A mini project on

study of Bituminous Road

layers

By Y7CE220
Y7CE221

On guidance of MR.K.Vijaya Kishore sir

 INTODUCTION TO BITUMEN

ØBitumen is a black or dark colored solid or

viscous cementitious substance having
an adhesive properties.
v
ØIt consists chiefly high molecular weight
hydrocarbons derived from distillation of
petroleum or natural asphalt.

ØIt is a semi-solid hydrocarbon product produced

by removing the lighter fractions (such as liquid petroleum gas,
petrol and diesel) from heavy crude oil during the refining process.
Ø
ØBitumen is often confused with tar. Although bitumen and coal tar
are similarly black and sticky, they are distinctly different
substances in origin, chemical composition and in their properties.
v
ØTars are residues from the destructive distillation of organic
substances such as coal, wood, or petroleum.
v
 INTRODUCTION TO BITUMINOUS ROAD
Ø
ØBituminous road is a road constructed by using bitumen. It is also
called flexible pavement because it changes its shape according to
nature of load and sub base.

ØA road or pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers

of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose
primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-
grade.
Ø
ØThe pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of
acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light
reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution.
Ø
ØThe ultimate aim is to ensure that the transmitted stresses due to
wheel load are sufficiently reduced, so that they will not exceed
bearing capacity of the sub-grade.
ØThis type of pavement has four layers namely, sub grade (bottom most),
sub base, base and wearing surface (top most).

ØThickness of layer decreases normally from bottom to top.

Cross section of bitumen road
Road Layers 


1.Sub grade layer
v The SUBGRADE is the layer of naturally occurring material or the fill
material the road is built upon.

v The strength of the SUBGRADE layer is measured using the CBR test.

v The strength of the SUBGRADE is an important factor influencing the

thickness of the road pavement design.

v Where the SUBGRADE is weak, i.e. a low CBR, it will be necessary to have a
CAPPING LAYER over the subgrade to increase the strength before the
actual road pavement thickness is designed.    
 
2.Capping layer


v When the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of the subgrade is less

than 5%, it is normal to require a suitable capping layer of low cost
material.

v This capping layer is usually a granular type material designed to

provide a working platform on which sub-base construction can
proceed with minimum interruption from wet weather.


v capping is also used to minimize the effect of a weak subgrade on

pavement strength.

 3. Sub base layer
  


v This particular layer in ROAD PAVEMENT construction, is quite often used to refer,
some what misleadingly, to the material GRANULAR SUB-BASE.

v The primary functions of sub base layer are:-

 - Improve drainage.
 - Minimise Frost action damage.
 - Provide a working platform for construction. 


v The material used in this layer

 -Granular sub base
-Cement bound material

v GSB Type 1.

This material is typically crushed stone, crushed slag, crushed concrete or non-
plastic well-burnt shale.
v
v GSB Type 2
 It is a much finer material, has a much wider grading envelope and is of a lesser
"engineering" quality than GSB Type 1. Therefore it does not generate as much interlock
as a Type 1 and is consequently not as strong
       Grading range for type 1 GSB Grading range for type 2 GSB

 4.Road base (Base)


v The ROADBASE (base) is the main load-bearing / load spreading layer in the
road structure and is usually 100mm. or more thick depending on the
loading of the traffic for which the road is designed.

v The ROADBASE (base) is usually a bituminous material, dense bitumen

macadam (asphalt concrete) or hot rolled asphalt.
v
v The cement bound material (CBM) can also be used in this particular layer.
v
v Generally it is made of crushed slag, crushed stones and other stabilized
materials
 -Aggregates and Hot Mix Asphalt are usually used in this layer.

Gradation for Base layer



 
5.Binder Course


v This is the layer of material below the SURFACE COURSE and above the
ROADBASE.
v
v The BASECOURSE (binder course) is a load spreading layer, spreading the
load imposed on the WEARING COURSE (surface course) over a wider
area of the ROADBASE (base).

v It can also be a specialized layer, e.g. both stiff and impervious under a
POROUS ASPHALT wearing course to prevent the ingress of water into the
road fabric.

v BASECOURSE (binder course) is most commonly a bituminous material, and

can be either HOT ROLLED ASPHALT or DENSE BITUMEN MACADAM
(asphalt concrete).
 This is a strengthening layer of the pavement and should be at least 40mm,
preferably 50mm thick.
 The material used as a binder course is 'chunkier' than a wearing course, usually
comprising 20mm or 28mm aggregate in a bitumen binder, known as Dense
Bitumen Macadam (DBM).
 For binder course 50-80mm thick, 20mm material (DBM) is used.
 For binder course 70-150mm thick, 28mm material (DBM) is used.
     

20 mm binder course Dense Bitumen Macadam

  6. Wearing course or Surface course
v
v The WEARING COURSE (surface course) is the top layer of the
ROAD PAVEMENT and is designed :-
v
v to be impervious to the ingress(entering) of water.


v To have an even RUNNING SURFACE,.

v
v To be durable, and have a high resistance to skidding, and
v
v To be chosen so as not to deform under the weight of traffic
appropriate to the road.
 Bitumen mastic as a wearing course

 Bitumen mastic is an intimate homogeneous mixture of mineral fillers and
well graded fine and coarse aggregates with hard grade bitumen cooked
and laid hot.

 It has been successfully used as a wearing course on bridge decks and in
different situations of heavy duty road pavements. It has got the
following main advantages:


Ø appreciable capacity to absorb shocks -cracks are self healing

Ø
Ø prevents bleeding


Ø long service life



Besides these six layers mentioned above there are also: 


Seal Coat:


 It is a thin surface treatment used to water-proof the

surface and to provide skid resistance.


Tack Coat:


 It is a very light application of asphalt, usually asphalt

emulsion diluted with water. It provides proper bonding
between two layers of binder course and must be thin,
uniformly cover the entire surface, and set very fast.


Prime Coat:


 It is an application of low viscous cutback bitumen to an

absorbent surface like granular bases on which binder
layer is placed. Unlike tack coat, prime coat penetrates
into the layer below, plugs the voids, and forms a water
tight surface.
Some of the common aggregates used in road paving
  MACHINERIES FOR THE PAVEMENT OF THE ROAD
 1. Rollers
 2. Dozers
 3. Graders
 4. Plate Compactors
 5. Planers
 6. Asphalt pavers
 7. Tandem Vibratory roller
 8. Paver
 9. Bitumen Sprayer
 10. Millers
 11. Asphalt Splitting Machines
 
References


 Introduction to pavement design by Prof. Tom V. Mathew 2009-02-27.

 Highway engineering by S.K.Khanna and Justo.

 Construction equipments and planning by Mohesh Verma

 http://www.pavingexpert.com/subgrade.htm

 AASHTO Guide for the Design of Pavement Structures. American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 1993

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Thank You