^igchci jlipch]c[f( s ]ihmncnoncpi j[l[ f[m ko_ ch]iljil_
[ wf6f
^igchci jil _rjlijc[]ch
s [`_]n[]ch* =ohko_ mc_f ^igchci ilcach[lci _m[fni ji^_l ^_ Wo)
lcm^fk]ch14( hi m_nl[n[ ^_ ^igchci mchi ^_ mi\_l[h[
fcgcn[^[ Z[~b~ijWZe
jlipch]c[f mi\l_
f[m [ao[m ko_ chn_al[h mon_llcnilci 156 ?

=LKOPEHH=O=H @KIEJEK @A H=O=CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ =NCAJPEJ=

^_higch[^i
^_l_]bi
nl[hmcnilci ^_ [ao[m _h f[m f_s_m ko_ ohcf[n_l[Fg_hn_
`cd[h oh
jf[ti*^_
][^o]c^[^
[f jlijc_n[lci
j[l[
l_ko_lcl mo$ch^_ghct[]ch(
ko_ [onignc][)
g_hn_ l_pc_ln_h mo nnofi ^_ jim__^il
_h n_h_^il obWiko_ m_ fcgcn[h [ _mn[\f_]_l oh[
jl_`_l_h]c[
j[l[
_f inila[gc_hni
^_ oh[ ]ih]_mch ^_ omi)_r]_^_h_f
jlch]cjci ^_d[$
domn[ ch^_ghct[]ch( ko_ cgjf]cn[g_hn_
mola_ ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch o ko_ _mn[\f_]_ _f
[lni .1--( ??cp* 2-* Ah I_h^it[
%f_s0,/1+-530& _f f_acmf[^il [`_]n[ f[m [ao[m mo\n_)
llh_[m [f ^igchci
j\fc]i s inila[
oh[ ]ih]_mch [onignc][ [ fim jlijc_n[lcim
[`_])
n[^im ko_ hi l_]f[g_h
f[ ch^_ghct[]ch _h oh nlgchi j_l_hnilci
(2.**U[ m_ nl[n_ ^_
oh[ i\fca[]ch ^_ b[]_l
^_ ^[l( f[ l_j[l[]ch
_m mc_gjl_ chn_al[f 2/* H[ chn[hac\c`c)
^[^ j[nlcgihc[f
ko_ a[l[hnct[
_f [lni -3 ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch ij_l[
jil cao[f _h _f ^_l_)
]bi j\fc]i s _h _f jlcp[^i 20( [oh ]o[h^i(
_h jlch]cjci( _h f[ ch^_ghct[]ch _rjlijc[)
nilc[ m_ l_j[l[
_f ^[i
_g_la_hn_ s hi _f fo]li ]_m[hn_ 21*

3( ;bWi[i Z[ W]kWi[d [b ;Z_]e ;_l_b


Af ifpc^i ^_ fim ]ihmncnos_hn_m ^_ -41/ s -42, ]]Vgz%jil oh[ h_]_mc^[^ jl]nc][(
[ ko_ _h -425 _f ?^cai ?cpcf ^cmjomc_l[( _h fim [lnm* .//5
s ./0,(
ko_ f[m [ao[m
^_hnli ^_ ][^[
Amn[^i jlipch]c[f
j_ln_h_]_h
[ mo ^ilhchci j\fc]i(
ch[fc_h[\f_ _ clh)
jl_m]lcjnc\f_6 _f g[l n_llcnilc[f _h oh[ _rn_hmch^_ ^i]_ gcff[m ]ihn[^[m
^_m^_ f[m f)
h_[m ^_ \[m_ i ^_ f[7mfh_[m ^_ f[ j[d[g[l(m_ah
_f [ln* ./0,(
ch]* +* _ ch]( -UX!%99Zg'%
(

2( ;edl[hi_d

!%

V(&!"(

Z[bZ[h[Y^e WZgk_h_Ze
[d h[fWhWY_d

H[ ch^_ghct[]ch ^_\_ l_mncnocl_f lhcmllci gR]`c _]ihgc]i


]kh $ko_ m_ jlcp[ [f jli6
jc_n[lci( ]o\lc_h^i
[^_gm fim ^[(im s j_ldoc]cim ^_*f[ _rjlijc[]ch
2,* Lil _h^_( $_f
11 ?iln_ Ooj$*(!fhgi\cfc[lc[ n[fi=la_hnch[ O= N( @cl_]]chJ[]cih[f ^_ Rc[fc^[^!( F= 20)25,7
F= ..)./7
HH-/)44.6 Af Amn[^i hi jo_^_ jil m^[l ][l]n_l j\fc]i [ oh \c_h jlcp[^i( mchjl_pc[
_rjlijc[]ch* Af ilca_h ^_ f[ ]im[ j\fc][ ^_\_ l_`_lclm_[f gig_hni _h ko_ nc_h_foa[l mo]ihm[)
al[]ch [ f[ `oh]ch\om][^[* L[l[ n[f ]ihm[al[]ch _mch_`c][t f[ ^]f[l[]ch ^_ pifohn[^ ^_f ji^_l
j\fc]i mF[hn_mhi m_]ogjf_h f[m ]ih^c]cih_m mcaoc_hn_m6
[& Af \c_h ^_\_ b[ff[lm_ []no[fg_hn_ _h
moj[nlcgihci* \& AX\c_h^_\_ ]ogjfcl f[m ]ih^c]cih_m _rn_lcil_m j[l[ m_l]ihmc^_l[^ij\fc]i*
$
12 ?iln_ Ooj*( ./+4+-5,2(
!B[l[gch( I[ho_f N( Iohc]cj[fc^[^
^_ H[ Lf[n[ m+ch]ihmncno)
]cih[fc^[^ ^_ il^_h[ht[m gohc]cj[f_m!( B[ffim -,16127 -5..( !Clc_nDhim* p*Po]ogh m+^_pi)
fo]ch^_ ^ch_li jil ]i\li
^_ cgjo_mnim [f [t][l!(
B[ffim -/36.-.*
*)
13 I=NEAJDKBB(Icao_f O*( IcReRU`''' %]cn*(jm* 0/( -.,s -.-**IAEHJ CEH(Fim H*(!Af ^igc)
hci jifc]i*h[nol[f6
oh[ _kopi][ ][n_ail[ dol^c][!( _h ?=OO=CJA(Fo[h ?[lfim s inlim( :VcVTY`
RU^Z_ZdecReZg`%
i\l[ ]if_]ncp[ _h big_h[d_ [f jli`_mil Icao_f O* I[lc_hbi``(
=\_f_^i)L_llin(
>o_him =cl_m(-554( j* -,5/( _rjfc][ ko_ _h Amj[[( n[ ?ihmncno]ch^_ -534( f[ H_s^_ ?imn[m
^_ -544 s f[ m_hn_h]c[ ^_f nlc\oh[f ]ihmncno]cih[f -05 ^_ -50- j_lgcn_h m_[f[l ko_ _f ^_l_]bi
jimcncpi _mj[if hi []iac f[ n_mcm
^_f ^igchci j\fc]i h[nol[f( h_]_m[lci _ chn_gjil[f( s ko_ _r*
]fos_ _f ^igchci j[lnc]of[l(
$
14 ?=P=H=JK(A^goh^i B*( 9zUZX`%UV BZ_VcxRT`^V_eRU`% V[p[f[( >o_him =cl_m( -553( j*
3-* @AOEIKJA( Klf[h^i( !Af ^igchci ilcach[lci ^_ fim l_]olmim h[nol[f_m!( HH^_f .0+2+-553*
15 >EK=NP
?=ILKO( C_llhh F*( BR_fR] UV ]R9`_deZefTZzcncVe`c^VRV%j( -( A^c[l( >o_him =c}
l_m( -554( j* 01,*
!
!
2, I=NEAJDKBB(Icao_f O*( IcReRU` UV UVcVTY` RU^Z_ZdecReZg`%
n*ER(=\_f_^i)L_llin(
=fl (-54,( jm( 3,/( 305+314 U 351+4-.( m_[f[ ko_ _f f_acmf[^il ]cpcfjo^i ]hgf----

]bi i\d_ncpi mi\l_ f[m [ao[m jlcp[^[m( ^_]f[lh^if[m ^_f ^igchci j\fc]i( j_li [F jlcp[l [f$jflc6c)
]of[l ^_ mojlijc_^[^
jil _f [lni -3^_ f[ ?ihmncn]ch(
$_fAmn[^i _ml_mjihm[\f_$^_mo [](ncpc^[^
f_acmf[ncp[*
!
$*(
(
*$
* 6(6$
2*$
!(
(()
!
"(;u&("
I=NEAJDKBB(Icao_f O! IcReRU` UV UVcVTY`'' '!T]e'% n* ER(j* .23* I=UAN( Knni( :VcVTY`
RU^Z_ZdecReZg`
R]V%^v_%
n*---7@_j[fg[( >o_him =cl_O7(-51-7 j*25( m_[f[ ko_ wEj[alx~cfl_RcK^_
f[ h^_lhhct[]ch _moh[ ]ih^c]ch momj_hmcp[j[l[ f[ p[fc^_t ^_f[ _rjlij[]fh*
$*0,
I=PEAHHK(
Doai( GwXZ^V_ ]VXR(UV[ao[m dfSeVccv_VRd%?AH=( I_h^it[(
-53/(j*
-0( H_s
^_ =ao[m Oo\n_llh_[m ^_ f[ jlipch]c[ ^_ I_h^it[(
0,/1+-530(
_h mo[ln* /3* H,LAt(^i[koh(
!Jo_p[m [ao[m j\fc][m* L_il _f l_g_^ci ko_ f[ _h`_lg_^[^!(
^c[lci bei 7_U%Vd%
^_f *p(/(*221%
I_h^it[(
-5m[lnm* /3+0,( f_s 0,/1( chp[^_h_f y6^ca_x:
?cpcf]ih ][^o]c^[^$ j[l[ _f ^_l_]bi ^_
jl_j_^[m
(
**
(
0- GAIAHI=FANKA?=NHQ??E(
=^[( !Ocmn_g[m^_(lwj[l[]ch ^_f ^[i ][om[^i!( ?UVRcZf^%B[)
]ofn[^ ^_ ?c_h]c[; Fol^c][ms Oi]c[f_m ^_ f[ Qhcp_lmc^[^^_ I_h^it[(
H=>>CIIP%
hlim( 4+5( I_h)
^[t[( -54/( jm( 5/+-,4* =JKKNJK( HocmK*( !H[ l_mjihm[\cfc^[^ ^_f Amn[^i(jil*[]ncpc^[^f]cn[
f_mcp[!(_h >QNAO(=f\_lni F( %%uxl*&(
GVda`_dRSZ]ZURU
a`c URy`d' >`^V_R[V [ @`cXV8fdeR^RYeV
7(dZ_R%
j( -( =\_f_^i)L_llin(
>o_him =cl_m(-553(
50( l_]ihi]_ f[ l_j[l[]ch jf_h[ i chn_al[f7
g_him ko_ oh[ ]fomof[ ]ihnl[]no[f i ^cmjimc]chf_a[f _mn[\f_t][ fgcn_m[f l_mj_]n[*
20 GAIAHI=FAN@A?=NHQ??E(
=^[ )*>QAE7FAO(
=f\_lni( !N_mjihm[\cfc^[^ _rnl[]ihnl[]no[f
^_f
* ?[^i jil []nim f]cnim!(_h EEE
Filh[^[m O[hdo[hh[m ^_ @_l_]bi ?cpcf(.3)/,+4+-542*
Ah ]ih)
j4h 4 ?=OO=CJA(Fo[h ?[lfim( !H[mal[h^_m fh_[m^_ f[ _pifo]ch ^_ f[ l_mjihm[\cfc^[^ j[nlcgihc[f
fcmn[^i
_h f[ dolcmjlo^_h]c[ ^_ f[ ?iln_ Oojl_g[!(
HH.,,,)@)-..46
f[ l_mjihm[\cfc^[^ _h
(- l ihi ]cpcfs [^gchcmnl[ncpi _m^cmnchn[*
$
\ _= O`EKJ`c6(
Fo[h ?[lfim( !H[m al[h^_m fh_[m***!6 ]cn*(jm*-./,
U -./-(
m_[f[ ko_ m_h)
%El
E--hf3- EE--,g _ [hn_( [ Egcfh]fifi [f ^[i _g_la_hn_* I=NEAJDKBB(Icao_f O*7!Af fo]li ]_)
( EEEE%
%---- EfElE------w`f]fih ( -, lai f_f Amn[^i!( A@--0)51-*

j*

EEfEpf
------:fcn--------=EEEEEEEEEEEEEE
J! ---

-&%
-%6
EEEEJ=
s E f_s_m +1(*3.&+1(/**&+ ( G &,-(
s$ f ( EEE%
-(--*--$------------ T+f_fi
mi\l_ _f ^_l_]bi ^_f g[l ^_f +*)+,)+32,5 fim ]olmim ^_ [ao K %f+&E`+
-----*$ Ef\ ^$f)
]c[f_m g[sil_m( m_ah _f [lni ./0,( ch]* /,( ??cp*( b[mn[ ^ih^_ --, EE-- wEE ---(-&} En
[ao[m _h mo_mn[^i hilg[f(
^_ []o_l^i
]ih _f [lni ,/11 ^_f gcmgi ]^cai( s d iji)
mc]ch
[ fi ^cmjo_mni jil _f [lni ./0,( ch_* 0, Z_WZ_V%
??cp*( l_`ilg[^i(
jil ][l_]_l
^_
_mn[\cfc^[^ n]hc][ l_acmnl[\f_ f[m ]l_]c^[m g_^c[m il^ch[lc[m7 s f[m [ao[m _mn[h][^[m
^_ f[aim s f[aoh[m h[p_a[\f_m( ]ih `ch_m]ig_l]c[f_m(
m_ah _f [lni ./0,(
ch]* 1,(
??cp*( g_^c^im jil f[ fh_[ g_^c[ _hnl_ mom]l_]c^[m il^ch[lc[m s _rnl[il^ch[lc[m(
m_ah _f [lni .134( ]^cai ^_ g_h]ch 00( Af ^_mfch^_ s f[ ^_g[l][]ch
^_ fim `oh)
^im ko_ fch^_h ]ih _f ^igchci j\fc]i ^_ f[m [ao[m ^_ l_`_l_h]c[ ]ill_mjih^_h
[ f[do)
lcm^c]]ch[^gchcmnl[ncp[ ^_ f[ jlipch]c[ ^ih^_ m_ _h]o_hnl_h( m_ah f[ _mncjof[]ch
^_f [lni .31,( m_aoh^[ j[ln_( ??cp* Amn[m[ao[m mih l_]olmim jlijcim
i ]igj[lnc^im
^_ ][^[
Amn[^i jlipch]c[f(
m_ah _f [lni -.-( i ^_ f[ ?co^[^ ^_ >o_him =cl_m(jil _f
[lni -.5 ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch^_ -55001& [ohko_ f[ ^i]nlch[ hi []_jn[
ko_mo [oni)
hig[ [f][h]_
[ f[ ]igj_n_h]c[
n_llcnilc[f* Af ?^cai ?cpcfm_ _h][la ^_ ^_d[l _h
_f ^igchci
^_ fim j[lnc]of[l_m
f[m [ao[m mo\n_llh_[m 02&mola_hn_m 03& p_lnc_h)

00 ?=JK( Cocff_lgi F*( ;defUZ`d ''' %]cn*(jm* 32( 35( .2,( .35s .4,* @EAV(
I[ho_f I*( IcReR&
U` UV] U`^Z_Z` a{S]ZT`% R[f_lci =\_f_^i( >o_him =cl_m(-50,( j* .,5( hin[ .0,6 $*$_f
^igchci j)

\fc]i ^_\_ m_l _mn[\f_]c^i jil _f ^_l_]bi j\fc]i!* IKU=JK( =gf][l( !@igchci ***
( ]cn*(j* --06
![nlc\ocl _f ][l]n_l j\fc]i [ f[m [ao[m _mg[n_lc[ ^_ ^_l_]bi j\fc]i( s hi ^_f ^_l_]bi ]cpcf!*
>E@=NP
?=ILKO( C_lgh F*( :VcVTY` T`_deZefTZ`_R]%]cn*(n*--(j* /05( ]cn[ 50* AGIAG@FEJ(Ic)
ao_f =*( IcReRU`''' %Y~j(&
n* --( j* .-2* REHHAC=O
=*( S[fn_l( !H[ H_s C_h_l[f ^_ Arjlijc[]cih_m
.-*055 ***!* ]cn*(j* .,* OEHRAUN=(
?[lfim( :VcVTY`d UV]X`SZVc_` _RTZ`_R] d`ScV ]Rd cZSVcRdUV ]`d
cx`d _RgVXRS]Vd%
>o_him =cl_m(-5,/( jO* 15 s 2,6 !f[m [ao[m mih j[ln_ ^_f ^_l_]bi [^gchcmnl[)
ncpi^_\c_h^i b[\_l mc^i j[ln_ ^_f ^_l_]bi j\fc]i!* ?=OPAHHK(
I[ho_f B*(A'VXZd]RTZz_
UV RXfRd%
B[]ofn[^ ^_ @_l_]bi s ?c_h]c[m Oi]c[f_m( Q>=( n_mcm
^i]nil[f(
-5.-( jm* 01+1-6 !_f [ao[ j\fc][
hi jo_^_ ^_m][hm[l _h _f ?^cai ?cpcf!*Ah ]ihnl[6 I=NEAJDKBB(Icao_f O*( IcReRU` UV] U`^Z&
_Z`''' %Y~j(&
j* -..6 ]l__ ko_ _mn[\f_]_l fim \c_h_m j\fc]im _moh[ ]o_mnch
]cpcf*B[ffim .,46124*
HLAV(Fi[koh( !Af ^_l_]bi ^_ [ao[m _h f[ f_acmf[]ch`_^_l[f [la_hnch[!( 7_R]Vd UV ]R7TRUV^ZR
CRTZ`_R] UV :VcVTY` s 9ZV_TZRdH`TZR]VdUV 9zcU`SR%n* TTRE(?l^i\[( -543( j* .2*
01 >=N>ANEO(
Fofci =*7 A`d eVTfcd`d _RefcR]Vd T`^aRceZU`d V_ecV;deRU`d s V] UVcVTY` Z_eVc&
_RTZ`_R]%P_]him( I[^lc^( -535( jm* -30+-35* HLAV(Fi[koh( !Him l_]olmim h[nol[f_m( f[ _h_l)
a[ s_f [g\c_hn_ _h f[m ]ihmncno]cih_m ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m [la_hnch[m!( _h LNAV CQEHDKQ(
@[l^i
s inlim( :VcVTY` a{S]ZT` ac`gZ_TZR]%
n*---( @_j[fg[( >o_him =cl_m(-55/( jm* -+-/0*
02 Oih jlcp[^[m ]igi
]ihm_]o_h]c[ ^_ fim [lnm* ./-0 s .1-4( ??cp* B[ffim -0,6.45 s F=
/-)21-6 f[m [ao[m mo\n_llh_[m mih jlcp[^[m( [ hi m_l ko_ f[m _rjlijc_( ][fc`cko_( ch^_ghc]_ s
[`_]n_ f[ jlipch]c[ _h ko_ m_ _h]o_hnl_h( mc_h^i _rnl[^[m g_]hc][g_hn_ jil _f b_]bi ^_f
big\l_*
03 Oih jlcp[^[m mcf[ `o_hn_ i g[h[hnc[f
mola_ _h n_ll_hi ^_f j[lnc]of[l( jo^c_h^i om[ln[m
fc\l_g_hn_ s ][g\c[l
mo^cl_]]ch h[nol[f* Llipc_h_h ^_f mo\mo_fi( s m_f[m ]ihmc^_l[m mola_hn_m(
gc_hnl[m [`fil_h h[nol[fg_hn_* Oc_r]_^_h _f `oh^i ^ih^_ _g_la_h( ]ihnch[h mc_h^i jlcp[^[m(
s fim ^o_im ^_ fim n_ll_him ch`_lcil_m hi nc_h_h^_l_]bi ^_ jlijc_^[^
mi\l_ _mn[[ao[* Oc]ihm)
ncnos_h]olmi ^_ [ao[m jil ][o]_m h[nol[f_m s [^_gm m[ncm`[]_h omim^_ chn_lma_h_l[f( mih
_rjlijc[\f_m
jil f[ jlipch]c[ ^ih^_ mola_h( ko_ f[m ][fc`c][ jil f_s( ch^_ghct[ s [`_]n[ jil f_s
g[n_lc[f( m_ahfim [lnm* .2/3 s ./0,( ch]* /|( ??cp* B[ffim 2/6.5,6 !`ilg[h
oh mifi ]o_lji ]ih
f[ b_l_^[^ _h ko_ \lin[h!* B[ffim -,160.5 s -0,6.4.6
!mih oh []]_milci ^_f `oh^i _h ko_ h[)
H_rcmJ_rcm {

=E$%&$
----+X$( +X- EEKIEJEKE-E-+X$*=%(EE=$(
EJ f= EEf&` D+X%E%&J
+XED
EJ EEJ+X

*#

&++ jfffpf^f
ohE^ + - -- Aj llihi * EE+Ep
ofi$( fGA _A _ wEhih
D hhedei j\ff)
hjlijf[]fo
!( ncfo$ foai i EQxffE`fcf--,( E-fR%? \f m_h n_ll_him j[lnc]of[)
)# j&Wm"%
U Eo HE f$ mn ^i p[jilimi
mi\l
H ll]hi
^ Eao[f*h^if_( ko_ hibowc_m_h
w-%-, rjlijf
^
s [`_]n[^
m_h f[ [ngm`_l[ ^_f moj_l]c[li( s ^_hnli ^_ fim fcgcn_m
nc nc^ gchci ncf1-( Eh]fomi f[m [ao[m mo\n_llh_[m( ]igi
p[jil_m _h^a_him j[l[

Ah "

DG

jil

_ h!( B[ffim -4,6-3.6 !f[m [ao[m ko_ h[]_h _h oh `oh^i j[lnc]of[l j_ln_h_]_h [f ^o_i ^_f gcm)
gi o&moomi _m][j[ [ f[ l_af[g_hn[]ch ^_f ai\c_lhi fi][f( ko_ mfijo_^_ n_h_l jil i\d_ni [
f_m[ao[m j\fc][m( [mcgcf[h^i f[m [ao[m mo\n_llh_[m( [ f[m p_lnc_hn_m^_f [lni ./1, s [ f[m mol)
] hn_m^_f [lni .2/3( ??cp*!*
1* IKU=JK( =gf][l( !@igchci ***!* ]cn*(j* -,5 s( _h _mj_]c[f( j* -,/( jll* 03( ^ih^_ m__r)
jfc][ _f _`_]ni ]ihmncnoncpi^_f [lni -.0( ?J l_`ilg[^[
_h -550* IKU=JK( =gf][l( !Ll_m_lp[)
]ch***!( Y~j(&
j* .2* H[m [ao[m ^_ p_lnc_hn_mih ^_f ^igchni jlcp[^i( OEh[]_h s go_l_h _hv[
gcmg[ b_l_^[^* Llipc_h_h}^_ jl_]c jcn[]cih_m hp_[mi jfopc[f_m( s mih [ao[m moj_l]c[f_m m_aoh
fim [lnm*.2/1 s ./1,( ??cp* Oc_r]_^_h fim fgcn_m^_f chgo_\f_ _h ko_ h[w_h( ]ilhi mih j[ln_
^_f mo_fi ]ihnch[h mc_h^i jlcp[^[m* Och_g\[lai(
mcfi _r]_^_h( s [^_gm m[ncm`[]_h oh omi
^_ chn_lma_h_l[f g[sil( mih _rjlijc[\f_m
jil f[ jlipch]c[( ko_ [^_gm( f[m ][fc`c][( ch^_ghct[
s [`_]n[ jil f_s g[n_lc[f [ mo^igchci j\fc]i* ?=OPAHHE(
Hocm(!H[ [la_hnchct[]ch ^_f [g\c_hn_!(
^c[lci ARCRTZz_ ^_f /,+4+.,,2(
>o_him =cl_m(j* -1*
1+ H=B=EHHA(
D]nil( :VcVTY` TZgZ]%
]cn*(jm* 23+3-6 !m_ah _f [lni .2/1( ??cp*( f[m [ao[m jfo)
pc[f_m[]]_^_h [f ^igchci ^_ fim jlijc_n[lcim ^_ f[m b_l_^[^_m ^ih^_ ][_h i ^ih^_ _hnl[h( o f[m
ko_ ][_h i ]ill_h jil n_ll_him j\fc]im m_ah_f [lni .2/2( ??cp*( jo_^_h m_l[jlijc[^[m
jil oh
n_l]_li!* Ah ]ihnl[6 I=NEAJDKBB(Icaw_f O*( GwXZ^V_ o ]VXZd]RTZz_UV ]RdRXfRd a{S]ZTRd o acZgR&
^[m( R[f_lci =\_f_^i( >o_him =cl_m(-5/2( jllm* -3.( -30 U -326 mimnc_h_ko_ mih ]im[m ^_
h[^c_ s [jlijc[\f_m
jil ]o[fkoc_l[( fi ko_ hi ]ich]c^_ ]ih _f mcmn_g[^_f ]^cai _h fim [lnm*./-0
s .1-4( ko_ f[m b[]_ j[ln_ ^_ f[ jlijc_^[^
moj_l`c]c[lc[( ]igj[lnc_h^i
f[ n_mcm
jl_^igch[hn_
_h
Bl[h]c[*
3. ?=JK( Cocff_lgi F*( ;defUZ`d ''' %]cn*( jm* -3, s -3-6 !fim f[aim hi h[p_a[\f_m ^_n[ln(
./05( ??cp*( mih ^_ jlijc_^[^
^_f ^o_i ^_f mo_fi ^ih^_ [mc_hn[h!* ?iln_ Ooj*( Z_cV !Bl_^_l)
echap* >o_him =cl_m!( F= --).14( _h cao[f m_hnc^i [ fi _rjo_mni*
1- I=NEAJDKBB(Icao_f O*( GwXZ^V_ s ]VXZd]RTZz_
''' %]cn*( jO* 04 Q .,3* ?=JK( Cocff_lgi F*(
!H_a[f [h^ [^gchcmnl[ncp_niifm `il lcp_l \[mch ^_p_fijg_hn!(
_h HecReVXZVd
W`ccZgVcSRdZ_^R_R&
XV^V_e%Hohkpcmn(
Hibg [h^ B[fe_hg[le %_^m&(
-541( @*N_c^_f( Diff[h^( j* -5,* >=N>ANEO(
Fo)
fci =*( A`d cVTfcd`d _RefcR]Vd''' %]cn*(j* --36 m_ahoh[ hilg[ ^_ ^_l_]bi chn_lh[]cih[f a_h_l[f(
_f Amn[^i %jlipch]c[f _h _f ][mi& _d_l]_ dolcm^c]]ch_h _f _mj[]ci [l_i mojl[s[]_hn_ wmi\l_ f[
[ngm`_l[ ko_ _mj[ln_ ^_ mn_(s ^ih^_ i]oll_ j[ln_ ^_f ]c]fi h[nol[f ^_f [ao[* H[ [ngim`_l[ hi
moj_l[ nim4, o 41 eg( s ]igi
_f [cl_ s f[m ho\_m i]oj[h
fim jhg_lim 0, eg %_mji;\f_
ko_ _f
moj_l]c[lci jo_^[ _gjl_h^_l ][g\cim [lnc`c]c[f_m^_f ]fcg[ ^_hnli ^_ mo^igchci ncf^_ f[ [n)
gm`_l[( m_ahfim [lnm* ./-0 s .1-4( ??cp*( _h f[ g_^c^[ _h ko_ \_h_`c]c_ momo_fi s hi j_l)
do^cko_ [ fim p_]chim( [ohko_ f[ mcno[]chm_[ cgjli\[\f_(
jil fi cgjl_^_]c\f_ w_ fim ][g\fim
]fcgnc]im&*Ah j* -.3 [^pc_ln_ ko_( _h _f il^_h chn_lh[]cih[f( hi [n~ij[ ]ihp_h]nih mi\l_ f[ ]ih)
n[gch[]ch [ngim`lc][( j_li _h hin[ 15 l_]o_l^[ _f jlini]ifi
^_ Cch_\l[ mi\l_ a[m_m[m`crc[h)
n_m^_f -3+2+-5.1( s _f nl[n[^i mi\l_ jlibc\c]ch ^_ [lg[m \[]n_l_ifac][m s nrc][m^_f
-,+0+-53.* Ah j*-/,
[fo^_ [ ko_ _f ][g\ci [lnc`c]c[f ^_f ]fcg[ mo_f_moj_l[l _f ^igchci ^_f jli **
jc_n[lci moj_l`c]c[f( [mf ]igi
f[m _g[h[]cih_m ch^omnwc[f_m*
L[l[ _f^_l_]bi chn_lhi6 _n^igchci
^_ f[m ho\_m ko_ hi n_ha[ oncfc^[^ j\fc][ s[`_]n[]cih
jil f[ jlipch]c[ j_ln_h_]_l[ [f moj_l`c)
]c[lci j[lnc]of[l jil []]_mch( s _h n_ll_him j\fc]im( [f n_l]_li ko_ f[ [jlijc_* Ah _f il^_h Ehn_l)
h[]cih[f( ho\_m s pc_hnim[nl[pc_m[h p[lcim j[m_ms ][_h \[di ^cmnchn[m
dolcm^c]]lih_m( _h f[m ko_
N_pcmn[ ^_ @_l_]bi

=g\c_hn[f

J|

-,

!(

@K?PNEJ=

jli^o]cl
^i

_h_la[

^_ jlcg_l[

j[lnc]of[l_m

a_inlgc][(
][n_ail[(

]igi

m_ah mo i\d_ni(
^cai ^_ Ich_l[
Amn[m [ao[m

m_ ch]fos_lih
jil

_f

Y[['b[o

`o_hn_m _h_lanc][m
j[l[

^_n_lgch[l

[`_]n[^[m(

]igi

^_ =h^lm

>_ffi

b[h

oh l_m[\ci

ko_^[^i

gch[m ^_f ^igchci

,,/3)+3/1

_h^a_h[m

mcko_^[h

i ^_ f[ H_s ^_ Ah_la[(
g_hil_m

]igi
h[]cih[f
\[di

mchifpc^[l

hi f[m _r]fos_

]f[mc`c][lm_

[ao[

no]cih[f(

jl_pc[g_hn_

[`_]n[^[m

jil

gc_g\li

][fc`c][^[

f_s( j[l[

ko_

f_s ^_ f[ jlipch]c[
]ihmc^_l[lm_

l_mj_]ncp[(

^_f ^igchci

ch^_ghct[^[m

j\fc]i

^_f Amn[^i

_h ko_ m_ _h]o_hnl_h*

^_ f[ jimc\f_

+*( Hhej[YY_d Z[ bWiW]kWifeh bWifhel_dY_Wi

s ^_ f[ ch`fo_h]c[
_rjlijc[]ch

]ihmnc)

Ah _mn_ jli]_^cgc_hni
j\fc]i

jlipch]c[f(

^_ nl[hm`_l_h]c[

mfi jo^i

?^cai ?cpcf ch]iljil


_f j[lnc]of[l
i _f Amn[^i %jlipch]c[f _h _f ][mi& jo_^_h ^cmjih_l ^_ _ffim( mc_gjl_ ko_ hi ][om_h
j_ldoc]ci m_hmc\f_`o_l[ ^_ momfgcn_m(]igi
_h _f ][mi ^_d[ Boh^c]ch^_ Pl[cf( _h ?ifog\c[
>lc)
nhc][ %?[h[^&( ]os[m _g[h[]cih_m
^_ [hb^lc^i mof`olimi jli^o][h
al[p_m j_ldoc]cim _h
O_[nnf_( S[mbchanih %AA*QQ*&(
[ oh[ ^cmn[h]c[ ^_ ih]_ gcff[m* Ah -5.3 Amn[^im Qhc^im l_]f[g
[hn_ ?[h[^( s m_mig_nc_f ^c`_l_h^i [hn_ oh nlc\oh[f [l\cnl[f( ko_ _h m_hn_h]c[ ^_ -5/4( i\fc)
a[ ch^_ghct[l s[ oh lacg_h jlipcmilci ^_ ij_l[]ch(
s_h -50-)mi\l_
f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ dolcm)
jlo^_h]c[
chn_l][hnih[f
moct[ s f[ ^_ AA*QQ* mi\l_
^c`_l_h^im chn_l_mn[^o[f_m mi\l_
]ihn[gch[]ch
^_ [ao[ s [cl_)E[
m_hn_h]c[ i\fca [ f[ `oh^c]ch [ hi ][om[l j_ldoc]cim `onolim
_h n_llcnilci _rnl[hd_li s f_ _mn[\f_]c oh lacg_h ^_ ij_l[]ch ^_`chcncpi*
1.

jil
jo_^[h

mo\n_llh_[*

mchi mih _rjlijc[^[m

ko_ Rf_t nig ^_f ?^cai J[jif_hc]i

32* Amn[ jl_m_lp[]ch

!)

