. .

10

2010

 373:[512+517]
22.12721+2.161721
H49

( 03.03.2010 . 177)


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H49

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: . 10 . . . : . / . . .
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ISBN 978-966-474-096-5.
373:[512+517]

22.12721+2.161721

ISBN 978-966-474-096-5

. . , 2010
. . , , 2010
, -, 2010


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N
Z
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[a; b]

(a; b)

(a; b],
[a; b)

,

(
)
a b, a < b
(
)
a b, a < b
a b,
a<b

(a; +),
[a; +),

(; b],
(; b)
(; +) ,
| x | ( ) x

[x] x
{x}
x
f (x) f
x
D (f)
f
E (f) f
sin
cos
tg
ctg
arcsin
arccos
arctg
arcctg
a

a
2k

2k-
a (k N)
2k + 1

a (2k+1)- -

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 1
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5.
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8 1., ,

1.1.
1

,
. .
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.
, ,
()

A B,
, A
B
: A B.
A B,
A
B, B

x A x B
A=B
x B x A

,

, ,

1. 9

. 1

()

, C
, ,

()

C, ,

( )

(\)

C,
,

, ,
U,
U \ A A.
A , ,
( U)

10 1., ,

1. . ,
, . . , ,
. ,
( ), ( ), 6 (
1, 2, 3, 6) .
, ,
.
,
. , 1; 2; 3,
: = {1; 2; 3}. , 2
( ),
: 2 ; , 5
( ), : 5 .
, , .
, 1 .
. , , N, Z,
Q, R.
, . , = {7};
M = {1; 2; 3} , , N, Z, Q, R .
(
), ,
, , . , = {1; 0; 1} , B
. : B = {b | b
} : B = {b | b = 2m, m Z}
.1

: A = {x | P (x)}, P (x)
. ,{x | x2 1 = 0} = {1, 1}, {x | x R x2 + 1 = 0} = .
1
4 m Z , m - ,
: m = 0; 1; 2;

1. 11

2. . 312,
A = {3; 1; 2}, B , 4,
B = {1; 2; 3}.
, . : A = B.
( )
.
.
,
, ,
.
, . , , {1; 2; 2} = {1; 2},
(1 2)
, , (1 2) . , , .
3.
A B,
, A B,
: A B. , {1; 2} {0; 1; 2; 3}, N Z (
- ), Z Q ( - ), Q R ( - ).
, A, - .
A B A B,
A B, B. , A A.
.
, : 1) B, , (A B); 2)
, , (B A).
,
,
.
(
). , 1
, 2 N, Z, Q, R.
. 1

12 1., ,

4. . : ,
, .
N Z Q R
.

, C , ,
.
. 2

( 3 ).
, A = {2; 3; 4}, B = {0; 2; 4; 6}, A B = {2; 4}.
,
, ( ).
( 4
).
, A B
A B = {0; 2; 3; 4; 6}.
M,
M Q = R.
,
, .
\ ( 5 ).

. 3

. 4

. 5

, A = {1; 2; 3}, B = {2; 3; 4; 5}, A \ B = {1},

B \ A = {4; 5}.
B A, A \ B
B A (. 6).
,
M, R \ Q = M: , M

1. 13

Q R
.
, ,
U (
, ), U \ A
A (. 7).
A ,
, ,
U.
A (:
).
, U = R A = [0; 1], A = (; 0) (1; + ). ( . 8.)

. 6

. 7

. 8

1. ,
.
2. , , ,
, ?
3. .
.
4. . .
.
5. , , . . .
6. , ; . .
.

14 1., ,

1. :
1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4)
.
2. :
1) {, , , , , , };
2) {, , , , , , , , , , , };
3) {, , , , , };
4) {, , , , , , };
5) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}?
3. .
4. , 15
35. . 18, 28, 36, 40 ? .
5. :
1) 12;
2) 30;
3) 6;
4) 12.
6. , M = {1; 2; 5}, N = {1; 4; 5; 7; 9}, K = {4; 7; 9}.
:
1) M N; 2) M K; 3) N K; 4)
M N; 5) M K; 6) N K; 7) M N;
8) M K; 9) N K; 10) K N.
7. , :
1) = ;
2) A = A;
3) = ;
4) A = A.
8. ,
0, 1, 3.
9. , 12,
6. :
1) ;
2) ;
3) \ ;
4) \ .
10*. . :
1) = ;
2) = .

