"manishkumarphysics.

in"
1
CHEMISTRY
u +i a- (Transition
Elements)
(d-Block Elements)
sf4
3d, 4d, 5d -ii 6d -+i zii n :n + i - + i- = -i +i -i ii --i t =ii lnn+ d-ni + - +tni- t
:-t = +ni - ii +t- t +i l+ ~i- =iii n :-+i l-il- s-ni + p-ni + -i + n ti -i t :-+ n i ~li+
=l+ iil+ - s-ni+ (i ~il-+ i ln+ -i- t ) -ii p-ni+ + -i (i ~li+- =t= i i i ln+ -i- t )
+ i- + ti - t = +ni -i n ~ i ii d-l-i= ti -i t (+ = +ni - +i l--- +i liili- +- t . t
- l=+i nii ~i ~-ii n ~ii (+ =iiii ~i +=i+i ~-ii + ~i- n ~i lzi+ = i t ( d--+i zi
i-i ti . =+ni - +tni-i t ~ii-. d--+izi n 1 = 9 -+ :n+i- i- ti
n 12 (l + n ) - n ~i ~-ii n ( =iiii ~i +=i+i ~-ii n i i d-+-i+ ti - t :=ln( :-t = +ni
- -ti +t- t
d- ni+ + -i +i =iiii :n+il-+ l-i= (n1) d
110
ns
02
ti-i t, ti n it-n +izi +i =i t l
nln := l-i= +i in- -ti +-i t t -iil n ti +- + +n n :=+i l-i= [Kr]
36
4d
10
5s
0
ti i-i
t
in = +ni ii i 3d ii. 3d --- + i- = =li- t l=n 4
th
~i- + l--- 10 - ~i- t
21
Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu -ii
30
Zn.
l,-i =+ni ii 4d ii. 4d --- + i- = = li- t l=n 5
th
~i- + l--- 10 - ~i- t
39
Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag -ii
48
Cd.
- -i = +ni ii i 5d ii. 5d --- + i- = =li- t l=n 6
th
~i- + l--- 10 - ~i- t
57
La,
72
Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au -ii
80
Hg.
-- i = +ni ii i 6d ii. 6d --- + i- = = li- t i
89
Ac = i-i ti -i t -ii :=+ z-i-
nii +ni + 104 = ~in -+ + - ~i- t
= +ni -i n -i l- l<zii n n ii n ~li+ =ni--i( ii i-i t l :=i -t. + z ni n ii ( =i =ni--i
ii i-i t
Example-1 t l+= ~iii +t =+- t l+ -+ l-n (z = 21) (+ =+ni - t nl+- l+ (z = 30) -ti `
Solution -+ l-n (|Ar|
18
3d
1
4s
2
) (3d
1
) n 3d +-i+ + i -ti i ti - + ~iii . -ii Zn(|Ar|
18
3d
1
4s
2
) n 3d+-i+i
+ i -i i ti- + ~iii :-+i +nzi = +ni -ii ~=+ni -i n =l-nln- +- t
Example-2 - l=+i :n + il-+ l-i= [Xe]
54
4f
14
5d
1
6s
2
t . ti ni
(A) il+ - (representativeelement) (B) d-ni + -
(C) n -i -i: (lanthanoid) (D) (+i-i: (actinoid)
Solution 4f
14
5d
0
6s
2
:n+il-+ l-i= i-- +- + i< ~nni :n + i- 5d n i ni ~i t Lu (Z = 71) tini
i n -i-i: ii +i ~l--n - t
~-. (C) l+- =ti t
Example-3 =+ni ii +i = i t
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
Solution =+ni ii +i -i iii ; 3d, 4d, 5d -ii 6d ti-i t
~-. (C) l+- =ti t
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CHEMISTRY
u+i riiai + ui4a + uii-4 +
riif-+ n+ii :
d-ni+ - n ~l--n +i zi + tn in +i zi (-i-- +izi) n :n + i- i i- t :=ln( :-+ +: ii l-+
i=il-+ n i =ni- ti- t nnin =ii = +ni - vil+ iil+ n i (~liiil+ ni) =. --- --- =in
(tensile strength) ---i (ductility), ~iii-i -i-i (malleability), --- -ii -ii l - -in+-i ( iil+ -n+
<zii - t Zn,Cd, Hg -ii Mn, = ~i<i + ~l-l+- =ini- -i t - (+ i ~li+ il+ iil+ = --i(
i- t
u+i riiai +t in+ uaiy
uiit1
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
hcp hcp bcc bcc X bcc ccp ccp ccp X
(bcc) (bcc) (bcc,ccp) (hcp) (hcp) (hcp)
Y Ti Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh pd Ag Cd
Hcp hcp bcc bcc hcp hcp ccp ccp ccp X
(bcc) (bcc) (hcp)
La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
hcp hcp bcc bcc hcp hcp ccp ccp ccp X
(ccp, bcc) (bcc)
bcc = +i +-<i i-i ; hcp = i+iii l-l-n =+n-
ccp = i-i l-l =+n- ; X = (+ lzii iil+ =--i
= +ni ii- ( (Cu + ~l-l+-) ~l-+ai -ii ~- iziin ti -i t t --- nii+i +i (-i -i i- t =il+
l-zi n <zii i ni t
+ ii + nnin n n ----n ni- := - +i <zii -i t l+ n ~-inil+ ~-i -l+i + ln( l- d
+-i+ (+ ~ ln- :n + i - +i ti -i lzi i = ~- + n t =ini-- = i i :n + i -i +i = i l--i ~li+ ti ni
lniii ~i i ---i ti n ti ni
Cr, Mo -ii W ~li+-n = i n ~ ln- :n + i- i- t :=ln( t ii- ~l-+ai ti -i t -ii nii+i +i
(-i -i +i ni- --- i-i t ~- --- nii+i +i (-i -i i- ini ii- (~ii - t - --- +i-i + ini)
:-+i ~lil+i~i n -+ vl- i-i t
in = +ni ii (3d) + = n- --i +i - n-i n l,-i (4d) -ii - -i (5d) ii + --i +i nii+i +i (-i -i
+ ni- ~li+ ti - t t iii = +ni ii- ~i + i ln+i n ii- ii- ~i ii + =n-i = ~ii ~li+ i i- + ln(
(+ nt i +i+ t
ni+ u+i riiai + siit+i +t y-ist +i + <ziiai r+
siii aii i4ai + i+i
= +ni ii- ~i +i nii lzii s- -ii p-ni + + -i +i nii lzii + n (Intermediate) ti -i t +
= +ni ii n i = <i i- -i +i =t= i i lzii. ~-- -+ +n ti -i t -ii ~-- n lzii n ii i=i lz
ti -i t n + z-i- ~i+i n +ni t - +n ti -i t vi-i n -ili+i ~i zi c - + =ii nii lzii i-i t
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( = = nii +ni + n lz ti -i t ) ti d-:n + i- +i l-ii ii +n ti -i t n + i< :n + i-
-il--n +i zi n i i- t - - in d-:n + i - in-n +i zi + :n + i - +i l-ii +- t := +i d-:n + i -
n lz + =ii l-ii ii c -i t -ii t c t ( -ili+i ~i zi +i l- = - ln- +-i t liin- ii ln+
= Cr + i< nii lzii nnin =ni- ti-i t
ii + ~-- + =ni =ni- +-i+i n - in :n + i-i + n :n + i- l-+i i. ~i+i i n +i - n-i n ~li+
ti -i t :=+ liin- :n + i- ~i (electron cloud) n =i ti -i t -ii nii lzii n lz ti -i t
n n -i- +i -+ i- nii lzii c -i t l,-i ii +i nii lzii. in = +ni ii +i - n-i n ~li+
ti -i t -- l,-i -ii - -i = +ni ii +i nii lzii nnin =ni- ti -i t l,-i = +ni ii + nii n .
+i zii +i = i. in = +ni ii +i - n-i n ~li+ ti -i t liin- II
nd
= +ni ii +i nii . in = +ni
ii + -i +i nii lzii = ~li+ ti -i t . -- II
nd
-ii III
rd
= +ni ii + -i +i lzii n -i -i: = + -- +
+ii nnin =ni- ti-i t
t li-i 4f +-i+i + i- n ~i- + +ii ti -i t l-n :n + i -i +i ~i l- . 5d ii + -i + d +-i+ n ~i l-
i i ti - = tn ti -i t 5d +-i+i + 4f +-i+i n :n + i-i +i ~i l- + +ii nii lzii~i n l-ln- ti=
ti -i t . l= n -i -i =+ -- (lanthanoid contraction) +t- t i ~iz+ = c- t ( nii +ni + + =ii
niii ~i+i n t : = iil- lz +i -il- l- +-i t n -i -i ~i+ -- + =nn ii + +ii l,-i ( - -i
= +ni ii + ~- --i +i lzii( =ni- ti i-i t (-<iti Zr 160 pm-ii Hf, 159 pm) -ii :-+ ii l-+ (
i=il-+ n ii n ~li+ =ni--i i: i-i t . t =ni--i =ini- il-n- = ii + ~iii ~ l-i-. =ni--i = ii
t - ~li+ ti -i t
nii lzii + =ni- + ii n . ~il-+ lzii ii i-i t -ii ~-- n -=n ii ii i lz ti -i t
li--li-- ~i +=i+i ~-ii~i n = +ni -i +i ~il-+ lzii li--li-- ti -i t
nnai+ aii iai+
=ini-- = +ni ii n -i + nn-i + -ii +i-i + t - --- ti - t nii +ni + n lz + =ii=ii = +ni
-i + nn-i + c- t -ii l+ i- t :- -i + nii + n n iil+ -i + +ii :-+ --- nn-i +
-ii +i-i + ti - t n n-i -ii +- lzin +i nn-i + ~=ni- = +n (low) ti -i t (+ lzi i ii n . iil+
=in ~ ln- :n + i- +i = i n lz + =ii n -+ c-i t . ~ii - d
5
-+ Cr + i< ~ ln- :n + i- +i
= i n +ni ~i-i t +i l+ :n + i-i + n- n lz ti -i t . := +ii ii + n + i< nn-i + n +ni ~i-i
t
Mn, Tc + nn-i + n +ni +i :-+ l-lz-- = -iii :n + i l-+ l-i= (~z i d-+-i+i -ii i i 4s
2
) +
,ii =nnii i =+-i t := -iii :n + i l-+ l-i= + +ii :n + i - +i l-ii-i+i +n ti -i t . -ii :-+ iil+
-i + -i = t - +ni ti - t
Example-4 = +ni ii -i +i nn-i + ( +i-i + l-< --- +i ti - t `
Solution +i l+ :-+ nii ~i n i<i = i n ~ ln- :n +i- ti - t :-n n ~-- niii ~-l+i ti -i
t. :=ln( nii~i + i- n -i ti- t := +i :- -i + nii~i + i- n iil+
-i. :-+ --- nn-i + +i-i + + ln( --i<ii ti - t
Example-5 (+ ~i- n = +ni -i +i nii lzii
(A) :=+ s-ni+ + =ii ti p-ni+ -i = zi i ti -i t
(B) :=+ s-ni+ + =ii ti p-ni+ -i = i ti -i t
(C) :=+ s-ni + = zi i n l+- p-ni + = i ti -i t
(D) :=+ s-ni + = i n l+- p-ni+ = zi i ti -i t
Solution ~i- n =iiii- nii lzii = = nii +ni + + =ii iii -ili+i ~i zi c -i t . -i nii
lzii i-i t
~-. (C) l+- =ti t
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CHEMISTRY
ia-
= +ni -i +i nii ~i--. n 1 -ii 2 + -i +i - n-i n +n ti -i t t :=ln( ti -i t +i l+ c t
-ili+i ~izi +i < n-i = l-ii ti -i t. :=ln( =ii :n+i- n = ~i+li- ti- t :-n - ini
~l-l+- :n + i - ~i--l+ +i zi n ii i-i t liin- = +ni ii- ~i + i- --- ti - t l,-i l+- + -i
+i i- --- ti -i t . -ii - -i l+- + i- +i ni- -== ii --- ti -i t ----n i- in = +ni - t
(i) ~i=lnn 22.57 g cm
3
-ii (ii) :lin 22.61 g cm
3
t
(+ ~i- n i = <i i- nii ~i-- i-i t -ii nii < ni- c-i t := +i ~i-
n i- c-i t
~l--n - l + ~i< - (~i< i l+) --- nii ~i-- -ii l--- i- i-i t
i4aa ai 4i i4aa y-inst
d-ni + + -i +i in ~i-- -i s- -ii p-ni + + n-i ti -i t := = - t l+ n 1 -ii 2 +i
- n-i n = +ni - +n l -i-i ti - t -ii l-il- + ~- =i ~il-+ i =t= i + -i -i- t =ini--
l--- = i i ~-ii ~il-+ -ii --- = i i ~-ii =t= i + ti -i t ~i- n i = <i i- ~i--
-i . nii +ni + + c- + =ii c -i t ( =i :=ln( ti -i t +i l+ ~i- n nii +ni + c- + =ii
-ili+i ~i zi c-i t . -ii nii ~i+i i-i t :=+ liin- iti :n + i - +i i+ +-i +la-
ti -i t
<i n: ii n . +i : <i +ln+ d-ni + -i + n ~i-- -i ~i + ~-- +i ni-. s-ni + i p-ni+ +
-i + n ~-- +i - n-i n t - +n ti -i t . +i l+ ci t ~i iii -ili+i ~i zi -ii - in d-
:n + i - + l-ii +i ii (+< = +i li i +- t := +i :- <i -i ll- ii + +ii. (+ ~i-
n i = <i i- <i +ln+ =+ni -i +i ~i-- -i n ~-- t- +n ti-i t
Zn, Cd -ii Hg +i in ~i-- -i t - --- ti -i t +i l+ :-+i i l- l-i= (n1) d
10
ns
2
ti -i t
(+ ~i- n i = <i i- II
nd
-ii III
Ird
~i-- -i c-i t
2nd ~i-- -i Cr > Mn -ii Cu > Zn. t :=ln( ti-i t +il+ Cr -ii Cu + in :n+i- ti- +
z-i- t -iii l-i= (d
5
& d
10
) ~l- + n - t -ii II
nd
:n +i- +i ti-i t- nlz+n ti i-i t
:=i +i l,-i ~i-- -i
23
V <
24
Cr >
25
Mn -ii
28
Ni <
29
Cu >
30
Zn.
Mn+i - -i ~i-- -i t - ~li+ ti -i t +i l+ -iii ~z l- 3d+-i+ = - -i :n + i - +i i+ +-i
ti -i t
5d -i +i in ~i-- -i 3d -ii 4d -i +i - n-i n ~li+ ti-i t :=+i +ii t t l+ 5d -i
n 4f :n + i-i ,ii -ili+ +i < n l-ii ti -i t liin- ir = i i :n + i- -ili+i ~i zi
--- iii ti -i t
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. . .
.
1000
Sc
Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
O
2000
3000
4000
r Ro
r `r h;
f} r h;
i zFke
v
k
;
u
u

