Methods of Estimation of Multi

Methods of estimation of multi-
component formulations: A review

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Mr. S.J. Daharwal
As the mankind made his way through remote times and places, he was always followed by
disease and sickness from ill health. Thus originated drugs and medicines to cure it
and began evaluation of practice of pharmacy and pharmaceuticals.
Market is flooded with combination of drugs in various dosage forms1 (Table-1). The multi-
components formulations have gained a lot of importance nowadays due to greater patient
acceptability, increased potency, multiple action, fewer side effects and quicker relief 2.
There is a plethora of analysis of such formulations without prior separation. For the
estimation of multi-component formulation, the instrumental techniques, which are commonly
employed, are spectrophotometry, GLC, high performance thin layer chromatography
(HPTLC), HPLC etc. These methods are based upon the measurement of specific and
nonspecific physical properties of the substances.
Spectrophotometric multi-component analysis
Absorption spectroscopy is one of the most useful and widely used tools available to the
analyte for quantitative analysis. The relation between the concentration of analyte and the
amount of light absorbed is the basis of most analytical applications of molecular
spectroscopy. This method of analysis is gaining importance due to simple, rapid, precise,
highly accurate and less time consuming. Spectrophotometric multi-component analysis can
be applied where the spectra of drugs overlaps. In such cases of overlapping spectra,
simultaneous equation can be framed to obtain the concentration of individual component;
otherwise multi-component analysis can be applied on any degree of spectral overlap provided
that two or more spectra are not similar exactly. Some examples are listed in table-2.
The various spectroscopic techniques used for multi-component analysis are as
follows
Simultaneous equation method (Vierodt’s method) 3
Concentration of several components present in the same mixture can be determined by
solving a set of simultaneous equation even if their spectra overlap. If Beer’s law is followed,
these equations are linier.
Two wavelength method3
The method can be used to calculate the concentration of component of interest found in a
mixture containing it along some unwanted interfering component. The absorption different
between two points on the mixture spectra is directly proportional to the concentration of the
component to be determined irrespective of the interfering component.
The absorption ratio method3
The absorbance ratio method is a modification of the simultaneous equation procedure. It
depends on the property that for a substance, which obeys Beer’s law at all wavelength, the
ratio of absorbance at any two wavelengths is constant value independent of concentration or
path length. e.g. Two dilutions of the same substance give the same absorbance ratio A1 / A2.
In the USP, this ratio is referred to as Q value. In the quantitative assay of two components in
admixture by the absorbance ratio method, absorbances are measured at two wavelengths.
One being the λ max of one of the components (λ2) and the other being a wavelength of equal
absorptivity of the two components (λ1), i.e., an iso-absorptive point.
Geometric correction method3
A number of the mathematical correction procedures have been developed which reduce or
eliminate the background irrelevant absorption that may be present in the samples of
biological origin. The simplest of this procedure is the three-point geometric procedure, which
may be applied if the irrelevant absorption is linier at the three wavelengths selected. This
procedure is simply algebraic calculations of what the baseline technique in infrared
spectrophotometry dose graphically.
Absorption factor method (Absorption correction method) 3
It is further modification of simultaneous equation method. Quantitative determination of one
drug is carried out by E (1%, 1 cm) value and quantitation of another drug is carried out by
subtraction absorption due to interfering drug using absorption factors.
Orthogonal polynomial method3
The technique of orthogonal polynomials is another mathematical correction procedure, which
involves complex calculation than the three-point correction procedure. The basis of the
method is that an absorption spectrum may be represented in terms of orthogonal functions.
Difference spectrophotometry3
Difference spectrophotometry provides a sensitive method for detecting small changes in the
environment of a chromophore or it can be used to demonstrate ionization of a chromophore
leading to identification and quantitation of various components in mixture. The essential
feature of difference spectrophotometric assay is that the measured value is the difference
absorbance (∆A) between two equimolar solutions of the analyte in different chemical forms,
which exhibits different spectral characteristics.
Derivative spectrophotometry3
Derivative spectrophotometry is useful means of resolving two overlapping spectra and
eliminating matrix interference due to an indistinct shoulder on side of an absorption bands. It
involves conversion of normal spectrum [A= f (λ)]to its first [dA/ dλ = f (λ)], second [d2A/ dλ2
= f (λ)]and higher derivatives spectra where the amplitude in the derivative spectrum is
proportional to the concentration of the analyte provided that Beer’s law is obeyed by the
fundamental spectrum.
Area under curve method4
In this method, the absorptivity values (ε1 and ε2) of each of the two drugs were determined at
the selected wavelength range. Total area under curve of a mixture at wavelength range is
equal to the sum of area under the individual component at that wavelength range. This
method is applicable when the λ max of the two components are reasonably dissimilar, the two
components do not interact chemically and both the component must be soluble in same
solvent.
The methods deviated when overlapping of UV spectra of two drugs significantly and large
difference in labeled strength5. e. g. Tizanidine HCl 3.0 mg and nimesulide 100.0 mg per
tablet. The accuracy of the method depends upon nature of solvent, pH of solution,
temperature, high electrolyte concentration and the presence of interfering substances.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC):
This technique is based on the same method of separation as classical column
chromatography. i.e. adsorption, partition, ion exchange and gel permeation but it differ from
column chromatography, in that mobile phase is pumped through the packed column under
high pressure. The technique is most widely used for all the analytical separation technique
due to its sensitivity, its ready adaptability to accumulate quantitative determinations, its
suitability for separating nonvolatile species or thermally fragile ones. In normal HPLC, polar
solids such as silica gel; alumina (Al2O3) or porous glass beads and non-polar mobile phase
such as heptane, octane or chloroform are used but if the opposite case holds, it is called as
reversed phase HPLC. Some examples are listed in table-3 and 4
High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC):
The principle is based on plane chromatography. The mobile phase normally is driven by
capillary action. The prominent advantages of this technique includes possibilities of
separating of up to 70 samples and standard simultaneously on a single plate leading to high
throughout, low cost analogs and the ability to construct calibration curves from standard
chromatography under the same condition as the sample. Analyzing a sample by use of
multiple separation steps and static post chromatographic detection procedures with various
universal and specific visualization regents that are possible because all the sample
components are stored on the layer without the chance of loss. Some examples are listed in
table-5.
Gas chromatography (GC):
GC is one of the most extensively used separation technique in which separation is
accomplished by partitioning solute between a mobile gas phase and stationary phase, either
liquid or solid. The chief requirement is same degrees of stability at the temperature necessary
to maintain the substance in gas state. Some examples are listed in table-6.
Validation of methods6:
Validation by definition is an act of providing that any process, method, equipment, material,
activity, system or analyst performs as expected under given set of conditions. When
extended to an analytical procedure, depending upon the application it means that a method
works reproducibility when carried out by a same or different person, in same or different
laboratories, using different regent, different equipment etc. It will ensure commitment to
quality of products and services. It builds a degree of confidence not only for the developer
but also to the user.
Validation of analytical method should follow a well documented procedure beginning with the
definition of the scope of the method and its validation criteria and including the compounds
and matrices, desired detection and quantitation limits and any other important performance
criteria. The scope of method should include different equipment and locations where the
method will be run. The methods were validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision,
specificity and reproducibility of sample applications. Analytical method validation has been
performed according to ICH guidelines. Accuracy of the method is certain on the basis of
recovery studies performed by the standard addition method. The formula used for calculating
recovery of pure drug is
Percentage recovery = T - A X 100 / S
Where T = Total amount of drug estimated
A= Amount contributed by formulation
S = Amount of pure drug added.
Precision of analytical method is expressed as SD and RSD of series of measurement by
replicate estimation of drug.
The stability indicating ability of the method has been investigated by deliberately degrading
the sample preparation. The stress conditions applied are acidic (0.1 M HCl), alkalis (0.1M
NaOH) and mild oxidizing condition (3% H2O2) for 24 hr at 50 C. Also heat (60C) and U.V.
exposure for 24 hr will be carried out on the sample.
The linearity of the method was investigated by serially diluting the stock solutions of drugs
and measured values.
Ruggedness studies has been carried out for different parameters i.e. days and analysts. The
results shall be compared with the method.