1. 15

11. 40 , 30. : 1) ; 2) ?
12*. , , . :
1) ( ) = ( ) ;
2) ( ) = ( ) ;
3) ( ) = ( ) ( );
4) ( ) = ( ) ( );
5) A B = A B

.
6) A B = A B
13. .
25 , 27 , 18 . ?
14*. , , .
95 % , 85 %.
?
*
15 .
:
1) \ = \ ( );
2) A ( \ ) = ( ) \ ( ).
16*.

a
,
b

a A, b B

A = {2; 3; 4; 6}, B = {1; 3; 4; 5; 6}.

17 . , :
= {3; 1; 2} ;
= {2; 8} ;
= {5; 7} ?
?
,
( ), ,
k .
*

16 1., ,

1.2. .

,
,

()
(),

, ,
.
: ,
.
: ,


1. . 1.1, ,
, .
. ,
10 :
{0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9}.
,

.
, , , , .
,

1. 17

. ,
.
, ,
. ,
. , ,

, , .
.
( , ),
; ( ,
), .
, .
,
, .
1.
,

, ,
.
2. ,
.
, , (. 10). ?
, ( ).
,
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, , , .

. ,
,
.
. 10

18 1., ,

, 2,
(. 11).
,
, , , .
, . .
. ,
, .
, .
, ,
.
.
- ,
, .
(, = {0; 2; 4; 6; 8}
: = {0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9}),

( : 5 < 10).
( ) (,
, , , , ).
. ,
.
.
.

(. 12): 1, 2 . .).
, (
, ,
; , 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = ...,
1

, ).
, , .

1. 19

. 11

. 12

. ,
R ( ,
).
. , (0; 1). ,
R. ,
(0; 1) . ,
(, , 13
).
, . ,

( 0,5000...
0,4999...). ,
.
, , 0
9,
1; 1.
,
. .
, 0 1 ( ,
).
, (
).
, ,
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,
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. 13

20 1., ,

,
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1.
2.
3.
4*.
5.
6*.

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.

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1.
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2.
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3. , .
4. , .
1
N, .
5. ,
n
1
6. ,
Z, .
n
7. , - .
.
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8. , .
9. , -
.
10*. , - , .
11*. ,
.

1. 21

1.3. .

1.
R
,

m
, m ,

n

n .

1
3

= 0,333... = 0,(3)

m
, m ,
n

n .

2 = 1, 4142135...)

,
, ,
0

2
,
5

1,23 :
1,23 =

123
100

N
( )

, -


(a + 0 = 0 + a = a)

22 1., ,

. 3

2.

,
a = OA, b = OB
, ,
| a b | = AB
.

a a > 0,

a = 0 a = 0,
, .
a a < 0
a

b a
b

1.

|a|l0

2.

| a | = | a |

3.

a m | a | , | a | m a m | a |

4.

b > 0 | a | m b b m a m b

5.

b > 0 | a | l b a m b a l b

6.

7.
8.
9.

10.

| ab | = | a || b |
a
b

| an | = | a |

(b 0)

,
(
)
| a | 2 = a2

| a+ b | m |a | + |b |
| a1 + a2 + ... + an | m | a1 | + | a2 | + ... + | an |
|| a | | b || m | a b | m | a | + | b |

| a |2k = a2k

1. 23

1. .
: , , , , . , . ,
.
- ?,
N = {1; 2; 3; ...}
. N 0, . Z0 = {0; 1; 2; 3; ...}.
( , , ). ,

, , . n
n, n n.
, .
, , , Z .
. , . 7,3 ,
45 ,

3
.
4

, , , , .
Q .
-

m
,
n

m Z, n N ( m , n ).
. ,
1
2

2
4

3
6

10
,
20

2
7

2
7

8
28

10
,
35

1,2 =

12
10

6
5

120
,
100

5
1

5= =

10
2

50
.
10

, ,
, ( , 1).
, ,

m
,
n

m Z, n N, -

24 1., ,

, .
,

3
4

= 0,75,

1
3

= 0,3333... .