t
k
Z
(
k
J
/
m
o
l
)
asia ni+ i4aa aii + + (trend) +i <ziiai r
Example-6 Zn + n Zn
2+
-i-i t -ii Zn
3+
-ti . +i `
Solution +i l+Zn
3+
+ -- n . d
10
l-i= = (+ :n + i - +i ti- + ln( ~=ini- = ~li+ -i +i ~iz+-i
ti -i t
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CHEMISTRY
iut+i ii
= +ni ii- ~i +i +: ~i+=i+i ~-ii ti -i t :=n + z - ~i< ti - t :-n = ~li+i zi - l- -ziin
~i+=i+i ~-ii <zii - t lli-- ~i +=i+i ~-ii :-+ nii ~i + :n + il-+ l-i= = =-l-i- t
= +ni -i +i lli-- ~i+=i+i ~-ii <zii - = -i t t l+ :-+ nii lli-- = i n :n + i- in =+-
t :=+i +ii ~-- (n 1) d-:n + i - +i. ir ns-:n + i - + =ii i n<i- +-i t +i l+ ns -ii (n 1) d--+i zii
+i -i nnin =ni- ti -i t -<iti + ln(. -+ l-n +i :n + il-+ l-i= 3d
1
4s
2
t -i- + ln( :=+
4s- + <i -i :n + i-i +i -i n +-i t . -i +2 ~i+=i+i ~-ii <zii -i t n l+- <i s-:n + i - -ii (+
d-:n + i - +i -i n +-i t . -i +3 ~i +=i+i ~-ii <zii -i t :=i -t = ~- nii ns--ii (n 1) d-:n + i -
+ i ~i+=i+i ~-ii <zii - t
uiit2 : si u+i it +t ffi-a iut+i ii
r Ro ck by sDVkSfud foU; kl vkDl hdj . kvoLFkk
Sc 3d
1
4s
2
+3
Ti 3d
2
4s
2
+2, +3, +4
V 3d
3
4s
2
+2, +3, +4, +5
Cr 3d
5
4s
1
+2, +3, (+4), (+5), +6
Mn 3d
5
4s
2
+2, +3, +4, (+5), +6, +7
Fe 3d
6
4s
2
+2, +3, (+4), (+5), (+6)
Co 3d
7
4s
2
+2, +3, (+4)
Ni 3d
8
4s
2
+2, +3, +4
Cu 3d
10
4s
1
+1, +2
Zn 3d
10
4s
2
+2
+i a+ n <i n: ~i+=i+i ~-ii ~-iii t
uiit3 : fzat4 u+i it + ffi-a iut+i ii
Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
+3 (+3) (+2) +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +1 +2
+4 (+3) +3 (+4) +3 +3 (+3) (+2)
(+4) +4 (+5) +4 +4 +4 (+3)
+5 +5 (+5) (+6)
+6 (+6)
(+7)
(+8)
uiit4 : aat4 u+i it + a-i +t ffi-a iut+i ii
La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
+3 (+3) (+2) +2 (-1) +2 +2 +2 +1 +1
+4 (+3) (+3) (+1) +3 +3 (+3) +3 +2
(+4) +4 (+2) +4 +4 +4
+5 +5 +3 +6 (+6) (+5)
+6 +4 +8 (+6)
+5
(+6)
+7
t -i l+i ni l+ <i n: ~i+=i+i ~-ii +i -iil -= - l+ + l- l-i +-i t. l== ii- =i n
+-i t . --- ~i+=i+i ~-ii +ni i: -ii ~i+=i: iln+ n i: i-i t +i l+ +ni i- ~i+=i- ~li+
l-+ii - t
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lli-- = +ni ii- + ,ii <zii i i- ini =iiii ~i+=i+i ~-ii~i = l--- - i-- ti - t
(i) = +ni ii- +i l- -ziin ~i+=i+i ~-ii ~i--l+ (n 1)d -ii in ns-:n + i -i +i = i = =- li- t l---
~i+=i+i ~-ii ns-:n +i-i +i =i = =-li- t -<iti + ln in =+ni ii n Cr (3d
5
4s
1
) +i -ii
Cu(3d
10
4s
1
) +i l--- ~i+=i+i ~-ii (+1) t . l+ ~- -i + ln l--- ~i +=i+i ~-ii (+2) t (3d
1 10
4s
2
)
t
(ii) -+ l-n +i zi + in = +ni ii -i +i =iiii ~i+=i+i ~-ii +2 ti -i t i l+ <i 4s-:n + i -i +i in-
+ +ii ti -i t :=+i ~i t l+ -+ l-n + i< 3d-+-i+ ~li+ -iii ti - t -ii 4s-= +n -i i- t :=+
liin- :n+i- tn 4s-+-i+i = l-+n- t
(iii) - i ----n ~i+=i+i ~-ii <zii - t ii + n n ti - t -<iti + ln in = +ni ii n n -i +2
= +7. -+ =ii ~i+=i+i ~-ii i-i t ii + i-i n in- ~ii =ini +- + ln( +n = i n :n + i -
-l-i- ti- t (Sc, Ti n ) := +ii t +n = i n ~i+=i+i ~-ii <zii- t ~i < =i -+ =ii tii +i ~i
~-- n (Cu, Zn), +i ~i+=i+i ~-ii +n ti -i t :=+i +ii d-:n + i -i + ~li+ = i n i i-i t := +ii
+ n + z ti +-i+ --- = i +-i + ln( =iln- ti - + ln( -ni ti - t l+=i ii = +ni ii- ,ii <zii i i-
ini ----n ~i +=i+i ~-ii +8 ti =+-i t
(iv) +2 -ii +3 ~i+=i+i ~-ii n - -i =ini-- ~il-+ ti -i t --- ~i+=i+i ~-ii n (=iiii- ~i+=i-
-ii +ni i- + =ii), - i ~iz+ =t= i i ti - t +2 -ii+3 ~i+=i+i ~-ii n =iiii- <i i -i- :n + i -i
+ in i- = i -- t l+ --- ~i+=i+i ~-ii n -i d-:n+ i-i + i- = -- t -<iti + ln
MnO
4

n =ii -i =t= i i ti - t (Mn +7 n )

(v) (+ n n nii +ni+ c- + =ii=ii ~li+-n ~i+=i+i ~-ii c-i t -<iti + ln ~i-(n 8)
=iiii- +2 -ii +3 ~i+=i+i ~-ii n . n l+- =ni- n + il-n -ii ~il-nn +4, +6 -ii +8 ~i+=i+i
~-ii n i ln+ -i- t
(vi) =+ni ii- -- ~i+=i+i ~-ii = +1, 0 i +iin+ n ii iln+ -i-i t =ini- -<iti [Ni(CO)
4
],
[Fe(CO)
5
] n Ni -ii Fe +i ~i+=i+i ~-ii zi - t
(vii) = +ni -i n l- -ziin ~i+=i+i ~-ii d-+-i+i + ~ i = i i- + +ii ti -i t t := +i = ti -i
t l+ :-+i ~i+=i+i ~-ii :+i: = lil<- ti-i t = l+ V
II
, V
III
, V
IV
-ii V
V
. t ti ~=+ni -i
(p-ni+ -i ), +i l- -ziin ~i+=i+i ~-ii n ~li+ l-- - (-) ti -i t ti ~i+=i+i ~-ii( =ini--
<i :+i: = lil<- ti-i t = l+ Sn
2+
, Sn
4+
, In
+
, In
3+
, :il<
(viii) p-ni+ -i n ti iii =<- l--- ~i+=i+i ~-ii <zii - t (~l+ n ii + +ii) l+ iii =+ni -i
n --- ~i+=i+i ~-ii ~li+ -iii ti -i t -<iti + ln n 6, n Mo (VI) -ii W (VI), Cr (VI). +i - n-i n
i<i -iii t :=ln ~-ni nin n Cr (VI) i:+i n + n n ~i+=i+i+ t l+ MoO
3
-ii WO
3
-ti
ia+ rn a i fi
~i-- (-i -i +i lnii. i ln+ n ii- +i (+ l-lz-- ~i+=i+i ~-ii +i -i- + ln( (+ :n + i - l-+in-
+ ln ~iz+ -i +i nizii +i -i-i t . := +i ~i-- (-i -i +i ni- =+ni ii- i ln+ +i lli-- ~i+=i+i
~-ii n -ninl-+i = -iil +i -i-i t l< ii- +i ~i-- (-i -i +n ti ni -i i ln+ -iii ti ni
-<iti + ln l-+n -nl-n +i -i ~i+=i+i ~-ii -i- <zii: n: t
uiit5
vk; uu , UFkSYi h
Ni Pt
IE
1
+ IE
2 2.49 10
3
kJ mol
1
2.66 10
3
kJ mol
1
IE
3
+ IE
4 8.80 10
3
kJ mol
1
6.70 10
3
kJ mol
1
Total
11.29 10
3
kJ mol
1
9.36 10
3
kJ mol
1
-i+- =iii = - t l+ l-+n +i in <i ~i-- (-i-ii +i in -nl-n +i -n-i n +n t
Ni

Ni
2+
+ 2e

I.E. = 2.49 10
3
kJ mol
1
Pt

Pt
2+
+ 2e

I.E. = 2.66 10
3
kJ mol
1
"manishkumarphysics.in"
7
CHEMISTRY
:= +i -i = <i n l-+n = Ni
2+
+i ~i--. -n l-n +i - n-i n ~li+ =n-i = ti -i t . :=ln Ni (II) + i ln+.
Pt (II) + i ln+i +i - n-i n -ninl-+i = ~li+ -iii t -ii < =i ~i -n l-n +i in -i ~i-- (-i l-i
+i in l-+n +i -n-i n +n ti-i t
Ni

Ni
4+
+ 2e

I.E. = 11.29 10
3
kJ mol
1
Pt

Pt
4+
+ 2e

I.E. = 9.36 10
3
kJ mol
1
:=ln Pt (IV) + iln+ Ni (IV) + iln+ +i -n-i n ~li+ -iii t :=ln K
2
Pt Cl
6
[Pt (IV) ~-ii n t] (+
ai- i ln+ t l+ :=i +i +i l-+n = =-l-i- i ln+ ai- -ti t
l ln- n i ln+ +i -iil :n + i li l-i +-i t
rn a i fi
~i-- (-i-i + =ii n <= +i+. = - i-- +i (-i -i. ni- (-i-i. ~i-- ( -i-i ~il<. ln- n
l-lz-- ~i +=i+i ~-ii + -iil +i l-ii i +- t t. :-+ :n + i li + ni-i + < n =nnii i =+-i
t ii- + ~i+=i+i li n l--- +n l-ti- t
M(s) M
+
(aq) + e

t +n i-- n l--- -i- <i n ti -i t =i l+ l--- (flowchart) n l<i ni t

(i) in < n nii (+ < = = lnln- ti - t . -ii n =i ~-ii n -- zi = -- t t < ai = ii- +i n =i
~-ii. n <n-i t := +n + ln ~iz+ -i - i-- +i (-i -i +tni-i t
M(s) M
+
(g) -i-- +i (-i-i, A
sub
H
O
(ii) l,-i < n lnln- nii n = in :n+ i - l-+ini i-i t := l -- + ln ~iz+ -i ~i-- (-i-i
+tni-i t
M(s) M
+
(g) + e

~i-- (-i-i, IE
(iii) --i < n n=i ~i- nil- ti i-i t := +n n n+- -i ni- -i +tni-i t
M
+
(g) + nH
2
O M
+
(aq) ni- +i (-i-i , A
ni -
H
~i+=i+i li i l+ =- i l- - +i <zii -i t . :- -i- <i + liini ii l-i +-i t
AH = A
sub
H
O
+ IE + A
hyd
H
AHt (-i -i l- - t . i ai = ii- M+ (+ (+n = i i ~i- +i ni nin n . M
+
(aq) n <n- + ln(
~iz+ ti-i t :=i -t +i =ni- -+ ln- n +ii- l-ni i + ln l-ln - ti-i t :=n ~i-- (-i-i +i
:n + i - n ti (-i -i = vl--iil- +- t . n =i nii +i n =i +ii- n <n-i t l+=i l-lz-- ~i +=i+i
~-ii + -iil +i ~- ni- nni- n AHn<< +-i t ni ln- n l+=i l-lz-- ~i+=i+i ~-ii + ln
+ n -i l- - +i ni- l--i +n ti ni. -i -= ~i+=i+i ~-ii +i -iil ---i ti i<i ti ni :n + i li.
+ n -i l- - +i ni- t n iin+ = =+ ni ii- ~i- +i lli-- ~i+=i+i ~-ii +i :n + i li ~i +i
+ ~iii l-ii l- + =+- t :n + i li +i ni- l--i +n ti ni ( = :n + i +i ~li+ +iin+ ni-+
~-- li). ni ln- n = +ni ii- +i ~i +=i+i ~-ii +i -iil ---i ti ~li+ ti -i t
lli-- ii-~i +i :n+i li ni-+ ti:i - :n +i + =ii = n -i+ nil- l+i i =+-i t :n+i
M
2+
| 1M+ :n + i li +i ni- = n + e.m.f l=n l--- ~lil+i ti -i ti . := ~lil+i = :n + i li nii
i-i t
2H
+
(aq) + M(s) M
2+
(aq) + H
2
(g)
2H
+
(aq) | H
2
(g) + li +i i-- + i< M
2+
(aq) | M. +i li ai- +-i = i ti i-i t in =+ni ii +
M
2+
(aq) | M+ E
O
+i ni- l--- =iii n l< n t
E
O
+ l-i- ni- ~i ni-i = i-- ~i+i +i -n-in+ ~ii l--- t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
8
CHEMISTRY
in ii =+ni - + ln( -nii=il-+ ~i +i (KJ mol
1
n ) -ii M
II
= M~-- + ln ni-+ ~-- lii
+ ni-
uiit 6
:- liini = l--- l-+i l-+n- t
(i) :- ni-i +i +i : nni-i +n -ti t t ~i- n ~i-- (-i l-i (IE
1
+IE
2
) + -ii ~i- n - i-- -i + ~=ni-
+n +i liin t
(ii) t -i +- ini i- t l+ =+ni ii- + :n + i li n 2 + -i +i - n-i n +n ti - t (e.g., Ca=2.87V)
n 2 -i +i - n-i n =+ni -i +i ~i-- (-i -i -ii niii+i +i ( -i -i t- i<i ti-i t t :-+
:n+ i li +i :-+i ci t: ni - (-i -i + +ii +n + n - t
(iii) Zn +i nii+i +i ( -i -i +n -ii ni - -i i<i ti -i t n l+- :=+ :n + i li +i ni- (0.76 V)
+n ti -i t +il+ :=+i ~i-- (-i-i (IE
1
+ IE
2
) t - --- ti-i t
(iv) -i +- l-zi =iii = - t l+ +i +i ~-- li E
O
(0.34 V) i-in+ t -ii :== t - ti -i t l+
in =+ni ii n = +i == +n l+iziin ii- t t ~=ni- ti (+i + E +i ni- (+ve)) :=+i ~-n
= H
2
n +- -ti +- +i v l- ,ii =nnii i =+-i t t l-i- l+i ni l+ + n ~i+=i+ii ~-n ( = -i:l +
~-n -ii nn =il-<- =-+ l+ ~-n) +i + =ii l+i +- t . l=n ~-n ~-l- ti i-i t Cu(s) +i Cu
2+
(aq) n <n- + ln ~iz+ --- -i +i :=+i ni- (-i-i ,ii =--ln- -ti l+i i =+-i t
(v) =iiii- =- i ii n ni- +n +iin+ t-i t t =iiii- in -ii l,-i ~i-- ( -i -ii + i n + c-
+n = =-l-i- t t i -+ - t l+ Mn, Ni -ii Zn + E +i ni- =iiii +n = ~li+ +iin+ ti -i t Mn
-ii Zn + ln( E
O
+i ~li+ +iin+ ni- Mn
2+
+ ~z i d- -+i zi (3d
5
) -ii Zn
2+
i i (3d
10
) l-i= + +ii
ti -i t
~i<- =iiii +n = Ni + --- E
O
+i ni- Ni
2+
~i- +i ni- +i --- +iin+ (-i -i = =-l-i- t
M
3+
| M
2+
+ ia+ rnai fi +i uii-4 +
+i -ii l + +i zi + in =+ni ii + =ii - +3 ~i+=i+i ~-ii <zii - t -ii ni ln- n M
3+
~i- -i- t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
9
CHEMISTRY
M
3+
| M
2+
~i+=i+i ~-- (redox reaction) n + ln ni-+ ~-- li -i- l< n t
uiit 7
Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co
E
O
(M
3+
(aq) | M
2+
(aq)
(
oksYV esa
)
0.37 0.26 0.41 +1.57 +0.77 +1.97
:-+ ni- l---lnli- -i +i ~li+- +- t
(i) -+ l-n +i - - ni-. Sc
3+
(l=+i -in n = l-i= t ). + -iil +i + +-i t
(ii) Mn + - n-in+ = --- ni- = t <lzi - ti -i t l+ Mn
2+
(d
5
l-i=) l-lz-- = -iii t < =i ~i Fe
+ - n-in+ = l--- ni- Fe
3+
(d
5
l-i=) + ~l-l+- -iil +i =nni =+-i t
(iii) V +i -n-in+ = l--- ni- V
2+
+ -iil = =li- ti -i t (~+n+i l+-ni -izi li- n 3d +-i+i
+ ~z l- t
2g
3
-i -- + +ii)
(iv) Mn
3+
/Mn
2+
n + ln( E
O
ni- Cr
3+
/Cr
2+
i Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
. + ln( E
O
ni- = t - ~li+ i-in+ ti -i t :=+i +ii
t t l+ Mn +i III
rd
I.Et - ~li+ ti -i t (d
5
l-i= = :n + i - +i ti- + ln()
a-a iut+i iii + iif4- +i +
ni-+ :n + i li ~i +i = l+=i - ,ii <lzi - +i i- in lli-- ~i +=i+i ~-ii~i + -iil + i
n nt i = --i i-- ti-i t =ini-- ---- ~i+=i+i ~-ii t ni: (n ~i+=i: ti <zii - t
1. riia rnir = +ni - --- -i tni -i = l+i ++ = +ni ii- t ni: -i- t :-+i ~lil+i~i n
t - ~li+ ~lil+i -ni +i -i n ti -i t n l+- (+ i ~lil+i i-i ti - ~lil+i -ni ti ~lil+i +
l--- ti- + ln( i-- ti-i t tni- l---lnli- i- t( +n n l+i +-i t F
2
> Cl
2
> Br
2
> I
2
si u+i it + rnir
uiit 8
vkWDl hdj . k
l a[ ; k
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
+6 CrF
6
+5 VF
5
CrF
5
+4 TiX
4 VX
4
a
CrF
4
MnF
4
+3 ScX
3
TiX
3
VX
3
CrF
3
MnF
3 FeX
3
a
CoF
3
+2 TiX
2 VX
2
c
CrF
2
MnX
2
FeX
2
CoX
2
NiX
2 CuX
2
b
ZnX
2
+1 CuX
c
t gkW
X = F, Cl, Br, I, X
a
= F, Cl, Br, X
b
= F, Cl, X
c
= Cl, Br, I
+ = +ni =n t 3 - 12, n . lli-- ~i+=i+i ~-ii~i + -iil n ~-- ti -i t =ini-- l,-i (n - -i
=+ni ii + - ~-ii+- --- -=t=i- =i <lzi- +- t -ii :-+i ---- ~i+=i+i ~-ii(
== n- in = +ni ii + -i = ~li+ -iii ti -i t = +ni ii- t ni:i + =-<i n -i +- =iii = l---lnli-
- l-i- l+ i =+- t
(i) =ini--. in = +ni ii + -i +i ~i+=i+i ~-ii( l----n ti-i t +i lnn = l + -iii i: +nii:
-i- t -ii :-+ ~- +ni i: ii ai- t
(ii) - l+ +ni i- =i li+ li - +ii - t . = +ni ii- ( +ni i- + =ii ---- ~i+=i+i ~-ii <zii -i t -<iti
TiX
4
(itni:, X = F, Cl, Br -ii I), VF
5
-ii CrF
6
n --- ~i+=i+i ~-ii ii i-i t
(iii) Mn + ln( +7 ~i+=i+i ~-ii =ini- tni: ,ii -ti <ziii i-i t l MnO
3
F ai- t l=n Mn +i
~i +=i+i ~-ii +7 t
(iv) Mn, + i<. t ni -i + =ii ---- ~i+=i+i ~-ii <zii- +i l- ~=ini- ti i-i t ~i- (n +ii-
i:tni: -i- t FeX
3
(X = F, Cl or Br) -ii CoF
3
"manishkumarphysics.in"
10
CHEMISTRY
(v) +ni i- +i ---- ~i +=i+i ~-ii +i -iii +- +i l- i -i ~ -ii+ - --- in+ ( -i -i + +ii ti -i t
( =i l+ CoF
3
+i l-il- n ) i l+ ~ -ii+ - --- =t= i i ii + liin- i-- ti - ini ---- i ( -i -i
+ +ii ti-i t (-<itiii VF
5
-ii CrF
6
n )
(vi) V(V) + n VF
5
,ii <lzi - l+i i-i t l ~- t ni: n ~il- ti + ~i+=itni: VOX
3
-i- t
(vii) +ni i: :-+i l---- ~i +=i+i ~-ii n ~i l-i+ = ~-iii ti - t -<iti + ln - ln + n VX
2
(X
=Cl, Br i I) -ii +i + n CuX(X= Cl, I) ti --i t ~ii i: + ~l-l+- =n-- +i (II) t ni: ai- t :=+i
+ii t t l+ Cu
2+
. I