=NCAJPEJ=

^_f ?^cai ?cpcf( ^_f ?)

ko_ mih mc_gjl_


jlcp[^i(

^_f Amn[)

]ih]_^_lf[m

1/& [ f[m ko_ ^_\_l[

f[ [onilc^[^

_h _f ^igchci

jlcp[^i

1.& j[l[

=LKOPEHH=O =H @KIEJEK @A H=O =CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ

=@H=TREE)=)//2*

n_h_l _h ]o_hn[
jlipch]c[m(
^i(

RfAV O=NO=AH@(
@[flh[]ci( :ZTev^V_Vd UV ]R7dVd`cxR UV=`SZVc_` UV];deRU` UV 8fV_`d
7ZcVd%
B[]ofn[^ ^_ @_l_]bi s ?c_h]c[m Oi]c[f_m( Qhcp_lmc^[^ ^_ >o_him =cl_m( -54.( j* 31( _rj)
n_* -,*2/5
^_f /+4+-411( _h _f ko_ m_ l_]ihi][
[ fim ]olmim g_hil_m ]igi
[ao[m ^_ fim j[l)
nc]of[l_m* NKQ>U( =hnihci( !Nacg_h ^_ f[m [ao[m!( _h AVXZd]RTZz_cfcR] RcXV_eZ_R%
R[f_lci
=\_f_^i( >o_him =cl_m(j* .1,6 _h _mnim[mj_]nim m_[f[ ko_ _f ?^cai ^_ Rf_t mcao__f mcmn_g[
`l[h]m* fH=I>=O( Fila_ F*( IcReRU` UV UVcVTY` TZgZ]%
aRceVXV_VcR]%n* -( =\_f_^i)L_llin(
>o_him
=cl_m( -553( j* -15( l_]o_l^[
ko_ f[ ch`fo_h]c[ `l[h]_m[ f_ pc_h_ [ Rf_t ^_ =o\ls s NKf f* ?=OPA)
HHK(I[ho_f
B*( AVXZd]RTZz_
''' %]cn*( jm* 01+1-( m_[f[ ko_ _rcmn_l_f[]ch hff E- REEEE
--E% ^ E
10

"+ F( &+ &!"

jil

b[\[h

^_ hi

m[\_l

]^cai ^_ `ih^i

_l[

_l[

[ao[m

^[l

[ ^c]b[m
jlipch]c[

[om_h]c[
mcih_m hi

^igchci

jil

pch]c[f* Ji

jo_^_

]ch ^_ oncfc^[^

ieXh[ f[m

gc_g\lim

a_hlc][
jil

[ao[m

_h

ko_ b[mn[ _hnih]_m

^_]clm_

fi gcmgi

12( Llo_\[

%[ln*

g[n_lc[f

]ih

^_ _ffi mih f[m f_s_m

j[l[

oncfc^[^ fi][f
]ih

ko_ m_ [\l[
]ogjfc^i

_rjlijc[]ch

p[fc)

s ]^caim

f[m _rc)

mo oncfc^[^

s f[ [`_]n[]ch
^_ jifc][

+302&mod_n[m [

s [`_]n[]ch

f[

[ _rn_h)

]ih

fi][f(

s mod_ni [f ji^_l

ch]foc^[m _h

ch^_ghct[]ch

+1&?J&(

a_h_l[f(

f[ ch^_ghct[]ch

cgjl_m]lcjnc\f_

_h oh
jimc\f_

11( L_m_$[ ni^i(

oh n_llcnilci

f[ h_]_m[lc[

_`_]ni

mo _`_]ncp[

ko_ _f ?^cai ?cpcf b[\[

^_ f[m [ao[m

_rjlijc[]ch(

jil
hilg[

j\fc]i

_mn[ ch^c][]ch

m_ _h]ihnl[\[h

+203&_h

[f j[lnc]of[l

ch[fc_h[\f_(

oh[

[ao[m

hi i]oj[)

ko_ _f ^igchci

^_ oncfc^[^ j\fc][

_rjlijc[\f_m(

s j_lgcnc ifpc^[l

jlipch]c[f(

l_mj_]ncpim

[ao[m

s mch
^_ f[m

s [hn_ f[ ]ihmc)

_h f[ ?ihmncno]ch* Oo hc]i

s [`_]n[l[(

[^gcnc mojih_l

j\fc][(

jlipch]c[f(

@_\_ l_]il^[lm_

_h ko_ ^c]b[m

f_s( f[ ]igj_hm[]ch

j\fc]i

Amn[^i

nl[hm`clc_h^i

mom[ao[m

ch^_ghct[l[

a_h]c[m ^_ f[ ^_]f[l[]ch
jo\fc][

_h _f p[mni n_llcnilci

^_ ][^[

i]ollc^i

oh[ ^_]f[l[]ch

_h _f n_llcnilci

i]oj[^[m(

^_m[j_l]c\c^[m

ji\f[]ch

_f ifpc^i

[f ^igchci
[ fmko_ _f

_h +203&jil oh[ g_l[


]o_mnch ^_ b_]bi(
+203&f[m [ao[m ko_ m_ ^_]f[l[lih
j\fc][m

ko_ m_ _mn[\[h

]ih`clg[l[

^_ ]ih`fc]nim

^_ fim j[lnc]of[l_m
mchch^_ghct[]ch(

_h _f ?^cai ?cpcf s ko_ mcm_ []_jn[\[

jil

f_s( f[ ][fc`c][l[(

^_t _mj[]c[f(

nl[mj[m[^[m(

^_ fim j[lnc]of[l_m*

_mn[l ]ihn_hc^i

ko_ ][^[

Ah

omi s f[ _m][m[

mc^i ^_ jlijc_^[^

hi ji^[

_r]_j]ch

+1&?J*

_f ?^cai ?cpcf( j[m[lih

mo _rcaoi

aoc_hn_ `ilg[(

jil

IKU=JK( =gf][l( !N_m_[ ^_ f[ f_acmf[]ch[la_hnch[ pca_hn_ _h g[n_lc[ ^_ p[jil_m _h)


^a_him!( 7d`TZRTZz_ ?_eVc_RTZ`_R]UV :VcVTY` UV 7XfRd #7?:7$%--( n* -( ?[l[][m(
-532( jm*
1/+50( [ohko_ f[ ch]fomch_h _f ?^cai ^_ Ich_l[ _m ch]ihmncno]cih[f( f[ `ch[fc^[^ ^_ mo ch]fo)
mch`o_ f[ jlin_]]ch ^_f omi ^_ _mn[m[ao[m( ko_ mih ^_f ^igchci ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m ^ih^_ m_
_h]o_hnl_h jil fim [lnm* -.- s -.0 Z_WZ_V%
?J( [ohko_ ]ih [hn_lcilc^[^
fim [lnm* ./-0
s .1-4(
??cp*( b[h g[hn_hc^i _mn[m[ao[m ]igi
j_ln_h_]c_hn_m [f ^o_i ^_f mo_fi( ^_ ^ih^_ m_ f[m _r)
nl[[ g_]hc][g_hn_*
?A>NAHHE(A^a[l^i ) IKU=JK( =gf][l( !?ihmc^_l[]cih_m
bc^lia_ifac][m
s dol^c][m mi\l_ f[ _h_la[ a_inlgc][
_h f[ =la_hnch[!( _h R ?ihal_mi H[nchi[g_lc][hi
^_ C_i)
fia[( n* ER(>o_him =cl_m( -54.( jm* -35+-51* IKU=JK( =gf][l( !?ih^c]ch dol^c][ ^_ fim p[)
jil_m _h^a_him s mo jlis_]]ch _]ihgc][!(
O_gch[lci mi\l_ =]no[fct[]ch ^_ f[ H_acmf[]ch
j[l[ _f @_m[lliffi j[l[
f[ Ah_la[ C_inlgc][
_h f[ =la_hnch[( Oo\m_]l_n[l[ ^_ Ah_la[ ^_ f[ J[)
]cj( >o_him =cl_m( -.+/+-552(
jm* -0 s -16 _f [ao[ [ oncfct[l _h _h_la[ a_inlgc][
hi jo_^_
m_l momnl[^[ ^_f ^_l_]bi
jlipch]c[f ^_ fim [lnm* -.- s -.0 Z_eZ_V%
?J( jil fi ko_ f[f_s h[]cih[f
_h _f YWie^_\_ ]igjf_n[l
[ f[ jlipch]c[f jil ]iil^ch[]ch*
IKU=JK( =gf][l( !@igchci ***!( Ybj(&
_h jll* 03( Ochj_ldoc]ci ^_ fi [hn_lcil( mimnc_h_ko_ !_f ^igchci ilcach[lci ^_ fim l_]olmim h[no)
l[f_m( l_]ihi]c^i
[ f[m jlipch]c[m mi\l_ fim _rcmn_hn_m_h mon_llcnilci jil _f [lni -.0 ^_ f[ ?ihm)
ncno]chl_`ilg[^[
_h -550( nc_h_ _`_]ni ^_]f[l[ncpi(
j[l[
fim l_]olmim ko_ s[ m__h]ihnl[\[h
_h _f ^igchci jlipch]c[f7 s ]ihmncnoncpi( ^_mjom ^_ ij_l[^[
f[ _rjlijc[]ch
s [`_]n[]ch jlipch)
]c[f( j[l[
fim l_]olmim ko_ _mn[\[h _h jim_mch^_ fim j[lnc]of[l_m( jlin_ac^im _h moj[nlcgihci
jil _f [lni -3 ^_ f[ gcmg[ ?ihmncno]ch!*R=HHO(I[lci
B*( !Ehnli^o]]ch [f ^_l_]bi ^_f [ao[!( HH
^_f /+5+-531( >if_nh TH( hli* -25( jm* .+0*
1/

jil

jil

_f [lni

^_ f[m [ao[m

n_h_lm_ jil

[f
jli)

][fc`c][)

^_ fim Amn[^im

^_ [ao[m

jlipch]c[f_m(

[lni ./1,(
??cp! o f[m mola_hn_m^_f.2/P^_f
gcmgi ??cp* ?ich]c^_ ]ih HK>KO(Af_i^ili(
7_R]Vd
UV]R <RTf]eRU UV :VcVTY` o 9ZV_TZRd
Oi]c[f_m UV 8fV_`d 7ZcVd%
n* --( jm* 11 o 2,( _h ko_ m_nl[n[
^_ [ao[m ^_ ][o^[f
l_^o]c^i ko_ jo_^_h jl_m]ln\cl*[*`[pil
^_ fim omo[lcim [d_him [ f[ b_l_^[^
h[]c_hn_*]ilhi
fi m_[f[ _f ?^cai ?cpcf`l[h]m( Ah ]ihnl[6 LEJPK(I* ) NKCANK(C* ) =J@EJK( I*(
H[ AVj UV=ao[m UV BV_U`kR UV -440( T`_T`cURUR s T`^V_eRUR%I_h^it[(
.,,2(
jm* 0, U 0-(
m_[f[h ]igi
j\fc][m [ [faoh[ ^_ f[m [ao[m ko_ _h _f n_rni m_]ihmc^_l[h jlcp[^[m7 j_li( j[l[
Fomnc`c][lfi( jil oh f[^i [^pc_ln_h ko_ f[ jo\fc]c^[^
^_lcp[ ^_ oh []ni _rjl_mi ^_ [`_]n[]ch ^_ f[
[onilc^[^ jlipch]c[f( s jil _f inli( ko_ ni^[m f[m [ao[m mih j\fc][m jil _`_]ni ^_f [lni -.0( ?J

^ -550*
33 I=NEAJDKBB(Icao_f O*( IcReRU` UV UVcVTY`''' %Y~j(&
n* -( jm* 3.+30 U n* ER(jm( 0.3+3,/*
I=NEAJDKBB( Icao_f O*( IcReRU`''' %]cn*( j* -/.*
>EAHO=(N[`[_f( !Af ^_l_]bi
]ihmncno]cih[f* **!(
fn*(_h l_f[]ch ]ih f[ _rjlijc[]ch
s f[ [`_]n[]ch( m_ l_koc_l_ ^_ oh[ f_s g[n_lc[f s `ilg[f
^_f
la hi E E EAE$wfpi*
f> I=EfEAJEEK!( Icao_f*(
!=i_li[
^_ f[ l_`ilg[
[f ?^cai ?cpcf_h g[n_lc[ ^_ [ao[m!( F= ^_f
"* $(**(*' F*P% ]]* @iinlfh (j &"$().&
l Enil[h^i fi m_[f[^i
_h mo]ih`_l_h]c[
_h f[ Qhcp_lmc^[^
^c fEn--X----, %F+X$H
1*u!+"b& l ;( @i]nlfh
_l_ ?ihn_gjilh_[&(
_h _mj_]c[f j* /6 !Af ^igchci
ofkfffff%fi jn EE E --- -E---- lE hfFfn EEE#+\" o\n hh|d [m %[ f[m ko_ [fo^_ f[ l_`ilg[
]cpcf^_

Ec:5K"! ++( +!!& ++++=(!EcE((!E(xEEw!


++(

,*

@K?PNEJ=

ko_ l_mj_n[h^i _f [lni -3( ?J( jlin_a_h _f ^igchci jlcp[^i ^_ f[m [ao[m g_h]cih[^[m
s mfijil ][om[ ^_ oncfc^[^ j\fc][ m_ah _f [lni .4( ?J 13&][fc`c][^[
jil f_s jlipch)
]c[f( j_lgcn_h f[ _rjlijc[]ch
^_ ^c]b[m [ao[m _h mon_llcnilci( jl_pc[ ch^_ghct[]ch s
m_aoc^[m ^_ f[ [`_]n[]ch [f ^igchci j\fc]i jlipch]c[f( s[ ko_ hi _rcmn_hnc_ll[m hc
[ao[m ^_ f[ J[]ch* Ah ]ihm_]o_h]c[(
[]_jn[l
ko_ b[s \c_h_m h[nol[f_m ko_ _f ?^cai
^_ -425 jo^i ][fc`c][l ]igi
j\fc]im$s ko_ ko_^[l[h [`_]n[^im [ oh[ oncfc^[^ j\fc][
jil _m_ gcmgi b_]bi _moh[ `[f[]c[ s pcif[ _f [lni -3( ?J* =ohko_ mo chp[fc^_t m_m[)
h_jil mo_][]c[*L_li(
l_ch]c^cl _h _m[ ch]ihmncno]cih[fc^[^( _h -524( s j_hm[l ko_
b[s ho_p[m [ao[m mch_rjlijc[]ch(
mch^_]f[l[]ch ^_ oncfc^[^ j\fc][* jil f_s ^_ f[
jlipch]c[ ko_ f[ jim__( ko_ m_ jl_m]ch^_ ^_ ch^_ghct[]ch [f ^o_i ^_f mo_fi( s ko_
m_igcn_ f[ ]ihm[al[]ch `ilg[f
[ oh[ oncfc^[^ j\fc][ g[sil( [ f[ ko_ bis nc_h_h ni)
^[m f[m [ao[m ^_ f[m p_chncnlmjlipch]c[m( nc_h_ j[l[
fim [onil_m ^_ f[ f_s h[]cih[f
-3*3-_f ][fc`c][ncpi ]ih ko_ _f [lni .5 ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch_mncag[nctf[ pcf_t[ s Wj|'
pc][g_hn_ ]ih^_h ]ih f[ hofc^[^ chm[h[\f_ 2*(

w
*

##"<ec_d_e

ieXh[ bei Ykhiei Z[ W]kW

Ah f[ =la_hnch[ ^_mjom ^_ ^c]n[^[ f[ m_hn_h]c[ ^_ f[ ?iln_ Oojl_g[


^_ Fomnc]c[
^_ f[ J[]ch ^_f /+-.+-543(
H[ L[gj[
s I_h^it[
mih)^o_[m ^_ f[ _m]ill_hn[ mo(
j_l`c]c[f ^_f li =no_f %j[l[ I_h^it[
jil oh nin[f ^_ -/.*2/2
b[m( ]ih]_^c^[m
f_a[f)
g_hn_ j[l[
ko_ f[ J[]ch jo^c_m_ domnc`c][lf[ ]ihmnlo]]ch ^_f ]igjf_di
Af Jcbocf( s
j[l[ H[ L[gj[
f[ m_hn_h]c[ ^_ f[ ?iln_ f[ _rbiln[ [ l_[fct[l ]ihp_hcim mi\l_ omim ]ih)

-524 _h _f [lni ./0,(


ch]* /,& s ^_ p_lnc_hn_m%[ln*./1,(
?^cai mchgi^c`c][]ch _h -524& i
g[h[hnc[f_m ko_ _r]_^_h fim fgcn_m^_f jl_^ci _h ko_ [`fil[h
%[ln*.2/3( ?^cai ]ih gi^c`c][)
]ch _h -524 s f[ mojl_mch^_f [lni .2/4 ^_ cao[f ?^cai& _m [hn_lcil [ f[ m[h]ch ^_f ?^cai
?cpcf%-425&( s _rcmn[]o[h^i
m_ m[h]cih f[ ?ihmncno]chJ[]cih[f
_h -41/( ko_ ^_]f[l[\[
ch)
pcif[\f_ _f ^_l_]bi
^_ jlijc_^[^
mi\l_ ^c]b[m [ao[m! %smfi_rjlijc[\f_m(
][fc`c][^[m ^_ oncfc^[^
j\fc][ jil f_s ^_ f[ jlipch]c[ _h ko_ m__h]o_hnl_h( ch^_ghct[^[m s [`_]n[^[m( j[l[
l_]ch m_l
]ihmc^_l[^[m
j\fc][m( m_ah _f [lni -3( ?J&*
(
13 HLAV(Fi[koh( !Jo_p[m [ao[m j\fc][m ***!( ]cn*( j* 5( _h ko_ !]lcn][ f[ `lgof[ ^_f [lni
./0,(
ch]* /,( ??cp* ^_ -524( _h ]o[hni ^_]f[l[
^_f ^igchci j\fc]i( [ f[m [ao[m ko_ n_ha[h i
[^koc_l[h f[ [jncno^ ^_ m[ncm`[]_l omim^_ chn_lma_h_l[f!( jil [^ijn[l
_mn_]lcn_lci [g\cp[f_hn_
_h oh jlis_]ni
^_ f_s( ko_ _f ./+.+-554
chn_hnjlcp[l [ fim ncnof[l_m^_ [ao[m jlcp[^[m l_acmnl[)
^[m _h I_h^it[(
jil oh[ ^_]f[l[]ch ch]ihmncno]cih[f ^_ f[ f_s ]cpcf^_ f[ J[]ch( _rjlijc[l
[ao[m
jlcp[^[m ^_ f[ jlipch]c[(
j[l[
_f `onoli( mchoncfc^[^ j\fc][ []no[f( mchch^_ghct[]ch smch [`_])
n[]ch7_h j[fg[lc[
pcif[]ch ^_ fim [lnm* -2( -3( -5( .4( .5( -.-( -.. U -.0( ?J( ko_ [n_hn[\[
]ihnl[ f[ jlijc_^[^
j[lnc]of[l
^_ fim ^o_im ^_ f[m [ao[m ^_ I_h^it[*
2* I=NEAJDKBB(Icao_f O*( ;] UVcVTY` UV ac`aZVURUacZgRURd`ScV [ao[m( WcV_eV
R] TR^SZ`
UV] UVcVTY` `S[VeZg`%?igcmch J[]cih[f
^_ f[ ?ih`_l_h]c[
^_ J[]cih_m Qhc^[m mi\l_ _f =ao[(
?ih`[ao[
?+-0+/( I[l ^_f Lf[n[( --52( !f[ pcif[]ch ^_f [lni -3( ?J( jil oh[ f_s ko_ ]ihnl[l_ _f
[lni .4( ?J( i\fca[ [ oh[ ch^_ghct[]ch chn_al[f!* Plc\* Ooji Fomn*Fodos( --+/+-541(
!H_^_mg[
N( Fodos!( HH-541)A)-2-(
_h cao[f m_hnc^i* Ah ]ihnl[6 >KN@=(Cocff_lgi =*( H[ cVW`c^RU *-524
R] 9zUZX` 9ZgZ]%
L_llin( >o_him =cl_m( -53-( jm* /21+/24(
]l__ ko_ f[ f_s ]cpcfjillhfn
jn m]ch^cl
^_ f[ _rjlijc[]ch(
^_ f[ ch^_ghct[]ch s ^_ f[ _`_]n[]ch(

+& qAqF

CAAA++++

=LKOPEHH=O=H @KIEJEK @A H=O =CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ

"!

=NCAJPEJ=

mohncpims `onolim ^_ f[m [ao[m ^_f =no_f&*= j_m[l ^_ _ffi( jil chc]c[ncp[^_f Ichcmn_lci
^_f Ehn_lcil ^_ f[ J[]ch( s [ mo]imni( m_i\fca [ I_h^it[
[ ^_lcp[l ^_ f[ _m]ill_hn_
moj_l`c]c[f jlijc[
^_f li =no_f( oh []o_^o]ni
ko_ ff_p[m_ [ao[ j[l[
[\[mn_]cgc_hni
bog[hi
[ f[m tih[m fcgnli`_m ]ih H[ L[gj[*
Af ]ihp_hci m_mom]lc\c_f 3+.+-55.2+(
@_\_ []f[l[lm_
ko_( _h ^_l_]bi chn_lh[]cih[f j\fc]i( ]o[h^i
m_ b[h l_[fct[^i
_mnim
]ihp_hcim( ko_ h[]_h ^_ f[ ]imnog\l_( m_ l_]oll_ [ f[ l_af[ ^_ ^_l_]bi i [f ^_l_]bi
jimcncpi( j[l[ [m_aol[l f[ fac][ ^_ f[m l_f[]cih_m dol^c][m* Lil _d_gjfi( _h _f []o_l^i
jil ][hd_ ^_ hin[m ^_f -4+/+-5,0
s ^_f .1+0+-5,0
_hnl_ Cl[h >l_n[[ s Bl[h]c[ mi)
\l_ _f fgcn__hnl_ ?imn[ Nc][ s _f Oo^h Bl[h]m( m_^cmjih_ ko_ f[m j(i\f[]cih_m
mc)
no[^[m _h f[ jlircgc^[^
^_ f[ `lihn_l[ n_h^lh _f ^_l_]bi
^_ ]ihncho[l om[h^i f[m
`o_hn_m^_ [ao[ ko_ [hn_m oncfct[\[h( j_m_ [ ko_ m__h]o_hnl_h [f inli f[^i ^_f ho_pi
fgcn__mn[\f_]c^i 2,( Och_g\[lai(
_h _f ][mi _h ]o_mnch(H[ L[gj[
hi fial jli\[l
ko_ n_h[ ]ih]_mcih_m i j_lgcmim inila[^im
jil _f ?^cai Nol[f ^_ fim P_llcnilcim J[)
cih[f_m( ko_ b[mn[ -51- lcac_f n_llcnilci h[]cih[f
^_ H[ L[gj[(
jil fi ko_ _f []o_)
^o]ni ko_ bis _rcmn_^_\_ [nlc\oclm_ [$oh a_mni ^_ !]iln_m[! #<;B@H;G
?>CH@IB^_ ^_)
l_]bi jimcncpi&2- ko_ h[]_ ]igi
^_l_]bi _rnl[fcncm^_f [lni -5 ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch*Knli

2+ Af ]ihp_hci ^_f 3+-.+-55.


_hnl_ f[ J[]ch( H[ L[gj[
s I_h^it[
]igjlig_n_
[ I_h^i)
? [ m[][l ^_ mon_llcnilci*s ^_ mom[ao[m jlijc[m ^_f =no_f oh []o_^o]ni
ko_ j[a[ _f Ichcmn_lci
^ EEhn_lcil ^_ f[ J[]ch j[l[
_f omi ^_ O[hn[ Em[\_f s =fa[lli\i
^_f =aocf[ _h f[ L[gj[
j[l[
f\[mn_]cgc_hni bog[hi
^_ b[mn[ oh grcgi ^_ 2 gcf b[\cn[hn_m( ko_ hoh][ m_ [\[mn_]c_lih
Y(A f[m [ao[m ^_f =no_f ^_ I_h^it[
hcn[gji]i
fi bc]c_lih ^_ f[m [ao[m ^_f =no_f j[gj_[hi7
]ih)
p hfi ko_ f[ ?iln_ Oojl_g[
^_ Fomnc]c[^_ f[ J[]ch(_f -,+2+-55.
bigifia
^_ fim [lnm* 1, [
-(-( mchl_]ihi]_l
f[ ]igcn[m XV_eZf^ ko_ I_h^it[
_mncjof]igi
^_l_]bi
jimcncpi _h _f [lni
**)%[n_h^c_h^i [ ko_ hi ji^[ hc jo_^_ _rcmncl_d_]o]ch ^_ m_hn_h]c[* H[ J[]ch cgjomi _mn[
iih^c]ch j[l[
_f nl[mj[mi ^_ fim Jcbocf_m +&++ U +++&ko_ m_]ihmnlos_lih
jil _ff[ j[l[
[m_aol[l
%Elc_ai ^_ f[m -/.*2/2
b[m( ko_ [hn_m ^_ ^c]n[lm_ f[ f_s -.*21,
s mom]lc\clm_ _f nl[n[^i ^_f
$- %+2+-50-( s[ n_h[h inila[^i
^_l_]bi
^_ omi ^_ [ao[ jil ]ih]_mcih_mf_a[f_m(
n[f ]igi
fi
nff jih_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch jlipch]c[f
^_ -5-2 mch][g\cim*
Ah lcail( fi ko_ bo\c_m_ ]ill_mjih)
^c^i _m oh[ m_lpc^og\l_ chn_l_mn[^o[f( ]igi
j[l_]_
moa_lclfi >=N>ANEO(F )Efci=*( !H[ oncfct[)
l ~d ^_ f[m [ao[m
mo\n_llh_[m o _f ^_l_]bi
chn_lh[]cih[f!(
7_fRcZ` UV :VcVTY`
?]?e ^RTZ`_R]% n* REEE(
B[]ofn[^ ^_ @_l_]bi( Qhcp_lmc^[^ ^_ J[p[ll[(
L[gjfih[(
-541( j* 04(
%FEE%
l_]o_l^[
_f jlini]ifi
`l[h]i)\7cnhc]i
^_E-K+-+-5.0(*k(o_
_mn[\f_]c fim fgcn_m_hnl_ _f
If$f]
_]o[nilc[f
`l[h]_m[ s _f Oo^[h [hai_acj]i(
inila[h^i
[ Bl[h]c[ _f ^_l_]bi
^_ nig[l
*XE$(EE=
h fim jitim
^_ O_h^c( mcno[^im _h _f n_llcnilci ^_f Oo^h* = mo p_t( l_]o_l^[
ko_( ^_f
-%(nEl_i `l[h]i
\lcnhc]i ^_f 2+.+-5.1(
m_ inila [ fim b[\cn[hn_m ^_ f[ tih[ `l[h]_m[ ^_
J$ffff_h _f ^_l_]bi
^_ [\[mn_]_lm_ ^_ [ao[ jil _f nlgchi ^_ oh [i ^_fjiti
ko_ m__h]o_h)
El + h f[ tih[ \lcnhc][* Hi _rjo_mni jih_ _h _pc^_h]c[ ko_( [oh _h fim Amn[^im gm h_]_mc)
f+f^K! ^_f [\[mn_]cgc_hni
bog[hi(
_h f[ []no[fc^[^(
_f omi ]igh
nc_h_ mfi oh[ _rj[hmch
hihi
jno +&ko_ mfigo_mnl[ m_l n_lc][* ?ih`* LEJPK( I[olc]ci
s inlim( 9`_WZXfcRTZz_UV] UV&
! ifcK _ZW]kW4
UV] omi T`^{_ R] UVcVTY` bog[hi*
ERceZTf]RcZURUVd
UV moZ_eVXcRTZz_
jViaR_&

"A@H
++#bG)$& aefR(%Amj[[(

.,,2*
EEF? c]C"(* R_U <`cVZ_XOn[n_ ERaVcd #8<HE$%pif* 55( j* .,2(

]cn* jil

>=N>ANEO(Fofci =*( !H[

+++++++T +0d _f fi [ao[m ***!* ]fn*( j* 04( hin[ .-*


+++ ES EfGEJ(Nih[f^( ;(]^a
c]` UV]Rdomnc]c[( nl[^* ^_ ?f[o^c[ B_ll[lc( ^_f ilcach[f ^_ D[lp[l^
+++ EfpfEfEffsE++ !

gI^a(

j_!