,
, ,
,
, ,

3
4

= 0,75 = 0,75000... .

,
, , 13 = 13,000... . , - .
, , , . , , ; .
,

1
3

= 0,3333... = 0,(3),

3
22

= 0,136363636... = 0,1(36).

, , , .
, - ,
,
, , , .
, 0,2(9) 0,3(0)

3
.
10

, , -

a1 q S =

a1
1q

, :

9
9
9
9
100
0,2(9) = 0,2999... = 0,2 +
+
+
+ ... = 0,2 +
100 1000 10 000
1
1
10

= 0,2 +

1
10

= 0,3 = 0,3(0).

, , , .

( , , ). ,
14 . 14

1
2

0; 1; ; 2,5 .

1. 25

, ,
. , , 2 . .
,
1,
(. 15),
2. ,

. 15

O OM = 2,
M,

2.

2, -

3, 10 .
R. , ,
( ,
).
:
, .
,
( , ) . ,
, , , . . ,
,
. ,
, . ,

= 3 = 1,7320508...,

3
4

= 1 = 1,7500000...,

< (

1,73 < 1,75).

,
( , , . .)
.
.

26 1., ,

1<<2

1<<2

2<+<4

1 < < 4

1,7 < < 1,8

1,7 < < 1,8

3,4 < + < 3,6

2,89 < < 3,24

1,73 < < 1,74

1,75 < < 1,76

3,48 < + < 3,50

3,0275 < < 3,0624

1,732 < < 1,733 1,750 < < 1,751 3,482 < + < 3,484 3,031 < < 3,034483

...

...

...

...

, + = 3,48..., = 3,03... .
, , , , . ., +
,
+ ( ).
2. . .
,
, ;
.
.
a a > 0,
a a l 0,
a a > 0,

a = 0 a = 0, a =
a =

a a < 0,
a a m 0,
a a < 0,

a a l 0,
a =
-
a a m 0.
. | a |,
a . , | 5 | = 5, | 3 | = (3) = 3, 3 2 = ( 3 2 ) = 2 3.

, .
, a > 0 (. 16),
. 16
OA = a = | a |.
b < 0, OB = b = | b |.
a b
a b .
, b
b: b,

1. 27

b > 0
, b < 0 .
a, b, a b A, B, C.
. 17
17
a > 0 b < 0, a b.
Ox b O
B, C ( a b) a b + b = a, A. = . CO a b ,
CO = | a b |, , AB = | a b |.
,
, 2.
, , | a | a O, ,
| a | l 0,
- .
, a a
O,
| a | = | a |,
, .
a l 0, | a | = a, a < 0, a < | |. ,
a m | a |,
.
a a ,
| a | = | a |, a m | a |. a l | a |,
a m | a | , - a
| a | m a m | a |.
(1)
b > 0 | a | m b , a
O , b (. 13),
[b; b]. , a , b m a m b, | a | m b. ,
b > 0 | a | m b b m a m b.
(2)
,
b = 0 ( a = 0).
b > 0 | a | l b
, a O ,
. 18
b (. 18),

28 1., ,

a m b a l b. , a
, | a | l b. , b > 0 | a | l b
a m b a l b,
:
b > 0 | a | l b a m b a l b.

:
,
| ab | = | a || b |;
,
( ),
a
a
=
(b 0).
b
b

:
| a1a2...an | = | a1 || a2 |...| an |.
(3)
(3) a1 = a2 = ... = an = a,
| an | = | a |n.
n = 2k , a2k l 0 a, | a |2k = | a2k | = a2k.
,
| a |2k = a2k.

|a+b|m|a|+|b|
(4)
(1) a b:
| a | m a m | a |; | b | m b m | b |.
,
( | a | + | b | ) m a + b m | a | + | b |.
(2),
| a + b | m | a | + | b |,
.
(4) b b , | b | = | b |,

| a b | m | a | + | b |.
(5)
a : a = b + (a b)
(4), | a | m | b | + | a b |.
| a | | b | m | a b |.
(6)
(6) b b , | b | = | b |,

| a | | b | m | a + b |,
(7)
.