Conclusion:
The multi-drug therapy is an ancient phenomenon to combat interrelated symptoms of
diseased status of human beings. Since it ensure timely and complete medication for disorder
and it has patient compliance, as it reduces the number of formulations to be taken at a time.
Therefore, the pharmaceutical formulations with combinations of drugs have shown an
increasing trend to counteract other symptoms specific to one drug n formulation, and hence
analytical chemist will have to accept the challenge of developing reliable methods for analysis
of drugs in such formulation.
Simultaneous analysis procedures are now being used more frequently for estimation of drugs
in multi-component pharmaceutical formulations due to their inherent advantages viz. avoid
time consuming extraction and separation, economical in the sense that use of expensive
regents is minimized are equally accurate and precise. . For the estimation of multi-component
formulation, the instrumental techniques, which are commonly employed, are
spectrophotometery, GLC, high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), HPLC etc.
The validation of methods has to validate by using same parameters as per ICH guidelines.
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91. Panda S. K.; Sharma A. K.; and Sahu L. K.; ‘Simultaneous analysis of phynyl
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94. Chaturvedi S.C.; Jain S. and Tiwari M.; ‘Propranolol HCl-diazepam- simultaneous
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110. Garg R. and Sharma A. K.; ‘Simultaneous determination of salbutamol and etofyllin by
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120. Trivedi P.; Jain D. K. and Agrawal D.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of tinidazole and
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139. Ravisankar S.; Vasudevan M.; Ravibabu J. and Nagarajan J. S. K.; ‘Estimation of
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140. Argekar A. P. and Pawar S. G.; ‘Simultaneous determination of amilodipin and atenolol in
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143. Tsou T. L.; Wv J. R.; Young C. D. and Wang T. R.; ‘Simultaneous determination of
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144. Suresh P. S.; Sivakuamr S. P. N.; Venketaraju D.; Trinanjan P.; Vasudavan M; and
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148. Badwe N.; Garg A.; Eapen D. and Seth P. D.; ‘‘Simultaneous estimation of bromohexine
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152. Bhatia M. S.; Kaskhedikar S. G. and Chaturvedi S.C.; ‘HPLC estimation of ciprofloxacin
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156. Argekar A. P. and Pawar S. G.; ‘Simultaneous determination of diloxanide furoate and
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157. Balaprabhakar and Deshpande S.G.; ‘Simultaneous estimation ethniyl estradiol and
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158. Vidya V. V.; Khanolkar M. and Gadre J. N.; ‘Isocratic, simultaneous HPLC determination
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159. Suzen Sinan and Akay Cemal; ‘Simultaneous determination of guaifenesin and codeine
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160. Li-Yongguig, Tian, Zixin, Zhao Wen; Zhu, Jihong; ‘ Determination of guaifenesine,
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162. Jiang Zibin and Yuan Jimin; ‘Determination of ibuprofen and dextromethorphen HCl in
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163. Wagh P. J.; and Pai N.; Devlopment and validation of HPLC method for simultaneous
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164. Zhang Qing; ‘ HPLC determination of metranidazole, clotimazole and chlorhexidne
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165. Vidya V. V.; Khanolkar M. and Gadre J. N.; ‘Simultaneous assay of nimuselide and
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167. Halkar U. P.; Ankalkope P. B. and Rane S. H ‘HPLC determination of paracetamol,
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173. Vasudevan M.; Ravishankar S.; George M. and Ravi J. ; ‘Simultaneous estimation of
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174. Shenoy K. P. R.; Krishnamurthy K. S. and Iyengar V. ; ‘HPLC method for simultaneous
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175. Zhang Y.; ‘ Determination of theophylline and Phenobarbital in long-acting aminophylline
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176. Chen Ye; Zheng;and Jiayeng; ‘Simultaneous determination of content of thiophylline and
guaifenesin by HPLC’; Through Chemical Abstract, 2000,132/ 40615e.
177. Mahadik K. R.; Aggrawal H. and Kaul N.; ‘ Devlopment and velidation of HPLC method for
simultaneous estimation of trihexyphenidyl HCl and chlorpromazine HCl for tablet dosage
178. El-Bayomi and Abd El-Aziz; ‘ HPLC using diode array determination spectrodesiometric
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179. Gowri N.; Vidhyalingam V. and Santha A.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of amlodipine and
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180. Zarapkar S. S. and Kanyawar N. S.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of amlodipine and losarton
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181. Yang Zemini and Chen Ji-heng;‘ Simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and
clavulanate by RP-HPLC’; Through Chemical Abstract, 2000,132/ 40638q.
182. Du Z.; Chen J. J. and Young Z. M.; ‘Simultaneous RP-HPLC determination of two
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183. Zarapkar S. S.; Halkar U. P. and Rane S. H. ; ‘RP- HPLC determination of amoxycillin,
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184. Zarapkar S. S.; Halkar U. P. and Rane S. H.; ‘RP- HPLC determination of ampicilline and
probencid in capsule’; Indian Drugs, 2000, 37(4), 200-203.
185. Shinde V. M. and Shabadi C. V.; ‘Simultaneous determination of cefazoline and
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186. Pi, Li; ‘ Determination of cefelexine and trimethoprim in compound cefelexine capsule by
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187. Nalini C. N.; Kavitha K. and Kumaravel S.;‘Simultaneous determination of ceprofloxacine
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188. Zarapkar S. S.; Halkar U. P. and Rane S. H.; ‘RP-HPLC determination of cetrizine and
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189. Raman B. Kanumular G. V. and Bhoir I. C.; ‘Concurrent analysis of multi- component
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190. Zarapkar S. S.; Halkar U. P. and Bhandari N. P.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of cinnarizine
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191. Argerkar A.P. and Pawar S. G.; ‘Simultaneous determination of ciprofloxacin and
tinadazole in pharmaceutical preparation by RP-HPLC’; Indian Drugs, 1999, 36(5), 399-402.
192. Zarapkar S. S.; Rane A. V. and Rane S. H.; ‘HPLC determination of ciprofloxacin HCl and
tinadazole in pharmaceutical preparation ’; Indian Drugs, 1999, 36(5), 408-410.
193. Shenoy K. P. R.; Krishnamurthy and Vinod M. V.; ‘Simultaneous determination of codine
phosphate and chlorphenaramine maleate in formulation by RP- HPLC; Indian Drugs, 1999,
36(8), 513-516.
194. Shenoy K. P. R. and Krishnamurthy K. S.; ‘Determination of codine phosphate,
doxylamine succinate, paracetamol and caffeine in combined dosage formulation by RP-
HPLC’; Indian Drugs, 2000, 37(10), 486-488.
195. Raman B. and Patil D.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of dextropropoxyphen HCl, diclofenic
sodium and paracetamol in capsule by RP-HPLC’; Indian Drugs, 2001, 38(1), 36-39.
196. Raman B. and Patil D.; ‘RP- HPLC for Simultaneous estimation of domamethasone, p-
chlrophenol and thymol in dental solution’; Indian Drugs, 2002, 39(9), 487-490.
197. Zarapkar S. S.and Kanyawar N. S.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of domperidon and
omeprazole in pharmaceutical dosage form by RP- HPLC; Indian Drugs, 2002, 39(4) 217-221.
198. Zarapkar S. S.; Halkar U. P. and Rane S. H. ‘RP- HPLC determination of Doxylamine
succinate and pyridoxine HCl in tablet’; Indian Drugs, 1999, 36(7), 449-452.
199. Zarapkar S. S.; Halkar U. P. and Bhandari N. P.; ‘Simultaneous determination of
fexofenadine HCl and pseudoephedrine sulphate in pharmaceutical dosage form by RP- HPLC’;
Indian Drugs, 2000, 37(9), 421-425.
200. Xia, Xiaoping and Zhou, Yuehang; ‘ Determination of flucanozole, metranidazole and
choramphinicol in compound flucanazole cream by RP-HPLC’; Chemical Abstract, 2000,132/
185523h.
201. Shinde V. M and Khanolkar D. H.; ‘RP- HPLC method for estimation of gilendsmine and
metformineHCl from combined dosage form’; Indian Drugs, 1999, 36(12), 739-742.
202. Gandhimathi M.; Anandkumar K.; Cheriyan A. and Rai T. K.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of
gliclazide and metformine HCl in tablet using RP-HPLC’; Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 2003, 65(4),
530-531.
203. Duby A. and Shukla I. C.; ‘ Microgram determination of glipiozide and metformine HCl in
pharmceutical preparation by HPLC method’; Indian Drugs, 2002, 39(8), 446-449.
204. Zarapkar S. S. Kulkarni S. K and Kanyawar N. S.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of glipizide
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205. Shah R. and Sahajia B. N.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of lasartan potassium and
hydrochlothiazide in pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC’; Through 55th Indian
Pharmaceutical Congress Scientific Abstract, 2003/ G-5.
206. ‘Simultaneous estimation of lomefloxacine HCl, prothionamide and pyrizinamide in
pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC’; The Pharma Review, 2003, 1(3), 87-89.
207. Gaikwad N. J. and Wanjari D. B.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of metformine HCl and
pigglitazone in combined dosage form by RP-HPLC’; Through 55th Indian Pharmaceutical
208. Raman B.; Kulkarni S. K. and Kayawar N. S.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of
methocarbamol and nimuselide in pharmaceutical dosage forms form by RP- HPLC’; Indian
Drugs, 2002, 39(10), 536-540.
209. Vasudevan M.; Ravishankar S.; Ravibabu T. and Nanjan M.J.; ‘Simultaneous estimation
of methocarbamol, ibuprofen and paracetamol by RP-HPLC’; Indian Drugs, 2000, 37(8), 386-
389.
210. Shinde V. M and Raman B.; ‘Simultaneous determination of nicotinic acid and meclozine
HCl in tablet by RP- HPLC’; Indian Drugs, 1998, 35(12), 748-753.
211. Nagoji K. E. V.; Kirankumar M.; Vijayasrinivas S.; Satishkumar M. and Rao M.E. B.;
‘Simultaneous RP-HPLC estimation of nimesulide and diclofenic sodium’; Indian J. Pharm. Sci.,
2003, 65(4), 407-409.
212. Kale U. N.; Naidu K. R. and Shingare M. S.; ‘RP-HPLC method for simultaneous
estimation of nimesulide and Tizanidine HCl in tablet’; Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 2003, 65(3),
315-318.
213. Zarapkar S. S.; Halkar U. P. and Bhandari N. P.; ‘Simultaneous determination of
nimuselide and chlorzoxazone in pharmaceutical dosage form by RP- HPLC’; Indian Drugs,
2000, 37(10), 469-473.
214. Kale U. N.; Naidu K. R. and Shingare M. S.; ‘Simultaneous determination of norfloxacin
and ornidazole in pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC’; Indian Drugs, 2003, 40(7), 397-
400.
215. Halkar U. P. and Ankalkope P. B. ; ‘RP- HPLC determination of ofloxacin and tinidazole in
tablet’; Indian Drugs, 2000, 37(12), 585-588.