+++ l_ +++ ++++A"qA!&AAAA 9AAAAAAq+++_++

Ih

+++

*( -542(

H[q$m ;^aZcV% C_^cm[( >[l]_fih[(

.,,1(

j* 2-6 !f[

""

@K?PNEJ=

_d_gjfi
^_ _mn[ ]iln_m[ ^_f ^_l_]bi
jimcncpi _m _f ]ihp_hci
^_f -/+-.+.,,0
_hnl_
I_h^it[
s O[hnc[ai ^_f Amn_li( ko_ I_h^it[
[jli\
jil f[ f_s 30-- ^_f 5+5+.,,1(
ko_ mchn_h_l l_]olmim b^lc]im ]igj[lnc^im(
m_ ]igjlig_n_h
[ f[ ]iij_l[]ch
chmnc)
no]cih[f _h g[n_lc[ ^_ l_a[^i*

=LKOPEHH=O=H @KIEJEK @A H=O =CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ =NCAJPEJ=


jilnl[n[^imm_ah
]ih`ilg_[f[ln*-.3*

_f [ln*-.1

i mom]_jnc\f_m ^_ f[dolcm^c]]ch^cjfignc][

NAA(9?M9K IM= ;GF>GJE9F


<= DGK=KL9<GK EA=E:JGK

+,( Bkh_iZ_YY_dieXh[ bei Ykhiei Z[ W]kW


Lil inl[ j[ln_( _f doc]ci ko_ chc]cH[ L[gj[
]ihnl[
I_h^it[
^_m_]b _rjl_m[)
g_hn_ ko_ _f ]ih`fc]ni
m_ l_`clc_l[ [ f[m [ao[m mo\n_llh_[m i [ mo l_][la[
40( [m
]igi
oh[ _r]_j]ch
^_ ^_`_]ni
f_a[f []f[l ko_ f[m hc][m [ao[m ko_ H[ L[gj[
mig_n[ _h ko_d[ [hn_ f[ ?iln_ _l[h _r]fomcp[g_hn_
f[m ^_f li =no_f 41* L_m_ [
_ffi( _f ]ihp_hci
ko_ bcti _f gohc]cjci
^_ C_h_l[f =fp_[l %I_h^it[&
]ih f[ I[lti)
fch[ %H[ L[gj[&
mi\l_ oh \c_h j\fc]i
jlipch]c[f(
]igi
_f [ao[ ^_f =no_f( _mnjli)
bc\c^i jil _f [ln* .0,,$( ??wp*( ^_\c_h^i
b[\_lm_ l_aof[^i
jil f[m jlipch]c[m(
]igi
hc]im ^o_im ^_ f[m [ao[m( s ^_hnli ^_ f[ ]o[mc jim_mch _rnl[fcncm ko_ mola[ ^_ f[
]igcn[m ?>CH@IB ko_ f[ ?iln_ Oojl_g[
m_ h_a [ bigifia[l*
Ah ]ihm_]o_h]c[(
n[hni ^ilhchf_ ]igi
dolcm^c]]ch mi\l_ fim omim ^_ [ao[m chn_l_mn[^o[f_m mih g[)
n_lc[m l_m_lp[^[m
jil f[m jlipch]c[m
_h _f [lni -.^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch( l_aof[\f_m

]iln_m[ hi h[]_ ]igi


^_l_]bi h[nol[f mchi ]igi
^_l_]bi jimcncpi( fac]i s l[tih[\f_(
^_lcp[^i
^_ f[ hilg[( ]igi
j[ln_ ^_f mcahc`c][^i gcmgi ^_ l_mj_ni( ko_ [ mop_t jlijil]cih[
_f al[^i ^_
]iln_m[!* =JPKGKH``c( @[hc_f( IcReRU` UV UVcVTY` Z_eV^RTZ`_R]a{S]ZT` V_ eZV^a` UV aRk%n* -(
Q\l_l[ H[ B[]ofn[^( >o_him =cl_m( +3,2& j* 024*!E[ ]iln_m[ ]igi
l_af[ ]ihmo_no^ch[lc[ m_
nl[hm`ilg[ _h jlch]cjci ]ihp_h]cih[f!*
40 B[ffim -+*'-4,.31& m_hn_h]c[ ^_f -)+,)+321& _h ko_ f[m j[ln_m chpi][lih
jil [h[fia[
_f ^_l_]bi ^_ a_hn_m(jil nl[n[lm_ ^_ oh[ g[n_lc[ l_m_lp[^[ [ f[m jlipch]c[m( ]ich]c^c_h^i _h f[
[jfc][]ch ^_ f[m N_af[m ^_ D_fmchmec*^_
+300 ^_ f[ Ehn_lh[ncih[f H[q =mmi]c[ncih( ko_ l_]ch m_
i]oj _h +320 ^_ f[m [ao[m mo\n_llh_[m chn_l_mn[^o[f_m( s f[ ?igcmch ^_ @_l_]bi Ehn_lh[)
]cih[f ^_ J[]cih_m Qhc^[m fi bcti [jfc][h^i
fim jlch]cjcim ^_ f[m [ao[m ]ih`ch[^[m [ fim ]olmim
^_ [ao[m chn_l_mn[^o[f_m ]ih omim ^cmnchnim
[ f[ h[p_a[]ch* =oh [m@EAV
@AK;A7N9D% I[ho_f(
?_deZefTZ`_VdUV UVcVTY` Z_eV^RTZ`_R] a{S]ZT`% P_]him( I[^lc^( ,**,& jm* .10 s .11& [^pc_ln_
ko_ hi _rcmn_ijchch ohhcg_ _h f[ g[n_lc[ s ko_ ]o[fkoc_l l_mnlc]]ch[ f[ mi\_l[h[ %nin[fi
fcgcn[^[& ^_\_ [^ijn[lm_ jil ]ihp_hci*
2/ IKU=JK( =gf][l( !Af nl[mj[mi ^_ fim l_]olmim h[nol[f_m ]igj[lnc^im
^_ [ao[( ^_ _h_la[
_f]nlc][( j_nlf_i s j_h^c_hn_ nijial`c][6 \[di _f cgj_lci ^_ f[ f_s!( A@+/+'1,- Q1,/& [^gcn_
ko_ nl[nh^im_ ^_ oh[ ko_d[ ^_f [lni +,1& f[ m_hn_h]c[ _mmfioh[ _rbiln[]ch ^cjfignc][ [ f[
]iil^ch[]ch ^_ omim]ihmohncpim s `onolim( s ko_ jl_]cm[g_hn_ _f omi _rnl[fcncml_ko_lc^i jil H[
L[gj[
_l[ [\[mn_]cgc_hni bog[hi( fi ko_ domnc`c][f[ T`^ZeRd XV_eZf^ ^_ I_h^it[(
\[m[^[ _h
_f [lni -5( ?J( s ko_( _h ][g\ci(
_f []ni bilhifia[nilci
^_ f[ ?iln_ l_]b[t[ jil jl_mogcl ko_ hi
_m ^_l_]bi* RENN=E*HU(
Ic]b_f( !L[hil[g[
^o ^licn chn_lh[ncih[f ]ihn_gjil[ch!(
GVTfVZ] ^_m
9`fcd% pif* K%=][^gc_ ^_ @licn Ehn_lh[ncih[f ^_ f[ D[s_( +32/& j* +2,&[fo^_ [ T`^Zej %]iln_)
m[&(j[ln_ ^_ oh ^_l_]bi ko_( hi mc_h^i oh[ hilg[ jimcncp[( m_]l_[ jimcncp[g_hn_ jil []o_l^i
i ]ihnl[ni* @SKNGEJ(Nih[f^( ;] Z^aVcZ`''' %]cn*(j* 0+&m_[f[ ko_ _f l_mj_ni ]igi
]iln
`[ jo_)
^_ a_h_l[l oh ^_l_]bi jimcncpi*
:

"#
^_ f[ ?iln_

=D L=JJALGJAG
<= D9 >=<=J9;AzF

+( D~c_j[i Z[ bei =ijWZei


@_f !fcg_h! i tih[m \[di dolcm^c]]ch( s f[m !g[l][m!
ko_ ^_d ?[lfig[ahi(
m_
`o_lih `ilg[h^i
f[m l_n]of[m n_llcnilc[f_m ko_( ]igi
Amn[^im ^_ ]c_lni gihijifci
^_ ]i[]]ch(
ff_a[lih
[ fim []no[f_m Amn[^im gc_g\lim
ko_ ]ih`ilg[h
fim Amn[^im
`_^_l[f_m ko_ bis b[h `cd[^i mom`lihn_l[m
n_ll_mnl_m _hnl_ ms m_ mig_n_h [ fim
gni^im
ch^c][^im
jil _f ^_l_]bi
chn_lh[]cih[f
42* Hi _rjo_mni b[]_ ko_ f[m jli)
pch]c[m ^_ f[ =la_hnch[ m_[h mod_nim ^_f ^_l_]bi
chn_lh[]cih[f(
]o[h^i
mo ]ih^o])
n[ _mn jl_pcmn[ ^cl_]n[ s _`_]ncp[g_hn_
jil _f ^_l_]bi
^_ a_hn_m( ]igi
_f ]ihn_hc)
^i ^_ oh ^_l_]bi
i ^_ oh[ i\fca[]ch(
`o_l[ ^_*f[ l\cn[ ^_ cgjimc]ch
^_ f[
?ihmncno]ch `_^_l[f(
jil nl[n[lm_ ^_ g[n_lc[m ko_ f[m jlipch]c[m
l_m_lp[lih
_h `il)
g[ _r]fomcp[ [f ]ihmncnoclm_ _h `_^_l[]ch
43*(AE I%H@
L4LDGG@=>H@G
^_ -4-,
]l_ ]ih_f
j[]ni
`_^_l[ncpi
oh( Amn[^i h[]cih[f
jil ^_f_a[]ch ^_ `oh]cih_m _h$(-45/+-42,(
ko_ j_m_ [ fi ^cmjo_mni jil fim [lnm* 0| s 23( ch]*f`-)( ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]chilcach[lc[(
dA8
i\nopi ^_ f[m ][nil]_
jlipch]c[m
jl__rcmn_hn_m n_llcnilcim ko_ ko_^[m_h _h _f( ^igc)
hci ^_ f[ J[]ch* Him ][nil]_
Amn[^im gc_g\lim
m_ ^cpc^c_lih _f _hnih]_m pcll_ch[ni*
U[f _`_]ni ^_ \ill[l
ni^[ ^o^[( _f ?ihal_mi
^_ L[l[h []_jn f[m nl_]_ ?ihmncno]ci)
h_m ^_ fim Amn[^im ]ih`_^_l[^im(
s f[ ?ihp_h]ch ^_ -42,
fi bcti ]ih >o_him =cl_m(
]ihmchnc_h^i ko_ f[ jim_mch pcll_ch[f _l[ f[ ^_ f[m ][nil]_
jlipch]c[m `oh^[^il[m
^_
f[ ?ihmncno]ch( s ]ih _ff[( f[ ]l_[]ch ^_ f[ J[]ch*
H[ ^_n_lgch[]ch
^_ fim fgcn_m chn_lh[]cih[f_m
m_ b[ c^i _rn_h^c_h^i
[ inlim
g\cnim [ g_^c^[
ko_ f[ n_]hifia[
[p[ht[\[*
Lil _d_gjfi(
f[ dolcm^c]]ch ^_f Am)
n[^i mi\l_ _f _mj[]ci
[l_i ]ig_ht
[ jf[hn_[lm_
l_]ch ]o[h^i
_f big\l_
nopi ^i)
gchci mi\l_ _f _mj[]ci(
[ j[lncl ^_f f[ht[gc_hni
^_f jlcg_l
m[nfcn_ [lnc`c]c[f( _f
0+-,+-513*
?ih l_f[]ch [f ^_l_]bi
^_f g[l( f[ ]ihp_h]ch
^_ Cch_\l[
^_ -514(
mi\l_ f[ jf[n[`ilg[
]ihnch_hn[f(
[onilct f[ _rn_hmch ^_ f[ dolcm^c]]ch ^_f Amn[^i
gcmgi b[mn[ f[ jli`oh^c^[^
^_ //,,
g_nlim i gm [ff ^_ _m_ fgcn_( b[mn[ ^ih^_
f[ jli`oh^c^[^
^_ f[m [ao[m mojl[s[]_hn_m
j_lgcn[
f[ _rjfin[]ch
^_ fim l_]olmim
h[nol[f_m* H[ ]ihp_h]ch
^_ Iihn_ai
>[s( _h)F[g[c][(
^ol[hn_ -54.(
`cdoh fgc)
n_ _rn_lhi [ f[ dolcm^c]]ch ^_ fim Amn[^im _h ]o[hni
[ f[ jf[n[`ilg[
]ihnch_hn[f(
gm [ff ^_ f[ ]o[f fim `ih^im g[lchim m_l[h j[nlcgihci
]igh
^_ f[ bog[hc^[^*
Lil inli f[^i( f[m ]o_mncih_m mi\l_ oh fgcn_ moj_lcil
_h _f _mj[]ci
[l_i(
i oh f)

** EAJKEFREJ(
Lc_ll_( >Zde`cZRUV ]Rd cV]RTZ`_VdZ_eVc_RTZ`_R]Vd%
=e[f( I[^lc^( +32,& nl[^* ^_
E%--- h]f 1( OoF h( Ccf^_ N[gif
(Ool_t( ?[\[ff_li
s Ni\l_^i( jO*-+.0* O=NPDko( >* ) IKQNEA(
# '%?](_]` "* #* ? T]g]](NWW@9?t?]%
BRfF(>o_him =cl_m(+300&jO* /+,)/,.(
--- ---X-QEEEDb(
Fff--, *P'%? lf$ E](?c %,$***( ]fn*( jm* /3)02(
EEfEpf
-$-----EEc
---Enff
-E-E----E$-E-n-J! ---

.0

@K?PNEJ=

gcn_ _rn_gi ^_ f[ jf[n[`ilg[


]ihnch_hn[f( l_]ch `o_lih jl_i]oj[]ch
j[l[ _f ^_l_]bi
]o[h^i
mo]ihkocmn[ j[l[ _f big\l_
i OHF [jlip_]b[gc_hni
m_bcti jimc\f_* N_mj_]ni
^_f mo\mo_fi( _f ^_l_]bi
chn_lh[]cih[f mojih_ ko_ _f fgcn_jil ]iil^ch[]ch [^ijn[)
^i _hnl_ fim Amn[^im h[]cih[f_m i Amn[^im gc_g\lim j[l[ f[ moj_l`c]c_ _mcao[fg_hn_
pfc^i _h _f mo\mo_fi( [oh ]o[h^i
hi m_ fi ]ihp_ha[ _rjl_m[g_hn_* H[ l_af[ a_h_l[f
_mko_ f[ fh_[ fcgnli`_ m_ _rnc_h^_ p_lnc][fg_hn_ _h _f mo_fi( m[fpi _mncjof[]ch _h
]ihnl[lci* Arcmn_hohim ji]im nl[n[^im ko_ jl_ph _mn_]iln_ p_lnc][f _h fim Amn[^im ^_
Aolij[
Klc_hn[f ]ih momp_]chim 22(
Amn[m[gjfc[]cih_m
^_ f[ ]igj_n_h]c[
omo[f ^_f n_llcnilci ^_f Amn[^i ^_lcp[h( a_)
h_l[fg_hn_( ^_ []o_l^im
gonncf[n_l[f_m(s mc_gjl_ _m oh [p[h]_ ^_f ]c]fi bc^lifac)
]i _h _f ][mi ^_ _mn__mno^ci* ?o[h^i
oh nl[n[^i
chn_lh[]cih[f
[]o_l^[
oh fgcn_
_hnl_ ^im Amn[^im*p_h _f ^_l_]bi
]fmc]i( _mn_ fgcn_ m_ _rnc_h^_ ^_m^_ _f ]c_fi
b[mn[ _f ch`c_lhi( n[f ]igi
fi m_[f[ _f [lni ./-0(
]]cp* ^_ -425( ]o[h^i
_mncjof[6
!mih n[g\ch go_\f_m ni^[m f[m j[ln_m mfc^[mi `foc^[m ^_f mo_fi( m_j[l[^[m
^_ f
W
***Y_n]*!* U fi l_m[fn[ _f [lni .1-4 ]ih ]cn[ ^_ fim [lnm* 11. s 23.( ?^cai `l[h]m*
Ah f[ []no[fc^[^(
m_ om[ _f mo\mo_fi n_ll_mnl_ ]igi
_mj[]ci( ]igi
`o_hn_ ^_ _h_l)
a[ s ^_ _rjfin[]ch gch_l[* Ah ]o[hni [f _mj[]ci( m_ jc_hm[ _h f[ ]ihmnlo]]ch ^_
al[h^_m nh_f_m ^_ ]igohc][]ch($ jo^c_h^i
b[]_lm_ ^_f mo\mo_fi oh[ `o_hn_ ^_
_h_la[ a_inlgc][
s [ngc][( [m ]igi
^_ inlim gch_l[f_m*$ Ah ^_`chcncp[( f[ `l)
gof[ ^_f ^_l__b)]fm]i m_ _h`l_hn[ [hn_ oh[ l_[fc^[^ ko_ m_[m_g_d[ [ f[ `lgo)
f[ f[nch[ ko_ jijof[lct
f[ _^[^ g_^c[ %?odom_mnd`]f^% V[fd _mnomko_ RU T`V(f^
_n vU Z_WVc`d$%
[ohko_ bis ]ih _`_]nim jl]nc]im s ]ih f[ l_f_p[h]c[ ^_ m_l _f jlch)
]cjci a_h_l[f _h g[n_lc[ ^_f ^igchci
j[lnc]of[l
^_ f[m [ao[m m_ah fim [lnm* -3(
?J(s./-0(./-1s.1-4(??w

=LKOPEHH=O =H @KIEJEK @A H=O =CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ

(+

Him Amn[^im jo_^_h n_h_l oh ^igchci jlijci


^_ moml_]olmim []onc]im 23&jilko_
_h]o_hnl[h _hn_l[g_hn_ _h _f chn_lcil ^_ momfgcn_m(i m_[ ko_ n[hni mo]c]fi ]igi

m_
f[m

44 >=N>ANEO(
Fofci =*( !H[ oncfct[]ch^_ f[m [ao[m **
!( ]cn*( j* .,& hin[ ,,(
45 >=N>ANEO(
Fofci =*( A`d cVTfcd`d _RefcR]Vd''' %]cn*($j* +./( IKU=JK( =gf][l(
!Af nl[mj[)
mi ***!( ]cn*( j* 1,/( IKU=JK( =lhcf][l( !=ao[m ~dj[h[ijWZkWb[i
_ chn_ldo^clcm^c]]cih[f_m!( _h ?olmi
^_ jimn al[^i j[l[
_f g[h_di chn_al[f ^_ fim l_]olmim b^lc]im( ?AH=( EJ?UP( +32/& I_h^it[(
j*
.-( H[ ]ih^c]ch j[l[ ]ihmc^_l[l [ oh li ]igi
jlijci
_m ko_ mo ]l_]c^[ il^ch[lc[
%i momgm
[fn[m [ao[m _h mo _mn[^i hilg[f
m_ah _f [lni ,/11& ??cp*&(s hi n[ ]l_]c^[ g_^c[ il^ch[lc[ ko_
][l_]_
^_ _mn[\cfc^[^ h[nol[f ^_f [lni ,-.*& ch]* .t& ??cp*( m_a_h_l_ s _rncha[ ^_hnli ^_ oh gcm)
gi Amn[^i* Am[ ]l_]c^[ il^ch[lc[ m_gc^_ [ fim ]imn[^im ^_f li jil oh[ fh_[ ^_ lc\_l[ ko_ ^cpc^_
_f ^igchci j\fc]i
jlipch]c[f ^_f li ^_f ^igchci j[lnc]of[l
^_f lc\_l_i*
?o[h^i
_f li ^_]l_]_(
f[m ^im fh_[m lc\_l_[m nc_h^_h [ ]ih`oh^clm_ _h oh johni ]ihp_la_hn_ s nl[hmp_lm[f ko_ m_ ^_)
higch[
fh_[ ^_$lc\_l[ `lihn[f* P[hni f[ ^_fcgcn[]ch ]igi
f[ ^_g[l][]ch
^_ f[ Eh_[^_ lc\_l[
_moh[ g_hmol[ [^gchcmnl[ncp[ _rcac^[ jil _f [lni ,1/*& m_aoh^[ j[ln_( 99Zg'%[ f[ jlipch]c[ ^o_)
[ ^_f li* ?=JK( Cocff_lgi F*s inlim( ;defUZ` d`ScV ]x_VRUVcZSVcR%
n* ++&?BE(>o_hi
=cl_( +32,&
[fo^_ [ f[ fh_[ ^_ lc\_l[ `lihn[f ko_ m_j[l[ _f li ^_ f[ Lf[n[ ^_ mo`l_hn_ lh[lfnfgi*

"%

^cmnchn[m
`[m_m^_ f m_ l_]ihi]_h
]igi
j[ln_ ^_ mon_llcnilci* Ochko_ _ffi m_[ _hn_l[)
g_hn_ ]c_lni( f[ ?[ln[ E^_m]lc\_ fim l_]olmim b^lc]im ^_ f[ =la_hnch[ _h [ao[ ^of]_ ]igi
![\oh^[hn_m! _h -54,(
gc_hnl[m ko_ f[ _mncg[]ch _`_]no[^[
j[l[
_f .,,,
_m ^_
!mo`c]c_hn_m!_h f[ ?[ln[ ++ 3*( Affi ^_lcp[ ^_ oh[ ^_al[^[]ch %_hf[ ][hnc^[^& s ^_
oh[ ]ihn[gch[]ch
%_hf[ ][fc^[^& momn[h]c[f g_hn_ ][om[^[
jil f[ _rjfimch ^_gi)
al`c][( _f ]l_]cgc_hni
ch^omnlc[f s f[ `[fn[ ^_ omim _`c]c_hn_m^_f l_]olmi b^lc]i( fi
ko_ n_lgch[ jil ch]focl [f j[m _h _f ^_m[lliffi
^_f n_l]_l goh^i* Af l_]olmi jlijci
hi
l_koc_l_ m_l g_hil ]igi
_h _f ][mi ^_f li lWd]'ji} %=g[lcffi& _h ?bch[( ko_ ]ih f[
l_jl_m[ ^_ f[m Pl_mC[la[hn[m m_jlijih_(
]ih p_hncmcm
alojim [fn_lh[^il_m(
jli^o)
]cl ][^[ [i 41 gcffih_m ^_ eq+b j[l[
gm^_ /, gcffih_m ^_ b[\cn[hn_m( b[\c_h^i
^_mjf[t[^i
m_ah f[m KJC [fl_^_^il
^_ . gcffih_m ^_ b[\cn[hn_m( chc]c[^[ _h -55/
s _mncg[^[ mo ]ofgch[]ch j[l[ _f .,,5*
Af l_]olmi jlijci
n[g\ch jo_^_ m_l oh l_)
]olmi b^lc]i g_hil( ]igi
_f li I_h^it[
_h f[ jlipch]c[ bighcg[( ]ih 1, g- i _f
li O[h Fo[h ^_ _m[ jlipch]c[*
H[m choh^[]cih_m ^_ momlc\_l[m f[n_l[f_m( n[hni _h
I_h^it[
]igi
_h O[h Fo[h( `l_hn_ [ mo lc\_l[ `lihn[f( ]l_[h f[m f[aoh[m ^_ Co[h[)
][]b_( ]igi
bog_^[f ko_ ]igj[ln_h
3+(

5,

?D=Hf=J@(Cl[l^

Icao_m( =fc[ht[(

I[^lc^(

) N=CA=J(F_[h)Lc_ll_( 7e]Rd VdecRewXZT`


s XV`a`]xeZT`' nl[^* ^_ Jmnil =*

+32.(

5- IKU=JK =gf][l
!H[ choh^[]cih_m ^_f li I_h^it[
_h O[h Fo[h! (*^c[lci A`d 7_UVd%
I_h^it[(
+1)+)+320& m_]]ch( j* /( REP=HE(
C[fcf_i( >ZUc`]`XxR^V_U`TZ_R% @$=]olttci( I_h)
^it[( +3.*& l__^cn[^i jil A^c]cih_m ?ofnol[f_m s @CE(I_h^it[(
,**/& *j( ,*+( IKU=JK( =lhf)
][l( ;WVTe`d UV ]R 7XV_UR ,+ V_ ]R XVdeZz_Z_eVXcR]UV ]`d cVTfcd`d YxUcZT`dUV ]R 7cXV_eZ_R%
?AL=H( @cmnl*
Cl[f( N_ohch^_ _rj_lnim( +0)+2)-)+33.& O[hnc[ai ^_ ?bcf_( j* +*&f[ cgjimc\cfc)
^[^ ^_ ch]focl [ O[h Hocm_h _mn_bog_^[f ko_^[ jli\[^[
jil mo [om_h]c[ _h _f ]ihp_hci
^_f
,,)++)+311& ]ih f[ Ncid[( O[h Fo[h s I_h^it[
j[l[
l_[fct[l _mno^cim ]iil^ch[^im
^_ fim l_)
]olmim h[nol[f_m `lihn_lctim( [jli\[^i
jil f[ f_s ^_ I_h^it[
.,..)+312& [f cao[f ko_ _h _f
]ihp_hci _hnl_ I_h^it[
s O[h Hocm^_f -)2)+33* j[l[
_f [g\c_hn_ ^_f ]if_]nil
@_m[ao[^_li(
ko_ I_h^it[
[jli\
jil f_s /31/)+32,
s ko_ O[h Hocmigcnc [jli\[l
jil mo H_acmf[nol[*
C=IANK( =f_d[h^li(
!O[h Hocml_]f[g [ I_h^it[
0* gcf b_]nl_[m ^_ H[ L[t!( ^c[lci J%_`%
I_h^it[(
,.),),**0& j* /6 !_f ai\_lh[^il
^_ O[h Hocml_]f[g f[m b_]nl_[m( mi\l_ _f ][o]_
ko_ []no[fg_hn_
nc_h_ _f @_m[ao[^_li(
[]f[l[h^i
ko_ $ji^l[h$ m_l ^_ O[h Hocm7_h f[ tih[
&+ ol ^_ H[ L[t( s hiln_ ^_ O[h N[`[_f( [ f[ [fnol[ ^_ H[ Dilko_n[( s jil ^ih^_ j[m[ f[ lon[
jlipch]c[f
+.05 mo l_]f[gi
jlijih_
j_ko_[m
i\l[m b^lc][m( j[l[
mimn_h_l fim bog_^[f_m
#+ Co[h[][]b_(
j[l[
chc]c[l oh _gjl_h^cgc_hni
nolmnc]i!* IKU=JK( =gf][l(
AR acVeV_UZUR
%7o_TR UV] :VdRXfRUVc`% Eh]snb( ?_f[( I_h^it[(
+310& [^_gm ^_ ]ig_hn[l
ko_ _f fgcn_
%hnli I h^it[
s O[h Hocm]ill_
jil f[ fh_[ ^_f g_^ci ^_f @_m[ao[^_li
bcmnlc]i( ?igi
fi
+++4+++)6+_f ^c]n[g_h ^_ Fofni =* >[l\_lcm _h f[ ?igcmch ^_ Hgcn_mEhn_ljlipch]c[f_m( [^pc_l*n_
kff% %E@( xc(-*E$^ li hoh][ `oi oh li ^_ ][o^[f
j_l_hh_ s ]ihnchoi( mchi _f ]if_]nil
i][mcih[f
ff% ++ *ln ifnff rnl fil]ffhilfh
#+ fK ^im [h^chim( ko_ _h i][mcih_m( m_ oh_ [ fim nill_hn_m ph)
++++ + fcnEEfDfi E hf$ff A;AAli &++ #+ ,-- ^ffiop)?ol[]2(
ko_ ]ih]fos_
_h f[m m[fch[m ^_ H[

bW

,( =ijWZei Yed h[Ykhiei fhef_ei

=NCAJPEJ=

f$ bA++`b+&GG\AG E^+ GATbGA + 9+++++)"&b(


++* NA Aej b_j +++++++++++ !++++++* ++&&&+J!