+i I
2
n + < -i t
2Cu
2+
+ 4I

Cu
2
I
2
(s) + I
2
t l-i- l+i ni t l+ +: +i (I) i ln+ ni ln- n ~-iii ti - t -ii :=+i lini- i-- l---i- =i Cu(II)
-ii Cu(0) n ti i-i t
2Cu
+
Cu
2+
+ Cu
+i +2 ~i +=i+i ~-ii n +i +1 ~i +=i+i ~-ii = ~li+ -iii ti -i t := Cu
+
+i - n-i n Cu
2+
(aq)
+i ~li+ +iin+ ni - (-i -i (A
hyd
H
O
) + ~iii =nnii i =+-i t . i l,-i :n + i - l-+in- + ln(
~iz+ ~li+ -i +i ~li+ iii = = - ln- +-i t -<itiii. +i +i l,-i ~i-- (-i -i
2. ii- ~i +=i: (n ~i+=i i-i-i n
si u+i it + iuir
uiit 9
vkWDl hdj . kl a[ ; k
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
+7 Mn
2
O
7
+6 CrO
3
+5 V
2
O
5
+4 TiO
2
V
2
O
4
CrO
2
MnO
2
+3 Sc
2
O
3
Ti
2
O
3
V
2
O
3
Cr
2
O
3
Mn
2
O
3
Fe
2
O
3
+2 TiO VO (CrO) MnO FeO CoO NiO CuO ZnO
+1 Cu
2
O
fefJr vkDl kbM
Mn
3
O
4
Fe
3
O
4
Co
3
O
4
~i+=i- + =ii --- ~i+=i+i ~-ii n -iil +i :=+ ~i+=i:i + ~iii =nni i =+-i t :-+
~i +=i:i n ----n ~i +=i+i ~-ii n = i +i ~li+- +-i t -<iti + ln(. n = i 3 + - -+ l-n
n :=+ ~i+=i:i n :=+i ----n ~i+=i+i +3 ti -i (Sc
2
O
3
) t l+ n =i 7 + - n -i +i ----n
~i +=i+i ~-ii +7, Mn
2
O
7
n ti -i t :=ln( n = i 7 + i<. Fe
2
O
3
+ ~nii +i : ~- ---- ~i +=i: ai-
-ti t l -iii nin n + ~i-. FeO
4
2
+i ---- ~i +=i+i ~-ii +6 ti -i t l+-- t ziii -i + Fe
2
O
3
(n O
2
n lil- ti i-i t ~i +=i:i + ~l-l+-. ii- ~i +=i i-i-i + -iil +i ii ---- ~i +=i+i ~-ii
,ii =nni i =+-i t -<iti + ln(. VO
2
+
+ n V
V
-ii VO
2+
+ n V
IV
-ii TiO
2+
+ n Ti
IV
t
i- <- i t l+ ~i+=i- + =ii --- ~i+=i+i ~-ii + -iil +i =in +nii- = i<i ti-i t
-<itiii , n -i --- +ni i:. MnF
4
-i-i t l+ --- ~i+=i: Mn
2
O
7
-i-i t :=+i n +ii t t l+
~i +=i- +i ii- ~i + =ii t -i -i- +i -in-i t - ~li+ ti -i t =t= i i ~i +=i: Mn
2
O
7
n . + Mnnii
~i+=i- nii ~i ,ii -- +n+i = lii ti -i t -ii l=n MnOMn = - ti -i t -- n+i [MO
4
]
n
~i-
-ln (V), +ilnn (VI), n-i (VI) -ii n-i (VII) + ln( ii ai- t
+2 (n +3 ~i +=i+i ~-ii in - ~li+i zi- ~il-+ -i -i- t l+ ---- ~i +=i+i ~-ii in = +ni
- n = =t= i i -i -i- t , = l+ MnO
4

n =ii -i =t= i i -i t = ti ii- ~i +i ~i +=i+i

~-ii c -i t . = ti :-+ ~i +=i:i + ~il-+ n i i- i- t -<itiii . Mn +i l-il- n , Mn
2
O
7
(+ =t= i i
ti - n t :-+ ---- ~i+=i:i n ~-ni n i n = ti - t ~- CrO
3
, H
2
CrO
4
(n H
2
Cr
2
O
7
< -i t -ii
Mn
2
O
7
, HMnO
4
< -i t V
2
O
5
-iini ti -i t . l n - t ~-ni + l- +i t -ii (n ~-n + =ii t +nzi
VO
4
3
(n VO
2
+
<-i t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
11
CHEMISTRY
Example-7 = +ni ii- ~i +i in ii n E
O
+ ni- l--- t
E
O
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
(M
2+
/M
+1
) 1.18 0.91 1.18 0.44 0.28 0.25 + 0.34
:-+ ni-i n ii i- ini ~l-ln--i +i ii +il(
Solution :-+i t ~l-ln-i( ~i-- -i~i (IE
1
+ IE
2
) -ii -z i-- -i ~i + ~l-ln- l-- + +ii ii
i-i t i l+ n -i (n - ln + ln( t - +n ti -i t
Example-8 n -i + lli-- ~i +=i:i + = zi lnli( :=+ + ~i +=i: n n -i +i ~i +=i+i ~-ii ai- +il(
-ii :-t :-+ ~-ni n iin + i- t ( =ti +n n l-i- +il(
Solution Mn
+2
O, Mn
2
3+
O
3
, Mn
4+
O
2
, Mn
2
7+
O
7
, Mn
3
O
4
(MnO-ii Mn
2
O
3
+ lnl- ~i+=i:)
= ti Mn +i ~i+=i+i ~-ii c-i t. +-<i ii- ~i- +i l- +i-i +i ni- c-i t :=+
liin- ii- -ii ~i +=i- nii + n l -+i-i +i ~-- +n ti i-i t ~- :-+ ~-ni n iin
ii c- i- t =i l+ -i- <zii i ni t
MnO < Mn
2
O
3
< MnO
2
< Mn
2
O
7
Example-9 = +ni ii- ~i +i in ii + ( = ~i +=i ii- +ii- +i -in -i~i l=n ii- +i ~i +=i+i ~-ii :=+i
n =i + =ni- ti-i t
Solution Cr
2
O
7
2
-ii CrO
4
2
n Cr +i ~i+=i+i ~-ii +6 t (n =i = 6) ; MnO
4

(n =i = 7)
Example-10 l--- n = l+= +ii = l + l--ziin =i+-i -ti <zii-i t
(A) i 'd -+izi (B) ~l+ n ii (C) 4s
2
-+izi (D) +i: -ti
Solution Zn = [Ar]
18
3d
10
4s
2
. +il+ :=n i l- d--+izi -l-i- t. :=ln( t l--ziin =i+-i -ti
<zii -i t ~-. (A) l+- =ti t
nta i4a faii
~li+i zi- = +ni ii- ~i + i ln+ ai = ~-ii i ln- ~-ii n ni- ti - t = +ni ii- i ln+ =ini-- ~ i
(n 1) d--+i zi +i -l-il- + +ii ni- ti - t = +ni ii- iln+ n . =ni- -+izi n -l-i- i -i d-+-i+i
+i -i( i -ti ti -i t + l-< ii- ~i- +i ~i t -- in ~i- + ii + +ii. +l-< ii- ~i- +
d-+-i+ lli-- -i --i n lil- ti i- t := li-i +i l+-n -i zi li- +t- t -<iti + ln(.
z' ~i- i ~i ii- ~i- t -- t (l= ~+n+i -i zi +t- t ), -i i - d-+-i+ <i =n --i n lil- ti
i- t in =n -- n ---- -i + <i d-+-i+ (
2 2 2
z y x
d , d