216. Singh R. A.; Kumar D.; Kumar R. and Sourabh A.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of ornidaole
and ofloxacine in pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC’; Through 55th Indian
217. Nagoji E. V. and Srinivas S. V.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of paracetamol and nimesulide
in tablet by RP- HPLC’; Asian J. of Chemistry, 2002, 14(2), 1004-1008.
218. Zarapkar S. S.; Halkar U. P. and Bhandari N. P.; ‘RP- HPLC determination of
paracetamol, ibuprophen and methocarbamol in tablet’; Indian Drugs, 1999, 36(11), 710-
713.
219. Raman B. and Patil D.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of paracetomol and nemuselide in tablet
by RP- HPLC’; Indian Drugs, 2000, 37(10), 437-440.
220. Raman B. Kanumular G. V. and Bhoir I. C.; ‘Concurrent analysis of multi- component
dosage formulation containing phenylpropanolamine HCl, cetrizine diHCl and acetaminophen
by RP-HPLC with wavelength programming ’; Indian Drugs, 2001, 38(6), 294-298.
221. Shah D. A.; Shenkar M. B.; Modi V. D.; Patel B. J. and Geetha M.; ‘Estimation of
Picglitazone and metformine by derivative spectrophotometery and RP-HPLC in tablet’;
Through 55th Indian Pharmaceutical Congress Scientific Abstract, 2003/ G-17.
222. Raman B. and Kanumula G. V.; ‘Simultaneous determination of pseudoephedrine HCl and
loratidine HCl in pharmaceutical dosage form by RP- HPLC’; Indian Drugs, 2000, 37(12), 574-
576.
223. Bhatia M. S.; Kaskhedikar S. G. and Chaturvedi S.C.; ‘ Chromatographic estimation of
pseudoephedrine HCl, dextromethorphen hydrobromide and triprolidone HCl from multi
component tablet’; Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 2000, 62(2), 61-62.
224. Raman B. and Shinde V. M.; ‘Simultaneous determination of pyrantel pomoate and
mebendazole in tablet by RP- HPLC’; Indian Drugs, 1999, 36(3), 167-172.
225. Dhora U. J. and Shetkar N. B.; ‘RP- HPLC determination of ramipril and amlodipine in
tablet’; Indian Drugs, 1999, 36(10), 638-641.
226. Zarapkar S. S. and Rane S. H.; ‘RP- HPLC determination of ramipril and
hydrochlorothiazide in tablet’; Indian Drugs, 2000, 37(12), 589-593.
227. Raman B. and Kanumular G. V.; ‘Simultaneous determination of ranitidine HCl and
domperidom in pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC’; Indian Drugs, 2000, 37(8), 375-
378.
228. Raman B. and Patil D.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of sertraline and alprozalam in capsule
by RP-HPLC’; Indian Drugs, 2001, 38(12), 638-641.
229. Suresh B.; Ravisankar S.; Vasudevan M.; Nanjan M. J. and Nooruddeen N.; ‘RP-HPLC
method for the estimation of tinidazole and furozolidine in formulation’; Indian Drugs, 1998,
35(10), 667-668.
230. Raman B. and Patil D.; ‘RP- HPLC for Simultaneous estimation of tizanidine and
nimesulide in tablet’; Indian Drugs, 2002, 39(7), 392-394.
231. Hassib S. T.; El-Bagary and Ramzia I.; ‘Simultaneous determination of triamterene and
xipamide in pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC and densitometric method’; Through
Chemical Abstract, 2002,136/ 13993f.
232.Prashant M. and Subramenion G.; ‘Estimation of trianidine, diclofenic and paracetamol in
multi component dosage form by RP-HPLC method’; Through 55th Indian Pharmaceutical
233. Gandhimathi M.; Ravi t. k.; Varghese A. and Ninan A.; ‘RP-HPLC determination of
simvastatin and Nicotinic acid in tablets ’; Indian Drugs, Indian Drugs, 2003, 40(12), 707-
711.
234. Shabadi C. V.; Shelar B. A. and Shelar A. R.; ‘Simultaneous determination of cephalexin
acid cefadoxil in pharmaceutical preparation by quantitative thin layer chromatography’;
Indian Drugs, 1998, 35(12), 766-770.
235. Argekar A. P. and Pawar S. G.; ‘Simultaneous HPTLC determination of cinnarzine and
domperidon maleate in formulation’; Through Chemical Abstract, 2000,132/ 40649u.
236. Kadam S. S.; Zahid Zaheer; Mhaske D.; Bairial J. and Daneshwar S. R.; ‘Method
development and validation of gliclazide and metformine HCl from tablet using HPTLC’;
Through 55th Indian Pharmaceutical Congress Scientific Abstract, 2003/ G-28.
237. Gayatri S.; Vidhyalingam V. and Santha A.; ‘Simultaneous HPTLC determination of
glidazide and rosiglitazone in tablet’; Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 2003, 65(6), 663-665.
238. Devarajan P. V.; Adani M. H. and Gandhi A. S.; ‘Simultaneous determination of
lignocaine and phenylephrine HCl by HPTLC’; J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2000,22 (4), 685-690.
239. Singh R. A.; Singh A.; Kumar R. and Sourabh A.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of L-lysine
HCl and DL- methionone in multi vitamin oral dosage form by HPTLC’; Through 55th Indian
240. Chatki P.K.; Manwar J. V. and Tajne M. R.;‘Simultaneous estimation of methocarbamol
and nimesulide in tablet by HPTLC’; Through 55th Indian Pharmaceutical Congress Scientific
Abstract, 2003/ GP-39.
241. Argekar A. P. and Sawant J. G.; ‘Simultaneous determination of paracetamol and
mefanamic acid in tablet by HPTLC’; Through Chemical Abstract, 2000,132/ 27836b.
242. Sane R. T.; Fransis May; Khedkar S.; Pawar S. and Moghe A.; ‘Simultaneous HPTLC
determination of pseudoephedrine sulphate and laratadine from combined dosage form’;
Indian Drugs, 2001, 38(8), 436-438.