+++

"&

@K?PNEJ=

=LKOPEHH=O =H @KIEJEK @A H=O =CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ

=NCAJPEJ=

mih jl_^_]c\f_m _h oh ]igjiln[gc_hni


gm _mn[\f_* Ah ]ihm_]o_h]c[(
gc_hnl[m hi
m_ jo_^[ jli\[l
ko_ _f [ao[ jlipc_h_ i jlip_h^l ^_ inli Amn[^i( _h `ilg[
[]no[f s
_`_]ncp[( i `onol[ s ]c_ln[( ^_\_ [mogclm_ ko_ _f [ao[ m_l_r]fomcp[ s _r]fos_hn_ ^_
_m_Amn[^i* U ^_ n[f `ilg[(
i\fca[^i
![f il^_h!( !gil[f
j\fc][! s [ ![]nim ko_ hi j_l)
do^cko_h [ n_l]_lim! ]igi
^_l_]bi ^_ [ao[m fi][f$( m_ah_f [lni -5( ?J( i chn_lh[]ci)
h[f( [jfc][^i
jil [h[fia[ [hn_ f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ oh ji^_l l_m_lp[^i( sl_lcp[^i ^_ fim
[lnm* -.- s -.0 Z_WZ_V
^_ f[ gcmg[ ?ihmncno]ch(ko_ b[]_h [f [ao[( l_]olmi ^_f ^i)
gchci ilcach[lci ^_ f[ jlipch]c[ _h ko_ m_ _h]o_hnl_* Am_^_l_]bi ^_ ^igchci s dolcm)
^c]]ch jlipch]c[f fi a[l[hnct[ _f [lni 1| s 0-(jll* /|( ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch([f i\fca[l [
ko_ _f ?ihal_mi hi [fn_l_ f[ dolcm^c]]ch[g\c_hn[f fi][f* ?igi
]ihnl[j[lnc^[(
oh j_l)
doc]ci m_hmc\f_s al[p_ jo_^_ gincp[l _f []o_l^i
ko_ jl_p _f [lni -.1 i -.0 ^_ f[ ?J(
mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_f [lni .3 ^_f gcmgi n_rni( s ]ih f[ d_l[lko[ ^_f [lni 31( ch]* ..3-(

;WhjW+' <_ifed_X_b_ZWZ[i
Z[ W]kWfejWXb[+32*

;WhjWAA
' <_ifed_X_b_ZWZ[i
Z[ W]kWfejWXb[,*** ' =ij_cWY_d

Him l_]olmim jlijcim _h jlch]cjci h[]_h s go_l_h _h _f n_llcnilci ^_f jlijci


Amn[^i
[oh ]o[h^i
fim ][g\cim ]fcgnc]im afi\[f_m j_lgcn[h m_[f[l ko_ _f _m]olllhc_hni mo)
jwl`c]c[f( _f wm]ollcgc_hni mo\n_llw_i( f[ _p[jil[]ch(
f[ nl[hmjcl[]ch s f[ jl_]cjcn[)
]c_h m_[h ?El]ohmn[h]c[fg_hn_ nl[^im i [f_d[^im jil fim pc_hnim*Ah ]c_lnim foa[l_m(
]igi
Eh^c[ i Eml[_f( m_ b[ nl[n[^i ^_ b[]_l oh[ jf[hcg_nl[ afi\[f ^_f [ao[ _rcmn_hn_
g_^c[hn_ !j[llcff[m b^lc][m gi^_l[^[m!
#!hReVcdXcZUd!$5.( j_li _ffi hi b[ mc^i jKOcw
\f_( _h f[ g_^c^[ _h ko_ fim ][g\cim ]fcgnc]im [mi]c[^im [f ]c]fi bc^lifac]i [h hi
5.

w=JK( Cwcff_lgi

"'

F*( !H_a[f [h^

=^gchcmnl[ncp_ PwKEO`il Ncp_l >[mch$@_p_fijlh_hn!( _h


;_gZc`f_^V_eR]]_eVXcReZ`_ `WAR_U R_U LReVc Z_WGZgVc
8RdZ_%F[h Hoh^kpcmn(Qflce Hibg [h^ I[fch B[fe_hg[le(
@* N_c^_f Lo\fcmbcha ?igj[hs(
@il)
^l_]bn( wimnih( H[h][mn_l( +32/&j* +3* Z_WZ_V'QJEPAPJ=PEKJ OA?NAP=NE=P(
Ec`TVVUZ_Xd`WeYV
HC@>HF>?@DC>3
HV^^Rc `_ LReVc GVd`fcTVd 7U^Z_ZdecReZ`_%
J_q @_fbc(Eh^c[( +31.& Qhff 8- J[)
nfihm( J_qUile(
+31/& j* /,( mi\l_ _f ]ih]_jni
^_ !q[n_l alc^!*

8HF>H>?@>M
W`cGZgVc8RdZ_ BR_RXV^V_e

E"# J!(E

$---

+! l_ ++ Z& +!!&&&++++=EEEEEEDEEEEEE
\_! +++

.4

@K?PNEJ=

$"*AB68>A7>= @97C@A>A
7><?6@B:8>A
* Amjlo^_hn_ l_]il^[l
ko_ fim Amn[^im gc_g\lim ^_ fim j[m_m`_^_l[f_m( i fim h[)
]cih[f_m( jo_^_h n_h_l _hnl_ ml_]olmim h[nol[f_m ]igj[lnc^im
3.( Amniml_]olmim h[)
nol[f_m ]igj[lnc^im
_hnl_ Amn[^im _mnh
]ihmncnoc^im jil ^im ]f[m_m ^_ _f_g_hnim* O_
nl[n[( _h jlcg_l foa[l( ^_ momn[h]c[m`foc^[m %fkoc^[mi a[m_im[m& ko_ j[m[h ^_f n_llc)
nihi ^_ oh Amn[^i [ inli( i ko_ m__rnc_h^_h [ nl[pm ^_f n_llcnilci (^_ gm^_ oh Amn[)
^i 51* Ah m_aoh^i foa[l( ]igjl_h^_h
n[g\ch fim [hcg[f_m ko_ lhal[h ^_ oh Amn[^i
[ inli s [ko_ffim ]osi b\cn[n]igjl_h^_
gm^_ oh n_llcnilci _mn[^o[f 30(
@_ []o_l^i
]ih _mn_]ih]_jni(
mih l_]olmim h[nol[f_m ]igj[lnc^im
f[ [ngm`_l[
%^ih^_ m_ wogjf_ f[ *_p[jil[]ch(
nl[hmjcl[]ch s jl_]cjcn[]ch hp_[ s ffopcim[ ^_f
[ao[&( fim him s ^_ g[m ]olmim ^_ [ao[ chn_l_mn[^o[f_m( f[m [ao[m mo\n_llh_[m ko_
Eao[fg_hn_ m_[h nhn_l_mn[^o[f_m 31&fim f[aim ^_ cao[f_m ][l[]n_lmnc][m( fim s[]cgc_h)
3.u

>=N>ANEO(
Fofci =*( A`d cVTfcd`d _RefcR]Vd''' %]cn*(jm* -01 s -1+-22* IKU=JK =gf][l !Af
nl[mj[mi ***!( ]cn*(jm* 3./ s 3.1( hin[ 3*
$
(
* 51 Qllih( =f\_ln A*( !EhO_[l]b i` [h Ehn_al[nchaLlch]cjc_ `il Ehn_l_mn[n_
S[n_l H[q6 N_aof[)
hih [m nb_ I[le_n Lf[]_!( CRefcR] GVd`fcTVd@`fc_R]& CG@%
pif* .1( hli* 0( Qhcp_lmcns
O]biif i`
H[q( J_q I_rc]i
-541( j* 541* PA?H=BB(Ho^qce =*( !Osgjimcog **(!( ]cn*( jm* 42/+--01*
D=J@H(Chnb_l7 !>ch[ncih[f Qm_min Pl[hm\ioh^[ls
=cl N_miol]_m! s AQ>=JGAO(H[lls O* ) IQ)
HHAN(Ic]b[_f F*( !=h A]ihigc] =h[fsmcmi` Kef[big[$m Kcf[h^ C[m Bil]_^ Liifcha H[q!( CRefcR]
GVd`fcTVd @`fc_R] & CG@%
pif* .2( hli* /( Qhcp_lmcns
O]biif in H[q( J_q I_rc]i(
-542( jm*
0,1+025 s 025 [ 05/* @o I=NO( ?b[lf_m P*( !J_q ?b[ff_ha_m ni S_mn_lh S[n_l H[q!( CRefcR]
N_miol]_m @`fc_R] & CG@%pif* .5( hli* .( Qhcp_lmcns
O]biif in H[q J_q I_rc]i
-545 jm
/.3+2.1*
$
!
*
(30 >=N>ANEO(
Fofci =*( A`d cVTfcd`d _RefcR]Vd''' %]cn*([^_gm ^_ nl[n[l fim lim %jm*-1+10&(
gch_l[f_m %jm*11+32&( `[oh[ s `fil[ %jm*33+--.&( [ngm`_l[ %jm*--/ [ -0.&( b[]_ oh [hfcmcm
a6h_l[f ^_ fim l_]olmim h[nol[f_m ]igj[lnc^im
%^_jO*-0/+-21&* OASAHH(S* @_llc]e( !QO ?[h[)
^[ Pl[hm\ioh^[ls
N_miol]_m Emmo_m!(
CRe{cR]GVd`fcTVd@`fc_R]& CG@%
pif* .2( hli* .( Qhcp_lmcns
i` J_q I_rc]i O]biif i` H[q( -542( jm* .,-+0-.*
ollih( =f\_ln A* ) I? DQCD(L[of( !Kh [h
nhmncnoncih[f=ll[(wa_g_hn `il @_p_fijcha Kcf [h^ C[m ch nb_ Cof` in I_rc]i!(
]ig_hn[^i
jil
GQA@HfG(
SEEE
N*( QOIrc]i Pl[hm\ioh^[ls
N_miol]_m fmmo_m!(pif* .2( hli* 0( Qhcp_lmcns
i` J_q
Irc]i O]biif i` H[q( -542( jm* 215+5-3( _h `[pil ^_ f[ n_mcm
^_ >[l\_lcm s _h ]ihnl[ ^_ Kp}'
e_fs* NK@CANOE*
) ollih( =f\_ln A*( !Pb_ Ern[j[ @l[`n=al__g_hn N_f[nchani nb_ Qm_i`Pl[hm\ioh)
^[ls Cliqh^q[n_lm!( CRefcR] N_miol]_m @`fc_R]& CG?%pif* .1( hli* 0( Qhcp_lmcns
i` J_q I_rc]i
O]biif i` H[q( -541( j* 3-/*
31 J=?EKJAOQJE@=O(
!H[m [ao[m mo\n_llh_[m _h _f b_gcm`_lci i]]c^_hn[f!( N_]olmim CRef&
TR]Vd%
O_h_ ^_f =ao[( hli* 0( J[]cih_m Qhc^[m( Jo_p[ Uile( -533( jm* -+/34* J=?EKJAOQJE@=O(
=fg[]_h[gc_hni
s l_][la[
[lnc`c]c[f ^_ [ao[m mo\n_llh_[m!( GVTfcd`d CRefcR]Vd%O_lc_ ^_f

=ao[( hli* .( J[]cih_m Qhc^[m( Jo_p[ Uile( -533( jm* -+/,2* J=?EKJAOQJE@=O(
!Ar[g_h ^_f
Llial[g[
^_ QJ ^_ _rjfil[]ch s [jlip_]b[gc_hni
^_ f[m [ao[m mo\n_llh_[m_h fim j[m_m_h
^_m[lliffi!( GVTfcd`d CRefcR]Vd%O_lc_^_f =ao[( hli* 3( J[]cih_m Qhc^[m(Jo_p[ Uile( -535( jm*
-+43 *>=N>ANEO(
Fofci =*( !Af lacg_h ^_ f[m [ao[m mo\n_llh_[mm_ah_f ^_l_]bi chn_lh[]cih[f!(
Amno^ciH_acmf[ncpihli* 0,( B=K( Nig[( -542* RE@=H(
Fila_fch[( !Af [ao[( [f ]_hnli ^_f ^_\[n_!(
^c[lci 9]R__4 m_]]* Nol[f( >o_him =cl_m(-,+2+.,,2(
j* -1( [h[fct[ _f mcmn_g[b^lc]i mo\n_llh_i
^_f []o`_li Co[l[h ko_ ]igj[ln_h
f[ =la_hnch[ %-4(5#&( >l[mcf %3,(.#&( Qloao[s %0(5#&s L[l[ **
ao[s %2#&(s ko_ _h f[ =la_hnch[ ]ill_mjih^_
[f ^igchci ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m ^_ >o_him =fl e ?l^i)
\[( O[hn[ B_(O[hnc[ai ^_f Amn_li(O[fn[( Fodos(Bilgim[( ?b[]i( Ahnl_ Nim(]illn hn%fs IE$ E h
E ---- E --

=LKOPEHH=O=H @KIEJEK @A H=O=CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ =NCAJPEJ=

.5

nim ^_ a[m ]igj[lnc^im


_hnl_ Amn[^im( [f cao[f ko_ fim ^_ j_nlf_i( s fim [hcg[f_m ko_
gcal[h( ]osi b\cn[n f_mcgjc^_ n_h_l oh fgcn_ \cifac]i _h _f n_llcnilci ^_ oh Amn[)
^i 32( H[ ][l[]n_lmnc][ `oh^[g_hn[f
^_ fim l_]olmim h[nol[f_m ]igj[lnc^im
_mko_ m_
_h]o_hnl[h \[di f[ dolcm^c]]ch_r]fomcp[ ^_f Amn[^i _h ]osi n_llcnilci m__h]o_hnl[h*
Am]ihp_hc_hn_ mo\l[s[l _mn[ c^_[( jo_m b[s Amn[^im ko_ l_mcmn_h[]_jn[lf[(
jilko_
chn_ljl_n[h ko_ _f ]ih]_jni
^_l_]olmi
h[nol[f ]igj[lnc^i
cgjfc][ oh[ mo_ln_ ^_ ]ih)
^igchci i ]icgj_lci
33 mi\l_ _f l_]olmi( fi ]o[f _mch_r[]ni +**(
Him l_]olmim h[nol[f_m ]igj[lnc^im
_mnh]ihmncnoc^im jil _f_g_hnim ko_( jil mo
jlijc[
h[nol[f_t[(
hi m_ jo_^_h ^cpc^cl_hnl_ fim Amn[^im g_^c[hn_ f[ ^_g[l][]ch
^_
oh[ fh_[ i fgcn_+*+( Him ko_ b[h mc^i i\d_ni ^_ oh[ l_aof[]ch gmjl_]cm[ $mihfim
lim chn_l_mn[^o[f_m6= j_m[l ^_ mom^c`_l_h]c[m( f[m hilg[m dol^c][m jlch]cj[f_m [ _m)
nim l_]olmim mih mcgcf[l_m( fim ko_ _h f[ l_m* /-.5
%TTREEE&
^_ f[ =m[g\f_[
C_h_l[f ^_
J[]cih_m Qhc^[m m_ fim ^_higch[
!mb[l_^ l_miol]_m! s bis mih gincpi ^_ g[l][^im
]ih`fc]nim +*,( U[ m_]ig_hn ko_ _f li =no_f _m]igj[lnc^i
_hnl_ I_h^it[
s H[ L[g)
54 SENJEA(L[n( !Pb_ Ehn_lh[ncih[f H[q i` Ical[nils Oj_]c_m!( CRefcR] GVdfcTVd@`fc_R] &CG@%
pif* .5( hli* 0( Qhcp_lmcns
i` J_q I_rc]i O]biif i` H[q( -545( jm* 5,5+--,3*
>=N>ANEO(
Fofci
=*( !@licnm_ni\fca[ncihm ^_m j[sm lcp_l[chm^_m`f_op_mfhn_lh[ncih[or!( 7TRUwc_ZVUV DcRZe?_eVc&
_ReZ`_R]UV +(*[>RXfV% ?_hnl_( I[lnchom Jcdbi`` Lo\fcmb_lm(@il^l_]bn( >imnih( Hih^ih( -55-( j*
.-( oh _d_gjfi _m f[ Kla[hct[]ch ^_ f[ jo_mn[ _h p[fil ^_f li C[g\c[ %KIRC&(ko_ [nl[pc_m[
CQch_[($O_h_a[f s C[g\c[( s ^_ f[ ko_ `ilg[l[
j[ln_$ Coch_[ >cmm[o(jilko_ Oom[ao[m mo\n_)
llh_[m[fcg_hn[l[h _f li C[g\c[ mchm_l oh Amn[^i lc\_l_i* ?=JK( Cocff_lgi F*( !Pl_h^m chEh)
f_lh[ncih[f Ahpclihg_hn[f H[q qcnbL[lnc]of[l N_`_l_h]_ ni nb_S_mn_lh D_gcmjb_l_!( 7TRUw^ZV
UV:cRxe?_eVc_ReZ`_R]
UV AR >RXfV% Qhcp_lmcn
@_mJ[ncihm Qhc_m(A"Rgw_ZcUf UcRZeZ_eVc_ReZ`_R]
H@("V_gZcR__V^V_e%?iffiko_( -540( j* 0,/( f[ pch]of[]ch ^_f _f_g_hni i f[ pch]of[]ch ^_*b)
\fn[n j_lgcn_ b[\f[l ^_ l_]olmi ]igj[lnc^i*
55 OVGAHU(
=f\_lni( !Pl[hm\ioh^[ls
N_miol]_m6 = Rc_q Blig I_rc]i!(
CRefcR] GVd`fcTVd
]`f^R]& CG@%
pif* .2( hli* 0( Qhcp_lmcnsi`J_q Irc]i O]biif i`H[q( =f\oko_lko_( J_q I_rc]i(
-542( j* 255( _h _mj_]c[f j* 232*
-,, >=N>ANEO(
Fofci =*( !H[ oncfct[]ch^_ f[m [ao[m **
!( ]cn*(j* 1-( hin[ /0 s -04( Q fim [onil_m
%rnl[hd_lim ko_ ]cn[6RAN@NKOO(
=f`l_^(!$On[[nn_ha_g_chm]b[`nma_\c_n oh^ On[[na_\c_n!( CZV^V&
silm NVZedTYcZWe
W|cZ_eV^Rex`__R]Vd GZTYe-5.3)/3)/,U mm*7
RAN@NKOO
) OEII=( J_ZgVcdV](Vd
K/]\VccVTYe%/W _^* >_lfh( -540( j* 22-7 >=N@KJJAl( @*(!H_m`lihnf_l_m n_ll_mnl_m_n f[ l_f[ncpcn
8- n_ol nl[]!( GVTfVZ]UVd9`fcdVd %-532$R&(n*-*1/( jm* 30(31 U-0/7 ijchch ^_f @_j[ln[g_h)
fi Lifnc]i B_^_l[f Oocti ^_f /,+0+-51/
%-51/( j* .01&* IKU=JK( =gf][l( !Af nl[mj[mi ***!( Y~j(&
j* 3./ s( _h _mj_]c[f( j* 3.1 U hin[ 3*
-,$- Ooji ?iln_ Fomn*I_h^it[(
--+/+.,,1(
Z_cV !Kceim N( I_h^it[
m+[lhj[li jil l_m_lp[ ^_
Efffaoh[ ^_ Q[h][h_fi!6
f[ m_hn_h]c[ i\fca[ [ _mn[\f_]_l oh fgcn_\cifac]i j[l[ f[ l_m_lp[ ^_
f$ffg[ _h f[ f[aoh[ jil _f ^_]*)E_s ^_ I_h^it[
5+-54,( ko_ ^_d[ mo\mcmn_hn_
mfi_h mo[lni +*&
-E-E [h^i _f l_mni jil m_l oh[ hilg[ ^_ oh ai\c_lhi UVeRTe`' H[ mifo]ch[f n_g[ `o_ jlijo_mn[
jKE --EEnH*O=
( N[`[_f( :V^`TcRTZR s GVa{S]ZTR %i\l[ jmnog[&( @_j[fg[( >o_him =cl_m(-541( j*
( %&
f( Em_[f[l ko_ _f m[h_[gc_hni ^_ f[ hilg[ m_jli^o]_ ]o[h^i oh[ f_s ^_f ai\c_lhi UVZfcV%
--,---,
f[ f_s 2,01( b[]_ mosi _f ^_]l_ni)f_s* >EAcHO=(
N[`[_f( !Oi\l_ a[l[hn[m ]ihmncno]cih[)
En-! EEE $-(5 4 **5-)054+1,3(
f[ mo\mcmn_h]c[^_f ^_]l_ni)f_s ^_\_ dota[lm_ mi\l_ f[ l[tih[\f_
----- EEEHf]fif---f%ff^
^ E][mi*
Eh$ GE\bbMe IE%*-c- EP*( ,-+%_ -$(a`c ]` l_]olmim( ^cl_]nil ^_f Bcp_?iff_a_ Llial[lh ch L_[]_
-----SfEff^ !+ khdl& Q----,( -------,--X!% (; ,0( [ohko_ ^_m]lc\_ oh[ n_h^_h]c[ goh^c[f _mnl[n**
EwE$
- ,---- -----&$A EnffE
%-zfi --z Abhb_jr&LKE-z h`f E h E$ihKf]ni ko_ mom]cn[hfim ]igj[lnc^im*
-! wE-$-------f$-)----!!---- ------J! -E

@K?PNEJ=

j[ jil f[ m_hn_h]c[ ^_ f[ ?iln_ Oojl_g[


^_f -)+,)+321 s ko_ _mn[h^i [`_]n[^i
[f lc_)
ai ^_ +-,(0-0 b[m _h I_h^it[(
mfi omim ]ihmohncpim s `onolim ji^l[h
^[l foa[l [
]ihp_hcim ko_ ^cmnlc\os_l[h mom[ao[m* Och _mn[l _h do_ai f[ T`^ZeRdXV_eZf^ ^_f [lni +3&
?J(*^_f ^_l_]bi
^_ [ao[m fi][f i chn_g[]cih[f
jil [h[fia[(
s f[ ch_rcmn_h]c[ ^_ j_ldoc)
]ci m_hmc\f_ chn_l_mn[^o[f( _f ,0)1),**0 oh ]ihp_hci
`clg[^i
_hnl_ f[m ^im jlipch]c[m
s f[ J[]ch f_ b[\l[ ^[^i [ H[ L[gj[
+* gm/ ^_f =no_f( mchgimnl[l ko_ f[m +-,(0-0
b[m g_h^i]ch[m
mih (hn_al[g_hn_ cllca[^[m +*-( =h gm( _f [lni +3 ^_ f[ ?ihmncno)
]ch mfi mclp_ ^_ ]imnog\l_
i jlch]cjcia_h_l[f_h
_f ^_l_]bi
^_ a_hn_m [jfc][\f_
[
oh[ g[n_lc[ l_m_lp[^[
jil f[m jlipch]c[m( ko_ jil [h[fia[
m_ lca_h jil_f
^_l_]bi
ch)
n_lh[]cih[f
j\fc]i(
s _h _f ][mi( hi _rcmn_ `oh^[lh_hni
dol^c]i j[l[
_f ]ihp_hci
+*.(
=f l_mj_]ni( ][\_ []in[l
ko_ _f li =no_f _h H[ L[gj[
`o_ bcmnlc][g_hn_ [\[h^ih[^i
_h mo omi jil f[ ]ifihc[
>on[f( ko_( ^_m^_ >o_him =cl_m( jl_n_h^c ]l_[lm_ _h _f _h)
nih]_m n_llcnilci h[]cih[f
j[lhj_[hi(
a_h_l[h^i
l_mjihm[\cfc^[^
jil igcmch jil f[
^_m_lnc`c][]ch ko_ jlipi]
+*/(

.( J[Ykhiei

gk[ de f[hj[d[Y[d

Wbei =ijWZei

Arcmn_h l_]olmim ko_ j_ln_h_]_h


[ f[ ]igohc^[^
chn_lh[]cih[f(
ko_ hi jim__ j_l)
mih[fc^[^
_h _f ^_l_]bi
^ a_hn_m( i m_[( mih ^_ oh il^_h dol^c]i chn_lh[]cih[f
ko_
hi _mmod_ni* H\m [lnm* f|s /t& Pl[n[^i
mi\l_ Arjfil[]ch
s Arjfin[]ch ^_f Amj[]ci QE)
nl[n_ll_mn_( f[ Hoh[ s inlim ?o_ljim
?_f_mn_m ^_f ,1)+)+301& s fim [lnm* +-0 s +-1&
?ihp_h]ch mi\l_ @_l_]bi ^_f I[l
^_f +*)+,)+32,& [fo^_h [ f[ !bog[hc^[^!(
ko_
hi _m mod_ni ohcp_lm[f +*0( O_ fim _h]o_hnl[
`o_l[ ^_f n_llcnilci ^_ fim Amn[^im s mo omi
s _rjfin[]ch
_mnhl_ac^im jil _f ^_l_]bi
chn_lh[]cih[f*
H[ ]f[mc`c][]ch ^_ fim l_]ol)
mim ko_ [hn_]_^_
hi cgjiln[
f[ ^_lia[]ch
^_ fim \c_h_m j\fc]im s jlcp[^im ko_ l_)
]ihi]_
_f ^_l_]bi
chn_lhi( s[ m_[h mnim ^_ fim j[lnc]of[l_m
i ^_ fim Amn[^im* H[ ]f[)
mc`c][]ch ^_ fim l_]olmim n[gji]i
mclp_ j[l[
]ihp[fc^[l
]ih]_jno[fct[]cih_m
hi
dol^c][m( ]igi
fi b[]_ f[ f_s a_h_l[f ^_f [g\c_hn_ ,/(01/ _h mo [lni ,1& ]o[h^i
[fo)
(

][h[fct[]ch j[l[* _f =no_f!( ^c[lci "AR 7cV_R% H[ L[gj[(


O[hn[ Nim[(
.3+3+.,,2(
j* --( = f[ `[fn[ ^_ dol]c^[^ ^_f ]ihp_hci ^_ g_h]ch( m_mog[ _f b_]bi ^_ ko_(
j[l[ I_h^it[(
_f [lni /|( ?ihmncno]chjlipch]c[f ^_ -5-2( i\fca[ [f Ad_]oncpi [ oh[ [jli\[]ch
f_acmf[ncp[_mj_]c[f( ]ih fim ^im n_l]cim ^_ gc_g\lim ko_ ]igjih_h
][^[ ?g[l[*
*)?_ cV !H[ L[gj[
p* I_h^it[
m+[]]ch jim_milc[ ^_ [ao[m s l_aof[]ch ^_ omim ^_f li
=no_f!( /+-.+-543(
B[ffim /-,)/6.053(
m_[f[ ko_ nl[nh^im_ ^_ oh[ g[n_lc[ l_m_lp[^[ jil f[m
jlipch]c[m [f ^_f_a[l ji^_l_m [ f[ J[]ch _h f[ ?ihmncno]ch(m_[jfc][ _h f[ l_f[]ch _hnl_ Amn[)
^im gc_g\lim _f ^_l_]bi chn_g[]cih[f j\fc]i jil [h[fia[*(
+*/ IKU=JK( 9c~~YWh&
!H[ _p_hno[f l_mjihm[\cfc^[^ ^_ f*[*L[lhj[
jil oh ^[i [g\c_hn[f!(
^c[lci BV_U`kR% I_h^it[(
.4+5+-54/( j* 2( _h ko_ ]ich]c^_ ]ih fim ]ih]_jnim)^_
@oLQU(Lc_)
ll_( AR cVda`_dRSZ]ZURUZ_eVc_RTZ`_R]UV ]`d ;deRU`d a`c ]`d URy`d TRfdRU`d a`c f[ T`_eR^Z_R&
TZz_ ecR_dWc`_eVcZkR%
K?@A( L[lm( -533( jm* /4, s /4-* IKU=JK( =gf][l( !Him b_]bim ko_ m_
pcmfog\l[h ^_mjom ^_ f[)?og\l_
^_ f[ Pc_ll[!( ;UZf^ l_pcmn[^_ f[ Qhcp_lmc^[^ ^_ I_h^it[(
I_h^it[(
-55-}-550(
hlim* ]:**, %j* ../( ]ich]c^_ ]ih fim jimnof[^im ^_ Ni)5. _h ko_ _f
[g\c_hn_ m_jlin_a_ _pcn[h^i f[ ^_m_lnc`c][]ch*
+*0 >=N>ANEO(
Fofci =*( A`d df[Ve`d ''' %]cn*(j* /06 !_f il^_h[gc_hni
dol^c]i ohcp_lm[f _mn
]ilh)
jo_mni jil _f ^_l_]bi ^_ a_hn_ms jil fim l^_h_mdol^c]im ^_ fim ^cp_lmimmod_nimfhn lh[]cih[)
f_m*Bo_l[ ^_ _mniml^_h_mhi _rcmn_hinl[m hilg[m dol^c][m!(

=LKOPEHH=O=H @KIEJEK @A H=O =CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ =NCAJPEJ=

#!

^_ [ !fim \c_h_m i p[fil_m ]if_]ncpim! +*1( Oih _d_gjfim ^_ l_]olmim ko_ j_ln_h_]_h
[
f[ ]igohc^[^6
f[ Hoh[ jil _f [lni 0|( nl[n[^i
^_f +2)+,)+313&s fim `ih^im g[lchim jil
_f [lni +-1&?ihp_h]ch ^_ @_l_]bi ^_f I[l
^_f +*)+,)+32,( Af l_]olmi ]igi
j[nlc)
gihci ]igh
^_ f[ bog[hc^[^
l_mjih^_
[f chn_lm ^_ mn[ +*2(

/( J[Ykhiei

gk[ Z[X[d f[hj[d[Y[h WbWifhel_dY_Widk[lWi

@_mjom ^_ ch]iljil[^[*>o_him
=cl_m [ f[ `_^_l[]ch( _f ?ihal_mi ^_ f[ ]co^[^ bilh)
hcg[ ^c]n f[ f_s ,2 ^_f +-)+*)+20,&_mncjof[h^i _h mo [lni +t ko_ !ni^im fim n_llcnilcim
_rcmn_hn_m`o_l[ ^_ fim fgcn_m jim_mcih_m ^_ f[m #+.$ jlipch]c[m( mih h[]cih[f_m( [oh)
ko_ bo\c_m_h mc^i _h[d_h[^im
jil fim ai\c_gim
jlipch]c[f_m ^_m^_ _f +*)/)+2/-! +*3(
Och _g\[lai(
s[ m_ jli\ ko_ _f feZa`ddZUVeZd
jlin_a[ [ f[ chn_alc^[^ ^_ fim Amn[^im
gc_g\lim ]ih momfgcn_m]ifihc[f_m s [ohko_ hi _mnopc_m_hi]oj[^im*
Affi b[][ chnl[m)
]_h^_hn_ _f [lni 01&ch]* +. ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch^_ +2/-'+20*& _h ]o[hni mojih[ ko_ ji)
^`[h _rcmncln_llcnilcim `o_l[ ^_f fgcn_ ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m s ko_ [ j[lncl ^_ +33. ]ihnch[
[gi [lni 1/&ch]* +/( P[gji]i
jo_^_ j_hm[lm_ pfc^[g_hn_ ko_ _f P_mili h[]cih[f `o_m_
jli^o]ni
^_ f[ p_hn[ i fi][]ch ^_ nc_ll[m ^_ jlijc_^[^
h[]cih[f(
m_ah _f [lni .t& ?ihmnc)
fo]ch( jilko_ mcgjf_g_hn_ _ff[m j_ln_h_][h [ f[m ][nil]_
jlipch]c[m jl__rcmn_hn_m* Lil
n - gincpi( ]o[h^i
f[ J[]ch _lca_ fim n_llcnilcim h[]cih[f_m _h ho_p[m jlipch]c[m( mih)fim
[n[l__ Amn[^im gc_g\lim
jl__rcmn_hn_m [ f[ J[]ch fim ko_ jil oh[ ]imnog\l_
]ihmncno)
fih[f acRVeVc
]VXV^ %]imnog\l_ ]l_[^[ jil igcmch ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch&(f[m [^gcn_h ]ih
E`o[f c^_hnc^[^ _ chn_alc^[^ dol^c][( [ j_m[l ^_ f[ igcmch ^_ f[ J[]ch ^_ jl_m]ch^cl ^_ f[
nfjof[]ch ^_f [lni +- ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch* P[gji]i
m_ [jfc] _f [lni 01&ch]( ,1 ^_ f[
?ihmncno]ch ^_ +2/-'+20* ko_ _rca[ f[ ]igjl[
i f[ ]_mch ^_ fim ][nil]_
Amn[^im
gfilh\lim
++*&ko_ _f [lni 1/& ch]* -+ ^_ f[ l_`ilg[
^_ +33. gi^c`c]( [f m_[f[l ko_ _f
? hal_mi ^c]n[l f[ f_s !j[l[
]ogjfcl ]ih _f `ch _mj_]`c]i ^_f _mn[\f_]cgc_hni ^_ oncfc^[^
Ech]fih[f _h _f n_llcnilci ^_ f[ l_j\fc][!(
_h n[hni !f[m jlipch]c[m s gohc]cjcim ]ihm_lp[lh
Ezbji^_l_m ^_ jifc][ _ cgjimc]ch mi\l_ _mnim _mn[\f_]cgc_hnim( _h n[hni hi chn_l`c_l[h
z-- - ]ogjfcgc_hni
^_ [ko_ffim `ch_m! +++(

+*-& !Ll_m_hn[lih

- %El IKU=JK( =gf][l( !H_s C_h_l[f ^_f =g\c_hn_* = jlijmcni ^_ mochp[fc^_t i ^_ mo[]_jn[)
ExEE- EE][]ch!(N@=g\*$.,,1).-/
s( _h _mj_]c[f( j* ..56 !hi _rcmn_h\c_h_m i p[fil_m ]igoh_m
----%- ^_l_]bi jimcncpi [la_hnchi!( IKU=JK( =lhf][l( !H_s J[]cih[f ^_f =g\c_hn_ .1*2316 ]ihd_)
---- E i\l_ mop[fc^_t!( HHCl[h Cosi .,,2)03.(
hli* 0( [i --*
j K> >=N>KV=( Fofci( :VcVTY` Z_eVc_RTZ`_R]a{S]ZT`% V[p[f[( >o_him =cl_m( .,,/(
jm*
---- -+--23( _fcgch[ _f l_]olmi ]igi
!]im[ ^_ h[^c_! ko_ ko_^[ mod_ni[ ![jlijc[]ch
jlcp[^[ i
--------( !*
-,& )* _mni ;UZRcUV ]R AVXZd]RTZz_
7cXV_eZ_R%
A^c[l( >o_him =cl_m(-51.( j* ---*
E-%& b_FG&Cocff_lgi F*( !=fn_lh[ncp[m chmncno]cih[f_ml_]ig_h^[^[m
j[l[ _f ^_m[lliffi ^_ f[ l_)
-+--$--[b - ilh[bo_!( _h 9`]VTTZz_ UV VdefUZ`d[fcxUZT`d&a`]xeZT`dd`ScV ]`d cVTfcd`d _RefcR]Vd s V]
lfffE+x`x
fcn **]?^ _`% Eh]snb( Eh_f[( I_h^it[
-532( n* ---(pif* --( j* 4D( mimnc_h_ko_ _f ]ihm_hnc)
-EEEnofni
%- - K -2-- l_koc_l_ ^_ f_s _mj_]c[f ^_ f[ jlipch]c[ jil gi^c`c][l f[dolfm^c]]ch n_llcnilc[f
------+---- E%&
gc g_li* N=IAHH=( L[\fi =*( AR VdecfTefcR''' %]cn*( j* -/.6 !j[l[
f[ (?ihmncnf6f]ch
_h
-E ---+* $-$XU 5% Eh *-0 ^ -41 (-42,( s j[l[ _f ?ihal_mi W***Y`o_ f_nl[ go_ln[ fi l_f[ncpi [ f[
- -- hc -- --Eb -X$ ---- R $ jlipfh (-- !(
E- E IEEEQE
JEEKEE
(If`fo E *( ----+--+, U` ##m TY` ''' %]fn*( n* -( j* 1-0* >E@=NP
?=ILKO( C_lgh
-( IEE+EE+
++
( %--*-*-( j*-E- &U -*---( E &`vl( j*
s* HfJ=NAOMQEJP=J=(O_aoh^i R*( ;] ai)

--, E-$-&^ f! -!$------------------F! ---

#"

@K?PNEJ=
Him j[lko_m

^_ fim i\d_nim

h[]cih[f_m
h[nol[f_m

s `onol[!