) -ii < = =n -- n l---- -i + -i- d-+-i+
(d
xy
, d
yz
, d
zx
) -- t
= +ni ii- ~i-i +i l-il- n . =ni- d--+i zi n :n + i- =n-i + (+ -i = < = -i -- n zi + n -
t := +i + = +ni +i d-d = +ni +t- t < z +izi + l-lz-- ni +i -i = = li- -i n =ni- d--+i zi
n + z :n + i- ~iz+ -i n ti ++ ---- -i -- n -n i- t :=ln( = +ni ii- i ln+i =+ <
+izi in- t . -i (+ l-lz-- n = = -li- -i +i + z nizii +i ~zii li- + lni i-i t l=+ liin-
:n+ i- +-i+i +i l---- -i ~-ii = ---- -i ~-ii n -n i- t =i l+ -i- <lzi- l+i i-i t
asia iifi t
2g
u e
g
++i+i rnaiat4 u+i +i <ziiai r+
=+ < +izi + ~- n inln- ti i- t -ii i ln+ ni- l<ii: < -i t = +ni i ln+i +i l-i- n. l= ~zii li-
l+i i-i t . -=+i =< + n ti -i t -<iti + ln(. Ti
3+
+ i ln+i + d--+i zi n + n (+ :n + i - ti ti -i
t t =+ < +izi = ti (n ini iin ~zii li- +-i t -ii -ini nin iin -=l - +-i t :=ln( Ti
3+
~i-
n-i n + +-i t :=i +i = . ni l- + l + i ln+ n nin +izi = = li- ll+ii +i ~zii ii ti -i
t. -ii inln- n ti-ini ti-i t (i l+ nin n +i + n t ) ~- + l + i ln+ t -in n + ti- t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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ffi-a n4ifa u+i riia i4ai + n
uiit 10
vk; u ck; foU; kl vk; u dkj ax
Sc (III), Ti (IV) 3d
0
j axghu
Ti (III) 3d
1
t kequh
V (IV) 3d
1
uhy k
V (III) 3d
2
gj k
Cr (III) 3d
3
gj k
Mn (III) 3d
4
cSaxuh
Cr (II) 3d
4
uhy k
Mn (II) 3d
5
xqy kch
Fe (III) 3d
5
i hy k
Fe (II) 3d
6
gj k
Co (III) 3d
6
uhy k
Co (II) 3d
7
xqy kch
Ni (II) 3d
8
gj k
Cu (II) 3d
9
uhy k
Cu (I) 3d
10
j axghu
Zn (II) 3d
10
j axghu
Example-11 CuSO
4
.5H
2
O+ -in n +i =nni: `
Solution Cu
2+
~i- (3d
9
) < z -i zi = nin +izi ~zii li- +-i t (3d :n + i- + -ii-i--i + ln() ~i- -in
+izi +i il-- +-i t -ii nt -in n +i l<iii <-i t
+t4 n iri
t t - ti i ni -+ - t l+ lli-- <iii +i - -+i -i zi n i- t . -i (+ =i ti -ti <zii - t ~ii -
li-- -2 ti <zii- t l= - -+i ti +t- t :-t l--- +i ni +- l+i i-i t
(i) a+t4 s<ii
( = iln+ i --+i -i zi ,ii ~i+li- ti - t --t ~---+i <ii +t- t :-+ nii +-i+i n ~ln-
:n+i-i +i -l-il- + +ii t niin + ti-i t
(ii) sfa+t4 s<ii
( = i ln+ i - -+i -i zi n l-+li - ti - t --t l-- -+i +t- t :-+ nii +-i+i n ln- :n + i-i
+i -l-il- + +ii t n iin + ti -i t
~li+i zi = +ni -i + i ln+ - -+i -i zi n ~- - -+i + l- + ti - t -ii - -+i -i zi ,ii ~i+li - ti - t . :-
= +ni -i + d--+i zi ~i lzi+ = i ti - t ~li+i zi = +ni ii- ~i- i l+ :-+ i ln+i + d- -+i zi n
~ ln- :n + i- ti - t (d
1
= d
9
l-i= -+) l=+ liin- :-n ~- - -+i n iin ii i-i t - -+i + l-
+i --+i ~iii + <i n ~li+- +- t l+=i iln+ n ~ln- :n+i-i +i =i ~li+ ti- :-+
~- - -+i n i. ~li+ ti - t -ii - -+i ~ii i ii ~li+ ti -i t - -+i ~ii i +i i t n - i - n +- +-
t l=+i ni B.Mt
"manishkumarphysics.in"
13
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si u+i it + i4ai + niai-+ y sf+ia +t4
uiit 11
x. ukRed i zsf{kr
Sc
3+
3d
0
0 0 0
Ti
3+
3d
1
1 1.73 1.75
Ti
2+
3d
2
2 2.84 2.76
V
2+
3d
3
3 3.87 3.86
Cr
2+
3d
4
4 4.90 4.80
Mn
2+
3d
5
5 5.92 5.96
Fe
2+
3d
6
4 4.90 5.3 - 5.5
Co
2+
3d
7
3 3.87 4.4 - 5.2
Ni
2+
3d
8
2 2.84 2.9 - 3.4
Cu
2+
3d
9
1 1.73 1.8 - 2.2
Zn
2+
3d
10
0 0 0
pqEcdh; vk?kw. kZ
(B.M.)
v; qfXer bysDVkWuksadhl a[ ; k ck; r e foU; kl vk; u
-i +- inin+ ~i + n-i ln- n nil- ~i-i i ai= ~-ii + ln( l<( n t
+ ~ ln- :n + i - +i - -+i ~ii i :=+ -+i +i ii = n (n +-ii +i ii = n = =-l-i- ti -i t in
= +ni ii + i ln+i n . +-ii +iii =n ~li+ in<i- -ti +-i t . :=ln( :-+i +i: =ii +-i -ti ti-i t
~- in = +ni ii + -i + ln(. - -+i ~ii i + n :n + i-i + -+i = ti i-- l+i i-i t l= l---
=--i = ai- l+i i =+-i t
= ) 2 n ( n + B.M.
ti n ~ln- :n+i -i +i =i t -ii i t n -i - (BM) n --+i ~iii t
l+=i ii = +ni ii n ~- - -+ tn c -i t l+ i-i t ~li+-n ~- -+ ii + n n l-i- ti -i t (ti
~ln- :n+i-i +i ~li+-n = i ti-i t ).
~- -+i (n l-- -+i <iii n = . + z <ii = l+ ~i- ii- . ~i- ~i +=i: l-+i - -+i n i t - ---
ti -i t (=ni- ii- = nnin 1000 n -i ~li+) i ln+ - -+i -i zi + l- t - n n-i n ~i+li - ti - t
-ii :-t - -+i -i zi = ti n - t -i ii :-n --+ ii i-i t ( = <iii +i ni t --+i <ii +t-
t
Example-12 ni ln- n -l-i- l,= i i nii + ~i- +i - -+i ~ii i ai- +il(. l< :=+i nii +ni +
25 t `
Solution nii +ni + 25, in nii + l,= i i ~i- +i ni ln- n l-i= d
5
tini (~ii - i - ~ ln-
:n + i - ti - t )
= ) 2 5 ( 5 + = 5.92 B.M.
u+n +i faii
=+ni - t - ~li+ = i n -=t= ii = +n -i- t = +ni ii- ~i- :-+ = + ni n +iin+ i -<i=i-
~i ~i = t- t =ini- -<iti [Ni(NH
3
)
6
]
2+
, [Co(NH
3
)
6
]
3+
, [Fe(CN)
6
]
3
, [Fe(CN)
6
]
4
, [Cu(NH
3
)]
2+
, :il< t
= +ni ii- ~i-i +i =+ n -i- +i ~li+ l- l--- + +ii + ti -i t
(i) = +ni ii-~i + nii (n ~i-i +i zi i ~i+i
(ii) --- -ili+i ~i zi
(iii) lnn ,ii <i- l+ n ( +i+i :n + i- n +i nti +- + ln( -+- -i + l+- d-+-i+i +i -ni-i
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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-ai+izit 4ifn+i +i faii
= +ni ii-( ti:i -. ii-. +i - (n -i:i - = -i + =ii ~--i+izii i ln+ -i-i t :- ~iil+ -i
(H, B, C, N, :il<) +i zi i ~i+i ti - + +ii - = +ni ii- nii ~i + in+i + l+- -ii-i n l-i-
t- t =i l+ -i- l-zi n <zii i ni t
asia iifi -ai+izit 4ifn+ +i faii <ziiai r+
iln+ n-i ~==ni+iln-i i ln+ t -ii -i -i ~il-+ ~i -i ti =t= ii iln+ ti - t =+ni
ii-~i + ~--i+izii i ln+i + =ni- -<iti TiC, Mn
4
N, Fe
3
H, TiH
2
:il< t t i- < - i t l+ :-+ = zi
+i ii- +i l+=i ii =ini- ~i+=i+i ~-ii = +i : =--i -ti ti -i t =iiii -i . ~==ni+iln-i <ii
+i = na- TiH
1.7
, VH
0.56
, in i ln+i =i ti i-- ti -i t :-+ = na- +i := + l- + +ii. i ln+ -ai+izit
4ifn+ +tni- t
~--i+izii -ii- (ll+-i ) i i- = . = +ni ii- ( < c (n +ai ti i-i t :- ~--i+izii i ln+i + i=il-+
n i - + ii- ~i + =ni- ti ti - t n l+- :-+ ii l-+ n ii = i-. +ai -i -ii -in+-i :il< n lli---i( ti -i
t -<itiii. :-i- (-in) (n cni ni ti <i -i ti +ai ti - t +i l+ t <i-i +i - + =ii ~--i+izii i ln+
-i- t
l+-ni+ - ii- n l-i- nii ~i + n l+- -ii- + +ii = +ni ii- ~i n zi ~iil+ nii ii =ni +
l-i- ti i- t -ii- :-+i <i i i = --i -ii :-+i l- -ziin ~i +=i+i ~-ii~i + +ii i i- t
:- i ln+i + ii l-+ (+ i=il-+ n iin + =ini- ~lin-ii l--- t
(i) :-+ nn-i+ t - --- ti- t i l+ :-+i ziz ii- = ~ -ii+- ~li+ ti- t
(ii) iil+ -in+-i i- t (~ii - zi z ii- ~i + =ni-)
(iii) t- +ai ti - t + z ii:. in(tii) + =ni- ~-- +ai ti - t
(iv) i=il-+ = l-l+ ti- t
a-s+t4 niri
~li+i zi = +ni ii- -ii :-+ i ln+ lli-- i=il-+ ~lil+i~i n ~-z - + +i ii l- +i +- t :-n =
Fe, Co, Ni, V, Cr, Mn, Pt, :il< +i -in t- =ini- t
-<itiii .
(i) ~i-niln-n +i -i n t +n n ~ni l-i =zn ii + ln( l+i i-i t
(ii) l-+n +i -in +i l-+ =i- ~lil+i~i n ti:i-i+i + ln( l+i i-i t
(iii) H
2
SO
4
l-nii + <ii- =-+ +n n V
2
O
5
+i -in SO
2
+i SO
3
n ~i+=i+i +- + ln( i-i t
(iv) MnO
2
+i -in H
2
O
2
ln- + li- n -+ +i iil- +- t
(v) +i i- ni +i -in. l+ - i + li- n - + +i ii l- +- t
= +ni ii- ~i +i - +i n iin - +- ~li+n + + =ii ~lil+i n-i -i- +i :-+i l- + +ii i-- ti -i
t n-i ~lil+i i +i l---- =l+i -i <i- +- t l=+ liin- ~lil+i +i < c i-i t :=
~lil+i n n-i =n-i + -i -i = lil- ti + -i< < - t -ii n ni - <ii +i l-ni i - ti i-i t l+-
+-i+i +i -l-il- i l- -ziin ~i +=i+i ~-ii l-ni i +i l- + +ii = +ni ii- ( ~lil+i n-i -i-i t
(i) + z l-il-i n . = +ni ii- - + ~li+i+ + ~lizii ii + ln( (+ i a -i zi+n <i- +-i t l== - +
a ~li+i+i +i =i-< -i c i-i t -ii ~li+i+ ~i ~i n ii +i < n +- t :=i +n n . = l+i -i
+n ti i-i t -<itiii . SO
2
+i SO
3
n ll- - +- =n V
2
O
5
+i -i n - + + n +- t ai = V
2
O
5
a SO
2
~i ~zii li- ++ V
2
O
4
-i-i t -ii :-+ i< t SO
2
+i (+ ~i +=i- nii < + SO
3
-i-i t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
15
CHEMISTRY
:= <ii- -- ini i:-ln i~i+=i: ~i+=i- + =ii l+i ++ V
2
O
5
- -i n -i t
V
2
O
5
+ SO
2
(-+) SO
3
+ V
2
O
4
(i:-ln i~i+=i:)
2V
2
O
4
+ O
2
2V
2
O
5
(ii) + z l-il-i n -i . = +ni ii- ~i- +i ~i+=i+i ~-ii~i n l- - ti i-i t -ii t ~li+ iiziini - +
+i i il- +i +- nn i-i t -<iti + ln(. +i i- ni +i -i n l + - i + li- n - + +i ii l-
+- t +i l+ +i i- ~i=i-i = +2 ~i+=i+i ~-ii = +3 ~i+=i+i ~-ii n ll- - ti i-i t
Co
2+
+ OCl

+ H
2
O Co
3+
+ Cl

+ 2OH

2Co
3+
+ 2OH

2Co
2+
+ H
2
O + O
2
~i- (III) +i -i n ii ~ii i: (n =-+ ~i- (S
2
O
8
2
) + n ~lil+i n - + +i ii l- +- t
Example-13 ~ii i: (n =-+ + n ti - ini ~lil+i n l+= +i ~i- (III) - + +i ii l- +i +-i t
Solution 2Fe
3+
+ 2I

2Fe
2+
+ I
2
2Fe
2+
+ S
2
O
8
2
2Fe
3+
+ 2SO
4
2
________________________________________________________
2I

+ S
2
O
8
2

III ) ( Fe
I
2
+ 2 SO
4
2
f riia faii
lnii- =ni ni ai = ln- ti -i t l=n (+ ii- + nii < =i ii- + nii ~i + n ~l-ln- = l-l-
t- t =ini--i lnii-( -- nii ~i ,ii --i t l-+i iil+ lzii n ~-- nnin 15%ti -i t = +ni
ii- ( ~li+ = i n ln ii- ( -i-i t = +ni ii- ~i +i nii ~i+i nnin =ni- ti -i t ~- in+ n -l-i-
ii- nii (+< = +i l--iil- + =+- t :=i +i. <i i <i = ~li+ = +ni ii- ~i + lni +i ai +-
. ai = ln ii- --i t := +i i-- lnii- +ai . --- nn-i + ini ti -i t -ii - + ii- +i - n-i n = -iii
n l- ~li+ l-i ii ti -i t
-<itiii. =ili+ =ini- ai- ln ii- += ln ii-( t +ilnn. n -i. -ln. n--. niln-n :il<
+i -in lli-- +i +i -in (n --n= -in + -i<- n l+i i-i t ~= +ni ii-~i + =ii. =+ni
ii- ~i +i lnii- = l+ i- (+ii-). i= (+il+) =il+ -i ~li+ nt i lnii-( t
iifi friia +i faii <ziiai r+
Example-14 l--- n = l+= n ,ii lnii- +i l-nii l+i i =+-i t `
(A) Ag + Pb (B) Fe + Hg (C) Pt + Hg (D) Fe + C
Solution ~i l-+ = n lnii- n Ag ( Pb lni- ti- t 'Fe' -ii 'C' l=n-i:. Fe
3
C lnii- -i- t
~- (A) ( (D) l+- =ti t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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+ r-si d--ni+ + 4ifn+i + fa aii ni
[A] i4a + 4ifn+
+= =-+, FeSO
4
. 7H
2
O(ni- ll~in) :=+i =ini-- ti +=i= +t- t
fa
(i) -+ ~i- + ,ii
Fe + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2
|
(ii) +i ~lzi ,ii
3FeS
2
+ 2H
2
O + 11O
2
FeSO
4
+ Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ Fe 3FeSO
4
(iii) FeCO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2
niri
(a) iifa+t :
ti: += =-+ ti l+-ni iln+ t i n ini zi- :=n -+-n- (Effloresces) ti -i t l- ni
FeSO
4
nti- ti-i t
(b) iui4fa+ :
(i) i n ini zi - t i in n n <n i-i t. :=+i +ii -iii + l+ =-+ +i --i t
4FeSO
4
+ 2H
2
O + O
2
4Fe(OH) . SO
4
(-iii +l+ =-+)
(ii) ni- + +ii :=+i ni ln- ~-ni ti-i t
Fe
2+
+ 2H
2
O Fe(OH)
2
+ 2H
+
(iii) FeSO
4
. 7H
2
O
C 140
FeSO
4
. H
2
O
C 300
2FeSO
4
. Temp
High

Fe
2
O
3
+ SO
2
| + SO
3
|
(iv) FeSO
4
+ 6KCN K
4
Fe(CN)
6
+ K
2
SO
4
(v) ~-i+ ~li+n + + =ni- +i +-i t
AuCl
3
+ 3FeSO
4
Au + Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ FeCl
3
6HgCl
2
+ 6FeSO
4
3Hg
2
Cl
2
+ 2Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2FeCl
3
MnO
4

+ 8H
+
+ 5Fe
2+
5Fe
3+
+ Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14H
+
+ 6Fe
3+
6Fe
3+
+ 2Cr
3+
+ 7H
2
O
as4in :
(i) -ini+ini -iti -i- + ln(
(ii) ni: n i+ + n
(iii) + li n +i-izii + n
(iv) i nziini ~li+n +. 'ni t ni -i- n FeSO
4
+(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+6H
2
O) FeSO
4
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
.6H
2
O.
(v) FeSO
4
+ H
2
O
2
~li+n+ + -in = i-i i-i t. t - + + n +- ti -i t
+f+ iuir Fe
2
O
3
:
fa
(i) 2Fe(OH)
3

A
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O (ii) 2FeSO
4

A
Fe
2
O
3
+ SO
2
+ SO
3
(iii) 4FeS + 7O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 4SO
2
niri
(a) iifa+t : t (+ nti nin - i t . i n n ~ln t
(b) iui4fa+ :
~i- (III) ~i+=i: +i + l- -iini ti -i t
(i) Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
Fe
2
O
3
+ 2NaOH
xyu
H
2
O+ 2NaFeO
2
Fe
2
O
3
+ Na
2
CO
3
2NaFeO
2
+ CO
2
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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CHEMISTRY
NaOCl -ii Cl
2
, NaFeO
2
+i Na
2
FeO
4
n ~i+=i+- + < - t
NaFeO
2
+ Cl
2
+ 4NaOH 2Na
2
FeO
4
+ 2NaCl + 2H
2
(ii) 6Fe
2
O
3

C 1300
4Fe
3
O
4
+ O
2
(iii) Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
2Fe + 3H
2
O
as4in
(i) nin i + + n (ii) (+ ~ii + (abrasive) ilnlzi n i + n (iii) -+ + n
+f+ niir FeCl
3
:
fant4 FeCl
3
(i) 12FeCl
2
(l-ni) + 3O
2

A
Fe
2
O
3
+ 8FeCl
3
(l-ni)
(ii) 2Fe + 3Cl
2
(dry)