243. Mahadik K. R.; Aggarwal H. and Kaul N.; ‘Simultaneous HPTLC estimation of
trifluoperazine HCl, trihexylphenidyl HCl and chlorpromazine HCl in tablet dosage form’; Indian
Drugs, 2003, 40(6), 340-344.
244. Gawri N.; Vaidhyalingam V. and Santha A.; ‘HPTLC method for the simultaneous
estimation of amlodipine besylate and benazepril HCl tablets’; Indian Drugs, 2003, 40(11),
645-648.
245. Aukunuru J. V.; Kampella U. B.; Betagri G. V.; ‘Simultaneous HPLC analysis of
acetaminophen, salicylamide, phenyltoloxamine and related products’; J. Liq. Chromatogr.
Relat. Technol., 2000, 23(4), 565-578.
246. Panderi I. E.; Parissi and Poulou M.; ‘Simultaneous determination of benazepril HCl and
hydrochlorthaizide by micro- based liquid chromatography ’; J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.,
1999,21 (5), 1017-1024.
247. Degin T.; Akay C. and Burykafsar K.; ‘Simultaneous determination of codeine and ethyl
morphine HCl in tablet formulation using liquid chromatography’; J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.,
2001,26 (1), 15-21.
248. Trivedi P. and Gangwal S.; ‘Liquied chromatographic estimation of diclofenic sodium and
chlorzoxazone from tablet’; East. Pharm., 2000, 43(505), 139-140.
249. Berzas; Nevodo, J. J.; and Llerena M. J.; ‘Determination of fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and
clomipramine in pharmaceutical formulation by capillary gas chromatography ’; J. Chrmatogrp.
Sci., 2000,38(5), 200-206.
250. Xu X.; Xiao-Lui and Stewart J. T.; ‘MEKC determination of guaifenesin , pseudoephedrine
and dextromethorphan in capsule dosage forms’; J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol., 2000,
23(1), 1-13.
251. Singh R. A.; Singh D. K. and Anna A.; ‘Simultaneous estimation of oxybenzone and
octylmethoxy cinnamate by GLC’; East. Pharm., 1999, 42(493), 121-124.
Table 1: Combination formulations used for therapies

S.
No. Combinations Use
1 Ciprofloxacin and phenyl ephedrine HCl Eye
2 Atropine and chloremphenicol Eye
3 Diclofenac and gentamycin Eye
4 Tropicamide and phenylephine HCl Eye
5 Phenylephine HCl, Naphazoline HCl, Menthol and Camphor Eye
6 Chloramphinicol, clotrimazole, beclamethasone and lignocain Eye
7 Gentamycin, clotrimazole, beclamethasone and lignocain Eye