++,( Ah a_h_l[f(

^_mjom

^_ -42.(

ll_ch[ni

_l[

f[m* jlipch]c[m
f[m ][nil]_
h[^i

jil

Af N_s ^_ -504

^_ !]ihm_lp[]ch
n_llcnilcim
ho_p[m* Lil

jl_m_hn_

b[\[

l_]ihi]c^i

_ff[m ++-( Lil

_h^_(

fim j[lko_m

^_f

f[ ]_mch

ko_ f[ nin[fc^[^

^_f Rc)

s l_m_lp[m _h

n_llcnilci jlipch]c[f(
jil _f l_]ihi]cgc_hni
^_
jl__rcmn_hn_m ++.( Af*jlcg_l j[lko_
`o_ _f J[]cih[f
^_f Oo^( ^i)

chn_al[h

H( Iil_hi
?[fcf_ao[
_h O[fn[(

mo ho_pi

_h -5,/(

]l_[^i

m_ ]l_ _h -535
Bl[h]cm]i

H(

]igi

J[bo_f

Do[jc

_h Fodos( Lcf]ilh[si

Iil_hi

^_(-5/3

_h c5/0(
^_ -51-

_h O[hn[

?lot(

^_ J_o)
^_(

\c_lhi ^_ fim n_llcnilcim h[]cih[f_m(


B[]ofn[^ ^_$?c_h]c[m Oi]c[f_m ^_ f[ Qhcp_lmc^[^ ^_ >o_him
=cl_m(>o_him =cl_m( -50-( j* -37 :VcVTY` a{S]ZT` UV ]`d eVccZe`cZ`d
_RTZ`_R]Vd%
RcXV_eZ_`s ]ig)
aRcRU`%B[]ofn[^ ^_ ?c_h]c[m Oi]c[f_m ^_ f[ Qhcp_lmc^[^ ^_ >o_him =cl_m( >o_him =cl_m( -5/37
9`_T`cUR_TZRd UV] ac`jVTe` UV ]Vj `cXv_ZTR UV ]`d eVccZe`cZ`d
_RTZ`_R]Vd%B[]ofn[^ ^_ ?c_h]c[m
Oi]c[f_m ^_ f[ Qhcp_lmc^[^ ^_ >o_him =cl_m( >o_him =cl_m( -5027 =`SZVc_` s RU^Z_ZdecRTZz_
UV
]R GVa{S]ZTR7cXV_eZ_R%
n* --( PA=( >o_him =cl_m( -515( j* -/1* >E@AC=EJ(?[lfim I*( 9fRUVc_`d
UV] Tfcd` UVUVcVTY` T`_deZefTZ`_R]%n* ---( =\_f_^i)L_llin(
>o_him =cl_m( -542!M* /1* Ah a_h_)
l[f( fim [onil_m m_ i]oj[h
^_ fim n_llcnilcim h[]cih[f_m mojihc_h^i
ko_ _ffim n_h[h _rcmn_h]c[
`o_l[ ^_ fim fgcn_m^_ f[m ][nil]_
jlipch]c[m jl__rcmn_hn_m* Ah ]ihnl[ ^_ _m[ bcjn_mcm(
_f ?ih)
al_mi ^_ L[l[h l_]ihi]c ko_ _mim n_llcnilcim hi _rcmn[h([f l_]ihi]_l
[ f[m ][nil]_
?ihmncno)
]cih_m jlipch]c[f_m jl__rcmn_hn_m ]ih momfgcn_m([oh ]o[h^i
_mnopc_m_hmoj_ljo_mnim*
++, ANEVA(Bl[h]cm]i( !Af ]ih]_jni
^_ j[lko_
h[]cih[f
_h _f goh^i!(
l_p* ImU` _m YZde`cZR%
hli* 0.3* >o_him =cl_m*`_\l_li
.,,/*
j* 4* Af [lni -|( f_s ..*/1-*
_mncjof[ ko_ f[ J[]ch ji^l
^_]f[l[l
jil f_s [f !j[lko_!*
!gihog_hni
h[nol[f! i !l_m_lp[! [ f[m l_[m ^_f n_llcnilci ^_ f[ l_)
j\fc][ jil mo _rnl[il^ch[lc[
\_ff_t[* lcko_t[ _h `fil[ s `[oh[ WkjYjedWi chn_lm]c_hn`c]i ^_)
n_lgch[^i(
ko_ ^_\[h m_l jlin_ac^[m s ]ihm_lp[^[m
j[l[
chp_mnca[]cih_m]c_hn`c][m* _^o][]ch
s ai]_ ^_ f[m jl_m_hn_m s `onol[m a_h_l[]cih_m( ]ih [domn_[ fim l_kocmcnim^_ m_aolc^[^ h[]cih[f*
**,
:ZXVde` ;UZRcUV ]R AVXZd]RTZz_
7cXV_eZ_R'A^c[l( >o_him =cl_m( -51.( f_s_m^_f ?ihal_mi
^_ L[l[h [jli\[hki
f[m ?ihmncno]cih_m ^_ f[m ][nil]_
jlipch]c[m jl__rcmn_hn_m6-& /2 ^w I_h)
^it[ ^_f ..+4+-4117 .& /3 ^_ H[ Ncid[ ^_f .3+4+-4117 /& /5 ^_ O[h Hocm^_f .5+4+-4117 0& 0,
^_ ?[n[lh[l][
^_f .5+4+-4117 1& 01 ^_ O[fn[ ^_f -0+5+-4117 2& 02 ^_ ?l^i\[ ^_f -5+5+-4117
3& 1- ^_ Fodos ^_f .1+5+-4117 4&(32 ^_ O[hn[ B_ ^_f 0+4+-4127 5& 42 ^_ O[hnc[ai ^_f Amn_li
^_f .,+4+-4127
-,& 43 ^_ Po]ogh ^_f 2+5+-4127 ++$45 ^_ O[h Fo[h ^_f -/+5+-4127 -.& 31
^_ ?illc_hn_m ^_f .1+5+-4127 -/& ..5 ^_ Ahnl_ Nim ^_f .5+.+-42,7
s -0& >o_him =cl_m* ko_*
^_mjom ^_ f[ ?ihp_h]ch ?ihmncnos_hn_ ^_ -42,* hi h_]_mcn[jli\[]ch
jil f_s( mc_h^i mo`c)
]c_hn_ f[ mom]lcj]ch ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]chJ[]cih[f*
=H>AN@E(
Fo[h > *;iR^V_ UV ]R 9`_deZefTZz_
ac`gZ_TZR]UV 8fV_`d 7ZcVddR_TZ`_RURV] ++).)+2/.& R[f j[l[mi( -410( jm( -+41* mimnc_h_ko_
pcif[ _f j[]ni
`_^_l[f ^_ -4/s ko_ m_ [llia[
f[m `oh]cih_m ko_ nc_h_ f[ J[]ch _h f[ ?ih`_^_)
l[]ch* P=JVE*D]nil ] '} !H[ ?ihmncno]ch^_f Amn[^i ^_ >o_him =cl_m^_ -410!( GVgZd"eR
@fcxUZTR
UV HR_ ?dZUc`'hli* 3( ?if_aci ^_ =\ia[^im
^_ O[h Emc^li* >o_him =cl_m* -530( jm* --3+-/.*
o
_h j* -.5 mo Whje .| _mn[\f_]_ oh fgcn_n_llcnilc[f ko_ m_ moj_ljih_*
_hnl_ inlim( ]ih fim ^_ f[
?ihmncno]ch^_ I_h^it[
^_ -411*

++. >E@=NP
?=ILKO* C_lgh F*BR_fR] '''} ]cn*( j( +& jm( 005 Q 01,* _h _mj_]c[f jll* .2* _mn[
chn_alc^[^ ko_ nc_h_ ][^[
oh[ ^_ f[m p_hncnlmjlipch]c[m( ]igjl_h^_
n[hni _f ^igchci iigi
f[
dolcm^c]]ch*mi\l_ mo n_llcnilci* Ah _f Pn*REEE
^_f n_rni m_^_n[ff[h f[m ^_f_a[]filo
*

$$$$-$

/B" ;9BJA$

^_ -55-

_h ?l^i\[(

_h ?b[]i(

^_ -552

Him =f_l]_m

^_ .,,.

l[h

O[hn[

^_ -55,

_h >o_Mim

J[]ch

]o_hn[

s [m_hn[^[m

]ih

_f [lni .|*

^_ -550

f[m jlipch]c[m
^igchci
]o_hn[

ho_p[m(

J[nol[f

j\fc]i
w_h

[faohim

fim g_hn[^im

fim [lnm* /|
23* ch]* .3*

s -/

31* ch]* /-

^_ _pcn[l ko_ m_[h f[m jlipch]c[m

^_ [ao[

??cp*( j_ln_h_]_h

cjnf][]fh

[f ^igchci

^_ fim [lnm* -.-

Efff]i ko_ m_ l_]ihi]_

s _h _f ][mi

jil

s -.0

j\fc]i

j[lko_m

h[p_a[\f_m*

[jlircg[^[)

]igi
s jil

^_ f[m jlipch]c[m

h[nol[)

[f ^igchci

n_llc)

s ko_ f[ jl_)
-3(

?J(

_h x![ ?ihmncno]ch
_h -550*

mo jlijci

[ f[m ][nil]_
_f J[bo_f

^_
Amn_

n_llcnilci(

Do[jc

mih _hn_)

s ./0,(

_h ko_ m_ _h]o_hnl_h*

igcmch ^_ f[ ?ihmncnowch J[]cih[f(

l_)

jl__rcmn_hn_m

fim [lnm* .//5

Z_WZ_V%
?J* Lil _h^_( _mn_ [mj_]ni

_f

mcm_ nc_h_ _h

^_f [lni

_hgc_h^[m

^_

ko_ ]_^_h

h[]cih[f_m

f[m ko_ [`_]n[h

^_f feZa`ddZUVeZd4
ko_ _m ^_ [jfc][]ch

f[m ho_p_ ho_p[m* O_ _rjfc] ko_ [faohim

+$*(

]ih

_h

[ fim n_llcnilcim

_rjlijc[]ch

mch gi^c`c][]cih_m

[]no[f

^_ -510

gihog_hnim

]o_mncih[\f_7

n_llcnilcim
jil

>_h)

hi _m fcgcn[ncp[* Dis( f[

_rcmn_h ]ihp_hcim

[i

H[ai

?ifihc[

L_nlc`c][^im

moj_ljihch^im_

Af jli]_^cgc_hni

H_h
_h O[h

_h Fodos( Kn[g_h)

fi ko_ m_ chn_al[h

][mimw

[ fim Amn[^im gc_g\lim

s _f [lni

]o_ljim

>imko_m

jil

^_ f[ J[]ch(

hi nopi hoh][
jil

[f jlch]cjci

_h Bilgim[(

H[ _hoh]c[]ch

h[]cih[f(

^_ -510
Iihn_

_h J_okoh*

^_ -54-

f[m nc_ll[m `cm][f_m ++/ _h j[lko_m(

[ohko_

ko_ f[ J[]ch

E g_hn_

^_ -524

^_ fim Lito_fim

^_

Ahnl_ f[m l_m_lp[m `cao)

^_ f[m jlipch]c[m*

ofn[ ]ih^c]cih[^[

^_ -53-

_h

_h H[ Nci)

^_ .,,.

b[m( _h nl_chn[ s nl_m l_[m jlin_ac^[m*

_ cgjl_m]lcjnc\f

jli]_^cgc_hni(

Af H*_ih]cni

_h n_llcnilci

n_hmch^_ ^_mg_g\l[l

pofh_l[

?lot*

_h J_okoh(

_h H[ L[gj[*

_h O[h Fo[h*

s dolcm^c]]ch [ f[ J[]ch*

-*41/)-42,(

^_ -553

/*2,,*1,,

f_s ..*/1-*

ch[fc_h[\f_

H[aoh[

^_ -55/

Him Cf[]c[l_m

_h Ahnl_ Nim( ?b[]i

Him =ll[s[h_m
.,,/

=cl_m( Iihog_hni

f_ms l_m_lp[m mih ^_f ^ighi


nilc[f

^_ O[hn[

_h O[h Fo[h(

J[nol[f

s Af H_ih]cni

g_hn_(

n_llcnilc[f

?iji

?lot*

P[f[lhj[s[

H[hh ^_ -5/3

_h Icmcih_m7 Bilgim[

#"

_h O[hn[

Ll_ @_fn[ ^_ -55.

_h ?bo\on(

##

=NCAJPEJ=

_h Icmcih_m*

^_ -5/3

_h ?illc_hn_m*

Hcbo_f ?[f_f(^_

Iihog_hni

?lot

Lil

^_ -554

_h ?bo\on(

O[h =hnihci
!

n_t _h)?b[]i(

_h O[fn[(

^_f g[l

Fo[h* O[h Cocff_llhi


^_ -53-

^_ .,,.

^_ -5/3

_h f[ ]imn[

^_ -5/0

^_f ?ih^ilcni

I\olo][s

d[( Him ?il^ih_m

Lo_fi

Hocm( fao[t

_h O[h

^_f Amn_li* Mo_\l[^[

^c w_ -55,

_h Bilgi)
Oc_ll[

f[m Mocd[^[m
O[hnc[ai
-552

h[]cih[f_m(
[jfc][]ch

jl__rcmn_hn_m koc_h_m []_jn[lih

[ ko_ f[ J[]ch
jil

^_f j[cm[d_(

f[ a_h_l[]ch

_h fim ^_higch[^im

jlipch]c[m

hn_al[g_hn_

jlipch]c[m
Bl[h]cm]i

koh s Ni J_ali*

m[(

[n_h^c_h^i

ho_p[m

`ilg[

fi ko_ bis mih f[m jlipch]c[m

f[m ][nil]_

i]oj[^i

]igi

m_ [m_hn[lih

i]oj[h^i

feZa`ddxUVeZd`o_lih
^_ momn_llcnilcim(

m_ [^ijn[lih

_ bcmnlc]im s ^_ f[ pc^[ mcfp_mnl_j[l[

=LKOPEHH=O =H @KIEJEK @A H=O =CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ

^_f ^_l_]bi

[f ^c]n[^i

ch]*
jil

j)

^_f ?^cai

-6- 1 ?=P=H=Ji( A^goh^i


B*( IV`cxR XV_VcR]UV ]`d cVTfcd`d _RefcR]Vd%R* L* ^_ V[p[f[* >o_him
EEflm(-533* j* 2,* !f[ ?ihmncno]chJ[]cih[f
b[ mc^i ]_fim[ _h _f l_mj_ni [ f[m [onihig[m jli)
pch]c[f_m s _h _f l_]ihi]cgc_hni
^_ f[ _rcmn_h]c[ jifnc][ ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m* Ah g[n_lc[ ^_ nc_ll[m
fcf_ f_m*jil _d_gjfi* hi bo\c_l[ mc^i ]ib_l_hn_ ]ihmcai gcmg[ mc*^_mjom ^_ b[\_l l_]ihi]c^i
E- jl _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m( jl_n_h^c_l[ f_acmf[l mi\l_ _ff[m* Amni bo\c_l[ mcahc`c][^i$ oh[
gilg[
^_f ^igchci* s[ ko_ _f ko_ jim__ f[ dolcm^c]]chf_acmf[ncp[_h `ilg[
cll_mnlc]n[( _h ^_`chc)
EEREE(
jim__ _f ^igchci( jo_m [f `cd[l mo lacg_h jo_^_ ^cmjih_l fc\l_g_hn_ ^_ f* Hi _rjl_m[^i
E- fWf ]ni ^_ f[m nc_ll[m `cm][f_m _m[jfc][\f_
[ fim l_]olmim b^lc]im( ko_ n[g\ch `ilg[h
j[ln_ ^_f
E-Effnilfi jlipch]c[f!
%^__mn_[hfcmcm
m_^_lcp[ ko_ f[ gcmg[ ?ihmncno]chJ[]cih[f
a_h_l[ oh[
!gon ifh ]ih nfno]cih[f jil momnl[]]ch!* l_mj_]ni ^_ fim jl_mohnim n_llcnilcim h[]cih[f_m ^_
Effff --n (+U*U31* fh]( -1 ^_ f[ gc g[ ?J7 s ko_ f[m nc_ll[m s[ao[m ^_ f[m ][nil]_
jlipch]c[m jl__)
- nc Effl %(%- lfp h _f Ehji imfh Ehn_al[ E^_f pfll_ch[ni(
ko_ m_mo]_^_ _h _ff[m7 s ko_ f[m nc_ll[m
o Ej(ff- %-- --$ ho p%jlipfh Eh$7
-XX- p[m ^ilfp[h
^_ f[ jim_mchl_]ihi]c^[
jil f[m ][nil]_
jlcg_)
- - ( Q EEdnffE- JE EEE
------, E E-ERE&
$fhWfhf nl b llfnilf[f( [ j_m[l ^_ f[m p[m^_ b_]bi ch^cl_]n[m ko_
EE-- f$-----,--EDE EEEEE
EKff^ffffc ---- &

++

l_ +"+++

+++++++++++++++++++++++++"++
lf

+++

#$

@K?PNEJ=

?cpcfjil_r]_j]ch(
hi jo_^_ ko_^[l fc\l[^i [ f[ ]igj_n_h]c[
^_f ?ihal_mi+mchi Wb
^_l_]bi j\fc]i jlipch]c[f ]ihm_lp[^ @0(&
Af ?^cai Nol[f j[l[ fim ^_higch[^im n_llcnilcim h[]cih[f_m m_^c]nch]ihmncno]ci)
h[fg_hn_%_h ]ihnl[ ^_ fi ^cmjo_mni _h fim [lnm* /|(-/(-3
U 23( cb]* .3( _J&( j[l[
l_acl mi\l_ f[m ][nil]_ jlpch]cmjl__rmnhc_m[ f[ J[]ch( jil f_s ^_f ?ihal_mi /,44
^_ -450( s mfim_i]oj ^_f [ao[ _h cllca[]ch_h fim [lnm* -0 s$.-0 [ ./1* @c]bi ])
^cai( ^ol[hn_ mojl_n_h^c^[ pca_h]c[( $hi nopi _rcmn_h]c[dol^c][(s[ ko_ [ n_hil ^_ f[
jl]nc][ ^_f ^_l_]bi [^gchcmnl[ncpi h[]cih[f( ko_ fo_ai [^ijn _f[ln( 5|( HAcs^_ Lli)
]_^cgc_hnim =^gchcmnl[ncpim J[]cih[f_m -5*1057 mc_gjl_ `o_ oh[$ p[ ^_ b_]bi ch^c)
l_]n[( jil cgjih_l oh ^_l_]bi [^gchcmnl[ncpi h[]cih[f _h n_llcnilci ^_ f[m jlipg]c[m( s
jilko_ n[gji]i
mclpc
j[n[ inila[l ^_l_]bim ^_$
^_ f[m [ao[m( ko_ ch]ihmncno]fi)$
h[flh_hn_ bcti mos[m --3* FG ^_\_ ifpc^[lm_ ko_$f[ [^gchcmnl[]ch ^_j[lko_m
h[n$ci6
h[f_m _moh _hn_ [onlkoc]i ]ih ^_m]_hnl[fct[]ch n_llcnilc[f ^_ f[ J[]ch( ^_hnli ^_
f[m jlipch]c[m( jil fi ko_ mo[]ncpc^[^ _mnl_a[f[^[ jil f[$H_s^_ Lli]_^cgc_hni =^gc)
hcmnl[ncpi J[]cih[f*
=$^c`_l_h]c[ ^_ fimfAQQ*$( _h f[ =la_hnch[ im ho_pim Amn[^im
llcc_g\lim m__lcac_lih ]ih ni^[m f[m nc_ll[m j\fc][m ko_ jim_[h _h mon_llcnilci7 l_Zi
m_lph^im_ mifi f[m ko_ ^_ Wdj[cWdei["^WX~W
jlig_nc^i
W`[pil ^_ j[lnc]of[l_m* o&
]ili[^_lhmf[m
[ao[m _l[h ^_ iigchci j\fc]i( ko_^[lih ch]foc^[m _h fim n_llcnilcim
h[]cih[f_m f[m [ao[m ko_ _f 5^cai ?cpcfinila jilgchcmn_lck^_
bWf$_U[ f[m ho_s[m
jlipch]c[m ila[hct[^[m @2( Lil n[hni( _h f[ =la_hnch[ hi b[s^2l$hchci j\fc]i ^_f[ J[)
]ch))hc mi\l_ [ao[m( hcmi\l_ nc_ll[m) _h _f _mj[]ci i]oj[^i
fh f n_llcnilci ^_7f[m
ho_p_ jlipch]c[m ho_p[m @3(
("
"!
(
( H[ f_s -4*100 ^w j[lko_m h[]cih[f_m ^_f /(+(*20) jli^o]_
oh[ [`_]n[]ch ch)
]ihmncno]cih[f j[l[ f[ J[]ch*jilko_
hi l_mj_n[ hc_c[lni 6-(*/(hc_f [hncaoi$ [lni 23( ch]*

mi

B&

q 5&((

"(

@0 ?=Ji(Cocff_lgi l*( !Llis_]ni ^_ ?^caM


^_ =ao[mj[l[ O[hn[ ?lot! %-52,&*_h 9`]VTTZz_
UVVdefUZ`d[fcxUZT`a`]xeZT`d d`ScV ]`d cVTfcd`d _RefcR]Vd j"V]%R^SZV_eV Yf^R_`% j( QE!sif* .(
fh]snb*Fh_f[( I_h^it[(
(-5-2( j* -,1,( hin[ --6 !^_`chclfim fgcn_m
^_ f[m [ao[m ^_f ^igchci

j\fc]i _moh [nlc\oni ^_ f[ mi\_l[h[( oh [mohni ^_ ^_l_]bi j\fc]i ko_ b[]_[ f[ _rcmn_h]c[
gcmg[ ^_ f[ jlipch]c[ ]igi Amn[^i gc_g\li s j_lmih[ ^_ ^_l_]bi jifnc]i* =\ih[ _mn[n_mcm
_f
b_]bi ^_ ko_ hoh][ f_mb[ mc^i h_a[^i [ f[m jlipch]c[m _rjlijc[l \c_h_m^_f ^igchci jlcp[^i*
Oo_d_l]c]ci cgjfc][ nl[hm`_lcljil []ni f_acmf[ncpijlipch]c[f [ f[ l\cn[^_f ^igchci j\fc]i ^_ oh[
jlipch]c[( \c_h_mko_ _f ?^cai?cpcf(b[^_`chc^i ]igi ^ jlijc_^[^ j[lnc]of[l$s jlcp[^[!*
"@1 ?=JK( Cocff_lgi F*(!Llis_]n ^_ H_s^_ =ao[m j[l[
[ ?[jcn[f B_^_l[f s Pc_ll[ ^_f Bo_ai!
%-53-&(_h 9`]VTTZt_ UV VdefUZ`d[fcxUZT` a`]xeZT`d''' %]cn*(j* -$,30*
$
--4 ?=JK(Cocff_lgi F*(!=fn_h[ncp[m$chmncno]cih[f_O*(*!(
]n*(j* 42,* IKU=JK( =gcf][l( !B_^_)
l[fcmlhi s[ao[m!( EO_gch[lci ^_ A]ihig[( H_acmf[]ch
s =^gchcmnl[]ch^_ =ao[m( Qhcp_lmc^[^
^_f?ilh[bo_( Ni J_ali( Cl[f Ni][(./+-,+-540*
N=IAHH=(L[\fi =*( :VcVTY` T`_deZefTZ`_R]!
@_j[fg[( >o_him =cl_m(-542( j* -/4( !_f n_llcnilci h[]cih[f ][l_]_ ^_ h[]cih[fc^[^jifnf][
s
mo`ch_mnl[hm`ilg[lm_ _h jlipch]c[!*
Db3 I=NEAJDKBE6$(
Icao_f O*(GwXZ^V_ s ]VXZd]RTZz_
''' %Y~j(rj* /53( U^_ f[ l__^c]ch^_ f[ =][)
^_gc[ J[]fih[f$^_ @_l_]bi s ?c_h]c[mOi]c[f_m^_ >o_him=cl_m(-53-( jm* /,2 U/,3( jll* .3-*
>E@=NP
?=ILKO( C_llhhF*(BR_fR] ''' %]cn*(n*-( j* /,4( m_nl[n[ ^_ oh[ gon[]ch]ihmncno]cih[f
jil momnl[]]ch(
jil f[ ko_ _f [lni 23( ch]* -0( bis 31( ch]*-1 jc_l^_ pca_h]c[$sp[fc^_t jilko_ f[
`ilg[ hi ]ich]c^_ ]ih f[ g[n_lc[ ]ihmncno]cih[f ko_ ]l_[lih f[m][nil]_ jlimh]c[m jh _rcmn_hn_m
[ f[ J[]ch o [ f[ ?ihmncno]ch
J[]cih[f*
E EwJ!rf-g

-/

=LKOPEHHO
=H @KIEJEK @AH=O=CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ =NCAJPEJ=

|(

.3( bis 31( ch]* /-( hc_f [hncaoi 23( ch]=0( bis 31( ch]* -1-.
jilko_ _h _f _d_g)
jfi ^_$fim ho_pim Amn[^im gc_g\lim ^_ J_okoh*s Ni J_ali( jil f[ f_s -*0*0,4 ^_f
.4+2+-511( m_ f_mnl[hm`clcfim \c_h_m ^_ ^igchci$ j\fc]i$i jlcp[^i ko_ _f ai\c_gi
h[]cih[f n_h[ [ff( !_r]_jni $[ko_ffim ko_ h_]_mcn_$^_mnch[l [oh omi i Qh m_lpc]ci j)
\fc]i h[]cih[f+_h ]osi ][mi f[ l_m_lp[ ^_\_l_mn[\f_]_lm_ jil f_s ^_f ?ihal_mi ^_h)
nli ^_ $-2mnl_m[im ^_ jligofa[^[
+&-jl_m_hn_!( m_ah_f [lni -,* @c]bi jf[ti p_h]c
_f .4+2+-w14 mchko_ hchaoh[ f_s k_ l_m_lp[ m_^c]n[m_6Amn[nl[hm`_l_h]c[ m_bcti ]ih$
_f W]h[]WZe^_ ko_ !b[mn[ n[hni m_$]ihmncnos[h ^_`chcncp[g_hn_ f[m [onilc^[^_m jli)$
pch]c[f_m%fiko_ i]ollc $_h-|+1+-514&( _f Ad_]oncpi h[]cih[f ji^[ ^cmjih_l f[ [^do^c)
][]ch$^_ nc_ll[m `cm][f_m _hnl_ fim []no[f_m ji\f[^il_m!(
]S ko_ hi jo^i b[]_l$ ^_m^_
[ko_ff[ `_]b[* ?ih [hn_lfilc^[^ f ^_h)f_s -0*133 ^_f *,(1 *2.E ^cmjomi nl[hm`_lcl
_h jlijc_^[^
[ fim j[lnc]of[l_m ko_ m__h]ihnl[\[h
_h AW
n_h_h]c[ ^_ _m[ nc_ll[* Af WhU&
-5 ^cmjomi$ko_ f[" nc_ll[m hi i]fj[^[m
m_nl[hm`clc_l[ $&5-5O ai\c_gim ^_ f[m hcc_p[m
jlipch]c[m ^_hnli ^_&im del[fjW ^wm-.n6 !
$
! $(!
! (((
$*
H[ f_s -0*0,4 ^ ]l_[]ch ^_ f[m $ho_p[mjlipch]c[m
^_\_
]ibmc^_l[lm_
^_lia[nilc$[
E
^_ f[ f_s -.*-,w
^_f .5+--+-(w/0-..
aoo [j| f[ H_wf^_L[lko_m J[cih[fwm( momncnoc)(
^[ jil f[ A>@*1'.2- s ]os[m hilg[m ^_m]lcjn[m mih f[m gcmg[m* AY ^_]*)E_s
-0*133+-5} 7c2 ^cmjomi( f[ p[hm`_l_hwf[ [$f[m ho_p[m jlipch]c[m ^_ E(wm
Bc_^[m `cm][xAcw
hi p_h^c^[m*[jlnc]of[l_m* Ab mo[lni .- ^_l^a[wnk5?X*bklg[ [hn_lnl ko_ m_ f_ ijih)
a[* H[ [hncao[ f_s -.*-,/^_E.5+--+-5/0}_h
mo$[cn*5|7^cmjomi!ko_hchah j[lko_ i
l_m_lp[ mcno[^i _h _f n_llcnil(ci
oh[ jlipch]c[ m_l[$ch]foc^6_h$_cmcmn_g[^_ j[lko_m
h[]cih[f_m mc[hn_m f[&jlipchc[ hi ]_^_ [ ai\c_lhi h[]cihc66fE
_f ^lhngi s dolcm^c]]ch
f_hnli ^_ momfgcn_m!*Af [lni .|( f_s -4*150( l_jli^o]_
_m[ hilg[$* Ah ]ihm_]o_h]c[(
- jlijf_^[^$^
nc_ll[ms [ao[m kQ_ _mn[\[h _h f[ dlcm^c]]ch
^_ f[ _r @cl_]]cih^_
- [lko_mJ[]cih[f_m
_h f[mho_p[m jlipch]c[m]_m jil b[\_l j[m[^i
[ mn[m*H[ J[)
cfhjo^i _r]foclf[m^_ f[ nl[hmn_l_h][ [hn_m^f (.4+5+-514!*m_ah _f [lni -,( f_s
-*0*0,4( j_li hi fi bcti -./* Ah [^_f[hn_( mfi ji$^l b[]_lfi Ye^(}U]ihm_hncgc_hni
: %