A
2FeCl
3
(iii) FeCl
3
. 6H
2
O + 6SOCl
2
FeCl
3
+ 12HCl + 6SO
2
(iv) FeCl
3
.6H
2
O+ 6CH
3

3
3
3
OCH
|
CH C
|
OCH

FeCl
3
+ 12CH
3
OH+ 6CH
3
COCH
3
n4ifa FeCl
3
(iii) Fe(OH)
3
+ 3HCl

FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
(iv) Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl

2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
(v) Fe
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 6HCl

2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O+ 3CO
2
(vi) 2Fe + 4HCl + Cl
2

2FeCl
3
+ 2H
2
| .
-i +- i=il-+ ~lil+i~i n vi-- FeCl
3
+ =ii ln- +i l+-ni+i +- ni l- FeCl
3
.6H
2
Ovi-- ti -i
t
niri
(a) iifa+
l-ni +i+ +ni i: nti +ini ai = ti-i t l+ ni ni, FeCl
3
.6H
2
Oinii i - < (deliquescent)
l+-ni ai = ti -i t n ( : i n ln ti + +nzi [Fe(H
2
O)
4
Cl
2
]Cl . 2H
2
O
-ii O

FeCl
3
lnziin -izii -i- t
t 300C -il-- ti+ l,n+i+- n= <-i t
(b) iui4fa+ :
(i) -i +i vii
(a) 2FeCl
3
(l-ni)

A
2FeCl
2
+ Cl
2
(b) 2[FeCl
3
. 6H
2
O]

A
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl + 9H
2
O
(ii) n~i- + +ii ni ln- ~-ni ti-i t
[Fe(H
2
O)
6
]
3+
+ H
2
O [Fe(H
2
O)
5
(OH)]
2+
+ H
3
O
+
~-n -ii -ii ~-n
(iii) ~i +=i+ii ~li+n + + n +i +-i t :
2FeCl
3
+ SnCl
2
2FeCl
2
+ SnCl
4
2FeCl
3
+ H
2
S 2FeCl
2
+ 2HCl + S
2FeCl
3
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O 2FeCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
+ 2HCl
2FeCl
3
+ 2KI 2FeCl
2
+ 2KCl + I
2
(iv) 4ini-+ 4ifn+ +i faii
FeCl
3
+ 6NH
3
FeCl
3
. 6NH
3
; FeCl
3
+ NOCl FeCl
3
.NOCl
(v) 2FeCl
3
+ 3Na
2
CO
3
+ 3H
2
O 2Fe(OH)
3
+ 6NaCl + 3CO
2
"manishkumarphysics.in"
18
CHEMISTRY
as4in
(i) <i: + n +- l+i i-i t :=+i (-+itln+ ln-. i- + i +nii: +tni-i t
(ii) (=i -ii +i-in +i t-i- +- + ln(
(iii) lzi- -ini -i- + ln( + ln
(iv) ~i+=i+i+ + n l+i i-i t
[B] f+ + 4ifn+
l + ~i+=i:. ZnO(-i:-i =+ < i +ini -+ n) (Chinese white or philosopher's wool) t + l- n
l+i: i nin l+ ~-+ + n ii i-i t
fa
(i) 2Zn + O
2
2ZnO (ii) ZnCO
3

A
ZnO+ CO
2
(iii) 2Zn(NO
3
)
2

A
2ZnO+ 4NO
2
+ O
2
(iv) Zn(OH)
2

A
ZnO+ H
2
O
niri
(a) iifa+t t =+ < - i ti -i t l= nn +- in+ = --i n l- - + +ii. t ini ti i-i t . --
ai +- - =+ < ti i-i t -ii n n ~ln ti-i t 400C :=+i - i-- ti-i t
(b) iui4fa+
(i) :=+i + l- -iini ti-i t
ZnO + H
2
SO
4
ZnSO
4
+ H
2
O ; ZnO+ 2NaOH Na
2
ZnO
2
+ H
2
O
(ii) ZnO + H
2
C 400

A
Zn + H
2
O
as4in
(i) = =+< - + n (t H
2
S +i -l-il- n n<ni -ti ti-i t +il+ ZnS ii =+< ti-i t)
(ii) l-ni- ti -i +- + ln( (ti - Zn CoO
2
)
(iii) nlin (-+itn + l-- n -+ + n
(iv) n< -i- + ln(
(v) +i-nl+ (=i -< i+i) i. +in -ii <i:i -i- + ln(
Example-15 Zn (OH)
2

A
[X] iln+ (X) + ln(. =ti +i-+i-i +i -- +il `
(A) X +i +ii- -i: + =ii nn +- ti <ii <-i t
(B) X +i ~+ n nn +- ini ti i-i t . -- ai ti - - =+< ti i-i t
(C) X +i -- HCl n ln-. i lzin + i =i-i: (K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]) + ~ili+ n -ini =+ <=+ < ~-i < -i
t
(D) X, ni =i ln ti: i +=i: n ~ln t
Solution (A) X, ZnOt. i l+ +ii- -i: + =ii nn +- ZnO. CoO. <-i t t l-ni- ti t (B) :=
nn +- ini ti i-i t -ii ai ti- =+< ti i-i t (C) ZnCl
2
. Zn
3
K
2
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
+i -ini
=+<=+< ~-i -i-i t 3 Zn
2+
+ 2 K
+
+ 2 [Fe(CN)
6
]
4

K
2
Zn
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
+
(D) ZnO+ 2NaOH Na
2
ZnO
2
(ln = + n) +H
2
O :=ln( l+- A, B&C=ti t -ii D=ti -ti
t
f+ u+a ZnSO
4
. 7H
2
O(u+< ffain)
fa
(i) Zn + H
2
SO
4
ZnSO
4
+ H
2
(ii) ZnO + H
2
SO
4
ZnSO
4
+ H
2
O
(iii) ZnCO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
ZnSO
4
+ H
2
O+ CO
2
niri
(a) iifa+ t nti-. n n ln l+-ni ai = t := i n i ni zi - t . -i t --i+ l-n- ti -i t
t :-=n ni (MgSO
4
. 7H
2
O) + =ii =n~i+ l-+ (isomorphous) t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
19
CHEMISTRY
(b) iui4fa+
(i) ZnSO
4
+ 2NaOH Zn(OH)
2
+ (=+<) + Na
2
SO
4
(ii) Zn(OH)
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
ZnO
2
(ln = + n) + 2H
2
O
(iii) ZnSO
4
+ 2NaHCO
3
ZnCO
3
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O+ CO
2
(iv) ZnSO
4
.7H
2
O
C 100
ZnSO
4
. 6H
2
O
C 280
ZnSO
4

C 800
ZnO+ SO
3
as4in
(i) ~i ii + nizi- (eye lotion) + n
(ii) lniii- (=+< -) -i- + ln( (BaS + ZnSO
4
+i lni) +- ti-i t
(iii) ni: n (dyeing) + (mordant) + n
f+ niir (ZnCl
2
. 2H
2
O) :
fa
:= -- ti: i +ni l+ ~-n n l + ~i+=i:. +ii - ~ii ti: i+=i: +i ln ++ -ii i-i t
ZnO + 2HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2
O
:== i-- =il-< - ln- +i ai +- ZnCl
2
. 2H
2
O+ l+-n i-- ti- t l- ni+ - l + +ni i:
+ n ZnCl
2
. 2H
2
O+ l+-n +i nn ++ - i -ti l+i i =+-i t +i l+ li- + <i i- (+ -iii
+nii: Zn(OH)Cl --i t l= l+ nn +- ZnO<-i t
ZnCl
2
. 2H
2
O Zn(OH)Cl + HCl + H
2
O; Zn(OH)Cl ZnO+ HCl
~- l- ni l + +ni i: +i i -i +ni i- n = + it n l + +i nn ++ ~ii l + - i ( n+ l+
+ni i: + lni +i ~i=l- ++ i-- l+i i-i t
Zn + Cl
2

A
ZnCl
2
; Zn + HgCl
2
ZnCl
2
+ Hg
ni
t (+ z- l+-ni ai = t. ~i< -in iti (deliquescent) (n n n ln t nn +- t ~i+=i
+ni i:. -ii ~-- n ~i +=i: -i-i t := l + ~i +=i: + =ii lnl- l+i i-i t . - :=+i =il-< -
ln- (+ +ai < ni- n ll- - ti i-i t ( i-- -i< +i <i -i + lz< i +i i- (dental filling) +
+in n n - t
[C] +is + 4ifn+
+isu+a, CuSO
4
.5H
2
O(-4 ffa4in Blue vitriol) ru atni iiii it +ra r+
fa
(i) CuO + H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O
(ii) Cu(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
(iii) Cu + H
2
SO
4
+
1
2
O
2
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O
(iv) CuCO
3
.Cu(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
2CuSO
4
+ 3H
2
O+ CO
2
|
(nn+i: ~-+)
ni
(a) iifa+ ni t -ini l+-ni i ln+ t i n n ln t
(b) iui4fa+ ni
(i) CuSO
4
+ 2NaOH Cu(OH)
2
+
(-ini) + Na
2
SO
4
2CuSO
4
+ Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O Cu(OH)
2
+
(-ini) + Na
2
SO
4
+ CO
2
|
.
(ii) 2CuSO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O + 2KI CuI
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
2CuSO
4
+ 2FeSO
4
+ 2KI Cu
2
I
2
+ Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
(iii) CuSO
4
+ Fe Cu + FeSO
4
CuSO
4
+ Zn Cu + ZnSO
4
(iv) 2CuSO
4
+ 2KSCN + SO
2
+ 2H
2
O 2CuSCN
+
(z-) + K
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
SO
4
(v) CuSO
4
. 5H
2
O
mRQqYyu
q ok;

CuSO
4
.3H
2
O
C 100
CuSO
4
. H
2
O
C 250
CuSO
4

C 750
CuO+ SO
2
+ O
2
"manishkumarphysics.in"
20
CHEMISTRY
as4in :
(i) ~- +i i ln+i +i -i- + ln(
(ii) - n-. - i:ln + ln(. -ii ni: n + (mordant) + n
(iii) + li n +i-izi+ (n iii -izi+ + n
(iv) +tlnn ln- -i- n.
(v) <i:i n (i= l-+ (l-iii) + n
(vi) - i n.
Example-16 (+ l- ni =+ < ai = (A)] i lzin ~ii i: + ln- + =ii i i ~-i < -i t. i ti:i ln- +i
~ili+ n lnni- =+ < (B) n ll-- ti i-i t i lzin =i-i: +i (A) + ni ln- n
lnnii i-i -i =+ < ~-i i-- ti -i t i l+ ~ili+ n (C) + l-ni i + +ii ln ti -i t (A) + ni
ln- (1%) +i ~ + =+ < iin + ln- n lnni- -iii nin (~ii - NaOH+i -l-il- n ) n
n-i n <-i t -i iln+ (A) +i t-il-( -ii ~lil+i~i +i =nni:
Solution A +i 1%ln- ~ + =+ < iin + =ii n-i n < -i t (i: i-ii) (A) i lzin ~ii i: + =ii
i i ~-i < -i t . i l+ ti:i lnni- =+ < n n ll- - ti i-i t (A) l- ni CuSO
4
(=+ <) ti
=+-i t . i l+ ~li+n + KCN+ =ii (A) l+ ~lil+i +i- l-lz-- ti i-i t
2CuSO
4
+ 4KI

Cu
2
I
2
+ (=+<) + I
2
| (ini i ii) + 2K
2
SO
4
(A) (B)
I
2
+ 2Na
2
S
2
O
3

Na
2
S
4
O
6
+ 2NaI
2CuSO
4
+ 4KCN

2 Cu(CN)
2
+ (ini) + 2K
2
SO
4
2Cu(CN)
2

2CuCN
+
(z -) +(CN)
2
|
2 CuCN + 6 KCN

2 K
3
[Cu(CN)
4
] (nti- ln =+n)
(C)
Example-17 CuSO
4
.5H
2
O

C 100
[X] (s)

C 250
[Y] (s)
X ~i Y+nzi t
(A) X ~i Y, CuSO
4
. 3H
2
O~i CuSO
4
t
(B) X ~i Y, CuSO
4
. 3H
2
O~i CuSO
4
. H
2
Ot
(C) X ~i Y, CuSO
4
. H
2
O~i CuSO
4
t
(D) X ~i Y, CuSO
4
~i CuOt
Solution CuSO
4
.5H
2
O

C 100
CuSO
4
.H
2
O(s)

C 250
CuSO
4
(s), :=ln( Cl+- =ti t
4fs+ iuir, CuO
t +i+ +i +ini ~i+=i: +tni-i t -ii +l- n -ii: + n i-- ti -i t
fa :
t l--- -t = -ii i-i t
(i) i n Cu
2
O+i nn ++ ~ii i n +i +i n- =n -+ nn ++ (-i1100C+ - -ti
c-i -ilt()
2Cu
2
O+ O
2

4CuO
2Cu + O
2

2CuO
(ii) Cu(OH)
2

A
CuO+ H
2
O
(iii) 2Cu(NO
3
)
2

A
2CuO+ 4NO
2
+ O
2
(iv) =il+ -- t +l- n i i- in n n+i: +i nn ++l---i- ,ii i-- ti-i t
CuCO
3
. Cu(OH)
2

2CuO+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
"manishkumarphysics.in"
21
CHEMISTRY
ni
(a) iifa+ : t (+ +ini - i t i l+ n n ~ln t . -ii nn -i (moderate heating) -iii ti -i t
(b) iui4fa+
(i) ~i+=i:. ~-n HCl, HNO
3
-ii H
2
SO
4
n ln ti + =-l-i- ni -i-i t
CuO + 2H
+
Cu
2+
+ H
2
O
(ii) 1100 1200C nn +- t , -i t ~i+=i- n +- ++ + = ~i+=i: n <n i-i t
4CuO 2Cu
2
O+ O
2
(iii) t ~-i+ ~li+n + = ti: i -. +i - -ii +i - ni -i ~i +=i: ,ii ~-l- ti iil+ +i n <n-i t
CuO + H
2
Cu + H
2
O
4fs+ niir, CuCl
2
. 2H
2
O
fa :
(i) ii- ~ii + l+ ~i+=i: ~ii + l + ti: i+=i: ~ii +i +ii - +i =i-< HCl n iini i-i
t. liini ln- l+-ni+i nil- +l+ +nii: + t l+-n <-i t
2Cu + 4HCl + O
2

2CuCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
CuO + 2HCl

CuCl
2
+ H
2
O
Cu(OH)
2
CuCO
3
+ 4HCl

2CuCl
2
+ 3H
2
O+ CO
2
(ii) +i ii- +i +nii- n= + ~ili+ n nn l+i i-i t ~ii 150C HCl n= n nil-
+ l + +ni i: +i nn l+i i-i t -i l- ni + l + +ni i: (+ nt i < ni- + n i-- ti -i
t
Cu + Cl
2

CuCl
2
; CuCl
2
. 2H
2
O
xSl HCl
C 150

CuCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
ni
(a) iifa+ :
t (+ - < i ln+ t ( n n n ~i=i-i = ln t :-+i -- ln- -ini ti -i t l+ =il-< - ln-
ti ti -i t =i-< HCl lnnii i-i t -i t in n n <n i-i t -ini n = + n i-i- [Cu(H
2
O)
4
]
2+
+ +ii -ii ini n = + n +ii- [CuCl
4
]
2
+ +ii ti-i t -ii :- <i -i +i -l-il- n :=+i n ti
ti -i t
(b) iui4fa+ :
(i) ni ln-. :=+ n~i- + +ii ~-ni ti-i t
CuCl
2
+ 2H
2
O Cu(OH)
2
+ 2HCl
(ii) nn +- l- ni ni Cu
2
Cl
2
( n Cl
2
-i-i t
2CuCl
2
Cu
2
Cl
2
+ Cl
2
3CuCl
2
. 2H
2
O
izcy