1. 29

a b (6) (7) ,
| a b | = | b a |,
| b | | a | m | a b |.
(8)
(4)(8) :
| | a | | b | | m | a b | m | a | + | b |.

, , , ,
( ) .

1.

r1 =

m1

r2 =

n1

m2
n2

, m1 m2

, n1 n2 .
, , ,

,
. ,
r1 + r2 =

m1
n1

m2
n2

m1n2 + n1m2
n1n2

m1n2 + n1m2
n1n2 .

m
, m
n

, n .
, , , ,

m
n

, - n
n , .

: , ( ),
.
n , ,
n .
2.

, n ( ) . ,

p
q

n = , p q

30 1., ,

(q 1). n =
, q 1, ,

pi p
qiq

p
q

, n =

pi p
qiq

, -

n, . , , ,
, 1. p, q.
p q , 1,

p
q

, . ,

, - n
n , .
, 3 10
(1 < 3 < 2, 3 < 10 < 4), 3 10 .
3*. ,

3 + 5 .

,
3 + 5 = r
5 = r 3.
3 + 5 = r .
,
5 = r 3.
, ,
5 = r 2 2 r 3 + 3. 2r 3 = r 2 ,
2.
, 3
2

.
r 2
2r 3 = r 2 2. , 3 =
.

, 2r
1:

r , (
r2 2 2r r ), .
.
, , 2r = 2 ( 3 + 5) 0.
3 + 5 .
4.
1

5.

1 | 2 + 5 | = 7.

1. 31

2 + 5 = 7 2 + 5= 7,
2 = 2 2 = 12,
= 1 = 6.

| t | = 7 ( t = 2 + 5).
, : | 2 + 5 |
0 2 + 5. 7
0 ( 7), ( 7). ,
| 2 + 5 | = 7
, 2 + 5 = 7
2 + 5 = 7.

: 1; 6.

| 2 (5) | = 7,

2 = 2 2 = 12,
= 1 = 6.
: 1; 6.

5.

| 2 5 | m 6.

6 m 2 5 m 6,
2
2
x 5x m 6,
x 5x 6 m 0,
2
2
x 5x l 6, x 5x + 6 l 0,
(x + 1)(x 6) m 0,

(x 2)(x 3) l 0,
(. ),

| a b |
a b
. : | 2 (5) | = 7.
| 2 (5) | = 7 , 2 5 7. 7
5 2 12.
,
, 2 = 2
2 = 12, .

| t | m 6 ( t = 2 5),
, .
, | t |
0 t.
6 0 6
6.

32 1., ,

1m x m 6,

x m 2 x l 3.
, 1 m m 2 3 m m 6.
: [1; 2] [3; 6].

| t | m 6 ,
[6; 6],
6 m t m 6.
.

1. , , . . .
2. , .
3. , .
4. . ) . *) .

1.

, :
1) 1 + 2;
2) 3 5;
3) 10;

4) 7 + 3;
5) 2 5.
2 . , (, ) (
, ).
3*. , :
1) 2 + 3;
2) 5 + 2;
3) 7 3;
4) 7 2.
4. , , :
1) | | m 2;
2) | | > 5;
3) | 3 | m 0,5;
4) | + 1 | < 0,3.
5. :
1) | 3 + 1 | = 4;
2) | 4 2 | = 6;
3*) | | 1 | 2 | = 1;
4*) | | 2 + 3 | 5 | = 3.
6. :
1) | 2 7 | m 1;
2) | 3 + 5 | > 7;
3*) || 2 1 | + 3 | l 5;
4*) || 4 + 7 | 11 | < 4.
*

1. 33

1.4.