`(*

$(x

nw

*$(

* )X X$

$(&

)-$

^_

j,* IAN?=@KQd$J=(
Nc][l^i( :VcVTY` T`^uZefTZ`%F'ZW]%
]cn*(jm*$5+.(3s F= -531)2-.( m_]]*$W&5?w
Elfh[(m_[f[ ko_ `cd[lfim fgcn_m
^(_f[mjlipch]c[m _moh[ ]ilhj_n_h]d[ ]igj[lnc^[(
]igi f[ ^_
E [lnm(/|( -/ i 0-( ?J* >=O(=lnoli I*( ;] UVcVTY` WVUVcR]
RcXV_eZ_`'CRTZz_s ac`gZ_TZRd%
n*--(
Ro_lni =\_f_^i( >o_him =cl_m(-5.3( j* /13( m_[f[ ko_ _f [lni 23( ch]*-0( bis 31( h](-1( ?J(
gnf_h_ oh[ ]igj_n_h]c[ cao[f[ f[ ^_ fm$[lnmw
/| s -$/ ^_$n[gcm$g[_J* IKU=JK( =gf][l( !B_)
ncl[fnmgi ***!* ]cn*(jm**-&.0( ]ich]c^_ ]ih fim [onil_m [hn_lcil_m*
-$- ?=JK( Cocff_lgi F*(!=fn_lh[ncp[mnhmnno]ih[n_m*]!(
]cn*jm* 425+43-(
-.. :ZXVde` ;UZRc UV ]R AVXZd]RTZz_7cXV_eZ_R%A^c[l( >o_him=cl_m( -f$f1/ %f_s_m
--*3./ [
E (2/2&( f_s -.*-,/(
_h jm* -10+-3.*
*
$-. =NIAOPK(@c_aiD* )(UANE(
Jmnil N( $6AE
nl[n[gc_hni a_f [g\c_hn_ _h f[ ?ihmncno]ch
l_)
E-- Eh ^[ ^_ f[ jlipch]c[ ^_f J_okoh!( ^i]* ch^cni(J_o$koh(.4+3+.,,27j*-06 !^_\_ ko_^[l _h
- EfE\]fo_[hn_ms ^_mjom^_ f[ ]l_[]ch^_ f[ jlipch]c[ ^_ J_okoh( f[mf_smh[]cih[f_m l_]ihi]_h
----n j(_l[ ]ihmncnocl
oh j[lko_ h[]cih[f _h n_llcnilcijlipch]c[f( _mh_]_m[lci ko_ f[ jlipch]c[ ]_^[ mo
-(-EEEgfi
! `[pil ^_ f[ J[]ch(]ih fi ]o[f m_domnc`c][
jf_h[g_hn_ fim[lnm*50( 4|( ch]*.| s ]ih]m* ^_ f[
%$---?Efoif2h?EE-3+.+.,,2!* LKJ?A<= HAJ(Ni^if`i( CfVgR 9`_deZefTZz_ UV Gx` CVXc`3 dVZdRc&
******)"*' J_ ED? **"**) % ^f]fh^i6 [onil( C_h_l[f Ni][( Ni J_ali( i)j5 [laog_hn[ _h cao[f m_h)
------ -E%-- eff %fffnKwhffn lfil m( ll ]il^[h^i
ko_ _f [lni -.( ?ihmncno]ch
^_f -/+2+-544(
-----E-gjfh f X-$- A ERX%--Efi FA xE(EK
_ff ,-- f$f[lfi ]if_\l[]nh ^_ oh ho_pi j[]ni `_^_l[f( jil hi
------------- ANA-X---,` -- ` EnE$
-- X%-,------+$--$--X(-*(
hc h f[ [h]f_h ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch
`_^_l[f*

-----(-- cE(d
-----------------------$+J! ---

#&

@K?PNEJ=

jl_pci ^_ fim ho_pim ai\c_lhim jlipch]c[f_m* hi mfi j[l[ nl[hm`_lcl _f ^igchci* mchi
n[g\ch modolcm^c]]ch*= j_m[l ^_ _ffi* _f [lni -t( f_s +2(/3.( j[l_]_ _mn[l _h ]ifcmch
]ih fi m_[f[^i +,.( Amn[ cll_aof[lc^[^ cgjfc][ j[l[ f[ J[]ch oh[ `ilg[ ^_ ko_^[lm_
]ih nc_ll[m s[ao[m `o_l[ ^_f il^_h ^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch*s[ ko_ f[m hc][m ko_ ji^[h
[]_jn[l _mn_]_l]_h[gc_hni
n_llcnilc[f _l[h f[m ][nil]_ jlipch]c[m jl__rcmn_hn_m*
Dis f[m p_chncnlm
jlipch]c[m i]oj[h
ni^i _f n_llcnilci [la_hnchi* jil hi g_h]cih[l
f[ ?co^[^ =onhig[ ^_ >o_him =cl_m*[ koc_h m_$f_hc_a[ ]igj_n_h]c[
n_llcnilc[f* U f[
J[]ch* [ nl[pm ^_ f[ []no[f =^gchcmnl[]ch ^_ L[lko_m J[]cih[f_m
m_ah f[ f_s
,,(-/+& _h mo[lni +3( l_koc_l_ [onilct[]ch jl_pc[ ^_f _hn_ [onlkoc]i h[]cih[f* j[l[
]o[fkoc_l i\l[ i []ncpc^[^ [d_h[ [ modolcm^c]]ch*]ihncho[h^i
ch]ihmncno]cih[fg_hn_
]ih momj[lko_m* gihog_hnim s l_m_lp[m* mchj_lgcncl [ f[m jlipch]c[m _f fc\l_ ji^_l
^_ jifc][ mi\l_ ni^i mon_llcnilci* Af ]ihm_hncgc_hni _rjl_mi ^_ f[ f_acmf[nol[ jlipch)
]c[f [`_]n[^[ jil f[ ]l_[]ch ^_ oh j[lko_* gihog_hni
i l_m_lp[ h[]cih[f* [^_gm
^_ m_l Qh l_kocmcni^_ f[m f_s_m+,(+*- s +.(.*2( _m oh[ `ilg[fc^[^
ko_ f[ ^i]nlch[
_rca_ +,/& [oh ]o[h^i
f[ dolcmjlo^_h]c[ fi chn_hnmojlcgcl +,0( s ko_ _f [lni -t( f_s
,,(-/+( ^_d[ mo\mcmn_hn_
j[l[ f[ ]l_[]ch ^_ ho_pim j[lko_m* gihog_hnim
i l_m_l)
p[m* jo^c_h^i chfocl fim n_llcnilcim ^_ f[ f_s +2(/1/( H[ ?ihmncno]ch^_ f[ jlipch]c[
^_f J_okoh ^_f +1),),**0 l_cpch^c][ s [m_aol[ moml_[m jlin_ac^[m* ]iil^ch[h^i
jl_pc[g_hn_ ]ih f[ J[]ch mo]igj_n_h]c[
_h _f [lni 3.&s i\fca[h^i
[ f[ mom]lcj]ch
^_ oh ]ihp_hci mi\l_ moml_]olmim$ h[nol[f_m j[l[ $jl_m_lp_lfim ]ih f[ [jli\[]ch
^_
oh[ f_s _mj_]c[f ]ihfim ^im n_l]cim^_ gc_g\lim ko_ ]igjih_h
f[ f_acmf[nol[* _h _f
[lni 3/( H[ ch[fn_l[\cfc^[^^_
f[ jlipch]c[ _h _f [lni +2 _m]ihm_]o_h]c[ ^_ f[ a[l[hn[
cgjo_mn[$[ f[ J[]ch jil _f [lni /t( ?`X}*^_ [b ko_( f[ ho_p[H_s ^_ L[lko_m J[]cih[f_m
,,(-/+ l_koc_l[ f[ ]_mch^_ f[ f_acmf[nol[ jlipch]c[f* Affi ]ih]o_l^[
]ih _f [lni +*.1(
??cp*s _f [lni 3t( f_s +3(/.3& _h $n[]b[l ]ih f[ hofc^[^ [\mifon[ s f[ jlibc\c]ch ^_ [\mn_)
h_lm_^_ ni^[ p[ ^_ b_]bi [ fim []nim jl[]nc][^im jil f[ J[]ch mch^c]bi ]ihm_hncgc_hni
jlipch]c[f* Ocf[m ho_p_ jlipch]c[m ho_p[m [^koc_l_h cao[f^[^ dol^c][ [ f[m ][nil]_ jlipch)
]c[m jl__rcmn_hn_m(f[ [^gchcmnl[]ch^_ j[lko_m h[]cih[f_m hi jo_^_ n_h_l jlcpcf_aci [fao)
hi mi\l_ _ff[m* ko_ nc_h_h_f fc\l_ _d_l]c]ci ^_f ji^_l ^_ jifc][ +,1( fi ko_ n[gji]i
jo^i
_rcmncl]o[h^i fim _hnih]_m n_llcnilcim h[]cih[f_m _l[h !jlipch]c[m _h _g\lch! +,2& s m_
[jfc][\[h
f[m f_s_m+2(/3. s ,*(+0+( ^_lia[^[m jil _f [lni -/& f_s ,,(-/+(
?=JK( Cocff_lgi F*(!=fn_lh[ncp[mchmncno]cih[f_m
*7! ( ]cn*(j* 21*(
CKJVHAV
?=H@ANJ(
Fo[h =*( :VcVTY` T`_deZefTZ`_R] RcXV_eZ_`%n*---*H[dio[h_( >o_him
=cl_m(+3-+( j* ,*/( @ARA@E=*
9]kij~d&9`_deZefTZz_ 7cXV_eZ_R%
]cn*(j* -0/( >=O(=lnoli I *;]
UVcVTY`''' %]cn*
n*--*j* +.( V=R=H=*
?fi^igcli* AVTTZ`_VdUV UVcVTY` a{S]ZT` ac`gZ_TZR]s ^f_Z&
TZaR]%
n*f* >o_him =cl_m*+3,2( j* -02(
*+/ ?_ cV !I[l]ih_nnc
N( Iohc]cj[fc^[^
^_ O[hn[ B_!* B[ffim +/.4-+- ^_ +3,15 s !Blcail`c]i
=lgiolp* Iohc]cj[fc^[^ ^_ H[ Lf[n[!* B[ffim +//4+*1 ^_ +3,1(
+,1 OKH=JAO*
Icao_f( ;^a]V` Rc^z_ZT` UV cVTfcd`d _RefcR]Vd' ^V'UZ` R^SZV_eV s f_ Z_decf&

=LKOPEHH=O
=H @KIEJEK @AH=O=CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ =NCAJPEJ=

/3

0( <[h[Y^e Wfb_YWXb[
Wbei h[Ykhiei YecfWhj_Zei
H[ \[m_ ]ihmncno]cih[f ^_f ^_l_]bi ^_ [ao[m _h f[ `_^_l[]ch [la_hnch[ h[]_ _h _f
[lni +3( ?J* ko_ l_]ihi]_
]igi
^_l_]bi jimcncpi ![f il^_h!* ![ f[ gil[f j\fc][! s ![
hi j_ldo^c][l [ oh n_l]_li!* O_ nl[n[ ^_ oh[ g[n_lc[ l_m_lp[^[ _h fim [lnm* +,+ s +,.
Z_WZ_V%
mod_n[[ f[ ]iil^ch[]ch jil nl[n[^im ^_f [lni +,/ i [ f[dolcm^c]]ch^cjfignc][
^_ f[ ]iln_ _h _f [lni +,1 ^_ f[ gcmg[*?ihmncno]ch( Affi cgjfc][* j[l[ _f ^_l_]bi ^_
[ao[m( ko_ f[ ?ihmncno]chhi _mn[hni _f ilca_h ^_ f[ hilg[ l_aof[nilc[( mchi ko_ mn[
_mn
^_`chc^[ jil _f ]ihp_hci _hnl_ fim Amn[^im ko_ ]igj[ln_h
_f l_]olmi* Lil inl[ j[l)
n_*[m]igi
_mch]ihmncno]cih[f _f [l\cnl[d_ _r]fomcpi ^_f jl_mc^_hn_ ^_ f[ N_j\fc][ _h
fim ]ih`fc]nim mi\l_ _f li ?ifil[^i*
_h _f nl[n[^i ^_f ,),)+311( [jli\[^i
jil f[ f_s
,+(0++ ^_f +2)2)+312 +,3( n[g\ch fi _m_f jli]_^cgc_hni
^_ g_^c[]ch ko_ ]l_[ _f
?ihm_di D^lc]i B_^_l[f %?ibc`_&(_h g\cni ^_ f[ O_]l_n[l[ ^_ N_]olmim D^lc]im ^_
f[ J[]ch* ^_m]ihi]c_h^i
f[ dolcm^c]]ch^cjfignc][ _d_f[ ?iln_ Oojl_g[ _mncjof[^[
_h _f [lni +,1( ?J +-*(

pg(

<=D=?9;AGF=K
<= MKG IM= FG 9>=;L9F
HJGNAF;A9(D <= D9K 9?M9K
(

=D <GEAFAG

Af[ao[ ]igi
l_]olmi h[nol[f _m^_f ^igchci ^_ ][^[ Amn[^i jlipch]c[f* =h [m(f
ln* +,+( ?J( j_lgcnc ^_f_a[l `[]ofn[^_m i omimmi\l_ f[m [ao[m ko_ j_lg[h_]_h
_h
o ^igchci* Lil _d_gjfi* jil)_f [lni 1/&ch]* +*&?J( f[m jlipch]c[m j_lgcn_h | f[ J[)
_bd_f ^c]n[^i ^_ f[ H_s ^_ J[p_a[]ch ,*(*3.& ]o[h^i mn[ _r]_^_ fim fgcn_m^_
[^[ Amn[^i jlipch]c[f +-+( @__mn[`ilg[* mo\mcmn_h^im [onilc^[^_m* oh[ ]ih _f ^i)
gchci ^_f [ao[ %f[mjlipch]c[m& s inl[ ]ih _f ^_ f[ h[p_a[]ch ]o[h^i _mchn_l_mn[^o[f
%Enf
J[]ch&* Knli n[hni jo_^_ i]ollcl _h fim [jlip_]\_lhc_hnim* bc^li_f]nlc]im _h ko_ f[
J ]chinila[ f[ ]ih]_mch j[l[ moa_h_l[]ch +-,( s f[ i f[m jlipch]c[m g[hnc_h_h _f
^igchci ^_f [ao[ _h _f [lni /t( f_s +/(--0& [^_gm ^_ l_]c\cl oh[ ch^_ghct[]ch ^_)
higch[^[ l_a[f[ ko_ m_j[a[ jil _f omi ^_ f[ j_h^c_hn_ jlipch]c[f [jlip_]b[^[
jil f[
J ]ch( m_ah fim [lnm* ,t( /t Q.-( f_s +/(--0( mch][g\cim
_h mo gi^c`c][nilc[
%**')/. +--( ?ih l_f[]ch [ fim jl_mojo_mnim ghcgim [g\c_hn[f_m ^_ jlin_]]ch ^_)

+,.

+,/

^V_e` Z_deZefTZ`_R]UV RTefRTZz_a{S]ZTR3V] a`UVc UV aD]ZTxR%`


WRTf]eRU`cUV_RU`cR UV] Amn[UF%

fh]snb( ?AH=*I_h^it[*

+32-( jm* +++(3(

!H[ L[gj[ N( I_h^it[


m+[]]ch jim_milc[ ^_ [ao[m s l_aof[]ch^_
omim^_f li =no_f!( B[ffim -+*'-4,.31( I=NEAJDKBB*Icao_f O*(IcReRU` UV UVcVTY`'''} ]cn*(n*E(
jm* 1,)1. Un*ER*jO* .,1)1*-5 !Arjlijc[]ch jil f[m jlipch]c[m ^_ \c_h_m^_f ^igchci j\fc]i
^_ f[ J[]ch* mcno[^im_h n_llcnilcim^_ [koff[m %_f^_l_]bi ^_ f[m jlipch]c[m [ mo_rcmn_h]c[ch)
n_al[f&!*N_pcmn[
7cXV_eZ_RUV9ZV_TZRE`]xeZTR'hli* +&[i f* +30*( j* +.( ]ig_hn[^[
ih HH+*+'
+,2

-)+,)+321(

Z_ cV

-( ab J IE b_j$

--/3( [^_gm^_ f[ l_mjihm[\cfc^[^ ^_f Amn[^i f_acmf[^il* !f[ jlipch]c[ jo_^_ _rjlijc[l
ofhmi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ mo^_l_]bi [ f[ _rcmn_h]c[chn_al[f!*

[ f[ J[)
*

-6+ IKU=JK* =lhff][l( !=ao[m cwn_l_mn[^o[f_m


***!* ]cn*(j* +*/3(
>E@=NP
?=ILKO* C_lghF**BR_fR] '''} ]cn*(n*f*][j* REEE
s n*---(j* /+*(
- w H_sJ[]cih[f ^_ J[p_a[]ch ,*(*3.( >K ^_f ,)-)+31-( ko_ `ilg[ j[ln_ ^_f ?^cai^_
%$K+h
l]fi ]igi ^_l_]bi ^_f_a[^i [f ?ihal_mi* ch]iljil*[^i [f [lni 1/( ch]* +,( ?J*
- E; IKU=JK* =gf][l( !N_a[f[mmi\l_ U[]sl_n[ jlijmcni ^_ f[m l_a[f[m mi\l_ Af Jcbocf!(
-EE
x+Exh\*,**/u- ((,*3( IKU=JK( =gff][l( !I[h[a_g_hni`fhn_ldo^cm^c]ncih[f q[n_lm( `ilnb_ joc)
EEEEn
%-i` nb ERfmnlf\oncih
i` nb_Ah_las!* Ec`S]V^ReZbfV _n=VdeZ`_ UVd ;Rfi H@C>C>IF>M%
n*--*Qhc)
REEE
---(-%_f -Ew >fac][( ]iil^* jil H*?[f_g\_ln( @_lio[or( fc_d[(>fac][* +313( jm* 11-)112(
E-(- - EEKN
%-- )3),**( IKU=JK* =lh`f][l( !@_l_]bi [ f[ l_a[f[ jil _f omi ^_ f[ `o_hn_bc)
---,- f $Kf6ffi-!( Ef:`fg\* ,** OF+)-1( ilni oj *!?b[]i g' J[]ch m+[]]ch ^_]f[l[ncp[ mi\l_
Eh E%
EwXEE
o( nf%Uh sf%Eh!( 8fKEE
EE%
--- %E%
IKU=JK* =lhf][l* !N_a[ff[m ***!* ]fn( IKU=JK* =lhf][l(
!I ------8-E--%
hc ***!(,--( FfE%
------( - %----%%-,-X
*
B_]*f_] U ;>@><FD
^Z_Vc` jUV ]R V_VcXxR'?iij_)
+44b*

-+,l_ ----- -!$-! ----=E(fEfcE


---,--_b! ---

-2

@K?PNEJ=

f_a[^im [f ?ihal_mi( j[l[ ^c]n[l f[ l_af[ ^_ ^_l_]bi ko_ _mn[\f_t][ oh og\l[f n])
hc]i j[l[ ni^[ f[ `_^_l[]ch +-.& f[ f_s ,/(022 nopi ko_ m_l ^_g[h^[^[
jil ch)
]ihmncno]cih[f( [f pcif[l _rjl_m[g_hn_
fim [lnm* .+&jll* -*&+,+& +,, Q+,. Z_
WZ_V%
?J +-/(

AP(<=J=;@GK
9D <=J=;@G

J=K=JN9<GK
<= ?=FL=K

IM= HGKA:ADAL9F=D KGE=LAEA=FLG


HGJ D9K HJGNAF;A9K

Af l_]olmi ^_ [ao[ jlipch]c[f jo_^_ m_l ]igj[lnc^i


_h `ilg[ chn_lh[ ^_hnli ^_ f[
`_^_l[]ch s mig_nc^i [ f[ ]iil^ch[]ch ^_ fim nl[n[^im _hnl_ jlipch]c[m m_ah_f [lni
+,/& ?J* Ho_ai ^_ f[ `clg[ ^_ _mnimnl[n[^im( _ffim mih [jli\[^im
jil f[m H_acmf[nol[m
^_ fim Amn[^im jlipch]c[f_m s l[nc`c][^im jil moml_mj_]ncpim Ad_]oncpim*H[ ?ihmncno)
]ch_h _f gcmgi [ln]ofi []f[l[ ko_ _mnimnl[n[^im ^_\_h m_l jQ_mnim_h ]ihi]cgc_h)
ni ^_f ?ihal_mi ^_ f[ J[]ch( mchh_]_mc^[^ ^_ l_pcmch*
Af [lni +,.& ?J( ^cmjih_ ko_
_mnimnl[n[^im ji^lh b[]_lm_ \[di _f ^_l_]bi chn_g[]cih[f j\fc]i n[f ]igi
fi b[\[
_mn[\f_]c^i f[ ?iln_ +-0&[hn_ f[ igcmch]ihmncno]cih[f( f[ _rcmn_hwc[^_ oh[ g[n_lc[
l_m_lp[^[ s oh ^_l_]bi ^_ a_hn_m[jfc][\f_
jil [h[fia[ +-1( Af [lni +,/ j_lgcn_ _m[
gcmg[ [h[fia[ _h fim nl[n[^im ^igmnc]im( s _f [lni +,1 ^_ f[ gcmg[ ?ihmncno]ch
j_lgcn_ *[ f[ ?iln_ $Oojl_g[ [jfc][l _f ^_l_]bi ^_ a_hn_m[hn_ oh[ g_l[ ko_d[ ^_ f[m
jlipch]c[m _h dolcm^c]]ch^cjfignc][7
&DW
m_hn_h]c[ ^_ f[ ?iln_ ^_f -)+,)+321 pchi [ _m]f[l_]_l mi\l_ f[ ch]ihmncno]cih[)
fc^[^ ^_f ^_]l_ni ko_ ^c]n_f jl_mc^_hn_ B[ll_f 0101)+3./ s kQ_ _f jl_mc^_hn_ L_lh
l[nc`c]]ih f[ f_s +-(*-*)+3.3( Af _llil dol^c]i ^_ _mn[mhilg[m fi [mog_ f[ m_hn_h)
]c[ [f ^_m]ihi]_l
f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ f[ _r =^gchcmnl[]chJ[]cih[f ^_ =ao[m( ko_ _h f[
^_g[h^[ ^_ H[ L[gj[
m__rbc\[ ]ih ]igj_n_h]c[
j[l[ ^c]n[l Qh[]ni [^gchcmnl[ncpi
ko_ f_ j_lgcn[ [f Ad_]oncpih[]cih[f( jil [onilct[]ch ^_f ?ihal_mi( ^cmjih_l ch]ihmnc)
no]cih[fg_hn_ ^_ f[m [ao[m ]ih]_^c^[m f_a[fg_hn_ jil I_h^it[
+-2s jlin_ac^[m jil
f[ J[]ch( ko_ m_]igjlig_nc
[ cllca[l +-,(0-0 b[m ]ih]_^c^[m f_a[fg_hn_ j[l[ _f
omi ^_f =no_f g_h^ichi g_^c[hn_ _f _g\[fm_ Af Jcbocf*

l[^il[ ^_ @_l_]bi s ?c_h]c[mOi]c[f_m( >o_him =cl_m(-532((j* -456 !j[l[ ]igj_hm[l f[ mom)


nl[]]ch ^_ f[ `o_hn_bc^li_f]nlc][ jlipch]c[f( f[ J[]cffj[a[ [ f[ jlipch]c[ ^o_[ ^_ f[ j_h)
^c_hn_oh[ l_a[f[!* R=HHO(
I[lci B*( :VcVTY` UV ]R V_VcXxR%
=\_f_^i)L_llin( >o_him =cl_m(
-533( j* -23*
+-. IKU=JK( =gf][l( !H_s_m^_ jl_mojo_mni ghcgi [g\c_hn[f!( HHCl[h ?osi .,,0)055(
hli* 2( [i 5*
+-/ IKU=JK(=lhf][l( !H[ ch]ihmcmn_h]c[
^_ f[ H_s^_ ?igcnm^_ ?o_h][m D^lc][mj[l[ I_h)
^it[!(
HHCl[h ?osi .,,/).45(
hli* /( [i 4( ^ih^_ m_domnc`c][
f[ ^_llf[h^[ ^_ I_h^it[ [ f[
f_s.1*244( jil moch]ihmncno]cih[fc^[^[hn_ f[ ?iln_( [oh mchl_mifp_l*
+-0 B[ffim /-,$/6.053*
=GADQNOP(
Ic]ff[_f( ?_ec`UfTTZz_R] UVcVTY` Z_eVc_RTZ`_R]%
nl[^* I[)
ho_f I_^ci[ Kln_a[( =fc[ht[( I[^lc^( -543( j* 33 _h cao[fm_hnc^i*
+-1 B[ffim /-,)/6.053*
+-2 IKU=JK(=gf][l( !H[ ch]ihmcmn_h]c[
^_ f[ H_s^_ ?igcnm^_ ?o_h][m D^lc][mj[l[ I_h)
^it[!(
HHCl[h ?osi* .,,/).45*
hli* /* [i 4*
+ (+

JEEwE
E`nf

=LKOPEHH=O
=H @KIEJEK @AH=O=CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ=NCAJPEJ=

P(

<=J=;@G
J=K=JN9<G
<AJ=;L9E=FL=
9D <=J=;@G
<= ?=FL=K +-3

#)

HGJ D9K HJGNAF;A9K

Af l_]olmi ^_ [ao[ jlipch]c[f chn_lhi jo_^_ n[g\ch m_l chn_lh[]cih[f( [f ]igj[l)


nclm_]ih oh j[m _rnl[hd_li* Ah _mn_][mi( jil _f do_ai ^_ fim [lnm* -*&/*&+-&,1&,3(
.+&1/&ch]* ,,(33& ch]* ++&+,+&+,,&+,. Z_WZ_V
s +,/& ?J( _f Ad_]oncpi h[]cih[f
^_\_ []il^[l
jl_pc[g_hn_* ]ih fim ^o_jm jlipch]c[f_m ^_f [ao[( f[ `ilg[ ^_ ]ihp_hcl
moomi ]ih _f Amn[^i _rnl[hd_li (+.*( @_[ko ^_lcp[ f[ ch]ihmncno]cih[fc^[^ ko_ mola_
^_ f[ _r]fomch^_ f[ `ilg[ `_^_l[ncp[ s ^_ mo ai\c_lhi _h f[ ?ihmncno]chJ[]cih[f(
ko_ jlipi][
f[ f_s ,/(2.+& ko_ [jli\ _f []o_l^i
g[l]i
mi\l_ g_^ci [g\c_hn_ ^_f
I_l]imol ^_f ,,)0),**+& ko_ ch]fos_ _f [ao[( s hi nopi []o_l^im jl_pcim ]ihf[m jli)
pch]c[m^o_[m* Ocm_jc_hm[ _h f[ ]ihnlip_lmc[ ko_ m_b[ a_h_l[^i _hnl_ Qloao[s s f[
=la_hnch[( jil _p_hno[f ]ihn[gch[]ch ko_ jli^o]clc[h
^im j[j_f_l[m [m_hn[^[m _h f[
>[h^[ Klc_hn[f( s _h fim ]iln_m ^_ lon[m chn_lh[]cih[f_m mi\l_ _f li Qloao[s ko_ b[h
jli^o]c^i
s ]ihnch[h jli^o]c_h^i
fim b[\cn[hn_m ^_ f[ jlipch]c[ [la_hnch[ ^_ Ahnl_
Nlim( m_jo_^_ _p[fo[l f[ cgjiln[h]c[
ko_ nc_h_f[ ]ih]_ln[]ch jl_pc[ ]ih f[m jlipch)
]c[m [`_]n[^[m ^_f j[m %^o_[m ^_f l_]olmi&( j[l[ ^_mjom h_ai]c[l _hnl_ [g\im j[)
_m_f l_]olmi chn_lh[]cih[fg_hn_ ]igj[lnc^i*
mig_nc^i [ oh jimc\f_ j_ldoc]ci m_hmc)
\f_ +.+( Qh j_^c^i ^_ momj_hmch(_h f[ ]ihmnlo]]ch ^_ f[m jf[hn[m jli^o]nil[m
^_
j[mn[ \[m_ ^_ ]_fofim[( _h Bl[s >_hnim( Ah]_ %^_Amj[[& s >inhc[ %^_Bchf[h^c[&( `o_
l ]b[t[^i
jil f[ ?iln_ Ehn_lh[]cih[f ^_ Fomnc]c[%?EF&
[hn_ oh j_^c^i ^_ f[ =la_hnch[*
chj_ldoc]ci ^_ _ffi( f[ =la_hnch[ mimnc_h_ko_ Qloao[s hi ch]fos_h _f ch`ilg_ [g)
\f_hn[f fim _`_]nim ko_ f[ chmn[f[]ch^_ f[m jf[hn[m n_h^lmi\l_ f[m fi][fc^[^_m ]_l][)
-- m[ Bl[s >_hnim( [mogc_h^i jl_mohnim j_ldoc]cim [ f[ jli^o]]ch [al]if[
_ c]n]if[
ko_ momn_hn[hf[m ]_l][h[m ]co^[^_m ^_ Ahnl_ Nim*Hi _rjo_mni b[]_ jl_mogcl ko_ _f
]ih`fc]ni [hn_ f[ ?EF]ihncho[l +.,(
+-3 >=N>ANEO*
Fofci=*( <`c^RTZz_ UV] UVcVTY` Z_eV^RTZ`_R]' \[]i( >o_him =clm*-550* j*
--)* GQJV*
Fim_`H**!Ehn_lh[ncih[f H[q \s =h[fias!( 7^VcZTR_ @`f^R] `W?_ew^ReZ`_R]ARh' CEH(
J qpile( -51-* j* /.5* >=N>ANEO*
Fofci=*
!@licnm _ni\fca[ncihm***!( ]cn*(j* /-* m_[f[ ko_ _mn[

jK E\cfc^[^_h oh Amn[^i`_^_l[f %]igi f[=la_hnch[& jo_^_ m_l*_mn[\f_]c^[ ]ihmncno]cih[flh_hn_