A
CuO + Cu
2
Cl
2
+ 2HCl + Cl
2
+ 5H
2
O
(iii) :=+i Cu
2
Cl
2
n +i + + ~ii =-+ i:~i +=i: n = ~ii -i- ti: i - ,ii (HCl
Zn +i l+i = ---) i SnCl
2
,ii ~i=i-i = ~-l- l+i i-i t
CuCl
2
+ Cu Cu
2
Cl
2
2CuCl
2
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O Cu
2
Cl
2
+ 2HCl + H
2
SO
4
2CuCl
2
+ 2H Cu
2
Cl
2
+ 2HCl
2CuCl
2
+ SnCl
2
Cu
2
Cl
2
+ SnCl
4
(iv) NaOH +i lnnii i-i t . - (+ -iii + l + +ni i: CuCl
2
. 3Cu(OH)
2
+i t-+i -ini
~-i i-- ti -i t
CuCl
2
+ 2NaOH Cu(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl
CuCl
2
+ 3Cu(OH)
2
CuCl
2
. 3Cu(OH)
2
+
"manishkumarphysics.in"
22
CHEMISTRY
t ~nil-n ti: i+=i: n in+ (+ nti -ini ln- -i-i t := ln- +i i-
+- i(-ni- +l+ +nii: + nt -in n + l+-n i-- ti- t
CuCl
2
+ 4NH
4
OH Cu(NH
3
)
4
Cl
2
. H
2
O+ 3H
2
O
[D] fu + 4ifn+ :
fu airaa, AgNO
3
(nai +ifa+) :
fa :
:= -- -i:l+ ~-n + =ii l=- +i nn ++ -ii i-i t ln- +i =i-< i ++ ai l+i
i-i t - l=- -i: + l+-n i+ ti i- t
3Ag + 4HNO
3

ij djus xeZ
3AgNO
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
ni
(a) iifa+ :
t n ( (-+i tin n ln t -ii (+ nti- l+-ni i ln+ t t 212C nn-i t
(b) iui4fa+ :
(i) t +i l-+ --i+i (<ii ) = -iii +i -in-i i-i t l== t +in n n ll- - ti i-i t lzi i-
+izi +i -l-il- n :=+i +ini n - li - iil+ l=- + +ii --i t :=ln( := ni- i -ni n = n ti-
l+i i-i t
(ii) in-i+ = - := nn +- t l=- -i:i: ( ~i+=i- n lil- ti i-i t
2AgNO
3
2AgNO
2
+ O
2
:= nin--- nn +- t. -i t iil+ l=- <-i t
2AgNO
3
2Ag + 2NO
2
+ O
2
(iii) tni:. +i-+. =-+i:. +in. iii=i-. =-+ -ii iii =-+ + ln- ~il< l=- -i:
ln- + =ii = n- l=- ni +i ~-i < - t ~lil+i + ln(. n iiin+ lzn ii +i zii < i
(iv) ai= AgNO
3
~nil-i n = +i ~ziili- ++ (+ i nin+ i ln+ AgNO
3
. 3NH
3
-i-i t
NH
4
OH+i l=- -i: ln- + =ii lnnii i-i t -i l=- ~i+=i: +i (+ i i ~-i
i-- ti -i t . i ~ni l-i + ~ili+ n i n+ (+ = + n ni -i-i t
2AgNO
3
+ 2NH
4
OH Ag
2
O+ 2NH
4
NO
3
+ H
2
O
Ag
2
O+ 2NH
4
NO
3
+ 2NH
4
OH 2[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]NO
3
+ 3H
2
O
(v) AgNO
3
+i ~ni -i+- ln- (l=lni- + =ii l+i z- iln+ -i-i t
2AgNO
3
+ 2NH
4
OH+ C
2
H
2
Ag
2
C
2
+ + 2NH
4
NO
3
+ 2H
2
O
=iln (l=lni:
(vi) ~ni l-+ - l=- -i: +i in - ~li+n + +t- t ~lil+i~i + ln( :=+i -i n ~-i+ zi+ i -ii
(l-ti:i +i t-i- +- n
RCHO + 2Ag
+
+ 3OH

A
RCOO

+ 2Ag+ + 2H
2
O
:= ~-i+ zi+i ~i (l-ti:i +i - < i i-ii (silver mirror test) +t- t
Ag
2
O + HCHO 2Ag + HCOOH ; Ag
2
O+ C
6
H
12
O
6
2Ag + C
6
H
12
O
7
(vii) AgNO
3
+i ~ii l- + =ii l+i
(a) 6AgNO
3
(~ili+) + 3I
2
+ 3H
2
O AgIO
3
+ 5AgI + 6HNO
3
(b) 5AgNO
3
+ 3I
2
(~ili+) + 3H
2
O HIO
3
+ 5AgI+ 5HNO
3
(viii) (+ ni l=- -i: ln- = -ii ii- ,ii. l=- - i = l-iil- ti -i t . (l< ln- + z ~-ni
ti )
2AgNO
3
+ Cu 2Ag + Cu(NO
3
)
2
; 2AgNO
3
+ Zn 2Ag + Zn(NO
3
)
2
(ix) +i-+i-. ~il=- -ii -i- =ii l=- -i: ln- = l=- ~-i l- + =+- t
PH
3
+ 6AgNO
3
+ 3H
2
O 6Ag + 6HNO
3
+ H
3
PO
3
AsH
3
+ 6AgNO
3
+ 3H
2
O 6Ag + 6HNO
3
+ H
3
AsO
3
"manishkumarphysics.in"
23
CHEMISTRY
as4in :
(i) := lli-- ~-ni n n+ lzi i+ +ni i:. i ni: -ii ~ii i: +i t-i-- + ln( i nziini ~li+n +
+ n +in n- t ~ni-i+- l=- -i: ~ii- in- ~li+n+ +i +il-+ =i- n (l-ti:.
~-l- zi+ i :il< + i-ii + ln( +in n n - t
(ii) l=- -i: +i l=- i ni: -i- + ln( +in n n - t i l+ +i i n i+i n +in n lni i-i t
(iii) :=+i -in -iti -ii ini + + -i- n l+i i-i t
(iv) t <t = - < i + l-- n +in ~i-i t (+ =i+ +i - + a l=- +i -ni ( n =nln-
- + l--i i +i +n. < i +i -i+i +tni-i t t < z +i -. ~-n < i -ii il- - =-t +i
-i- + +in ~i- t t +n ~ni l-+ - l=- -i: ln- +i HCHO = + z ~-i+i + ,ii ~--
~iiil- t l=- l+-n i +i - l--i l- +i i-i t . := tn il- zi +i - -c i: i-i t -ii
~-- n ii - (seraped off) = -i- + ln( nin =i= (red lead) +i - -cii i-i t
fu iuir (Ag
2
O) :
fa :
:= =iln ti: i+=i: ln- +i l=- -i: ln- n lnni+ i ai= + n -i- t
2AgNO
3
+ 2NaOH [2AgOH] Ag Ag
2
O + + H
2
O
ni :
i i ai = n n ~i lzi+ = ln t
(i) 160 nn +- t lil- ti + ~i+=i- n +- ++ +ini iil+ l=- < -i t
2Ag
2
O
A
4Ag + O
2
|
(ii) := ti:i- + =ii nn +- ii- n ~-l- ti i-i t
Ag
2
O + H
2

A
2Ag + H
2
O
(iii) ni ln- n -iii ti -i t ~i ln- AgOH+i -t ti +-i t -n l=- ~i+=i:. (l-+n
tni: +i (-+i tin n ~il- + <-i t
C
2
H
5
Br +AgOH C
2
H
5
OH +AgBr
(iv) (l-+n t ni: + lni + l=- ~i+=i: + =ii zi + ~i=- = : i --i t
2C
2
H
5
Br +Ag
2
O
A
C
2
H
5
O C
2
H
5
+ 2AgBr
as4in :
(-iti:. +iln + ~-n ~i ziii -- (terminal) (-+i:- +i t-i-- + ln i n - ~li+n + + n
+- ti -i t
< i + l-ni i n +- ti -i t
+iaini+t
(+ +i i n il++ l+-n. =i+ = - ni: i+i i +i - +i -n + ni ln l- l+-n n l=- ni + v+izi = <i
= -n +ii +i :nnzi- i-i t +i i n i+ + ln +ii +i ~i+i nt i t :=+ +ii +i i n i+ +i n i-i viil-
ti -i t v+izi = <i <ii + n AgBr +i -i n +- t + z AgI +i -i n '-i ' (fast) :nnzi- + n ti -i
t
l+-n +i + n n i- t +i i ii -- t -i v+izi -- (subject) = + n n ~i-i t -ii n -= ,ii +i += ti +
l+-n (+ vl-l- --i t v+izi t ni: ~i- +i -- l- + +izi i=il-+ ~lil+i i-i +-i t i (+
:n + i - n +- +-i t +ii +i =-t :n + i- -in+ i n nl- +- t ti t Ag
+
~i- +i iil+ l=-
n <n- t
2AgBr(s)
k dk'
2Ag + Br
2
~ii l-+ +i i n i+i n (+ +i i ii-- n nnin (+ = + +i 1/100 i iin nn-i t := zi =n ~--in n v +
+i v+izi ln- + n. l=- + + z nii (nnin 1050) +i -i<- ti -i t l+-n +i t iin l=
-- (subject) +i -n+ini v+izi ln-i t . l=n + z l=- +i + =ii t - =i +i i-i t . l<ii: < - in iin
-- (subject) + ~i= i= + iin + z +i + z l=- + =ii t- t i+i iin iini t-i t . i l+ v+izi
n -ti ~i-i t
:=ln l+-n -- +i -i+iln+ vl-l- --i t l+ -il<- l=- nii +i = i t - +n ti -i t :=ln
vl-l- +i ~i ii = < i -ti i-
"manishkumarphysics.in"
24
CHEMISTRY
~ l+-n +i l+i=+ ln- n ii i-i t t (+ < n ~-i+ ~li+n + ti -i t =ini-- t l+-i n i-i
t :=+i - z ~li+ l=- t ni: +i l=-- ii- n ~-l- +-i ti -i t l=- ti ~li+ l--i l- ti -i t .
ti tn = ti l=- -l-i- ti -i t := v+i l+i= v+n n l+-n (+ ~iii=i vl-l- - i-i t . -ii
t l<ii: <- nn-i t . := v+n n vl-l- vi-- +- + ln( ~iz+ = ~-i +i ll-il- ti-i -ilt(
2AgBr(s) + 2OH

(aq) + HO OH(aq) 2Ag(s) + 2H

2
O() + O O+ 2Br

(aq)
ti: i l+-i n (hydroquinol) ti: i l+-i - (hydroquinone)
l< l+-n +i := =n l<- + v+izi n it l-+in n -i :nnzi- +i i ni iin +ini ti i-i t +i i ii ti
i-i t ( =i ti - = -i- + ln . -ii ~ iil- l=- t ni: +i i+ +- + ln( l+-n +i -iii+i+ ln-
n i- t =i ln iii =-+ + ln- +i -i n -iii+i+ + n +- t t l=- t ni: + =ii ln
= +n -i-i t
AgBr + 2Na
2
S
2
O
3
Na
3
[Ag(S
2
O
3
)
2
] + NaBr
l+-n + -iii+i + z-i- -= l<- + v+izi n nii i =+-i t l=- ,ii -i +ini iin i--l+ +i i +
t-+ iin +i <zii -i t t l-n l t
vl-l- +i vi-- +- + ln tn -=+i (+ lv- -i n -i -ilt :=+ ln( +izi +i l-n l = ti +. +in +
(+ l= AgBr +i :nnzi- nni t ~il-- +- t ~ := tn +i -t l+l=- -ii -iii t
[E] siafzi4 snaa (KMnO
4
) :
fa
t nl-+ ~-n +i == nti -ii =ini- ni t t iin=i: ~-+ + ,ii -ii i-i t :=
i nni ~i +=i- i ~- ~i +=i+i+ +i -l-il- = KNO
3
n . ii n =i: +i KOHi K
2
CO
3
+ =ii = nn-
++ -ii i-i t ilzin nn- K
2
MnO
4
+ l-nii + +ii =nln- <ni- ti ti i-i t
2MnO
2
+ 4KOH + O
2
2K
2
MnO
4
+ 2H
2
O ; 2MnO
2
+ 2K
2
CO
3
+ O
2
2K
2
MnO
4
+ 2CO
2
=nln- <ni- n + =ii l-+li- l+i i-i t nn- +i nn- n l-- + ln( ln- +i l+i ~
+ni i- ~ii ~i i - ~ii +i -i:~i +=i: +i iii + =ii +ii i-i t
2K
2
MnO
4
+ Cl
2
2KMnO
4
+ 2KCl
2K
2
MnO
4
+ H
2
O + O
3
2KMnO
4
+ 2KOH + O
2
3K
2
MnO
4
+ 2CO
2
2KMnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ 2K
2
CO
3
~i i ln+ ni- := MnO
2
+ =ii KOH+i = nln- + n - + - ~i-i ~i+=i+i ,ii. -ii i-i t
MnO
4
2
(ti) MnO
4

(n-i) + e

inziini n, n-i(II) ~i- ni + ~i+=ii:=-+ ,ii ~i+=i+i = n- -ii i-i t

2Mn
2+
+ 5S
2
O
8
2
+ 8H
2
O

2MnO
4

+ 10SO
4
2
+ 16H
+
ni
(a) iifa+ : t in -i n +i l+-ni i ln+ t t +n + -i . i-i n =ini- ln t
(b) iui4fa+ :
(i) ai +i sii
:= ~+ n i -ii + =ii nn l+i i-i t -i t lil- ti + ~i+=i- n +- +-i t
2KMnO
4

K 750
K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2
2K
2
MnO
4
Heat
d Re

2K
2
MnO
3
+ O
2
4KMnO
4
+ 4KOH
A
4K
2
MnO
4
+ 2H
2
O + O
2
or
4MnO
4

+ 4OH

A
4MnO
4
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O.
-- -iii ln- n . n n -ii ~-ni ln- n MnO
4
2
~-iii ti -i t -ii lini- il-- ti + MnO
4

-ii MnO
2
<-i t
3MnO
4
2
+ 4H
+
2MnO
4

+ MnO
2
+
+ 2H
2
O
3MnO
4
2
+ 2H
2
O 2MnO
4

+ MnO
2
+
+ 4OH

or
3MnO
4
2
+ 3H
2
O 2MnO
4

+ MnO(OH)
2
+
+ 4OH

"manishkumarphysics.in"
25
CHEMISTRY
H
2
+ vit n nn +- ai= KMnO
4
, MnO<-i t
2KMnO
4
+ 5H
2

A
2KOH + 2MnO + 4H
2
O
(ii) =i-< H
2
SO
4
+ =ii --il- +- (KMnO
4
~ili+ n lni t ) t n n-i:n =-+ + z-i-
nn-i t -i+=i: -i-i t . i l+ nn +- l-+i + =ii lil- ti i-i t
2KMnO
4
+ 3H
2
SO
4
2KHSO
4
+ (MnO
3
)
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
(MnO
3
)
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O Mn
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
Mn
2
O
7
2MnO
2
+
3
2
O
2
KMnO
4
+ 3H
2
SO
4
(=i-<) K
+
+ MnO
3
+
(ti) + 3HSO
4

+ H
3
O
+
.
(iii) i lzin n - (+ n ~i+=i+i+ t i lzin n - . -iii. ~-ni ~ii -<i=i- ln-
n n ~i+=i+i+ + n +i +-i t
=-+. -i+i n ( KMnO
4
+i lni (+ l-+i + - i -i-i t ~i+= ln+ ~-n -ii KMnO
4
+i lni
+ z ti = + n -- ti ~in + n -i t ( =i - ii ti -i t ln=i- +i - li - KMnO
4
ini i-i
t
+iit4 aii a<iuta ir4 :
n -iii nin n KMnO
4
n - n ~-l- ti-i t
2KMnO
4
+ 2KOH (=i-<)