, n.
.
: 1) , n = 1;
2) , , ,
, .
. ,
n (, ). :
1) : , n = 1;
2) : , k, k +1.
, n = 1,
= 2, 3, ..., - .
, 4.
4

, :
1

1.

1 i 2 + 2 i 3 + ... + n (n + 1) = n (n + 1) (n + 2).
, 3

Sn = 12+23+...+ ( + 1).
= 1 ( 1. = 1 :
= ).
1i2=

2.

1
i 1 i 2 i 3,
3

2 = 2.

, 2. ,
= k, k l 1,
= k, k l 1 (Sk =12+23+...+k (k + 1) =
m k).
1
= k (k + 1) (k + 2).
(1)
3

34 1., ,

. 4

3.

4.

( 3. ,
= k + 1, ,
) Sk + 1 =12+23+...+k (k + 1) +
1
= k + 1.
+ (k + 1) (k + 2) = (k + 1) (k + 2) (k + 3).
3
,
,

Sk + 1 = Sk + (k + 1) (k + 2),
-

Sk (1),
( 1
l )
Sk + 1 = k (k + 1) (k + 2) + (k + 1) (k + 2) =
3

1
3

= (k + 1) (k + 2) (k + 3),
.
4. ,
- .

, 10n 9n 1 81 -
.

- , ,
14. ( = k = k + 1),
, n = k + 1, : ,
n = k, , 81.

1. , = 1.
= 1, 0, 81. ,
= 1.
2. , = k,
10k 9k 1 81.
3. , n = k + 1,
10k + 1 9 (k + 1) 1 81.
10k + 1 9 (k + 1) 1 = 10k109k 9 1 = 10 (10k 9k 1) + 81k.
n = k, 81. ,
81, , 10k + 1 9 (k + 1) 1, 81. , n = k + 1.
4. , 10k 9n 1 81 - .
1.

1. 35

, 2n > 2n + 1, n l 3, N.

n = 3,
. , , a > b
, a b > 0. n = k + 1,
,
.

1. n = 3 23>23+1,8>7.
, n = 3 .
2. , = k ( k l 3):
2k > 2k + 1, 2k 2k 1 > 0.
(1)
3. , n = k + 1, , 2k + 1 > 2(k + 1) + 1.

2k + 1 (2 (k + 1) + 1) = 2k22k 3 = 2 (2k 2k 1) + 2k 1 > 0
( (1) k l 3
2k 1 ). , 2k + 1 > 2 (k + 1) + 1, n = k + 1.
4. , n l 3.
2.

(112).
1.
2.

1
1
1
n

+
+ ... +
=
1i2 2i3
n (n + 1) n + 1
1
1
1
n
+
+ ... +
=
, N.
1i5 5i9
(4n 3) (4n + 1) 4n + 1
n

( n + 1)

( N).

3.

13 + 23 + 33 + ... + n3 =

4.

1 i 2 i 3 + 2 i 3 i 4 + ... + n (n + 1) (n + 2) = n (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3), N.

, N.
1
4

5. 123...n ! (: ).
,11!+22!+...+nn! = (n + 1)! 1, N.
6. 4n > 7n 5, N.
7. 2n > n3, n l 10.
8. , 9n 8n 1 16 - .
9. , 5n+23n 3 8 - .
10. , 7n + 3n 2 8 - .
11. , 23n + 3 7n + 41 49 - .
12. , a1 = 2, a2 = 8, an + 2 = 4an + 1 3an, an = 3n 1, N.

36 1., ,

2.1. .

5
1.

D ,
x D
( ) y.
:
y = f (x).

D (f)
E (f)
x ( )
y ( )
f
f (x0) f x0
2.

y
M

f (x)
0

f (x; f (x)),
x
, f
x
x
3.
f (x)
P:
x2 > x1, f (x2) > f (x1)
x P
(
)

2. 37

. 5

f (x)
P:
x2 > x1, f (x2) < f (x1)
x P
(
).
4.
f (x) :
f (x) = f (x)
x .