%&
^_lcp[^[ ^_ oh ][mi ]ih]l_ni jil [h[fia[ ^_f ^_l_]bi ^_ a_hn_m*BNAJGAH(
H_ijif^i( !DW
cjff][]ch ^_f ^_l_]bi chn_lh[]cih[f j\fc]i _h fim ]ih`fc]nim ^_ fgcn_m(
chn_ljlipch]c[f_m!( F=
E 3,)0.2+00/*
*
+qG ?=JK(Cocff_lgi F**N_]olmimYxUcZT`d
''' %Y~j(&
jlijo_mn[ ^_ n_mcm
^i]nil[f*
+.+ IKU=JK*=gf][l* AVj =V_VcR] UV]7^SZV_eV '''} ]cn*( j* ./1( hin[ -,2* >A?ANN=
BANNAN(
%offf]llhi( !H[ fc\_ln[^ jifnc][!( HH5.)4.56 !f[ j[lnc]cj[]ch ^_ fim ]co^[^[him _h _f ji^_l _m
-- Ec ^_ f[ a_mnch
^_gi]lnc][ []no[f ^_f [g\c_hn_ s oh mijiln_ _m_h]c[f^_f Amn[^i l_jo\fc][)
++*!( FXNJ=Q@(
Cocff_lgi R** !HWij[hWi4_fdoc]ci[hn_ f[ ?iln_ Ehn_lh[]cih[f ^_ Fomnc]c[!(^c[lci AR
C?? */_% >o_him =cl_m*/,+4+.,,2(
j* -1* ^_mjom^_f `l[][mi ^_ f[ momj_hmch
j_^c^[ ]ilhi
h EffnE l jil f[ =la_hnch[(s _h`l_hn[h^i _fdoc]ci(_f [onil [\ia[ jil oh _hn_h^cgc_hni_h fim_m)
Ef[ffi ^_ _p[fo[]ch[g\c_hn[f kx*x_
_pcn_h_f ]ih`fc]ni do^c]c[f*
f=6$: =NE>ANEO*
Fofci=**!Af lacg_h ^_ fim l_]olmim h[nol[f_ms ^_f g_^ci [g\c_hn_ _h fimnl[)
+++ fi `fopc[f_m[la_hnchi)oloao[sim!* l_p*7^SZV_eV s N_]olmimCRefcR]Vd%pif* +& hli* .*-540(
+A (4 =+ * @NJ=O
@A?fAIAJP* Vf[n[( !Af ^c`_l_h^i ^_ f[m]_fofmc][m
^_ Bl[s >_hnim[f[ fot ^_f
fcn-- %--, Ehnlh[]ih[f!(
N@=g\* .,,2)2)5* PNELAffE*
=^lc[h[( !Af ]ih`fc]ni ^_ f[mj[j_f_l[m s _f
-- -- %- El` Qlo o[s!( N@=g\* .,,2)2)11*
Ebw-EFfffiffE!$$$fffff
9b +^bbBb+bb+bJ! -,

@K?PNEJ=

Ah _f ^_l_]bi
]igj[l[^i
m_ b[\cfcn[( jil oh nl[n[^i
chn_lh[]cih[f
f[ l_mifo]ch
]ihp_h]cih[f
^_ ]ih`fc]nim nl[hm`lihn_lctim
jil _hn_m ch`l[h[]cih[f_m*
$Lil _f nl[n[^i
_hnl_ =f_g[hc[s
fim L[m_m >[dim ^_f 4+0+-52, m_ [onilct[
[ fim H[h^_lm s [ fim ?[h)
nih_m [ mom]hwfl []o_l^im
mi\l_ [ao[m `lihn_lct[m( [jfc][h^i
_f ^_l_]bi
chn_lhi gm
`[pil[\f_
+.-( Amn_hi _m _f ][mi ko_ m_ ]lcnc][ dfacR%_h ko_ oh gohc]cjci
^_ I_h^i)
t[ []o_l^[
]ih oh gohc]cjci ^_ H[ L[gj[
_f omi ^_f [ao[ ^_ oh li ^_f ^igchci
]ig)
j[lnc^i ^_ fim Amn[^im gc_g\lim
%_fli =no_f&( b[]c_h^i
omi ch^_\c^i ^_ f[ ]igj_n_h)
]c[ l_m_l*7[^[( jil f[m jlipch]c[m
_h fim [lnm* -.s -.0 Z_ WZ_V%
?J* Lil mo j[ln_( f[
]ihpwh]fih
hl^c][ ^_f .2+1+-53-(
_h pcail ^_m^_ -531( _hnl_ @ch[lh[l][(
Bchf[h^c[(
Oo_]c[ s Jilo_a[
]igi
Amn[^im ohcn[lcim( [onilct[h
[ f[m [onilc^[^_m
fi][f_m [ ]ih)
nl[n[l ]ih f[m [onilc^[^_m
`lihn_lct[m mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ ]imnog\l_*
Ah f[ ]ihp_h]ch
_olij_[
.-+1+-54,(
_h pcail ^_m^_ _f ..+-.+-54-(
fim Amn[^im m_ i\fca[h
[ f[
]iij_l[]ch
nl[hm`lihn_lct[(
nl[n[h^i
^_ inila[lm_
f[m gcmg[m `[]cfc^[^_m ko_ nc_h_h
_h mo n_lhnili( j_li mom]ihp_hcim hi mih h_]_m[lc[g_hn_
mig_nc^im [f ^_l_]bi
^_
)a_hn_m* Ah _f ][mi ^_ fim gohc]cjcim ^_ I_h^it[
s H[ L[gj[(
_f ?^cai ?cpcf^_ -425
_h _f [lni .0,,
f_m jli\`\_
]ihnl[n[l
mi\l_ _f ^igchci
j\fc]i
jlipch]c[f
+..(

;6E

PA(9LJA:M;AzF

9E:A=FL9D AFKM>A;A=FL=<=D ;GF?J=KG


H9J9 9>=;L9J 9D9K HJGNAF;A9K

Him jl_mojo_mnim
ghcgim ^_jlin_]]ch
[g\c_hn[f
^_f_a[^im
[f ?ihal_mi
hi
jo_^_h Egjiw_lm_ Wfim l_]olmim h[nol[f_m ko_ ]ih`ilg[h
_f n_llcnilci ^_ ][^[
jlipch)
]c[ s mih mom gmnlog_hnim ^_ ai\c_lhi
j[l[
jl_m_lp[lm_ ]igi
Amn[^im gc_g\lim
^_
f[ `_^_l[]ch +./& jil oh[ ]f[l[ _mncjof[]ch ^_ fim [lnm* 0-( jll* /@( -.-(
-..(
-.0(
-.1(.3(.4(s.5(?J*
$
Af*ho_pi [lni 0- ^_ f[ l_`ilg[
]ihmncno]cih[f
^ -550 j_lgcn_ [f ?ihal_mi
J[]ci)
h[f ^c]n[l fim jl_mojo_mnim ghcgim ^_ jlin_]]ch
[g\c_hn[f(
j_li fim ]ih^c]cih[
[
!ko_ hi [fn_l_hfwm dolcm^c]]cih_m fi][f_m!* Lil inl[ j[ln_( _f [lni -.0 Z_WZ_
_ ( ?J( ^cm)
*-, J_ZeVUOn[n_mIcVReZVd
R_UDeYVc]_eVc_ReZ`_R]7XcVVc_V_ed%
l}Wi[ pif* .-( j[ln_ .(-53,(
j*-3,,*
-00 $>=N>ANEO(
Fofci =*( !Him ]ihp_hcim [g\c_hn[f_m _hnl_ gohc]cjcim _h _f)jf[hi chn_lh[]ci)
h[f!( P6l]_l Ocgjimvi f\_li[lh_lc][hi
mi\l_ =g\c_hn_ s Iohc]cjci( EJ=L)B=NJ7 >o_him =cl_m(
J_oko_h( O[h I[lnh ^_ fim =h^_m( -544( j* .,3* IKU=JK( =gcf][l( !Him []o_l^im ^_f ^_l_]bi
wg\c_hn[f gohc]cj[f!( l_p* 7^SZV_eVs GVTfcd`d'CRefcR]Vd%pif* R( hli* .( -544( jm( //+/4* ?_cV
Ci\c_lhi h[]cih[f s OK?c_^[^ ^_f Lo_lni ^_ Nim[lci p* O[hn[ B_m+_rjlij[]h!( 4+1+-5,5( B[)
EEim(---6-4-( _f ^igchci ^_ fim lim j_ln_h_]_ [ fim Amn[^im gc_g\lim jlipch]c[f_m( m_[h h[p_)
a[\f_m i hi( jlipch]c[f_m i hi( s hi ][\_ _f ^igchci ^_ fim lim [ f[ J[]ch( hc[ fim gohc]cjcim7
l_cn_l[^i _h B[ffim -.,6-217
-.26547 -/06.5.7
-106/-37 /-,)/6.053(
_n]*
$
+./ >=N>ANEO(
Fofci =*( A`d mod_nim
***( ]cn*( j* 21( f[m jlipch]c[m ^_ f[ =la_hnch[( [ j[lncl ^_
-550( _h _f [ln*-.0( ?J( mih mod_nim^cl_]nim s _`_]ncpim ^_f ^_l_]bi chn_lh[]cih[f* !H[m jlipch)
_l[m jo_^_h m_ln_hc^[m jil mod_nimfhn_lh[]cih[f_mpmf( [f g_him( mih ^_mnch[n[lcim ^cl_]nim s
_`_wnfpim^_ oh[ hilg[
chn_lh[]cih[f ko_ f_mcgjih_ oh[ i\fca[]ch i f_minila[ oh ^_l_]bi(
^cmnchni^_f ^_l_]bi o i\fca[]ch ^_f Amn[^i `_^_l[f ^_f ko_ `ilg[ j[ln_!* =mfi l_mifpcf[ m_h)
n_h]c[ ^_f =no_f ^_f /+-.+-543(
^c]n[^[ jil f[ ?iln_ Oojl_g[ ^_ Fomnc]c[^_
J[]ch( ^_d[h^i
fc\l[^i mo l_aof[]ch mfi[f nl[n[^i*
$

f[

$!

=LKOPEHH=O=H @KIEJEK @A H=O =CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ =NCAJPEJ=

jih_ ko_ !]ill_mjih^_


[ f[m jlipch]c[m _f ^igchci
ilcach[lci ^_ fim l_]olmim h[nol[)
f_m!( _hnl_ fim ko_ m_ ]o_hn[ _f [ao[ s ko_( mc_h^i j[ln_ ^_ mon_llcnilci( _m chmnlog_h)
ni ^_ ai\c_lhi
j[l[ ^clcaclm_ o ai\_lh[lm_
]ih f[ [onihig[
ko_ ][^[
jlipch]c[
nc_h_
]igi
Amn[^i ^_ f[ B_^_l[]ch( m_ah fim [lnm* -.-(
-.. Q -./(
?J* @_ [ko jlipc_h_
ko_ f[ f_s h[]cih[f
.1*244
-02( ^c]n[^[
jil _f ?ihal_mi
mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_f [lni 0-(
b[s[ mc^i n[]b[^[
^_ ch]ihmncno]cih[f
jilcgjih_l
[ f[ [onilc^[^
h[]cih[f
mi\l_ fim
]olmim ^_ [ao[m ]igj[lnc^im
_hnl_ jlipch]c[m +.1( Pl[nh^im_ ^_ [ao[m l_m_lp[^[m [f
g[h_di
_r]fomcpi ^_ ][^[
Amn[^i gc_g\li(
_f ?ihal_mi
hi nc_h_ [nlc\o]cih_m(
s f[
?iln_ mfi jo_^_ [mogcl f[ dolcm^c]]ch ^cjfignc][
[hn_ f[ ko_d[* Ah ]ihm_]o_h]c[(
mfi jo_^_ []o^clm_ [ fim nl[n[^im ko_ l_aof[ _f [lni -.0 i -.1( ?J +.2( Lil mo j[ln_(
hi ^_\_ ^_d[l ^_ [^p_lnclm_ ko_ _f jli]_^cgc_hni
^_ g_^c[]ch chn_l_mn[^o[f j[l[
l_)
]olmim b^lc]im ]igj[lnc^im
ko_ cgjf_g_hn[
_f ?ibc`_( _h _f l_[ ^_ f[ O_]l_n[l[ ^_
N_]olmim D^lc]im ^_ f[ J[]ch( _m ch]ihmncno]cih[f `l_hn_ [ f[ dolcm^c]]ch ^cjfignc][
^_ f[ ?iln_ Oojl_g[
^cmjo_mn[ jil _f [lni -.3( ?J( `l_hn_ [ oh[ ko_d[ jlipch]c[f
+.3(

rh*

& l

;GKLME:J=

;GFKLALM;AGF9D <= ;GF;=JL9J

LJ9L9<GK

?igi
oh[ i\fca[]ch ]ihmncno]cih[f ko_ jlipc_h_ ^_ -41/)-42,
_h _f []no[f [lni
31( ch]* -4( f[ J[]ch b[ ^_\c^i ]ih]_ln[l
]ih f[ i f[m jlipch]c[m l_mj_]ncp[m f[m i\l[m
ko_ ]ihnlc\ocl[h
[f omi ^_ f[m [ao[m jlipch]c[f_m(
_ffi m_[ jil [nlc\o]cih_m _r]fomcp[m
^_ f[m jlipch]c[m
i jil ^_f_a[]cih_m
_h f[ J[]ch* $=mmolac_lih f[ f_s h[]cih[f
-.*,55
+/* j[l[
?lot ^_ Lc_^l[ _h O[h Hocm7f[ f_s -.*.,.
+/+ j[l[
Af ?[^cff[f s _f Am)
][\[
_h Eo]olhh7 f[ f_s -.*.15+/,
j[l[
f[m i\l[m ^_ Moclia[ _h O[hnc[ai ^_f Amn_li7
f[ f_s -.*.3-+/j[l[
f[m i\l[m ^_ ?lot ^_f Ad__h ?l^i\[7 f[ f_s -.*2/4+/.
j[l[
f[m
i\l[m _h H[ Ncid[ ^_ fim lim =g[lcffi
$s=ao[ J_al[( s f[ f_s -.*210
+// j[l[
f[m i\l[m
-0(2 H_sJ[]cih[f
^_ Ll_mojo_mnim D^lc]im =g\c_hn[f_m .1*244( >K ^_f /+-+.,,/(
^_g[h)
^[^[ jil mo ch]ihmncno]cih[fc^[^ jil I_h^it[
[hn_ f[ ?iln_ Oojl_g[ ^_ Fomnc]c[^_d[ J[]ch(
mchm_hn_h]c[*
-03 @_g[h^[ [hn_ f[ ?iln_ Oojl_g[
^_ Fomnc]c[^_ f[ J[]ch( jl_m_hn[^[ jil I_h^it[
_f
-5+/+.,,/
]ihnl[ f[ J[]ch( jil f[ ch]ihmncno]cih[fc^[^ ^_ f[ f_s .1*244( mchm_hn_h]c[* IKU=)
JK( =gf][l( !H_s_m^_ jl_mojo_mni ghcgi [g\c_hn[f!( E**H
Cl[h ?osi .,,0)055+1.3*
hli* 0&
[i 3&[laog_hn[ _h ]ihnl[ ^_ f[ f_s.1*244*
$
-04 ?=JK( Cocff_lgi F*( !Him lim chn_l_mn[^o[f_m!( HH/)4.+45( i[YY&
@i]nlch[* ?=JK( Cocff_l)
gi F*(!Himnl[n[^im s ]ihp_hcim _hnl_ ^cpcmcih_m
jifnc][m ^_ j[m_m`_^_l[f_m ]igi `o_hn_m^_f ^_)
l_]bi `fopc[f chn_lh[]cih[f!( HH54)331+34,* ?=JK* Cocff_lgi B(&!?o_h][m chn_lh[]cih[f_m!( F=
-2,)RE)12+22( m_]]* @i]nlch[* ?=JK( Cocff_lgi F*(GVTfcd`d YxUcZT`d
'''} ]cn*(-540( jm* .,, s mm*
-*05 >=@AJE(
Cl_aihi( IcReRUS
UVUVcVTY`T`_deZefTZ`_R]%
n*EE(H[H_s(>o_him =cl_m(.,,0( j* -.5,6
!Pi^[m f[m ]ihnlip_lmc[m ^_ ][l]n_l jifnc]i ^_\_h m_l mig_nc^[m jil f[m jlipch]c[m [ f[ ?iln_
ojl_g[ ^_ Fomnc]c[^_ f[ J[]ch jil _f [lni -.3 (?J!*
+/* =@H=-5.,)-50M)103*
$-(1- =@H=-5.,6-50,)20*
+/,
+/

E.
E-

=@H=-5.,)-50,}231(
=@H=-5.,)-50,)24.*
=@H= -5.,)-50,)442*
9 D9 -5.,*}-50,}
33*

EE!REEEEEE
--- --- !((----- =EEEEEEIEEEEEE
JE E-E

.,

@K?PNEJ=

_h Fodos^_ fim lim Cl[h^_ s H[p[sh* Knli _d_gjfi _mf[ f_s -.*21,
+/0 ko_ [onilct
[f* Ad_]oncpi h[]cih[f [ ]_f_\l[l oh nl[n[^i ]ih I_h^it[
j[l[ l_jl_m[l _f li =no_f _h Af
Jcbocf s a[l[hnct[l _f lc_ai ^_ f[m -/.*2/2
b[m ko_ fim g_h^i]chim n_h[h _lhj[ili)
h[w[m s inila[^[m jil f_s7_f nl[n[^i m_`clg _f -3+2+-50-7 I_h^it[
fi [jli\ s l[nc)
`c]i ]ih f[ f_s -0.37 s _f Ad_]oncpi h[]cih[f fi l[nc`c]jil _f ^_]* -,2*,,0+/-02+/1(
Ah ni^im _mnim][mim fim nl[n[^im _hnl_ f[ J[]ch s f[m jlipch]c[m i\_^_]_h [ oh[ mc)
no[]ch a_ial`c][ ko_ b[]_ [ fim nl[n[^im ^igmnc]im mom]lcjnims l[nc`c][^im( ]ihp_)
hcim i\d_ncpim ifi][fct[^im(
ijihc\f_m hi mfi[ f[m j[ln_m ko_ fi mom]lc\_h mchi n[g)
\ch [ n_lw_lim Amn[^im pch]of[^im [ f[m mcno[]cih_m a_ial`c][m l_aof[^[m jil
wiil^fh[]fih
+/2( Ah _f ][mi ^_f li =no_f( m_nl[n^_ f[ [jfc][]ch ^_ oh nl[n[^i i\d_)
npi mom]hjni [ lhmn[h]c[ ^_ f[ _r @cl_]]chC_h_l[f ^_ Ellca[]ch^_ f[ J[]ch7 jil fi
ko_ I_h^it[
f[ ]cn_h _f doc]ci ]igi
n_l]_li chn_l_m[^i( j_li _h n[f ][l]n_l hi `o_
i\d_ni ^_ f[m ^cmjimc]cih_m ^_ f[ m_hn_h]c[*
* H[ jl]nc][ ]ihmncno]cih[f jl_]_^_hn_ ^_\c m_l [h[fct[^[ jil f[ ?iln_ [hn_ f[ ko_)
d[ ^_f [(w7(-.w( ?J( jil f[ ko_ H[ L[gj[
^_g[h^ ]ihnl[ I_h^it[(
_h oh doc]ci ko_
m_ncnofi []]lih jim_mill[ ^_ [ao[m U** l_aof[]ch ^_ omim^_f li =no_f! +/3( H[ m_hn_h)
]c[ ^_f /+-.+6-*543 m_[f ko_ _f li _l[ chn_ljlipch]c[f s ko_ I_h^it[
n_h[ ]ih]_^c)
^[m f_a[fg_hn_ -/.*2/2
b[m +0*&^_ +5m ko_ mfi 31*12- b[m n_h[h _r]fomcpc^[^*
I_h^it[
jl_m_hn [ f[ ?iln_ oh[ []f[l[nih[(
ko_ _f .2+3+-544 _rjfc] ko_ _f l_mni
_d_f[m 1(3*,31 b[m ]ih ]ih]_mcih_m f_a[f_m _h I_h^it[
ji^l`[h m_l om[^[m jil fim
h[][dj[i lh_h^i]chim( [ohko_ hi f_m^ci f[ _r]fomcpc^[^ ^_ f[m 31*12-+0+( L_m_ [
_ffi( f[ ^_jl_mch _]ihgc][ cgjc^c [^p_lncl ]ih ]f[lc^[^ _f g_him][\i
[f ^_l_]bi
w^koclc^i jil fi(ml_a[hn_m lh_h^i]him( _h ]ihnl[ ^_f [lni -3( ?J( s _p[fo[l ko f[
h_mn[\cfc^[^ dolc^c][ j[l[
f[m 13*,31 b[m ]ih]_^c^[m f_a[fg_hn_ jil I_h^it[
[h
ko_^[ ]ih]]nih[][$[
oh[ chdomnc]c[
f[n_hn_* = j_m[l ^_ fi _rjo_mni( _f .2+3+.,2
wh
]ihp_hni _hnl_ I_h^it[(
H[ L[gj[
s f[ J[]ch inila [ H[ L[gj[
-, gm)$ ^_f li
=no_f g_h^i]hi
+0,& fi ko_ _mn
_h ]ihnl[ ^_ f[ m_hn_h]c[ ^_ f[ ?iln_ s mo[]f[l[nilc[
_mEl]ihmncno]cih[f jil pcif[l ^_l_]bim$ [^koclc^im ^_ ]ih]_mcih[lcim f_a[f_m g_h^i]c)
+/0
+/1
]o[f*

0/

him( s _mpcif[nilci ^_f ^_l_]bi ^_ a_hn_mko_ jlib\_ ]ihp_hcim ko_ j_ldo^cko_h [ oh[
^_ f[m j[ln_m( a_h_l[h^i oh j_ldoc]ci m_hmc\f_s$al[p_ [f Amn[^i gc_g\li ^_ I_h^it[
%]igi ]ih]_^_hn_ f_ancgi&s[ fim l_a[hn_m %]igi ]ih]_mcih[lcim ^[ghc`c][^im&*

5,,," HimBM=;=K

FG HM=<=F

;J=9J

<=J=;@G

FM=NG

H[ mifo]ch[^ijn[^[
jil f[ m_hn_h]c[^_ f[ ?iln_ _f /+-.+-543 +0- `o_ !_rbiln[l [ f[m
j[ln_m [ ]_f_\l[l ]ihp_hcim! mi\l_ fim jlch]cjcim ^_f$^_l_]bi chn_lh[]cih[f j\fc]i( ko_(
[hn_ f[ igcmch_h f[ ?ihmncno]ch(
m_[jfc][h jil [h[fia[ _h f[m l_f[]cih_m _hnl_ Amn[)
^im +0.( Amni_m[m(jil ]o[hni !f[ ^_]cmch
do^c]c[fhi jo_^_ ]l_[l ^_l_]bim ho_pim! +0/&s_f
^_\_l ^_ h_ai]c[l ko_^[ ]ih^c]cih[^i [ f[ _rcmn_h]c[^_ omim]ihmohncpims `onolim +00(
= f[m mifo]cih_m ]ihp_h]cih[f_m ^_ ]iij_l[]ch
`lihn_lct[ ko_ f[ ?iln_ Oojl_g[$
[jfc][ jil [h[fia[ ^_f ^_l_]bi ^_ a_hn_m_h f[m l_f[]cih_m mi\l_ [ao[m chn_l_mn[^o[)
f_m(m_molh[ f[ m_hn_h]c[ ^_ ]ih^_h[ i\n_hc^[ jil f[ Oojl_g[ ?iln_ ^_ f[ jlipch]c[
^_ >o_him =cl_m(ko_ l_mjihm[\cfct jil gcn[^_m [f j[lnc]of[l s [f Amn[^i ^_ >o_him
=cl_mjil _f n[jih[gc_hni
o i\mnlo]]ch ^_f li Mochni _h _f j[lnc^i ^_ Ncp[^[pc[* Af li
Mochni h[]_ _h O[h Hocm([nl[pc_m[ H[ L[gj[(
?l^i\[ s n_lgch[ _h >o_him =cl_m(
j[l[ ^_m_g\i][l
_h _f =nfhnc]i* H[ ?iln_ ^_ >o_him =cl_m _h mo m_hn_h]c[ ^_f
./+-,+-551
+01 bcti ][mi igcmi ^_f l_]olmi b^lc]i ]ilhj[lnc^i
s [n_h^c[ fim [mj_])
nimmchaof[l_ms bog[hcn[lcim ^_ fim ]ih`fc]nim ko_ jo_^_h m_l [n_h^c^im `o_l[ ^_f [m)
j_]ni chn_l_mn[^o[f ]igjlig_nc^i
_h _f doc]ci +02( Ah _mn_][mi f[ i\mnlo]]ch ^_(-li _m
g[n_lc[ ^_f ^_l_]bi ^_ a_hn_mjil [h[fia[( s ]igi n[f( ^_\c_lih m_l]ihmofn[^im jl_pc[)
g_hn_ koc_h_mmo`lcl[hoh j_ldoc]ci m_hmc\f_s al[p_ jil f[ `[fn[ ^_ [ao[* Ah(inlim nlgc)
him _f ]ih`fc]ni m_mom]cn[\[ ^_ Amn[^i [ Amn[^i s ]ih l_f[]ch [ oh l_]olmi b^lc]i ]ig)
j[lnc^i* = j_m[l ^_ _ffi( _f n_g[ m_ l_mifpcmch]ihmc^_l[l f[ mcno[]ch[hn_lcil hc f[
ch]ihmncno]cih[fc^[^ ^_ fim [lnm*.202 s .203( ??cp*7ko_ pcif[h fim [lnm* -.-( -.. s -.0
Z_WZ_V%
_J* Och_g\[lai(
f[ m_hn_h]c[^_ ^_l_]bi jlcp[^i ]ogjf_ ]ih _f[ln( .3 ^_ f[ gcm)
g[ ?ihmncno]ch
s [jfc][ _f _`_]ni gmncf^_ f[ hilg[ ko_ f_ mclp_^_ `oh^[g_hni +03(

=@H=-5.,)-50,)44,*
"

( !

Af ^_]l_ni m_jo\fc]i
**!( ]cn*( jm* 3.3+30-*

( +/2 IKU=JK( =gf][l(


hn_l_mn[^o[n***!( ]cn*(jm(

_h _f >K ^_f -5+5+-50-* IKU=JK( =lhf][l(


*

!@_l_]bi

( &
chn_l_mn[)

B[ffim /-,)/6.053*
H[
*( E E
]ih]_mch _a[ ^_ omi ^_ [ao[m _h I_h^it[
_minila[^[ [ j_lj_noc^[^ %]`l*I=NEAJ*
DKBB(Icao_f O*(GwXZ^V_ s ]VXZd]RTZz_
''' %]n*(j* 131&(cll_pi][\f_ %]ih`*?=JK Cocff_lgi F* Gw&
XZ^V_ [fcxUZT` VT`_z^ZT`

UV ]Rd RXfRd V_ BV_U`kR

UfcR_eV df aVcx`U` ZmeVc^VUZ` C[l][

O[hnim( I_h^it[( -50-( jm* 04 s 1-& i l_pi][\f_m ]ih ch^_ghct[]ch%]ih`* HLAV(BeWgk~d&


!H[m]ih]_mcih_m^_ omi^_ [ao[ j\fc][!( cVg'7^SZV_eVs GVTfcd`d CRefcR]Vd%
pif*Hhli* 0( j* /.&(
s( _h ni^im fim ][mim( c^_hnc`c][^[m(j[l[ m[\_l mc_mnh
l_hoh]c[^[m i ^_\_h _rjlijc[lm_ %]ih`*
IKU=JK( =gf][l( !@_l_]bi chn_l_mn[^o[f*
**!* Y~j(&
j* 3/5&*
+0+ A@-.5)2-5 Q 2.,(
!Q

"Z

&

B[ffim/-,)/6.053(
B[ffim /-,)/6.133*
+0/ =wADQNOP(
Ic]b[_f( ?_ec`UJ99Zz_''' %]cn*(j* -5,*
+00 B[ffim ,@D&,3+.01%
$^_]cmilcim. s -(
+01 Ooji ?iln_ >m*=m*(./+-,+-551( Z_l_ !=f\_lni C[l][ @ijc]i %Amn[h]c[
H[ P[j_l[& N(>o_)
him=cl_mm+^_mpc[]ch
^_f li Mochni!(hi cgjfc][ f[minl[m jlipch]c[m ^o_[m( s mfil_mjihm[)
\ffftjil gcn[^_m[f _mn[h]c_li s [f Amn[^i^_ >o_him =cl_mjil i\mnlocl _f fc\l_ _m]ollcgc_hni^_f
ao[( mchb[]_l foa[l ![f ^_nlcg_hni ^_f p[fil ^_ f[ nc_ll[( hc[f fo]li ]_m[hn_`onoli!* Af^c[lci AR
7 TZz_%^_f .0+-,+-551( >o_him =cl_m(m_]]* .W& j* 1( m_[f[ ko_ f[ ?iln_ hi nopi _h ]o_hn[ f[
E j[l[]ch ^_ _mnim[mj_]nim [g\c_hn[f_m s ko_ f[ ]ih^_h[ `o_ jil f[ i\mnlo]]ch]ih^c]cih[hn_
#+ Ep[fil jlig_^ci ^_ a[h[h]c[ _h [alc]ofnol[ s a[h[^_l[*
-C> @EAV
@ARAH=V?K(
I[ho_f( 7daVTe`d Yf^R_ZeRcZ`d V_ ]`d ]ih`fc]nim Z_eVc_RmZ`_R(Vd
#Z_eV&
jA E UfR(Vd$%P_]him( I[^lc^( .,,-(
jm*35+44*
>=N>ANEO(
Fofci=*( 9Rc]`d 9R]g`%@cm]olmi_h H[ D[s[( ^_f /+-.+-543( [nlc\os_ [ ?[fpi _f
!jlch]cjci ^i6 _`_]ni ncf!_h >RXfV MVRcS``\ i` ?_eVc_ReZ`_R]ARh%-545( j* 0/*
+0-

!=ao[m chn_l_mn[^o[f_m
***!( Y~j(&
j* -,15* IKU=JK( =gf][l( !@_l_]bi
3.3+30-*

+/3
+0*

+0,

=LKOPEHH=O
=H @KIEJEK @AH=O=CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ=NCAJPEJ=

"

! *h[ + _[ ko_ a[l[hnt[ln[ oh ][o^[f [ H[ L[gj[6 Ll_m_hn[lih ][h[fct[]ch j[l[ _f li


=no_f *lc[li AR7cV_R%O[hn[ Nim[( .3+3+.,,2( j* --( _h ko_ _f []o_l^i m_[nlc\os_ [f mo\m_)
]l_n[lci ^_ l_]olmim b^lc]im^_ f[ J[]ch*

+0.