2K
2
MnO
4
+ H
2
O + [O]
~ii
e

+ MnO
4

MnO
4
2
l< ln- -- l+i i-i t - K
2
MnO
4
, i n + ~-i + n MnO
2
n ll-- ti i-i t
2K
2
MnO
4
+ 2H
2
O

2MnO
2
+ 4KOH + 2[O]
~ii
2e

+ 2H
2
O + MnO
4
2

MnO
2
+ 4OH

:= -t +i ti KMnO
4
- + ,ii -<i=i- nin n ii <lzi- l+i i-i t
3e

+ 2H
2
O + MnO
4

MnO
2
+ 4OH

KMnO
4
-iii i -<i=i- nin n l---lnli- ~i+=i+i+ ni <zii-i t
(a) t :ii- +i ni:+in n ~i+=i+- +-i t
-iii nin n KMnO
4
ln- +i ~li+n + +t- t (1%-iii KMnO
4
ln-)
(b) t ~ii i: +i ~ii n ~i +=i+ - +-i t
3e

+ 2H
2
O + MnO
4

MnO
2
+ 4OH

[2]
6OH

+ I

IO
3

+ 3H
2
O + 6e

2MnO
4

+ I

+ H
2
O

2MnO
2
+ IO
3

+ 2OH

(c) H
2
S+i =-+ n ~i+=i+ - ti -i t
2MnO
4

+ 3H
2
S

2MnO
2
+ 2OH

+2H
2
O + 3S
(d) nn-i =-+ . MnO
2
n ~i+=i+- ti -i t
2MnO
4

+ 3MnSO
4
+ 2H
2
O K
2
SO
4
+ 5MnO
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
(e) -<i=i-<n -iii ln- n iii=-+ niziin+ = =-+ n ~i+=i+- ti i-i t
8MnO
4

+ 3S
2
O
3
2
+ H
2
O 8MnO
2
+ 6SO
4
2
+ 2OH

(f) =i ln ti: i+=i: +i -l-il- n . =i ln =-+i:. =i ln =-+ n ~i+=i+ - ti i-i t

2MnO
4

+ 3SO
3
2
+ 3H
2
O 2MnO(OH)
2
+
+ 3SO
4
2
+ 2OH

.
"manishkumarphysics.in"
26
CHEMISTRY
nt4 ir4 (aa H
2
SO
4
+t asfifa ) :
nn-= =-+ --i t -ii ln- nti- ti i-i t
2KMnO
4
+ 3H
2
SO
4

K
2
SO
4
+ 2MnSO
4
+ 3H
2
O + 5[O]
~ii MnO
4
+ 8H
+
+ 5e

Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
t ~-ni nin n niziin+ (~i--in+) l-ii i n +- ti -i t ~-ni nin n KMnO
4
+i --i+ <ni- =
5
eku ; vkf.od nzO
t
(a) + = ni. + l+ nii n ~i+=i+ - ti - t
MnO
4
+ 5Fe
2+
+ 8H
+
5Fe
3+
+ Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
(b) ~ii i- +i . i lzin ~iii: = l-+il=- +- t
2MnO
4
+ 10I + 16H
+
2Mn
2+
+ 5I
2
+ 8H
2
O
(c) H
2
S, =-+ n ~i+=i+ - ti-i t
2MnO
4

+ 16H
+
+ 5S
2
2Mn
2+
+ 8H
2
O + 5S
(d) SO
2
, H
2
SO
4
n ~i+=i+- ti -i t :
2MnO
4

+ 5SO
2
+ 2H
2
O 5SO
4
2
+ 2Mn
2+
+ 4H
+
(e) -i:i:. -i: n ~i+=i+- ti-i t :
2MnO
4

+ 5NO
2

+ 6H
+
2Mn
2+
+ 3H
2
O + 5NO
3

(f) ~i+ ln+ ~-n CO

2
n ~i +=i+ - ti -i t
+n + -i t ~lil+i iini ti -i t l+ 60C-i -i -i = =--- ti -i t
Mn(II) ~i- ~lil+i +i - l- +- t := +i ~lil+i -- - l- ~lil+i - i-i t
2MnO
4

+ 16H
+
+ 5C
2
O
4
2
2Mn
2+
+ 8H
2
O + 10CO
2
(g) HCHO, HCOOHn ~i+=i+ - ti i-i t
2MnO
4

+ 5HCHO + 6H
+
2Mn
2+
+ 5HCOOH + 3H
2
O.
(h) t ti:i - tni: (HCl, HBr ~ii HI) +i X
2
(tni -) n ~i+=i+ - +-i t
2MnO
4

+ 16H
+
+ 10X

2Mn
2+
+ 8H
2
O + 5X
2
(i) H
2
O
2
, O
2
n ~i+=i+ - ti i-i t
2MnO
4

+ 6H
+
+ 5H
2
O
2
5O
2
+ Mn
2+
+ 8H
2
O.
as4in
(i) inziini -ii -i n n KMnO
4
(+ ~i+=i+i+ +i -t +in +-i t
(ii) -iii i lzin n n- ~li+n + +tni-i t t ~li+n + +i l-+ =i- n ~= - ---i +
i-ii + ln( +in ~i-i t. KMnO
4
+i =+i-. i :+ ~-n. (l= l-ti: :il< + l-nii n
-in n n- t
(iii) KMnO
4
+i t ni:. =-+i:. ~i+n :il< + l-ii i + ln( n iin+ lzn ii n +in n n - t
Example-18 i lzin nn- (+ ~i+=i+i+ + n -<i=i-. -iii -ii ~-ni nin n +i +-i t :- -i-
ll-il-i n i-- ~l--n -i< +nzi t `
(A) MnO
4
2
, Mn
3+
-ii Mn
2+
(B) MnO
2
, MnO
2
-ii Mn
2+
(C) MnO
2
, MnO
2
+
-ii Mn
3+
(D) MnO, MnO
2
+
-ii Mn
2+
Solution 3e

+ 2H
2
O + MnO
4

MnO
2
+ 4OH

(-<i=i- nin)
e

+ MnO
4

MnO
4
2
(-- -iii nin)
MnO
4
+ 8H
+
+ 5e

Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O (~-ni nin)
~-. (B) l+- =ti t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
27
CHEMISTRY
[F] siafzi4 ir+ia (K
2
Cr
2
O
7
) :
fa : +ini: ~-+ +i =iln +ii- + =ii i--i ii n i + =ii il- l+i i-i t
4FeO.Cr
2
O
3
+ 8Na
2
CO
3
+ 7O
2

u HktZ q esa ok;
8Na
2
CrO
4
+ 2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8CO
2
+ini: ~-+
il - < ni- +i n + =ii l-+li - l+i i-i t ~ln Fe
2
O
3
+i iz zi - t ( Na
2
CrO
4
ln-
n -ni i-i t ln- +i H
2
SO
4
+i l-lz-- nizii = --il- l+i i-i t
2Na
2
CrO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
=il-< - ln- n +n ln ziin Na
2
SO
4
l+-n n <n + i+ ti i-i t ln- +i ~in l+ =i-< i
+- tn Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ l+-n i-- ti - t Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ nn =- -- ln- +i KCl + =ii --il-
l+i i-i t -i K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ nin-ini l+-n i-- ti- t
Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 2KCI K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 2 NaCl
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+i Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
iiln+ ni-+ ln- + n ~i--in+ ni- n i-i <i i-i t +i l+
Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
~i< -in iti t -- K
2
Cr
2
O
7
-ti
ni
(a) iifa+ : t -ininin n +i l+-ni iln+ t t zii-n n n ~- ln t -- nn n n
i-i ln t t 398C nn-i t
(b) iui4fa+ :
(i) at4 sii :
n = := nn +- t lil- ti + ~i+=i- n = n+- +-i t
2K
2
Cr
2
O
7
2K
2
CrO
4
+ Cr
2
O
3
+
3
2
O
2
-ii + =ii nn +- t +i n n <n i-i t ~ii - -i ni = in n + ll- - ti i-i t
~-ni+- +- t - in = -ini ti i-i t
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 2KOH 2K
2
CrO
4
+ H
2
O
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 2OH 2CrO
4
2
+ H
2
O
-i ni ini
2CrO
4
2
+ 2H
+
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ H
2
O
ini -i ni
:= +i CrO
4
2
-ii Cr
2
O
7
2
(+ =i-i-ii n t- t i ln- +i pHl-- + ~- =i. ~--ll--
ti =+- t
-iii ln- n +in ~i- -l-i- t. l+ ~-ni nin n i:+in ~i- -l-i- t
(ii) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 2H
2
SO
4
(=i< -ii ai) 2CrO
3
+
(nin-n+ini -ini) + 2KHSO
4
+ H
2
O
2K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 8H
2
SO
4
(=i< -ii nn) 2K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O+ 2Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3O
2
(iii) ~-ni+ - K
2
Cr
2
O
7
ln- H
2
O
2
+ =ii l+i ++ CrO
5
+ l-ni i + +ii (+ nti -ini ln-
<-i t
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 2H
+
+ 4H
2
O
2
2CrO
5
+ 5H
2
O
-ini n ii ii t-+i ti i-i t +i l+ CrO
5
. Cr
3+
~i- -ii ~i +=i- n lil- ti i-i t +n ~-ni
ln- n K
2
Cr
2
O
7
-ii H
2
O
2
ni < - t . l=+i n n-i ti -i t -ii t [CrO(O
2
)(OH)]

+ l-ni i + +ii
l---+i t -iii nin n 30% H
2
O
2
, + =ii (+ nin ii K
3
CrO
8
(i:~i+=i) -i-i t t
ii +=i -izii [Cr(O
2
)
4
]
3
t -ii :=n Cr, +V ~i+=i+i ~-ii n t ~ni l-i+ - ln- n (+ nti
nin i i (NH
3
)
3
CrO
4
- i:i+=i i ln+. Cr(IV) + =ii -i-i t
(iv) i lzin i:+in . ti: i +ni l+ ~-n + =ii l+i ++ +nii- n = n +- +-i t
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 14HCl 2KCl + 2CrCl
3
+ 7H
2
O + 3Cl
2
(v) t ~-ni nin (-- H
2
SO
4
) n n ~i+=i+i+ + n +i +-i t
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14H
+
+ 6e

2Cr
3+
+ 7H
2
O. (E = 1.33 V)
Cr +i ~i+=i+ii ~-ii + 6 = +3 n ll- - ti-i t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
28
CHEMISTRY
(a) i lzin ~ii i: = ~iii- n +- +-i t
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14H
+
+ 6e

2Cr
3+
+ 7H
2
O
2I I
2
+ 2e

[3]

Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14H
+
+ 6I 2Cr
3+
+ 3I
2
+ 7H
2
O
(b) + = ni. + l+ nii n ~i+=i+ - ti i- t
6Fe
2+
+ Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14H
+
6Fe
3+
+ 2Cr
3+
+ 7H
2
O
(c) =-+i:. =-+ n ~i+=i+- ti i- t
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 3SO
3
2
+ 8H
+
3SO
4
2
+ 2Cr
3+
+ 4H
2
O
(d) H
2
S, =-+ n ~i+=i+ - ti i-i t
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 3H
2
S + 8H
+
2Cr
3+
+ 7H
2
O + 3S
(e) SO
2
, H
2
SO
4
n ~i+=i+ - ti i-i t
Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 3SO
2
+ 2H
+
2Cr
3+
+ 3SO
4
2
+ H
2
O ;
~-ni+ - K
2
Cr
2
O
7
ln- +i SO
2
+ =ii = - -- l+i i-i t - +i n i-- ti -i t
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
+ 2SO
2
+ 23H
2
O
< C 70 T
K
2
SO
4
. Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
O
(f) t ( lin (-+i tin +i ( l= l-ti: n -ii ( l= l-ti: +i (l=l+ ~-n n ~i+=i+ - +-i t
C
2
H
5
OH
] O [
CH
3
CHO

] O [
CH
3
COOH
(lin (-+i tin (l=l-ti: (l=l+ ~-n
(g) t -i:i: +i -i: n. ~i=-i: +i ~i=- n. HBr +i Br
2
n, HI +i I
2
n ~i+=i+- +-i
t
(h) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 2C (-i+in)
A
Cr
2
O
3
+ K
2
CO
3
+ CO |
(vi) +i lnn +ni i: i-ii : 4Cl

+ Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 6H
+
2CrO
2
Cl
2
| (nti nin) + 3H
2
O
CrO
2
Cl
2
+ 4OH

CrO
4
2
(ini) + 2Cl

+ 2H
2
O
CrO
4
2
(ini) + Pb
2+
PbCrO
4
+ (ini)
(vii) Cr
2
O
7
2
(=il-<- ln-) + 2Ag
+
Ag
2
Cr
2
O
7
+
(nin ii)
Ag
2
Cr
2
O
7
+
+ H
2
O
mckyuk
Ag Ag
2
CrO
4
+
+ CrO
4
2
+ 2H
+
.
(viii) Cr
2
O
7
2
+ Ba
2+
+ H
2
O 2BaCrO
4
+
+ 2H
+
= n ~-n --i t . - + n ~i lzi+ ~-i i ti -i t n l+- l< NaOH-ii CH
3
COONa lnni- t -
~-i i niziin+ = ti -i t
as4in
(i) t ~-i+i = ~i+ln+ ~-n. + = ~i-. ~ii i: ~i- ~il< + ~- ni- n ~i--in+
~li+n + + n . t (+ iiln+ ni-+ + n +in ~i-i t
(ii) t +: +i lnn i ln+ = +i n (nn. +i n ini. +i n nin. l + ini ~il< +i - i +- n +in
~i-i t
(iii) t n- n . +in l-n n . +ln+i zi: n . +ii n i+i ~il< n +- ti-i t
(iv) t +i ln+ ~-n + n . i l+ +i - + - -i +i =i+ +- n +in ~i-i t (~ni + + n )
"manishkumarphysics.in"
29
CHEMISTRY
Example-19 (+ ~+il-+ iln+ (A), ni- lni l+-n -i-i t (A) n n ~i lzi+ ln t -ii a =i-<
H
2
SO
4
n i n+ (B) + nin l+-n < -i t -- H
2
SO
4
+i -l-il- n (+ -i-i n = (C) +i ini -n-i
(D) -ii (+ <nii n = (E) +i t n + ln- (F) n <n-i t n = (C) -ii (E) ii = +- ti + ini
-nz (D) -i- t KI -ii -i- + =ii -- H
2
SO
4
+i -l-il- n (A) -ini n < -i t (A) -ii =i-< H
2
SO
4
+i lni i nziini n +i - + -+ii + ln( ~ni + + n -i n n nii i-i t (A) +i t-i-i
~lil+i +i =nni~i
Solution = i ln+ (A) ni- l ni l+-n ti -i t -ii i a =i-< H
2
SO
4
+ =ii l+-n -ii (+ <nii
n = (SO
2
) :=+ i-i n ln- +i t n + ln- n <n < -i t :=ln( i ln+ (A) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
ti =+-i t
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 4H
2
SO
4
+ 3H
2
S KHSO
4
+ 2 CrO
3
(nin l+-n) + H
2
O
(A) (B)
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 4H
2
SO
4
+ 3H
2
S

K
2
SO
4
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 7H
2
O + 3S + (ini)
(C) (D)
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
+ 3SO
2
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
(ti ln-) + K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
(E) (F)
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 7H
2
SO
4
+ 6KI

4K
2
SO
4
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 7H
2
O + 3I
2
I
2
+ -i-

-ini n
MISCELLANEOUSSOLVEDPROBLEMS(MSPs)
1. l---lnli- +i-i n = = ~ii ~= +i-i +i -- +il( `
(a) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
. -i+i n + =ii nn +- . iil+ i lzin -ii Cr
2
O
3
< -i t
(b) l+-ni KMnO
4
+i H
2
+i iii n nn +- t KOH-ii Mn
3
O
4
n <n i-i t
(c) ni l- + l+ +ni i: +i 2, 2-i:n ii +=i i - + =ii ~lil+i +- l- ni + l+ +ni i: i-- ti -i t
Ans. (a) ~= (b) ~= (c) =
Sol. (a) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 2C (-i+in)
A
Cr
2
O
3
+ K
2
CO
3
+ CO | .
(b) 2KMnO
4
+ 5H
2