8 Phenylephrine HCl and Naphazoline HCl and Menthol and Chlorbutol Nasal Prep.
9 Clonidine and Hydrochlorthaizide CVS
10 Clonidine and Chlorthalidone CVS
11 Reserpine and Dihyrallzine CVS
12 Reserpine and Dihyrallzineand Hydrochlorthaizide CVS
13 Atenolol and Chlorthalidone CVS
14 Atenolol and Alprazolam CVS
16 Isosorbide mononitrate and Aspirin CVS
17 Tranexamic acid and mefenamic acid Coagulant
18 Ticlopidine HCl and Aspirin Anticoagulant
19 Clopidogrel and Aspirin Anticoagulant
Respiratory
20 Triprolidine HCl, Psudeoephedrine HCl andDextromethorphen System
Respiratory
21 Terfinidine andDextromethorphen System
Respiratory
22 Bromohexine HCl and guaiphenesin and Salbutamol and Menthol System
Respiratory
23 Ambroxol and guaiphenesin and Salbutamol and Menthol System
Respiratory
24 Lorotadine and Psudeoephdrine HCl System
Respiratory
25 Ambroxol and Psudeoephdrine HCl System
Respiratory
26 Terfinidine, Psudeoephdrine HCl System
Topical
28 Neomycin, Bacitracin and Sufacetamide intiinfective
29 Tolnaftate, Chlorhexidine and Salicylic acid Topical Antifungal
30 Quiniodochlor and Hydrocortison Topical Antifungal
31 Beclomethasone, Neomycine and Clotrimazole Topical Antifungal
32 Beclomethasone, gentamycine and Clotrimazole Topical Antifungal
33 Beclomethasone, Neomycine and Econozole Topical Antifungal
34 Phenylbutazone, Propylphenazone and Paracetamol NSAID
35 Indomethacin and Paracetamol NSAID
36 Diclofenic sodium, Serratiopeptidase and Paracetamol NSAID

37 Diclofenic sodium, Dextropropoxyphen HCl and Paracetamol NSAID
38 Diclofenic sodium, Megnesium trisilicate and Paracetamol NSAID
39 Meloxicam and Paracetamol NSAID
40 Nimusilide and Serratiopeptidase NSAID
41 Nimusilide, Dextropropoxyphen HCl and Paracetamol NSAID
42 Ibuprofen and Dextropropoxyphen HCl NSAID
43 Propyphenazone, Paracetamol and Caffine NSAID
44 Glucosamine and Methylsulfonylmethane NSAID
45 Glucosamine and Vit. C NSAID
46 Glucosamine, Vit. C and calcium carbonate NSAID
47 Glucosamine and Chondroitin NSAID
48 IbuprofenandMephenesin, Methyl salicylate and Methnol NSAID
49 Diclofenic sodium, Methocarbamol and Paracetamol NSAID
50 Methocarbamol and Ibuprofen NSAID
52 Carisoprodol, Paracetamol and Caffeine NSAID
53 Carisoprodol and Ibuprofen NSAID
55 Ibuprofen, Chloroxazone and Paracetamol NSAID
56 Tizanidine and Nimusilide NSAID
57 Tizanidine and Diclofenic sodium NSAID
58 Tizanidine, Diclofenic sodium and Paracetamol NSAID
59 Tizanidine, Nimusilide and Paracetamol NSAID
60 Tizanidine and Mefanamic acid NSAID
61 Tizanidine and Refecoxib NSAID
62 Ampicillin and Sulbactum Antiinfective
64 Amoxycillin and Bromhexine / Ambroxal Antiinfective
68 Cephalexin and Bromhexine / Ambroxal Antiinfective
69 Cephalexin and Carbocisteine Antiinfective
71 Cephadroxil and Probencid Antiinfective
74 Cephuroxime and Serratiopeptidase Antiinfective
75 Cefixime trihydrate and Lactic acid bacillus Antiinfective
76 Cefoperazone sodium and Sulbactum sodium Antiinfective
77 Erythromycine and Bromohexine Antiinfective

78 Roxithromycine and Bromohexine/ Ambroxol Antiinfective
79 Roxithromycine and Serratiopeptidase Antiinfective
80 Oxytetracycline and Lidocain Antiinfective
81 INH and Vit B6 Anti T B
82 INH and Thaiacetazone Anti T B
83 INH and Rifampicin Anti T B
84 INH, Rifampicin and Vit B6 Anti T B
85 INH , Rifampicin and Pyridoxine Anti T B
86 INH and Ethembutol Anti T B
87 INHandEthembutol and Rifampicin Anti T B
88 INHandRifampicin and Vit B6and Pyrazinamide Anti T B
89 Tinidazole and doxicycline Antiprotozoal
90 Metrinidazole and Diloxamide Antiprotozoal
91 Tinidazole and doxicyclineand Tetracycline Antiprotozoal
92 Ornidazole and Ciprofloxacin Antiprotozoal
93 Diethylcarbamazine and Chlorphenaramine maleate Antiprotozoal
94 Sulphamethzole and Pyrimethamine Antimalarial
95 Chloroquine and Primaquine Antimalarial
96 Stavudine and Lamivudine Antimalarial
97 Zidovudine and Lamivudine Antimalarial
98 Zidovudine and Lamivudineand Navirpine Antimalarial
99 Stavadine and Lamivudineand Navirpine Antimalarial
100 Ethinyloestradiol and Methyltestosterone Endocrine System
101 Ethinyloestradiol and Desogestrol Endocrine System
102 Gliclazide and Chromium Antidibetics
103 Chlorpropamide and Phenformine Antidibetics
104 Metformineand Glibenclamide Antidibetics
105 MetformineandGlipizideand Polynicotinate Antidibetics
106 MetformineandGlimepride Antidibetics
107 MetformineandRosiglitozone Antidibetics
108 MetformineandPioglitozone Antidibetics
109 Glimepride and Rosiglitazone Antidibetics

110 GlimeprideandPioglitozone Antidibetics
111 Simvastin and Nicotinic acid Hypolipid
112 Atrovastine and Aspirin Hypolipid
113 Eicosapentacnoic acid and Decosahexaenoic acid Hypolipid
Eicosapentacnoic acid and Decosahexaenoic acidand A-tocopreryl

114 acetated Hypolipid
Drugs used in
115 Ibuprofen and colchicine gout
Allergy &
116 Chlorphenaramine maleateand Trithioparamethoxy phenyl propene Immunology
117 Lidocain and Prilocain Anaesthetics
Table- 2
List of multi-component formulation estimated by UV-visible spectrophotometer with
respective reported references.

Sr. NO. Combination of drugs Therapeutic Use Ref. No.
1 Acetyl salicylic acid, caffeine and codeine phosphate NSAID 7
2 Acrivastine and pseudo ephedrine HCl Respiratory System 8
3 Ambroxol HCl and cetrizine Respiratory System 9
4 Amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide and atenolol CVS 10
5 Amlodipine besylate and enalapril maleate CVS 11
6 Amlodipine besylate and lisinopril CVS 12
7 Amlodipine besytale and lisinopril CVS 13
8 Amoxycillin and probencid Antiinfective 14
9 Amoxycillin, ampicillin and cloxacillin Antiinfective 15
10 Ampicillin and cloxacillin Antiinfective 16
11 Aspirin compound tablet NSAID 17
12 Aspirin, acetaminophen and ascorbic acid NSAID 18
13 Atenolol and nefedipine CVS 19
14 Benazepril and amlodipine besylate CVS 20
15 Benazepril and hydrochlorthiazide CVS 21
16 Benhexol HCl and trifluperazine HCl Respiratory System 22
17 Bromohexine HCl and pseudo ephedrine HCl Respiratory System 23
Bromohexin HCl, diphenhydronon HCl and

18 guaiphenesin Respiratory System 24
19 Bromohexine HCl and pseudo ephedrine HCl Respiratory System 25
Bromohexine HCl, dextromethorphen hydrobromide

20 and chlorphenaramine malate Respiratory System 26
21 Captopril and hydrochlorthiazid CVS 27
22 Captopril and hydrochlorthiazide CVS 28
23 Cefadoxil and ambroxal Antiinfective 29
24 Cefelexin and probencid Antiinfective 30
25 Cefuroxime axetil and probencid Antiinfective 31
26 Cehpalexine and probencid Antiinfective 32
27 Cetrizine and pseudoephedrine HCl Respiratory System 33
Chloramphinicol and dexamethasone sodium

28 phosphate Antiinfective 34
29 Chloraxazone and paracetamol NSAID 35
30 Cloraxazone, diclofenic sodium and paracetamol NSAID 36
31 Chlordiazepoxide and clindinium bromide Antipsycotic 37
32 Chloroxazone and paracetamol NSAID 38
33 Chlorthalidone and spironolactone CVS 39
34 Chlorzoxasone and nimesulide NSAID 40
35 Chlorzoxazone and nimusalide NSAID 41
36 Chlorzoxazone and nimuselide NSAID 42
37 Cinnarizine and domperidone GIT 43
Dextromethorphen hydrobromide and Bromohexine

38 HCl Respiratory System 44
39 Diazepam and pyridoxine Antipsycotic 45
40 Diclofenic sodium, paracetamol and chlormerzonone NSAID 46
41 Diloxamide furoate and tinidazole Antiinfective 47
42 Dilxamide furoate and tinidazole Antiinfective 48
43 Dipyryone and caffeine 49
44 Doclofenic sodium and paracetamol NSAID 50
45 Domperidon and omeprazole GIT 51
46 Dopamine and ephedrine Antipsycotic 52
47 Ethniyl estradiol and levonorgestral Endocrine System 53
48 Folic acid, thiamine, riboflavin and pyridoxal Multivitamine 54

49 Gliclazide and metformin HCl Antidibetics 55
50 Glipizide and metformine Antidibetics 56
51 Hydrochlorothiazide and lasarton potassium CVS 57
52 Hydrochlorothiazide and metoprolol CVS 58
Hydrochlorthiazide and amiloride HCl or with

53 spironolactone CVS 59
54 Ibuprofen and chlorzoxane NSAID 60
55 Ibuprofen and methocarbamol NSAID 61
56 Imipramine HCl and Diazepam Antidepressant 62
57 Letofylline and theophylline Respiratory System 63
58 Lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide CVS 64
59 Losarton potassium and amlodipine CVS 65
60 Losarton potassium and hydrochlorthiazide CVS 66
61 Mebendazole and pyrantel pomate Antiinfective 67
62 Meclozine HCl and nicotinic acid Antidebetics 68
63 Medazepam and hyoscine butylbromide 69
64 Mefenamic acid and paracetamol NSAID 70
65 Melatonin-pyridoxine Endocrine System 71
66 Metoprolol and hydrothiazide Antidibetics 72
67 Metranidazole and nalidix acid Antiinfective 73
68 Metronidazole and norfloxacin Antiinfective 74
69 Nalidixic acid and metronidazole Antiinfective 75
70 Nalidixic acid and metronidazole Antiinfective 76
71 Nimesulide and chlorzaxasone NSAID 77
72 Nimesulide and chlorzaxasone NSAID 78
73 Nimesulide and diclofenic sodium NSAID 79
74 Nimesulide and tizanidine HCl NSAID 80
75 Norfloxacin and tinidazole Antiinfective 81
Noscopine, chlorphenaramine maleate and ephedrine

78 HCl Respiratory System 84
79 Oflaxacine and tinidazole Antiinfective 85
80 Pantoprozole and domperidone GIT 86
81 Paracetamol and chlorzaxasone NSAID 87
82 Paracetamol and mefenamic acid NSAID 88
83 Paracetamol and nemuselide NSAID 89
84 Pefloxacine and metrinidazole Antiinfective 90
Phynyl propanalamine, chlorphenaramine and

85 Bromohexine HCl Respiratory System 91
Phynyl propanalamine, chlorphenaramine malate and

86 dextromethorphen hydrobromide Respiratory System 92
87 Propranolol HCl and hydrochlorthiazide CVS 93
88 Propranolol HCl-diazepam CVS 94
89 Pseudo ephedrine HCl and ibuprofen NSAID 95
Pseudo ephedrine HCl, and dextromethorphen

90 hydrobromide Respiratory System 96
Pseudo ephedrine HCl, dextromethorphen

91 hydrobromide and chlorphenaramine malate Respiratory System 97
Pseudo ephedrine sulphate, dexbrompheniramine

92 melete and loratadine Respiratory System 98
93 Pseudo mefanamic acid and paracetamol NSAID 99
94 Pyridoxal , pyridoxamine and pyridoxic acid Multivitamine 100
95 Pyridoxine HCl and metformin HCl Antidebetics 101
96 Rifampicin, pyrizinamide and isoniazide Antiinfective 102
99 Rifampicin and isoniazide Antiinfective 105
103 Salbutamol and Bromohexine HCl Respiratory System 109
104 Salbutamol and etofyllin Respiratory System 110
105 Salbutamol and thiophyline Respiratory System 111
106 Secnidazole and lansoprozole Antiinfective 112
107 Secobarbital sodium and amobarbital sodium Antipsycotic 113

108 Spiranolatone and frusemide Diuretics 114
Spironalactne with hydrochlorthaizide and

109 spironalactne with frusemide Diuretics 115
110 Sulfamethoxazole Antiinfective 116
111 Sulfaquinozaline, sulfamethzine and pyrimethamine Antiinfective 117
112 Terbutaline sulfate and guaiphenesin Respiratory System 118
Terbutaline sulfate, bromohexine HCL and

113 guaiphenesin Respiratory System 119
114 Tinidazole and clotrimazole Antiinfective 120
115 Tinidazole and norfloxacin Antiinfective 121
116 Tinidazole and ofloxacine Antiinfective 122
117 Tinidazole, doloxanide furoate and furazolidone Antiinfective 123
118 Tinidazole, furazolidine and diloxamide furate Antiinfective 124
119 Triamterene and hydrochlorthiazide CVS 125
120 Trianidine and ibuprofen NSAID 126
121 Trimethoprim and norfloxacin Antiinfective 127
122 Tripolidine HCl and pseudoephedrine HCl Respiratory System 128
123 Triprolidine HCl and phenyl propalamine HCl Respiratory System 129
124 Triprolidine HCl and Pseudoephedrine HCl Respiratory System 130
125 Pseudoephedrine HCl and cetrizine Respiratory System 131
126 Nimusalide and paracetamol NSAID 132
127 Pseudoephedrine HCl and cetrizine Respiratory System 133
128 Nimusalide and diclofenic sodium NSAID 134
129 Gliclazide and rasiglitazone Antidebetics 135
130 Ornidaole and norfloxacine Antiinfective 136
131 Metformine HCl and glinepride Antidebetics 137
132 Amoxicillin trihyderate and metrinidazole Antiinfective 138
Table-3
List of multi-component formulation estimated by high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) with respective reported references.

Acetaminophen, dextrapropoxyphen and

1 oxyphenbutaszone Respiratory System 139
2 Amilodipin and atenolol CVS 140
3 Amitriptyline HCl and chlordiozepoxide Antidepressant 141
4 Amlodipine and benazepril CVS 142
5 Amoxycillin and clavulanic acid Antiinfective 143
6 Anti-histaminic multi component Respiratory System 144
Aspirin-caffeine- butalbital and acetaminophen

7 -caffeine- butalbital NSAID 145
8 Bromohexine HCl and Cephalexine Respiratory System 146
Bromohexine HCl and methyl and propyl

hydroxybenzote and determianation dextromethorphen
9 hydrobromide Respiratory System 147
Bromohexine HCl, phnyl praopalamine HCL and

10 Chlorphenaramine meleate Respiratory System 148
11 Caffeine and paracetamol NSAID 149
12 Ceprofloxacin and tinidazole Antiinfective 150
13 Ciprofloxacin HCl and tinadazole Antiinfective 151
14 Ciprofloxacin HCl and tinidazole Antiinfective 152
Codeine phosphate, ephedrine HCl and

15 chlorphenaramine maleate Respiratory System 153
16 Dextromethorphen and pseudo ephedrine Respiratory System 154
17 Diclofenic sodium, paracetamol and chlormerzonone NSAID 155
18 Diloxanide furoate and tinidazole Antiinfective 156
19 Ethniyl estradiol and levonorgestral Endocrine System 157
20 Frusimide and spironolactone CVS 158
21 Guaifenesin and codeine phosphate Respiratory System 159
Guaifenesine, pseudoephedrine HCl and

22 dextromethorphen hydrobromide Respiratory System 160
23 Hydrochlorthaizide and losartan potassium CVS 161
24 Ibuprofen and dextromethorphen HCl NSAID 162
25 Lavnivudine and zidovudine Antiinfective 163
26 Metranidazole, clotimazole and chlorhexidne acetate Antiinfective 164
27 Nimuselide and camplofine NSAID 165
28 Norfloxacin and metranidazole Antiinfective 166
29 Paracetamol, caffeine and prophyphenazone NSAID 167

Paracetamol, chlorphenaramine maleate,
30 phenylepherine and caffeine NSAID 168
31 Propylphenazone and ketoprophen 169
Pyridoxine HCl, nephazoline nitrate, chlorpheniramine

32 meleate and panthenol Respiratory System 170
33 Sodium cromoglycate and salbutamol sulfate Respiratory System 171
34 Terbutaline sulfate and guaiphenesin Respiratory System 172
35 Terbutaline, bromohexine and guaiphenesine Respiratory System 173
36 Terbutaline, guaiphenesin and ambroxol Respiratory System 174
37 Theophylline and Phenobarbital Antipsycotic 175
38 Thiophylline and guaifenesin Respiratory System 176
39 Trihexyphenidyl HCl and chlorpromazine HCl Respiratory System 177
40 Vitamin A, E, and D3 Multivitamine 178
Table-4
List of multi-component formulation estimated by reversed phase high performance
liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with respective reported references.

Sr. NO. Combination of drugs Therapeutic Use Ref. No
1 Amlodipine and benazepril CVS 179
2 Amlodipine and losarton potassium CVS 180
3 Amoxicillin and clavulanate Antiinfective 181
4 Amoxycillin and clavulanate potessium Antiinfective 182
5 Amoxycillin, probencid and tinidazole Antiinfective 183
6 Ampicilline and probencid Antiinfective 184
7 Cefazoline and cefotoxime Antiinfective 185
8 Cefelexine and trimethoprim Antiinfective 186
9 Ceprofloxacine and arnidazole Antiinfective 187
10 Cetrizine and pseudo ephedrine HCl Respiratory System 188
Chlophenaramine meleate, phenylepherine HCl and

11 caffeine and acetaminophen Respiratory System 189
12 Cinnarizine and domperidone GIT 190
13 Ciprofloxacin and tinadazole Antiinfective 191
14 Codine phosphate and chlorphenaramine maleate Respiratory System 192
Codine phosphate, doxylamine succinate, paracetamol

15 and caffeine Respiratory System 193
Dextropropoxyphen HCl, diclofenic sodium and
16 paracetamol Respiratory System 194
17 Domamethasone, p-chlrophenol and thymol Respiratory System 195
18 Domperidon and omeprazole GIT 196
19 Doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine HCl GIT 197
20 Fexofenadine HCl and pseudoephedrine sulphate Respiratory System 198
21 Flucanozole, metranidazole and choramphinicol Antiinfective 199
22 Gilendsmine and metformineHCl Antidibetics 200
23 Gliclazide and metformine HCl Antidibetics 201
24 Glipiozide and metformine HCl Antidibetics 202
25 Glipizide and metformine Antidibetics 203
26 Lasartan potassium and hydrochlothiazide CVS 204
27 Lomefloxacine HCl, prothionamide and pyrizinamide 205
28 Metformine HCl and pigglitazone Antidibetics 206
29 Methocarbamol and nimuselide NSAID 207
30 Methocarbamol, ibuprofen and paracetamol NSAID 208
31 Nicotinic acid and meclozine HCl 209
32 Nimesulide and diclofenic sodium NSAID 210
33 Nimesulide and Tizanidine HCl NSAID 211
34 Nimuselide and chlorzoxazone NSAID 212
35 Norfloxacin and ornidazole Antiinfective 213
36 Ofloxacin and tinidazole Antiinfective 214
37 Ornidaole and ofloxacine Antiinfective 215
38 Paracetamol and Chlormezonon NSAID 216
39 Paracetamol and nimesulide NSAID 217
40 Paracetamol, ibuprophen and methocarbamol NSAID 218
41 Paracetomol and nemuselide NSAID 219
Phenylpropanolamine HCl, cetrizine diHCl and

42 acetaminophen Respiratory System 220
43 Picglitazone and metformine Antidebetics 221
44 Pseudoephedrine HCl and loratidine HCl Respiratory System 222
Pseudoephedrine HCl, dextromethorphen

45 hydrobromide and triprolidone HCl Respiratory System 223
46 Pyrantel pomoate and mebendazole Antiinfective 224
47 Ramipril and amlodipine CVS 225
48 Ramipril and hydrochlorothiazide CVS 226
49 Ranitidine HCl and domperidom GIT 227
50 Sertraline and alprozalam Antipsycotic 228
51 Tinidazole and furozolidine Antiinfective 229
52 Tizanidine and nimesulide NSAID 230
53 Triamterene and xipamide 231
54 Trianidine, diclofenic and paracetamol NSAID 232
55 Simvastine and nicotinic acid Multivitamine 233
Table-5
List of multi-component formulation estimated by reversed phase high performance
thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) with respective reported references.