Enffpfbffff(

--$fffEfEbi -EEEEEEEn
------ J!

fK

$$

@K?PNEJ=

H[ ?g[l[ 0W ^_ =j_f[]cih_m
_h fi ?cpcf^_ I_h^it[
]ih`clg _f .,+5+-55,
_f
`[ffi ^_ jlcg_l[
chmn[h]c[ ^_f Fota[^i
_h fi ?cpcfJ| 2 ^_f -.+2+-545
Z_ cV !Fo[h
I[c s inlim p* I_h^it[
m+^[im s j_ldoc]cim ^_lcp[^im ^_ oh[ igcmch cf]cn[_h oh[
`[fn[ ^_ m_lpc]ci!( ]ih^_h[h^i
[f Amn[^i gc_g\li
^_ I_h^it[
jil mo`[fn[ ^_ m_l)
pc]ci( s ]ihm_]o_hn_ j_ldoc]ci [f j[lnc]of[l(
_h oh ][mi _h ko_( jil oh jlch]cjci ^_
^_l_]bi
j\fc]i(
!mcf[m [fn_l[]cih_m ^_f li %I_h^it[
_h _f ][mi& `o_lih gincp[)
^[m jil ][mi `ilnocni i `o_lt[ g[sil(
_f Amn[^i gc_g\li
^_\_ b[]_l fim a[mnim h_)
]_m[lcim j[l[
pifp_l f[m [ao[m [ mo _mn[^i [hn_lcil!* ?ih _mni _f [lni .200( ??cp*(
cgjih_ oh jlch]cjci ^_ ^_l_]bi
j\fc]i ko_ i\fca[ [f Amn[^i mchji^_l domnc`c][lm_($
m[fpi ko_ mo []ncpc^[^ m_[ j[l[
[m_aol[l fim ^_l_]bim ch^cpc^o[f_m ^_ f[ ]igohc)
^[^ ko_ b[\cn[ _h mo n_llcnilci( m_ah fim [lnm* .3( ?J( s -.4( ch]* -5( ?ihmncno)
]ch^_ I_h^it[
^_ -5-2( [g\[m [^m]lcjn[m [f fc\_l[fcmgi ko_ b[]_ ^_ f[m ?ihm)
ncno]cih_m oh ]ihnl[ni
^_ ^_l_]bi
j\fc]i
ko_ m_ cgjih_
[f Amn[^i +1*( =oh
]o[h^i
_f [lni .200( ??cp*( _m]lcnc][\f_ jil ^cmjih_l ^_f ^igchci j\fc]i ko_ l_aof[
_f ^_l_]bi
j\fc]i jlipch]c[f( _f jlch]cjci ^_f _`_]ni ncfs ^_ f[ chn_ljl_n[]ch ^_& [lni
-2 ^_ ^c]bi ?^cai ^_ l_]ollcl [ fim jlch]cjcim a_h_l[f_m ^_f ^_l_]bi* _mjimc\f_ mim)
f[s[l f[ ch]ihmncno]cih[fc^[^
^_ f[ hilg[
jlcp[^[ s hi ^_f_a[^[
[f ?ihal_mi +1+&s
[]_jn[l
mop[fc^_t s _`c][]c[* Ah _mnim][mim _f do_t ^_f ^_l_]bi ]ihnch_hn[f i deRefeV
]Rh [jfc][ _f ^_l_]bi
jimcncpi( chn_alh^ifi( j_li mch^_m[lliff[lfi*

rlp*

MF =B=EHDG <= LJ9L9<G

DG;9DAR9<G

Ah fim ][mim ^_ lim chn_lhim( ]igi


_f ?ifil[^i(
m_ b[ l_]ollc^i
[ f[ ]iil^ch[)
]ch jil nl[n[^im* Af .2+-,+-532
f[m(jlipch]c[m ^o_[m ^_f li mom]lc\c_lih _f nl[)
n[^i ^_( ^cmnlc\o]ch^_ [ao[m( [^ijn[h^i
oh gi^_fi
g[n_gnc]i ko_ fclhcnf[ m[)
fchc^[^ [ -*4 lhlhbim+]lh [ g_^cl _h f[ _hnl[^[ [ >o_him =cl_ms inila6 [ I_h^it[
/0gmj[l[
cllca[l -,4*,,,
b[m s nl[mp[m[lfim [f li =no_c6[gjfc[h^i
mo jin_h)
]c[f _h bc^li_f_]nlc]c^[^7
[ J_okoh -(.1 gm- j[l[
cllca[l 0,,,
b[m7 [ H[ L[gj[
/0(/1
gm- j[l[
cllca[l --,*-,,
b[m7 [ Ni J_ali /0(/1
gm- j[l[
cllca[l --,*,,,
b[m7 s[ >o_him =cl_m //(2,
gm- j[l[
cllca[l -,3*,,,
b[m +1,( L_m_ [ _ffi( f[ J[)
+1* ?* 0W?cp*I_h^it[(

^c[lci A`d 7_UVd ^_f .,+5+-55,( I_h^it[(


j* 1*
XRcR_exR
Z__`^Z_RUR_h ]R 9`_deZefTZz_RcXV_&
eZ_R%
@_j[fg[( >o_him =cl_m(-500( j* -00( Y_j(n_rno[fg_hn_ jil OJ?DAVRE=IKJPA(?[lfim( ;]
T`_deZefTZ`_R]Zd^`''' %]cn*(j* -1/6 !]igi
ni^[ a[l[hn[$ ]ihmncno]cih[f( ho_mnl[ ?ihmncno]ch
jl_m]lc\_ [f f_acmf[^il oh[ ^_n_lgch[^[ ]ih^o]n[* @_n[f gi^i( f[m hilg[m ^_ ]igj_n_h]c[
f_)
acmf[ncp[
^_)ho_mnli [lni 23( ch]* -*- %bis[lni 31( ch]* -. ko_ j_lgcn_ [f ?ihal_mi ^c]n[l _f ?^cai
?cpcf&(
jil _d_gjfi( m_chn_al[h]ih f[mhilg[m ^_ fim jlcg_lim [lnm*^_ f[ ?ihmncno]ch
%_h_f ][mi
fim [lnm*-3( -5( .3( // Q 0-( ?J&( jo_m _mf[ nin[fc^[^ ^_f il^_h dol^c]i ]ihmncno]cih[f _f ko_
lca_f[ ]ih^o]n[ ^_f f_acmf[^il( ch]fomimo]igj_n_h]c[!*
+1, IKU=JK( =gf][l( !O[fchcns?ihnlif i` Ehn_l_mn[n_
S[n_lm ch=la_hnch[!( -/nb Ehn_lh[ncih[f
=mmi]c[ncihih S[n_l Liffoncih N_m_[l]b [h^ ?ihnlif( >c_hhc[ffhn_lh[ncih[f ?ihn_l_h]_7 Ni ^_
F[h_cli( =oaomn(-542( E=SLN?(Hih^ih( QG(-542( j* 4//* IKU=JK( =gf][l( !Him nl[n[^im ^_f
li ?ifil[^i!(
TEE
?ihal_mi J[]cih[f ^_f =ao[( I_h^it[(
?ih[ao[(
@CE(
-541( n*ER[* IKU=JK(
=gf][l( !=ao[m chn_l_mn[^o[f_m
***!(]cn*(j* -,15 s( _h _mj_]c[f( j* -,22* IKU=JK( =g`f][l( !@_)
l_]bi chn_l_mn[^o[f*7! ( ]cn*(jO* 3.3+30-*
$

$%

=LKOPEHH=O
=H @KIEJEK @AH=O=CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ =NCAJPEJ=

]ch kocmi ^_m[lliff[l


f[ ]o_h][
^_f ?ifil[^i
mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_f [lni 31( ch]* -4(
?J( s m_ mog [ f[m j[ln_m( nl[n[^i
^_ ^cmnlc\o]ch( `clg[h^i
_f nl[n[^i
^_f
.+.+-533(
_h _f ko_ jl_mc^_ [ nl[pm ^_f Ichcmn_lci ^_f Ehn_lcil _f la[hi jifnc]i s
n]hc]i ^_f ?igcn Ehn_ldolcm^c]]cih[f ^_f Ni ?ifil[^i
%?icl]i&( mchl_mofn[^im ko_
go_mnl_h _f jlial_mi
jl_pcmni jil _f gi^_fi
g[n_gnc]i [jli\[^i
jil _f nl[n[^i
^_f .2+-,+-532
+1-( H[ jl_m[ Liln_to_fi
^_f Rc_hni cgjf_g_hn[l[
_f nl[mp[m_ ^_
I_h^it[
^_m^_ I[f[la_
mi\l_ _f li Cl[h^_ %[`fo_hn_ ^_f li ?ifil[^i&(
i\l[
ch[oaol[^[
_f .5+4+.,,2(
s ko_ b[mn[ [bil[
hi j[l_]_
l_mj_n[l _f g^ofi inila[)
^i [ I_h^it[
_h _f nl[n[^i*
Lil inl[ j[ln_( n[gji]i
j[l_]_
]ogjfclm_ ]ih f[ f_s
jlipch]c[f
2,20( ko_ [fo^_ n[g\ch [f [ao[ [ nl[mp[m[l ^_m^_ inlim lim +1. s hi
mfi^_f li Cl[h^_( ]osi jlis_]ni
^[n[ ^_ -5--*
=ohko_ j\fc][g_hn_
ch[oaol[)
^[( I_h^it[
b[\l[ [^p_lnc^i [f ?icl]i
_f -5+4+.,,2
!ko_ ^c]bi ?igcn _mn[l[
gi^c`c][h^i
^_ b_]bi _f ]oji
inila[^i
[ I_h^it[(
[f ^cmgchoclfi _h -, lhm)$(^_)
\c_h^i jli`oh^ct[lm_
_f [hfcmcm
s f[ ^cm]omch!+1/(

rp* ;GF;DMKAzF
Ah ]ih]fomch( f[m [ao[m ^_f ^igchci j\fc]i jlipch]c[f ^_\_h m_l a_mncih[^[m jil
f[m jlipch]c[m ^o_[m mch]_^_l( ]igj[lncl
i ]ihm_hncl f[ a_mnch
jil f[ J[]ch( m[fpi
_h f[m ghcg[m ^_f_a[]cih_m ]ihmncno]cih[f_m* Ocf[m [ao[m `o_l[h ]igj[lnc^[m
mih
h_]_m[lcim fim nl[n[^im ^_ ]iil^ch[]ch
_hnl_ fim Amn[^im jlipch]c[f_m* U mc`o_l[h
]igj[lnc^[m
]ih j[m_m _rnl[hd_lim( _m ch^cmj_hm[\f_ _f []o_l^i
jl_pci ^_f Ad_]oncpi
J[]cih[f
]ih fim Amn[^im jlipch]c[f_m ^o_im ^_ f[m [ao[m [`_]n[^[m +10&jil _rjl_)
[ [jfc][]ch ^_f [lni 0-( jll( /|( ko_ cgjc^_ [ f[ J[]ch [fn_l[l f[ dolcm^c]]ch
jlipch]c[f( jil _f [lni .3 ko_ jl_m_lp[ _f ^_l_]bi
j\fc]i
jlipch]c[f(
jil _f [lni .4
ko_ ch]fos_ ^_hnli ^_ f[ l[tih[\cfc^[^
^_ f[m f_s_m _f l_mj_ni [\mifoni
[ f[ ?ihmnc)
no]chJ[]cih[f(
jil _f [lni .5 ko_ ]l_[ oh[ hofc^[^ chm[h[\f_ j[l[
_f f_acmf[^il
ko_ ]ihmc_hn[ oh g_him][\i
[ f[ chn_alc^[^ n_llcnilc[f ^_ f[m p_chncnlmjlipch]c[m
[la_hnch[m s [ f[ ]co^[^ [onhig[( jil _f [lni -.- ko_ f_ cgjc^_ [ f[ J[]ch _d_l)
]_l `[]ofn[^_m l_m_lp[^[m [ f[m jlipch][m($ jil _f [lni -..
ko_ inila[
[ ][^[
jli)
pch]c[ _f ^_l_]bi
_r]fomcpi s _r]fos_hn_ ^_ ]l_[l momjlijc[m
chmncno]cih_m l_aclm_
jil _ff[m( jil _f [lni -.0 ko_ f_ inila[
[ fim Amn[^im gc_g\lim
_f ^igchci ilcach[)

.,+5+-55,(

+1+ HfJ=NAO(
Fo[h B*(;] UVSZU`ac`TVd` ]igi

+&(+ +6&IE $hc

$-*3/ IKU=JK( =gf][l( !O[fchft[]ch!( 7__R(Vd@fcZd


7TbfRcf^% +++&=mi]c[]chEhn_lh[]cih[f ^_
+$ l_]bi ^_ =ao[m =^[)C_h_l[fcn[nR[f_h]c[h[( R[f_h]c[( -55,( j* 05-( jll* .-*
--0 @c[lciA`d 7_UVd ^_f /,+4+.,,2( I_h^it[(
j* =).* @c[lciJ_` ^_f /,+4+.,,2(
I_h^it[(
f( .( !Af _lhjf_i ^_ f[m [ao[m ^_f li Cl[h^_!( ^c[lci H*im7_UVd ^_f .-+.+-534! I_h^it[( j* /*
!- &Eko_m(
_g\[fm_m o m_aoln^[^!( ^c[lci A`d 7_UVd ^_f ,)@1(+))/% I_h^it[(
j* +4+5-,( ^o^[ ^_
+ no]fim ko_ [m_aol_h ko_ hi _rcmn_h
lc_maim]ih f[m jl_m[m ko_ [h _mnh
_h]ihmnlo]]ch
%]ilhi Linl_lcffimmi\l_ _f li I_h^it[& s f[mko_ _mnh
jil ]ihmnlocl %]igi Liln_to_f[ ^_f Rc_hni
hf&- _f [`fo_hn_ ^_f li ?ifil[^i&*
X- !Af ai\_lh[^il
^_ I_h^it[
l[nc`c]_f ]ihp_hci ^_f .5+4+.,,2!(
^c[lci H*im7_UVd ^_f
ED+ +;$,,2( I_h^it[*
X-- EEQJPEJCPKJ(
O[go_f H(&;] `cUV_ a`]xeZT`V_ ]Rdd`TZVURUVdV_ TR^SZ`%L[c^m(>o_him
-X---+& - .( f( ..6 !Ah _f ][g\ci
chmncno]cih[f
_f ]ihnl[ni i nl[n[^i _mgm[^[jn[\f_
[ f[ `oh)
-EEEEEnfn
%&E_f
h s _ n[\cfc^[^!*
---pfw--E
---!$--- -$-=!EE(EIEEE!E
J! -,

@K?PNEJ=

.0

lci ^_ fim l_]olmim ^_ mon_llcnilci( ]igi _f [ao[( s jil fim [lnm* -.0 s -.1 ko_ `[]ofn[
[ f[m jlipch]c[m [ ]ih]_ln[l nl[n[^im \[di _f ^_l_]bi ^_ a_hn_m]ih Amn[^im _rnl[hd_)
lim _h `ilg[ ^cl_]n[( i [ b[]_lf[ jil [h[fia[ ]ih f[ J[]ch s fim ^_gm Amn[^im ^_
f[ `_^_l[]ch( l_mj_]ni ^_ moml_]olmim b^lc]im +11(

54," J=;GE=F<9;AzF
N_mofn[h^i ^_ [jfc][]ch jil [h[fia[ _f ^_l_]bi chn_g[]cih[f j\fc]i _h fim nl[)
n[^im ^_hnli ^_ f[ `_^_l[]ch [la_hnch[( m_l_]igc_h^[
]igi
ao[ f[ ]ihp_h]ch ^_f
@9.(*220 mi\l_ l_aof[]ch ^_ f[m [ao[m j[l[ omim^cmnchnim
[ f[ h[p_a[]ch( [^ijn[)
^[ jil f[ =m[g\f_[ C_h_l[f ^_ J[]cih_m Qhc^[m jil l_m*1-+.55( [m]igi
f[m l_af[m
^_ f[m ila[hct[]cih_m
]c_hn`c][m ^_ffhmncnon^_ @licn Ehn_lh[ncih[f %-,-& [ j[lncl ^_
-5--$ ^_ f[ Ehn_g[ncih[f H[q =mm]c[ncih%fH=&
[ j[lncl ^_ -5107 ^_ f[ =][^_gc[
^_
@_l_]bi Ehn_lh[]cih[f ^_ H[ D[s[ ^_m^_ fim ?olmim ^_ -5327 ^_ f[ Ehn_l[g_lc][h >[l
=mmi]c[ncih %E>=&
^_m^_ -5137 ^_ f[ =mi]c[]ch =la_hnch[ ^_ @_l_]bi Ehn_lh[]cih[f
%==@E&
^_m^_ -53-7 ^_ f[ =mi]c[]ch Ehn_lh[]cih[f ^_ @_l_]bi ^_ =ao[m =^[ ^_m^_
-5327 ^_ f[ jlijc[
?[h]cff_l[ [la_hnch[( ^_m^_ f[ ]l_[]ch ^_ f[ @cl_]]chJ[]cih[f
^_ Lifnc][ Bfopc[f Ehn_lh[]cih[f( _n]* +12(
Af omi ^_f [ao[ ]igi
l_]olmi ]igj[lnc^i(
]ih `ch_m^cmnchnim
^_ f[ h[p_a[]ch( _m
_f ko_ gm[`_]n[ fim l_]olmim b^lc]im ^_f[*n_^_l[]ch [la_hnch[* Ah _f doc]ci ^_ H[
L[gj[
]ihnl[ I_h^it[
jil _f li =no_f( m_hn_h]c[^i jil f[ ?iln_ Oojl_g[
_f
/+-.+-543( m_[]_jn[ ko_ fim ]ih]_jnim s jlch]cjcim gm_f[\il[^im
j[l[ [jfc][l [ f[
g[n_lc[ l_m_lp[^[ jil f[m jlipch]c[m _l[h f[m N_af[m ^_ D_fmchec*
@c]b[m l_af[m `o_lih
[^ijn[^[m
jil f[ Ehn_g[ncih[f H[q =mmi]c[ncih EH=_h mo1.W ?ih`_l_h]c[( ]_f_\l[^[
_h D_fmchec_f .,+4+-522( \[di _f nnofi!N_af[m ^_ D_fmchecmi\l_ _f omi ^_ f[m [ao[m
^_ fim lim chn_lh[]cih[f_m ^cmnchnim
^_ f[ h[p_a[]ch! +13( ?igi _h _f doc]ci m_[]_j)
n[h ^c]b[m l_af[m( m_[h[fct[h( ]igi `[]nil_m l_f_p[hn_m ko_ j_lgcn_h [^p_lncl f[ l[ti)
h[\f_ s _kocn[ncp[^cmnlc\o]ch
^_ [ao[m j[l[ ][^[ ohi ^_ fim Amn[^im(ko_ I_h^it[
nc_h_
]ih]_mch f_a[f j[l[ _f omi ^_f [ao[ j\fc][ _h cllca[]ch jlip_hc_hn_ ^_f li =no_f
%-/.*2/2 b[m&(ko_ m_i\fca [ [\[mn_]_l [ f[ J[]ch [ nl[pm^_ f[m jl_m[m ko_ ]ihmnc)
no[h_f ]igjf_di Af Jcbocf*H[ L[gj[ hi fial jli\[l
ko_ bo\c_m_inila[^i ]ih]_mcih_m i
j_lgcmim ^_ omi( hc^ol[hn_ mo_rcmn_h]c[]igi n_llcnilci h[]cih[f [^gchcmnl[^i jil f[ J[)

B[ffim /-,)/6.053*
?=JK( Cocff_lgi F*(GVTfcd`d YxUcZT`d
''' %]cn*(jm* -53+.-/* @AI=NE=
I=OOAU@ABANNA(
I[l[ A*(!Af ?igcn Fol^c]i Ehn_l[g_lc]hi!( HH^_f --+-.+-541( >if_nhH*(hli* .0,( jm*. s
/()mc\c_h hi [fo^_ _h moi\l[ [ jlch]cjcim i l_af[mmi\l_ fimomim^_ fim]olmim^_ [ao[ chn_l_m)
n[^o[f_m ^cmnchnim
^_ f[ h[p_a[]ch(m_[f[ ko_ !jlis_]n oh[ ]ihp_h]chchn_l[g_lc][h[ j[l[
f[ chgohc^[^ ^_ dolcm^c]]ch
^_ fim Amn[^im(j[l[ _f ^_l_]bi ^_ ch`ilg[]ch( s ^_ `ilg[m j[l[ _f
^_m[lliffi ^_f ^_l_]bi [g\c_hn[f!* >=N>ANEO(
Fofci =*( !Af ^_m[lliffi ^_ ^_l_]bi chn_lh[]cih[f
j\fc]i[ j[lncl ^_ f[ ]l_[]ch ^_ J[]cih_m Qhc^[m!(TEEE
?olmi ^_ @_l_]bi Ehn_lh[]cih[f( ?igcn
Fol^c]i Ehn_l[g_lc][hi s KA=( -542( jm*1+.4*
+13 QJEPA@
J=ffKJO(@i] A+/,22( =h_ri REEE(
jm*40 s mm*
EJ?UPD(
Eh_f[(GVX]RdUV >V]dZ_\Zd`&
ScVV] fd` UV]RdRXfRd UV]`d cx`dZ_eVc_RTZ`_R]Vd%
Eh_f[(I_h^it[( -532*
+11

+12

E wEJnfIE Ehf

=LKOPEHH=O
=H @KIEJEK @AH=O=CQ=O AJ H= BA@AN=?cJ=NCAJPEJ=

.1

]ch[ nl[pm ^_f ?^cai Nol[f( hc^_mjom ^_ -51- ]igi


jlipch]c[ ho_p[ [ nl[pm ^_
mo^_l_]bi jlipch]c[f ^_ [ao[m( ko_ fo_ai ]ih]l_n _h oh ]^cai +2*(
= j_nc]ch^_ Bchf[h^c[( f[ =m[g\f_[ C_h_l[f ^_ J[]cih_m Qhc^[m [^ijn f[ l_m*
.225 ?$=TR&( l_]ig_h^[h^i
[ f[ ?igcmch ^_ @_l_]bi Ehn_g[]cih[f %?KE&
ko__g)
jl_h^c_l[ fim _mno^cimko_ m_]ig_hn[h* @_m^_-532 [ -550 m_[h[fct[lih
_mno^cim
^_ p[lcim l_f[nil_m +2+&s _h dofci ^_ -550 f[ ?KE [jli\ _f jlis_]ni ^_ !@_l_]bi ^_
fim ]olmim ^_ [ao[m chn_g[]cih[f_m j[l[ `ch_m^cmnchnim
^_ f[ h[p_a[]ch! s oh[ !N_)
mifo]chmi\l_ f[m [ao[m mo\n_llh_[mnl[hm`lihn_lct[m!( [ f[m ko_ [jfc][ jil [h[fia[
_f jlis_]ni
[hn_lcil* H[ =m[g\f_[ C_h_l[f [jli\ _f jlis_]ni _f .-+1+-553 jil l_m*
1-+.55( ko_ [h hi _mn
_h pcail +2,( Ehmnlog_hn[ jlch]cjcim s hilg[m ^_ ][l]n_l a_)
h_l[f ko_ mclp_h^_ ^cl_]nlct j[l[ f[ h_ai]c[]ch ^_ []o_l^im mi\l_ l_]olmim ^_ [ao[m
]igj[lnc^im(
mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ oncfct[]chs j[lnc]cj[]ch _kocn[ncp[s l[tih[\f_(
[ f[
i\fca[]ch ^_ hi ][om[l oh j_ldoc]ci m_hmc\f_([ f[ i\fca[]ch ^_ ]iij_l[l(
[ f[ i\fca[)
]ch^_ ch`ilg[l ]ih f[m jl_pcmcih_m ]ill_mjih^c_hn_m( s[ l_mj_n[l f[ cao[f^[^ ^_
omim(m[fpi ko_ _rcmn[oh[ ]imnog\l_ i oh j[]ni _rjl_mi ko_ b[s[ ]l_[^i oh ^_l_]bi
[^koclc^i ^_ ^_\[ m_l l_mj_n[^i ]ih jlcilc^[^* Ah ]o[hni [f ]ih]_jni
^_ l_]olmi
]igj[lnc^i
m_[f[ ko_ m_nl[n[ ^_ [ao[m ko_ ][_h \[di _f ^igchci _r]fomcpi ^_ ][^[*
ohi ^_ fim Amn[^im ko_ f[m ]igj[ln[h(
]ih f[m fcgcn[]cih_m m_[f[^[m jil f[ ?KE( _h
f[mko_ ]ich]c^_h f[m ila[hct[]cih_m ]c_hn`c][m+2-( Af il^_h[gc_hni dol^c]i [jfc][\f_
[f [ao[ ^_\_ n_h^_l [f ^_m[lliffi( f[ oncfct[]chs f[ ^cmnlc\o]ch[jlijc[^[(
[m]igi
[
f[ l_af[g_hn[]ch s [f g[hn_hcgc_hni ^_ fim ^_l_]bim ^_ fim omo[lcim ^_f [ao[( _pc)
n[h^i mo[ain[gc_hni %ko_^cmgchos[ mo][hnc^[^& s mo^_n_lcili %ko_^cmgchos[ mo
][fc^[^&( n[hni ^_ f[m [ao[m ko_ j_ln_h_]_h [f ^igchci j\fc]i ]igi
^_ [ko_ff[m ko_(
mc_h^i jlcp[^[m( _mn[lhmc_gjl_ mod_n[m[f ji^_l ^_ jifc][ ^_f Amn[^i( [ `[pil ^_ f[
]igohc^[^ +2.( @_ f[ domn[j_l]_j]ch s [jfc][]ch ^_ _mnim]ih]_jnim(
^_j_h^_l
B[ffim /-,)/6.053*
O]bq_\_f %-534)-54-&( Ap_hm_h%-54.)-540&( I] ?[``l_s %-541)-55.& s Nim_hni]e
%-55.)-550&*
+2, @EAV
@ARAH=V?K(
I[ho_f( ?_deZefTZ`_Vd%]cn*(j* 04/*
+2- >=N>ANEO(
Fofci=*( !@licnm
_ni\fca[ncihm !( ]cn*(j* .-* J=?EKJAO
QJE@=O(
!Arj_lc_h]c[m _h
+ [jlip_]b[gc_hni
s [^lhchcmnl[]ch
^_ ]o_h][m `fopc[f_ms f[]omnl_mchn_g[]cih[f_m!( GVTfcd`d
CRefcR]Vd%
O_lc_^_f =ao[( hli* -,( Jo_p[ Uile( -54/( ]ih fim ^i]og_hnim chnli^o]nilcim ^_
ocff_lgi F*?[hi( Ni\_ln @*D[snih( G[lf Alc] D[hmmihs I[rq_ff ?ib_h*
+2. J=?EKJAO
QJE@=O(
!Lf[hc`c][]ch^_ fiml_]olmim b^lc]imj[l[ [n_h^_l [ f[ ^_g[h^[ [ f[l)
-X, jf[ti6 ^cl_]nlc]_mj[l[ fim j[m_m_h ^_m[lliffi!( GVTfcd`d CRefcR]Vd%
O_lc_^_f =ao[( hli* .- (
J ]fih_m Qhc^[m(Jo_p[ Uile( -545( j* -,/( ]ih _f [jiln_ ^_ K* J[af_l( U*G[b[h[ s R4Ob[f_p*
KH=JAO(
Icao_f( !@_l_]bim mi\l_ [ao[m( m_aolc^[^s _mn[\cfc^[^dol^c][m(cgjfc][h]c[m j[l[ _f
#+ [lliffi s ]ihm_lp[]ch^_ fim l_]olmim b^lc]im!( +++ ?ihal_mi Ioh^c[f ^_ =^[( 7__R(Vd @fcZd
7#4bfRcf^% +++& C_h_l[fcn[nR[f_h]c[h[( R[f_h]c[( -55,( j* /046 !m_moac_l_ko_ _f l_mj_ni s f[
Elini]]fh [ fim omims [jlip_]b[gc_hnim jl__rcmn_hn_m
[ oh ][g\ci f_acmf[ncpi
^_\[h m_ll_]i)
hi]f]im( jil mo`oh^[g_hn[f cgjiln[h]c[ j[l[ _f ^_l_]bi ^_ [ao[m!* LA=(Dog\_lni$) OKH=)
JE! IfaQf_f( !H[ ai\_lh[\cfc^[^ _`_]ncp[ ^_f [ao[ $_h*f[m =glc][m( oh n_g[ ]lnc]i!(
#OHu [lhn[] s K_j[f)CSL)PA?( Llis_]ni CSL O[gn[]( ^_ ?_j[f( J[]cih_m Qhc^[m(_h +++ Bili
IXfnGEf- ^ - =ao[( Gcini(F[jh( g[lti( .,,/( jm*.-+.06 !%d_\_^_n_lgch[lm_ ]ih ]f[lc^[^ ko
AA`BA++ ih j\fc][m( fim ^_l_]bim ^_ omi \_h_`c]cimi hi jo_^_h m_lj_ldo^c]c[f_m[f [g\c_hn_(
+2*

+2+

AAlbqbbbbA! AAEA"*++++)+"+++++++++++++
JE
+++

04

@K?PNEJ=

ko_ f[m a_h_l[]cih_m ^_f `onoli hi jo_^[h


l_jli^o]cl
f[ nl[a_^c[ ^_ Ob[e_mj_[l_(
]o[h^i
b[]_ ^_]cl [ I[]\_nb
ko_ f[ bcmnilc[ m__m]lc\_ _hnl_ alcnim( loc^im o `olc[* H[
_mj_l[ht[
^_ f[m a_h_l[]cih_m jl_m_hn_m f[ l_]o_l^[ ?li]_( ]o[h^i
_h]o_hnl[ _h f[
p_l^[^ f[ ][j[]c^[^
^_ nilh_hn[l f[ pc^[ -41*

_mnim^_l_]bim ^_\_h _mn[l a[l[hnct[^im jil f[m ?ihmncno]cih_m( fim ^_l_]bim jo_^_h m_l l_ao)
f[^im( f[m ]ih]_mcih_m ^_ omi ^_ [ao[ hi jo_^_h mod_n[lm_[ jifnc][m i][mcih[f_m( ^_\_ jl_^i)
gch[l _f chn_lmj\fc]i _h _f omi ^_f [ao[( f[ hc][ jlcilc^[^ `oh]cih[f _h _f omi _m \_\c^[ o
m[h_[gc_hni( fim ^_l_]bim [^koclc^im ^_\_h m_l l_]ihi]c^im
o [hn_ oh[ ho_p[ oncfc^[^ j\fc][(
[^_]o[^im(
f[ ]o_h][ ^_\_ j_lgcncl oh[ jf[hc][]ch [^_]o[^[(
_m`oh^[g_hn[f f[ ch`ilg[]ch
j\fc][ jl_pc[( fim jli]_^cgc_hnim dol^c]im ^_\_h [m_aol[l _f ^igchci o dolcm^c]]chmi\l_ f[m
[ao[m( fim m_lpc]cimj\fc]im ^_ [ao[ s m[h_[gc_hni hi [^gcn_h []o_l^im jifnc]im( ko_ p[l_h
mo][fc^[^ s ][hnc^[^ ohcp_lm[f( n[lc`[m s a[h[h]c[m ^_\_h m_l l[tih[\f_m(fim
mo\mc^cimhi ^_\_h
m_l]lot[^im s a[l[hnct[l _f omi [ m_]nil_m ^_ ch`_lcil_m l_]olmi( f[ ch`ilg[]ch j[l[ l_aof[^il_m
s omo[lcim ^_\_ m_lijilnoh[
s _`c][t( f[m ]ihn[\cfc^[^_m i\fca[nilc[m s [\c_ln[m j[l[ moch`fo_h]c[
_h a[h[h]c[ o _h n[lc`[m( f[ [onilc^[^ l_mjihm[\f_ ^_f [ao[ ^_\_ m_l ch^_j_h^c_hn_ ^_ omimm_])
nilc[f_m s n_h_l _h ]o_hn[ _f [g\c_hn_!*
-41 ;JG;=& >_h_^_nni( =`VeYV%n* +&@$=]]olttci( I_h^it[
+3/+&j* 3(
/<I?E1<I?E L

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi