AJAX Tng lai ca Web 2.

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AJAX l g ?
AJAX (ting Anh), vit tt cho "Asynchronous JavaScript and XML", ngha l
"JavaScript v XML khng ng b". T Ajax c ng Jesse James Garrett to ra v dng ln
u tin vo thng 2 nm 2005 ch k thut ny, mc d cc h tr cho Ajax c trn cc
chng trnh duyt t 10 nm trc. Ajax l mt k thut pht trin web c tnh tng tc cao
bng cch kt hp cc ngn ng:
HTML (hoc XHTML) vi CSS trong vic hin th thng tin
M hnh DOM (Document Object Model), c thc hin thng qua JavaScript, nhm
hin th thng tin ng v tng tc vi nhng thng tin c hin th
i tng XMLHttpRequest trao i d liu mt cch khng ng b vi my ch
web. (Mc d, vic trao i ny c th c thc hin vi nhiu nh dng nh HTML,
vn bn thng, JSON v thm ch EBML, nhng XML l ngn ng thng c s
dng).
XML thng l nh dng cho d liu truyn, mc du bt c nh dng no cng c th
dng, bao gm HTML nh dng trc, vn bn thun (plain text), JSON v ngay c
EBML.
Ging nh DHTML, LAMP hay SPA, Ajax t n khng phi l mt cng ngh m l mt thut
ng m t vic s dng kt hp mt nhm nhiu cng ngh vi nhau. Trong thc t, cc cng
ngh dn xut hoc kt hp da trn Ajax nh AFLAX cng xut hin.
So snh vi cc ng dng web truyn thng
Tng tc ng b trong ng dng web truyn thng (trn) v d b trong ng dng AJAX
Adaptive Path
Hiu nm na: im khc bit c bn nht ca cng ngh ny l vic x l thng tin c thc
hin trn my thn ch (Client) thay v my phc v (Server) nh cch truyn thng. My ch
ch lm mt vic n gin l nhn thng tin t my khch v tr cc d liu v cho my khch.
My khch x l s b thng tin ca ngi dng nhp vo, sau chuyn v my ch ri nhn
d liu t my ch v x l hin th cho ngi dng.
Cc ng dng Ajax phn ln trng ging nh th chng c t trn my ca ngi s dng
hn l c t trn mt my phc v thng qua Internet. L do: cc trang c cp nht nhng
khng np li (refresh) ton b. "Mi thao tc ca ngi s dng s gi mu ca mt li gi
JavaScript ti b x l (engine) Ajax thay v to ra mt yu cu HTTP (HTTP request)", Jesse
James Garrett ghi nh vy trong bi lun u tin nh ngha v thut ng ny. "Mi p ng
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cho thao tc ca ngi s dng s khng cn truy vn ti my phc v v d nh vic kim tra
mt cch n gin s hp l ca d liu, sa i d liu trong b nh v thm ch mt vi thao
tc duyt trang b x l Ajax t n m nhn trch nhim ny. Nu b x l cn g t my
phc v p ng nh khi n gi d liu x l, ti v b sung cc m giao din hay nhn
v d liu mi n s thc hin cc yu cu ti my phc v mt cch khng ng b, thng
thng s dng XML, m khng lm gin on s tng tc ca ngi s dng vi ng dng
web".


So snh ng dng web truyn thng (tri) vi AJAX
Adaptive Path
Cc ng dng truyn thng v bn cht l gi d liu t cc form, c nhp bi ngi s dng,
ti mt my phc v web. My phc v web s tr li bng vic gi v mt trang web mi. Do
my phc v phi to ra mt trang web mi mi ln nh vy nn cc ng dng chy chm v
"lng tng" hn.
Mt khc, cc ng dng Ajax c th gi cc yu cu ti my phc v web nhn v ch nhng
d liu cn thit, thng qua vic dng SOAP hoc mt vi dch v web da trn nn tng XML
cc b khc. Trn my thn ch (client), JavaScript s x l cc p ng ca my ch. Kt qu l
trang web c hin th nhanh hn v lng d liu trao i gia my ch v trnh duyt web
gim i rt nhiu. Thi gian x l ca my ch web cng v th m c gim theo v phn ln
thi gian x l c thc hin trn my khch ca ngi dng.
C th xem xt mt website nhip nh cho php ngi s dng nhp cc tiu nh mt v d
v cch lm vic ca Ajax. Vi mt ng dng web truyn thng, ton b trang web bao gm c
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cc nh cn c np li. Vi cc cng ngh Ajax, DHTML c th thay th ch nhng on tiu
v kt qu l ngi dng c nhng giao dch "mt m" ng quan tm.
Cc trnh duyt h tr Ajax
Apple Safari t 1.2 tr ln
Konqueror
Microsoft Internet Explorer t 4.0 tr ln
Mozilla/Mozilla Firefox t 1.0 tr ln
Netscape t 7.1 tr ln
Opera t 8.0 tr ln
GreenBrowser 4.3
Tham kho
Ajax: A New Approach to Web Applications, bi Jesse James Garrett. Bi bo u tin
v Ajax
AJAX:Getting Started Bi bo ca Mozilla.org.
Xem thm
Web 2.0
V d
Flickr
Google Local (trc y Google Maps)
Windows Live
Ajax ca ngi Vit:
a danh Vit Nam : Website vi trn 48000 a danh Vit Nam trn bn trc tuyn
c nh v tinh. S dng cng ngh AJAX v Google Maps API.
Thng Cnh p [ http://thangcanhdep.com ]: s dng 100% AJAX, kt hp vi
Google MAP API.
PHP basic [ http://phpbasic.com ]: s dng AJAX + din n tho lun
Mt ng dng web truyn thng x l s tng tc vi ngi dng so vi mt ng dng
Ajax
Cc thnh phn khc nhau ca cc ng dng Ajax tng tc vi nhau so vi cc ng
dng web truyn thng
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Cng c
ASP.NET AJAX, toolkit Ajax ca Microsoft cho ASP.NET
Anthem.NET, toolkit AJAX ca Jason Diamond cho ASP.NET
Dojo Toolkit, toolkit Ajax/DHTML
Prototype, khun kh m ngun m
Sajax, toolkit Ajax n gin 1
Rialto (Rich Internet AppLication TOolkit)
ZK, Ajax but no Javascript.
JQuery, Toolkit x l javascript cho web page (support Ajax mnh)
Mootools, Mt Toolkit khc x l javascript cho web page (support Ajax mnh)

AJAX Ton Tp - Bi M u
Qa trnh pht trin cc cng ngh tong ng dng WEB.
Trc khi tm hiu v Ajax, chng ta cng xem xt qu trnh pht trin cc cng ngh Web,
nguyn nhn v hon cnh xut hin cng ngh Ajax.
Qu trnh pht trin cc cng
ngh trong ng dng Web
Ban u, cc trang Web l tnh; ngi dng gi yu cu mt ti nguyn no , v server s tr
v ti nguyn . Cc trang Web khng c g hn l mt vn bn c nh dng v phn tn.
i vi cc trnh duyt, th cc trang Web tnh khng phi l cc vn kh khn, v trang Web
lc u ch thng tin v cc s kin, a ch, hay lch lm vic qua Internet m thi, cha c
s tng tc qua cc trang Web. Nm 1990, Tim Berners-Lee, ti CERN, sng ch ra HTML
(Hyper Text Markup Language), ngn ng nh du siu vn bn. HTML rt n gin v d
dng, v n tr thnh mt ngn ng rt ph bin v c bn.
Tuy nhin, khng lu sau , nhu cu v cc trang Web ng, c s tng tc ngy mt tng,
chnh v th s ra i cc cng ngh Web ng l mt iu tt yu. Sau y l mt s cng ngh
Web ng c bn:
1. CGI
Gii php u tin lm cc trang Web ng l Common Gateway Interface (CGI). CGI cho
php to cc chng trnh chy khi ngi dng gi cc yu cu. Gi s khi cn hin th cc cc
mc bn trn Web site vi mt CGI script ta c th truy nhp c s d liu sn phm v
hin th kt qu. S dng cc form HTML n gin v cc CGI script, c th to cc ca hng
o cho php bn sn phm cho khch hng qua mt trnh duyt. CGI script c th c vit bng
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mt s ngn ng t Perl cho n Visual Basic.
Tuy nhin, CGI khng phi l cch an ton cho cc trang Web ng. Vi CGI, ngi khc c th
chy chng trnh trn h thng. V th c th chy cc chng trnh khng mong mun gy tn
hi h thng. Nhng d vy, cho n hm nay th CGI vn cn c s dng.
2. Applet
Thng 5/1995, John Gage ca hng Sun v Andressen (nay thuc Netscape Communications
Corporation) cng b mt ngn ng lp trnh mi c tn Java. Netscape Navigator h tr
ngn ng mi ny, v mt con ng mi cho cc trang Web ng c m ra, k nguyn ca
applet bt u.
Applet cho php cc nh pht trin vit cc ng dng nh nhng vo trang Web. Khi ngi dng
s dng mt trnh duyt h tr Java, h c th chy cc applet trong trnh duyt trn nn my o
Java Virtual Machine (JVM). D rng applet lm c nhiu iu song n cng c mt s nhc
im: thng b chn bi vic c v ghi cc file h thng, khng th ti cc th vin, hoc i
khi khng th thc thi trn pha client. B li nhng hn ch trn, applet c chy trn mt m
hnh bo mt kiu sandbox bo v ngi dng khi cc on m nguy him.
C nhng lc applet c s dng rt nhiu, nhng n cng c nhng vn ny sinh: l s
ph thuc vo my o Java JVM, cc applet ch thc thi khi c mi trng thch hp c ci
t pha client, hn na tc ca cc applet l tng i chm v th applet khng phi l gii
php ti u cho Web ng.
3. JavaScript
Cng thi gian ny, Netscape to ra mt ngn ng kch bn gi l JavaScript. JavaScript c
thit k vic pht trin d dng hn cho cc nh thit k Web v cc lp trnh vin khng
thnh tho Java. (Microsoft cng c mt ngn ng kch bn gi l VBScript). JavaScript ngay
lp tc tr thnh mt phng php hiu qu to ra cc trang Web ng.
Vic ngi ta coi cc trang nh l mt i tng lm ny sinh mt khi nim mi gi l
Document Object Model (DOM). Lc u th JavaScript v DOM c mt s kt hp cht ch
nhng sau chng c phn tch. DOM hon ton l cch biu din hng i tng ca
trang Web v n c th c sa i vi cc ngn ng kch bn bt k nh JavaScript hay
VBScript.
T chc World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) chun ha DOM, trong khi European
Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) ph duyt JavaScript di dng c t
ECMAScript.
4. JSP/Servlet, ASP v PHP
Cng vi Java, Sun ng thi a ra mt cng ngh mi gi l servlet. Cc on m Java s
khng chy pha client nh vi applet; chng s c chy trn mt ng dng pha server.
Servlet cng ng thi phc v cc CGI script. Servlet l mt bc tin ln, n a ra mt th
vin hm API trn Java v mt th vin hon chnh thao tc trn giao thc HTTP.
JavaServer Page (JSP) l mt cng ngh lp trnh Web ca Sun, cng vi n l mt cng ngh
khc ca Microsoft - Active Server Pages (ASP), JSP l cng ngh i hi mt trnh ch hiu
c Java.
Microsoft nghin cu cc nhc im ca servlet v to ra ASP d dng hn thit k cc
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trang web ng. Microsoft thm cc b cng c rt mnh v s tch hp rt hon ho vi cc
Web server. JSP v ASP c nhng nt tng ng v chng u c thit k phn tch qua
trnh x l khi qu trnh biu din. C s khc bit v k thut, song c hai u cho php cc
nh thit k Web tp trung vo cch b tr (layout) trong khi cc nh pht trin phn mm th tp
trung vo cc k thut lp trnh logic.
Tt nhin Microsoft v Sun khng c quyn cc gii php pha server. Cn c cc cng ngh
khc, trong phi k n l PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) cho ti Cold Fusion. Cc cng ngh
ny cung cp cc b cng c rt mnh cho cc nh pht trin.
5. Flash
Nm 1996, FutureWave a ra sn phm FutureSplash Animator. Sau FutureWave thuc
s hu ca Macromedia, v cng ty ny a ra sn phm Flash. Flash cho php cc nh thit k
to cc ng dng hot ha v linh ng. Flash khng i hi cc k nng lp trnh cao cp v rt
d hc. Cng ging nh cc nhiu gii php khc Flash yu cu phn mm pha client. Chng
hn nh gi Shockwave Player plug-in c th c tch hp trong mt s h iu hnh hay trnh
duyt.
6. DHTML
Khi Microsoft v Netscape a ra cc version 4 ca cc trnh duyt ca h, th cc nh pht trin
Web c mt la chn mi: Dynamic HTML (DHTML). DHTML khng phi l mt chun ca
W3C; n ging mt b cng c thng mi hn. Trong thc t n l mt tp hp gm HTML,
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), JavaScript, v DOM. Tp hp cc cng ngh trn cho php cc
nh php trin sa i ni dung v cu trc ca mt trang Web mt cch nhanh chng. Tuy
nhin, DHTML yu cu s h tr t cc trnh duyt. Mc d c Internet Explorer v Netscape h
tr DHTML, nhng cc th hin ca chng l khc nhau, cc nh pht trin cn phi bit c
loi trnh duyt no m pha client dng. DHTML tht s l mt bc tin mi, nhng n vn
cn mt s qui chun pht trin. Hin nay DHTML vn ang trn con ng pht trin mnh.
7. XML
K t khi ra i vo gia nm 1990, eXtensible Markup Language (XML) ca W3C dn xut
ca SGML tr nn rt ph bin. XML c mt khp ni, Microsoft Office 12 cng s h tr
nh dng file XML.
Ngy nay chng ta c rt nhiu dng dn xut ca XML cho cc ng dng Web (tt nhin l c
c XHTML): XUL ca Mozilla; XAMJ, mt sn phm m ngun m trn nn Java; MXML t
Macromedia; v XAML ca Microsoft.
Bi 0 (tip): Web 2.0 v cng ngh AJAX.
Cng ngh Web th h th hai Web 2.0
c xem l mt cuc cch mng trn th gii mng, th h web mi c nhng thay i quan
trng khng ch nn tng cng ngh m cn c cch thc s dng - hnh thnh nn mi
trng cng ng, mi ngi cng tham gia ng gp cho x hi o ch khng ch
duyt v xem.
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Web 2.0 l g? Lm sao phn bit u l Web 1.0 u l Web 2.0? Thut ng Web 2.0 ang tr
nn thnh hnh. Thc cht, Web 2.0 c ngha l s dng web ng vi bn cht v kh nng ca
n.
Mc tiu u tin ca nhng ngi tin phong xy dng Internet l nhm kt ni cc nh nghin
cu v cc my tnh ca h vi nhau c th chia s thng tin hiu qu. Khi b sung World
Wide Web (nm 1990), Tim Berners-Lee cng nhm mc tiu to phng tin cho php ngi
dng t do a thng tin ln Internet v d dng chia s vi mi ngi (trnh duyt web u tin
do Berners-Lee vit bao gm c cng c son tho trang web). Tuy nhin, sau web pht
trin theo hng hi khc mc tiu ban u.
Tuy c mt s ngoi l nhng th gii Web 1.0 (th h web trc Web 2.0) ch yu gm cc
website ng ca cc hng thng tn hay cc cng ty nhm mc ch tip cn c gi hay
khch hng hiu qu hn. N l phng tin pht tin hn l phng tin chia s thng tin. Ch
n gn y, vi s xut hin ca nhiu k thut mi nh blog (hay weblog), wiki web mi tr
nn c tnh cng ng (v cng tc) hn v tr nn gn hn vi s k vng v kh nng thc s
ca n.
Khi nim Web 2.0 u tin c Dale Dougherty, ph ch tch ca OReilly Media, a ra ti
hi tho Web 2.0 ln th nht do OReilly Media v MediaLive International t chc vo thng
10/2004. Dougherty khng a ra nh ngha m ch dng cc v d so snh phn bit Web 1.0
v Web 2.0: DoubleClick l Web 1.0; Google AdSense l Web 2.0. Ofoto l Web 1.0; Flickr l
Web 2.0. Britannica Online l Web 1.0; Wikipedia l Web 2.0. v.v.
Sau Tim OReilly, ch tch kim gim c iu hnh OReilly Media, c kt li 7
c tnh ca Web 2.0:
1. Web c vai tr nn tng, c th chy mi ng dng
2. Tp hp tr tu cng ng
3. D liu c vai tr then cht
4. Phn mm c cung cp dng dch v web v c cp nht khng ngng
5. Pht trin ng dng d dng v nhanh chng
6. Phn mm c th chy trn nhiu thit b
7. Giao din ng dng phong ph
Thot u, Web 2.0 c ch trng ti yu t cng ngh, nhn mnh ti vai tr nn tng ng
dng. Nhng n hi tho Web 2.0 ln 2 t chc vo thng 10/2005, Web 2.0 c nhn mnh
n tnh cht su xa hn yu t cng ng.