1 Cephalexin acid cefadoxil Antiinfective 234
2 Cinnarzine and domperidon maleate GIT 235
3 Gliclazide and metformine HCl Antidibetics 236
4 Gidazide and rosiglitazone Antidibetics 237
5 Lignocaine and phenylephrine HCl Respiratory System 238
6 L-lysine HCl and DL- methionone Endocrine System 239
7 Methocarbamol and nimesulide NSAID 240
8 Paracetamol and mefanamic acid NSAID 241
9 Pseudoephedrine sulphate and laratadine Respiratory System 242
Rifluoperazine HCl, trihexylphenidyl HCl and

10 chlorpromazine HCl Respiratory System 243
11 Amlodipin and benazepril HCl CVS 244
Table-6
List of multi-component formulation estimated by gas chromatography (GC) with
respective reported references.

Sr.
NO. Combination of drugs Therapeutic Use Ref. No.
1 Acetaminophen, salicylamide, phenyltoloxamine NSAID 245
2 Benazepril HCl and hydrochlorthaizide CVS 246

3 Codeine and ethyl morphine HCl Respiratory System 247
4 Diclofenic sodium and chlorzoxazone NSAID 248
5 Fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and clomipramine Antipsycotic 249
6 Guaifenesin, pseudoephedrine and dextromethorphan Respiratory System 250
7 Oxybenzone and octylmethoxy cinnamate Antiinfective 251
About Authors
S. J. Daharwal*, G. Garg, R. B. Saudagar, S. Saraf and Swarnlata Saraf
* Mr. S.J. Daharwal has nearly 15 years of research and teaching experience. He is a hard
working researcher . Mr . Daharwal did his masters degree from Dept. of Pharmacy, of
Nagpur University. He has over 12 publications to his credit published in international and
national journals. His research interest extends from analytical methods, Drug synthesis and
computer added drug designing. Presently, he is working as a Lecturer at Institute of
Pharmacy Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, (C.G.)
Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur. 492 010. (India) E-
mail:daharwalresearch@rediffmail.com
Mr. Gopal Garg has nearly 2 years of research and teaching experience. He is a hard working
researcher. Mr. Garg did his masters degree from Dept. of Pharmacy, Dr. H. S. Gour
University, SAGAR. He has over 7 publications to his credit published in international and
national journals. His research interest extends from Analytical technique to phytochemical
estimation. Presently, he is working as a Lecturer at Institute of pharmacy Pt. Ravishankar
Shukla University, Raipur, (C.G.)

Mr. R. B. Saudagar has nearly 10 years of research and teaching experience. Mr
Saudagar did his masters degree from Dept. of Pharmacy, of SGSITS Indore. He has over 5
publications to his credit published in international and national journals. His research interest
extends from analytical methods, Drug synthesis. Presently, he is working as a Lecturer at
Institute of Pharmacy Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, (C.G.)
Dr. (Mrs). Swarnlata Saraf has nearly 14 years of research and teaching experience. She is
a leading scientist and well-known in the field of herbal Cosmetics. Dr. (Mrs.) Saraf did her
doctoral research at the Dept. of Pharmacy, Dr. H. S. Gour University, SAGAR. She has over
40 publications to her credit published in international and national journals. She is an active
member of IPA ,APTI and ISTE. Her research interest extends from Herbal Cosmetics to
transdermal drug delivery (Iontiphoresis), New Drug Delivery Systems for biological
therapeutic agents. She has Co-authored 1 books, (in press). Presently She is working as a
Reader at Institute of pharmacy Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University,Raipur,(C.G.).
Prof. S. Saraf has nearly 17 years of research and teaching experience at U.G. and P.G. level.
He is a leading scientist and well-known academician . Prof. Saraf did his doctoral research at
the Dept. of Pharmacy, Dr. H. S. Gour University, SAGAR. He has over 50 research
publications to his credit published in international and national journals. He has delivered
invited lectures and chaired many sessions in several National Conferences and Symposia in
India. His research interest extends from Herbal Cosmetics to Herbal drug standardization
Modern analytical techniques, New Drug Delivery Systems with biotechnology bias. He has
authored 1 books, in press. Presently, he is Professor and Director Institute of pharmacy and
Dean, Faculty of Technology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University , Raipur , (C.G.). E-mail:
shailendrasaraf@rediffmail.com
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Methods of Estimation of Multi

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Methods of estimation of multi-

component formulations: A review

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Mr. S.J. Daharwal

estimation of multi-component formulation, the instrumental techniques, which are commonly

employed, are spectrophotometry, GLC, high performance thin layer chromatography

nonspecific physical properties of the substances.

Spectrophotometric multi-component analysis

amount of light absorbed is the basis of most analytical applications of molecular

simultaneous equation can be framed to obtain the concentration of individual component;

The various spectroscopic techniques used for multi-component analysis are as

Simultaneous equation method (Vierodt’s method) 3

Concentration of several components present in the same mixture can be determined by

these equations are linier.

Two wavelength method3

component to be determined irrespective of the interfering component.

The absorption ratio method3

The absorbance ratio method is a modification of the simultaneous equation procedure. It

ratio of absorbance at any two wavelengths is constant value independent of concentration or

absorptivity of the two components (λ1), i.e., an iso-absorptive point.

Geometric correction method3

procedure is simply algebraic calculations of what the baseline technique in infrared

spectrophotometry dose graphically.

Absorption factor method (Absorption correction method) 3

It is further modification of simultaneous equation method. Quantitative determination of one

subtraction absorption due to interfering drug using absorption factors.

Orthogonal polynomial method3

The technique of orthogonal polynomials is another mathematical correction procedure, which

method is that an absorption spectrum may be represented in terms of orthogonal functions.

environment of a chromophore or it can be used to demonstrate ionization of a chromophore

leading to identification and quantitation of various components in mixture. The essential

which exhibits different spectral characteristics.

Derivative spectrophotometry is useful means of resolving two overlapping spectra and

eliminating matrix interference due to an indistinct shoulder on side of an absorption bands. It

Area under curve method4

temperature, high electrolyte concentration and the presence of interfering substances.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC):

This technique is based on the same method of separation as classical column

reversed phase HPLC. Some examples are listed in table-3 and 4

High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC):

capillary action. The prominent advantages of this technique includes possibilities of

separating of up to 70 samples and standard simultaneously on a single plate leading to high

Gas chromatography (GC):

GC is one of the most extensively used separation technique in which separation is

but also to the user.

recovery of pure drug is

Percentage recovery = T - A X 100 / S

Where T = Total amount of drug estimated

A= Amount contributed by formulation

S = Amount of pure drug added.

Precision of analytical method is expressed as SD and RSD of series of measurement by

replicate estimation of drug.

exposure for 24 hr will be carried out on the sample.

and measured values.

results shall be compared with the method.

The multi-drug therapy is an ancient phenomenon to combat interrelated symptoms of

Therefore, the pharmaceutical formulations with combinations of drugs have shown an

of drugs in such formulation.

in multi-component pharmaceutical formulations due to their inherent advantages viz. avoid

formulation, the instrumental techniques, which are commonly employed, are

1. Indian Drugs Review; A. Mediworld Publication; New Delhi, 2006.

Ltd.; New Delhi, 5th Ed., 2003, 48-52.