A
2 KOH + 2MnO + 4H
2
O.
(c) FeCl
3
. 6H
2
O + 6CH
3

3
3
3
OCH
|
CH C
|
OCH

FeCl
3
(l-ni) + 12CH
3
OH + 6CH
3
COCH
3
.
2. (+ i ln+ (A) +i - n n ni + -ii- -in +- t (+ =+< iln+ (B) +i n nn +- t -i
i ln+ (A) i-- ti -i t i ln+ (B) n n ~ln t -- =i ln ti: i +=i: n i n+ i ln+ (C) +i ln- -i-i
t i ln+ (A) +i +i n + =ii nn +- t ii- (D) -ii (+ n = (E) < -i t i -ini ini + =ii n-i t
(B) ~ni l-n =-+ ln- l=n ~ni l-n ti: i +=i: ii -l-i- t . n i n-ziin t i ln+ (A) +i ln- -- HCl
n K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] + ~ili+ n i n+ -ini-=+ <=+ < ~-i (F) < -i t (A) = (F) -+ +i t-il-( -ii ~lil+i~i
+i i - +il(
Ans. (A) ZnO, (B) Zn(OH)
2
, (C) Na
2
ZnO
2
, (D) Zn, (E) CO, (F) K
2
Zn
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
Sol. Zn(OH)
2
(B)
A
ZnO(A) + H
2
O.
Zn(OH)
2
(B) + + 2OH

[Zn(OH)
4
]
2
(C) (ln = +n).
ZnO (A) + C
A
Zn (D) + CO (E).
Zn(OH)
2
(B) + 4NH
3
[Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
(ln = +n) + 2OH

.
ZnO + 2HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2
O.
3ZnCl
2
+ 2K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] K
2
Zn
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
+ (F) (-ini-=+< i =+<) + 6KCl.
"manishkumarphysics.in"
30
CHEMISTRY
3. (+ ~ai- ~+il-+ i ln+ (X) l--- ~lil+i( < -i t
(i) i ln+ (X), nn +- ~lzi (residue), ~i+=i- -ii -i:i - +i ~i+=i: < -i t
(ii) (X) i ln+ + ni ln- n -n +i n lnni- n <ni- (-nz) <i ti -i t i l+ HNO
3
n ~ln t
(iii) n<ni- NH
4
OHn in-ziin t
(X) iln+ +i t-il- -ii ~lil+i (i), (ii) & (iii) + ln( =ni+i <il(
Ans. X=AgNO
3
Sol. 2AgNO
3
(X)
A
2 Ag + 2NO
2
+ O
2
.
AgNO
3
(aq.) + Cl

AgCl + (z-) + NO
3

.
AgCl + 2NH
3
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
(ln =+n).
4. [TiF
6
]
2
, [CoF
6
]
3
, Cu
2
Cl
2
-ii [NiCl
4
]
2
[nii = i Ti =22, Co=27, Cu=29, Ni =28] n = nti- il-i (-ilzi) t
(A) [TiF
6
]
2
~i [Cu
2
Cl
2
] (B) Cu
2
Cl
2
~i [NiCl
4
]
2
(C) [TiF
6
]
2
~i [CoF
6
]
3
(D) [CoF
6
]
3
~i [NiCl
4
]
2
Sol. (A) [TiF
6
]
2
n i: l-n :n+ il-+ l-i= [Ar]
18
3d
0
4s
0
+ =ii +4 ~i+=i+i ~-ii i-i t :=i -t Cu
2
Cl
2
n :n + i l-+ l-i= [Ar]
18
3d
10
4s
0
+ =ii +i +1 ~i+=i+i ~-ii i-i t =i l+ :-n d-d = +ni + ln(
+i: ~ln- :n+i- -ti :=ln( t nti- ti-i t
[NiCl
4
]
2
n l-+n +i ~i+=i+i ~-ii +2 n :=+i :n + il-+ l-i= [Ar]
18
3d
8
4s
0
t =i l+ :=n <i ~ ln-
:n + i- t . ni- ti ni [CoF
6
]
3
n +i i- +3 ~i+=i+i ~-ii n t :=+i :n + il-+ l-i= [Ar]
18
3d
6
4s
0
t .
:=n -i ~ln- :n+i- t :=ln( =+n ni- tini
5. 3d- ii -i + n ii + +n + ~iii ~-i+ ~li+n + +i -t -i n l+ i =+- in M
2+
ni ~i- -i~i
~i :-n = (+ ~i- +i ~-ni ln- n O
2
+ =ii =--ln- i=il-+ =ni+i lnii
Sol. +i l+ i< in 3d- ii -i + ln( +2~i +=i+i ~-ii ~li+ -ii: t ii + i i ~i ii- + ~i- n ~-i+
~li+n + ti - t := +i + ~i-i n V
2+
(aq) -ii Cr
2+
(aq) =l-nln- t Fe
2+
(aq) ~i- < n ~-i+ t Co
2+
(aq), Ni
2+
(aq) -ii Cu
2+
(aq) ~i- n n ~i+=i+ - -ti ti - t
Fe
3+

+ 77 . 0
Fe
2+

44 . 0
Fe
~i+=i+i + ln( i=il-+ =ni+i 4 Fe
2+
(aq) + O
2
(g) + 4H
+
(aq) 4Fe
3+
(aq) + 2H
2
O()
6. ---i-I n l< ni ~lil+i +i ---i-II n l< n ~lil+i -i<i + n ii = = n ln- +il `
ai-I ai-II
(A) TiCl
4

Zn
(p) :-n = (+ -i< -n+ini -ini tini. nl+- l---+i
(B) FeCl
3

K 573
(q) :-n = (+ -i< ti n +i tini. nl+- ~---+i
(C) KMnO
4

K 750
(r) :-n = (+ -i< n-i n +i tini. nl+- ~---+i
(D) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
(ai ( =i-< ) (s) :-n = (+ -i< l,n+ + n tni
Ans. [A r] ; [B s ; [C q] ; [D p].
Sol. (A) TiCl
4

Zn
TiCl
3
. n-i ((+ ~ln- :n+i- :=ln( d-d =+ni =-i).
(B) 2FeCl
3

K 573
n= l,n+
(C) 2KMnO
4

K 750
K
2
MnO
4
ti ((+ ~ln- :n+i- :=ln( d-d =+ni =-i). + MnO
2
+ O
2
.
(D) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 2H
2
SO
4
2CrO
3
-n+ini -ini (l---+i) + 2KHSO
4
+ H
2
O.
7. 3d
4
~lil-i= ini -izii + ln( l--- n = +i -=i = t `
(A) Cr
2+
+l- n ~-i+ t (B) Mn
3+
+ l- n ~i+=i+i+ t
(C) (A) -ii (B) <i-i (D) :-n = +i: -ti
Sol. (C) Cr
2+
, d
4
= d
3
n ll- - ti - + +ii t ~-i+ t . +i l+ i< ini 3d +-i+ l-i= ~+n+i l+-n
-i zi li- n ~z ii t
3
2g
-- i-i t < =i ~i . Mn
3+
= Mn
2+
n l- - + +ii ~z ii (d
5
) ~lil-i= i--
ti -i t . l=+ +ii :=+i ~l-l+- -iil i-- ti -i t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
31
CHEMISTRY
8. l--- -izii + ln( ~i+=i+i+ =in +i =ti ~ii ti +n +i -=i t `
VO
2
+
, MnO
4

, Cr
2
O
7
2
(A) VO
2
+
< Cr
2
O
7
2
< MnO
4

(B) VO
2
+
< MnO
4

< Cr
2
O
7
2
(C) Cr
2
O
7
2
< VO
2
+
< MnO
4

(D) Cr
2
O
7
2
< MnO
4

< VO
2
+
Sol. :=+i +ii l---- -izii + c-i t ~i -iil +i ti -i t l=+ +ii t ~-l- ti-i t
MnO
4

, Mn
2+
n ~-l- ti i-i t l=+i ~z ii =i i +izi :n+il-+ l-i= [3d
5
] t
Cr
2
O
7
2
, Cr
3+
n ~-l- ti i-i t l=+i 3d +-i+ +i ~+n+i l+-n -i zi li- n ~z ii t
3
2g
-- i-i
t
VO
2
+
, V
3+
n ~-l- ti-i t -ii :=+i :n+il-+ l-i= [Ar]
18
3d
2
4s
0
t
:=ln( ~-i+ -izii + -iii +i c-i t ~i +n Mn
2+
> Cr
3+
> V
3+
-ii :=ln( ~i+=i+ii -in-i +i c -i +n
VO
2
+
< Cr
2
O
7
2
< MnO
4

tini
:=ln( l+- (A) =ti t
9. l--- n = +i-=i+i-= =ti tt
(A) =+ni ii-( -ii --+ t- =i iln+ ~---+i ti <zii- t
(B) =+ni ii- ~i +i niii+i +i (-i-i (enthalpies of atomistation) --- ti -i t
(C) =+ni ii- =ini-- ni- iln+ -i- t
(D) = +ni ii-( -ii --+ t- = iln+ ~-z -+ +i ii l- ti +- t
Sol. (A) ii- ~i- n =ini-- (+ i ~li+ ~ln- :n + i- ti - t ~- --+ = +n =ini-- ~-- -+i ti - t
(B) +i l+ :-+ nii ~i n i = i n ~ ln- :n + i- ti - t . n ~--nii ~-i - l+i +- t -ii
:= +i :-+ nii ~i + n n -i ti - t
(C) CFT + ~-=i. lnn +i -l-il- n. ~li+- iln+i n :n+i-i + d-d =+ni + +ii i ln+ ni- ti -
t
(D) :-+i t n i :-+i ll- - ~i+=i+i ~-ii~i -ii =+ n l-nii +i + l- + +ii ti -i t
:=ln( l+- (A), (B), (C) (D) =ti t
10. ni ln- n CO
2
+i ilt- l+i i-i t
(A) -i Na
2
CrO
4
ln- +i ini n. -i ni n n <n i-i t
(B) -i K
2
MnO
4
ln- +i lini- i-i+i ti -i t -ii KMnO
4
MnO
2
i-- ti - t
(C) -i Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
ln- +i -i ni n. t n <n i-i t
(D) -i KMnO
4
ln- +i nnii n. t n <n i-i t
~- =ii l+- =ti t
Sol. (A) Na
2
CrO
4

+
H
Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
(-i ni n)
(B) MnO
4
2

+
H
MnO
4

+ MnO
2
, -<i=i- ~ii ~-ni ni n
(C) ~=- ~-ni nin n +i: n l-- -ti
(D) MnO
4

+ e

OH
MnO
4
2
, n -iii nin n nnii KMnO
4
t t n n ll-- ti i-i t
~-. (A), (B) l+- =ti t
11. + = -ii + l+ ~i-i + = <i n l--- n = +i -=i+i -= +i- = -ti t
(A) Fe
3+
. i lzin +i=i-i: + =ii ii n < -i t
(B) Fe
2+
. i lzin + i=i-i: + =ii -ini n < -i t
(C) Fe
3+
. i lzin =-+i =i:-i: + =ii nin n < -i t
(D) Fe
2+
. i lzin =-+i =i:-i: + =ii i i n < -i t
Sol. (D) Fe
3+
, KSCN + =ii. nin n < -i t . l+ Fe
2+
, KSCN + =ii. nin n -ti < -i t `
"manishkumarphysics.in"
32
CHEMISTRY
12. +ia-1 : ~ni -ii+- l=- -i: n +i= +i n+il-+ ~-n n <n-i t -ii iil+ l=- ~-i l- ti -i t
+ia-2 : n+i= (+ <n ~-i+ +i -t +i +-i t
(A) +i-1 = t. +i-2 = t ; +i-2, +i-1 +i =ti -i+i t
(B) +i-1 = t. +i-2 = t ; +i-2, +i-1 +i =ti -i+i -ti t
(C) +i-1 = t. +i-2 ~= t
(D) +i-1 ~= t. +i-2 = t
Sol. (A) Ag
2
O + C
6
H
12
O
6
2Ag + C
6
H
12
O
7
.
13. +ia-1 : l--- n =i ~i-i n ~ln- :n+i-i +i = i +nzi 4, 3, 2 -ii 1 t
Mn
3+
, Cr
3+
, V
3+
-ii Ti
3+
t
+ia-2 : :- ~i-i n = Cr
3+
ni ln- n == ~li+ -iii ti -i t
(A) +i-1 = t. +i-2 = t ; +i-2, +i-1 +i =ti -i+i t
(B) +i-1 = t. +i-2 = t ; +i-2, +i-1 +i =ti -i+i -ti t
(C) +i-1 = t. +i-2 ~= t
(D) +i-1 ~= t. +i-2 = t
Sol. (B) Mn
3+
= [Ar]
18
3d
4
, Cr
+3
= [Ar]
18
3d
3
, V
3+
= [Ar]
18
3d
2
, Ti
3+
= [Ar]
18
3d
1
Cr
3+
ni ln- n ~li+ -iii t +i l+ 3d +-i+ ~+n+i l+-n -i zi li- n ~z ii t
3
2g
--
i-i t l+-n -i zi l=zi-- (CFT) + ~- =i :=+i l+-n -izi li- -i (CFSE) +i ni- --- ti-i
t (1.2 A
O
) .
14. S
1
: ~--i+izii iln+ +i nn-i + --- ti -i t -ii :=+i ni- zi z ii- ~i = ii --- ti -i t
S
2
: ti:i+nil+ ~-n +i -l-il- n nn- ~-ni- =-ii-+ -ti ti-i t
S
3
: KMnO
4
n -iii nin n ~i+=i+i+ +i ii l- ti -ti +-i t
S
4
: KMnO
4
, H
2
+ it n nn +- MnO<-i t
(A) T T F T (B) T F F T (C) T F T T (D) F F T F
Sol. S
1
: n ~--niii n + +ii
S
2
: +z HCl, Cl
2
n ~i+=i+ - ti i-i t :=ln( tn i--l+ = +n KMnO
4
+i ln- i-- ti -i t
S
3
: MnO
4

+ e

OH
MnO
4
2
S
4
: 2KMnO
4
+ 5H
2

2KOH + 2MnO + H
2
O.
~-. (A) l+- =ti t
15. ai I n l< n ~lil+i +i ai II n l< n ~lil+i + l--i< + +ii = = n n +il
ai I ai II
(A) AgNO
3
(ni) + I
2
(~ili+) + H
2
O (p) lini-i-i+i
(B) K
2
MnO
4
(ni) + CO
2
(n=) (q) =ni-i-i+i
(C) Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ C
A
(r) -i- (~i+=i+i~--) (Redox)
(D) CuCl
2
(ni) + Cu(ai=) (s) --n = (+ -i< n n ~ln ti-i t
Ans. (A p, r, s) ; (B p, r, s) ; (C r, s) : (D q, r, s)
Sol. (A) 5AgNO
3
(ni) + 3
0
I
2
(~ili+) + 3H
2
O
V
3
HIO
+
+
1
AgI 5 + 5HNO
3
~- t i+= -ii lini- i-i+i ~lil+i t AgI n n ln t
(B)
VI
4 2
MnO K 3
+
(ni) + 2CO
2
(n=)
VII
4
KMnO 2
+
+
IV
2
MnO
+
+ 2K
2
CO
3
~- i+= ~lil+i -ii lini- i-i+i ~lil+i MnO
2
n n ~ln t
(C)
0
C 2 +
VI
7 2 2
O Cr Na
+

A
III
3 2
O Cr
+
+
IV
3 2
CO Na
+
+ |
+II
CO
~- t i+= ~lil+i t Cr
2
O
3
(ti +) n n ~ln
(D)
II
2
CuCl
+
(ni) +
0
Cu
(ai=)
I
2 2
Cl Cu
+
(ai=)
:=ln( t i+= -ii =ni- i- ~lil+i t . Cu
2
Cl
2
n n ~ln t