Oy

f (x) :
f (x) = f (x)
x .

1. . . , y x
, x y.

.
D , x D y.
( ) . f. y, x ( 1 . 3 ),
f x f (x).

38 1., ,

f ,
x. D (f).
f ,
f (x), x . E (f).
.
, , , ,
. , y = x +1, x l 0, D (y) = [0; +),
y l 1, E (y) = [1; +).
x x l 0,
. , y = x =
x x < 0.
, , . , 19
y = f (x) D (f) = [1; 3]
E (f) = [1; 4].
, f (x) x0 M,
, ()
,
() .
x M
f (x) m f (x0) ( f (x) l f (x0) ). :
max f (x) = f (x0 ) ( min f (x) = f (x0 ) ).
M

. 19

2.

, y = f (x), [1; 3] 19, 1, 4.

min f (x) = 1, max f (x) = 4.
[1; 3]

[1;3]

. ,
y = f (x) (x; f (x)), x , f x.
4 5 y = x2
1
x

y = , 20 y = | x |.
y = [x], [x]
x, , x
(. 21). D (y) = R
, E (y) = Z .

2. 39

y = |x |

. 20

y = [x]

. 21

22 y = {x}, {x}
x (
{x} = x [x]).
3. .
. 22
.
f (x) , ,
- x1 x2 ,
x2 > x1, f (x2) > f (x1).
, f (x) = 2x ( ,
R), , x2 > x1, 2x2 > 2x1, , f (x2) > f (x1).
(. 23).
= 3

. 23

. 24

24 = 3. ,
x2 > x1 x23 > x13, f (x2) > f (x1).

40 1., ,

f (x) ,
,
- x1 x2 ,
x2 > x1, f (x2) < f (x1).
, f (x) = 2x ( , R), , x2 > x1, 2x2 < 2x1, ,
f (x2) < f (x1).
(. 25).

. 25

. 26

y = x (. 26), , , . ,
. , [0; +) y = x2 ,
(; 0] .
,
, , .
, .
, .
.
f (x) f (x2) > f (x1). , x2 x1, x2 m x1.
:
x2 m x1 f (x) , f (x2) m f (x1), f (x2) > f (x1). , ,
f (x2) > f (x1), x2 > x1, .
.
, x3 > 8, x3 > 23, ,
f (x) = x3, x > 2.
2

2. 41

4. . ,
,
x x. .
f , - x
f (x) = f (x).
, y = x2 ( f (x) = x2) ,
f (x) = (x)2 = x2 = f (x).
f (x) , M (x; y) = (x; f (x)) M1
(x; y) = (x; f (x)) = (x; f (x)). M M1 Oy (. 27),
Oy.
, y = x2 (. 26) Oy.
f , - x
f (x) = f (x).
, y = 1
x

f (x) =

( f (x) = 1

1
x

) ,

1
x

= = f (x).

f (x) , M (x; y) = (x; f (x)) M1

(x; y) = (x; f (x)) = (x; f (x)). M M1 (. 28),

.

. 27

, y =

. 28
1
x

(. 4

. 5) , .

42 1., ,

1.

:
1) y = x2 + x;

1)

2)

x2 + x ,
, D (y) = R.

y=

3)

x
2

x +x

x2 + x 0,
.
, x2 + x = 0.
(x + 1) = 0, x = 0 x = 1.
x 0,
x 1 :
D (y) = (; 1) (1; 0 ) (0; +).

y = x + 5
x + 5 l 0, x l 5,
.
, D (y) = [5; +).

2*.

x
2

x +x

3) y = x + 5.

, , ,
,
= f (x).

, :
1)

A
,
B

B 0;

A, A l 0.
,
, 1.

2)

y = x2 3.

2 3 = .
2 = + 3,
, + 3 l 0,
l 3. .
,

E (f) = [3; +) ( l 3).

2) y =

f (x) ( 2 3) a
, a x ( x f (x) = a).
a,
f (x) = a,

f (x).
.

10

: tg , ctg , arcsin a, arccos a,

a , a, .

2. 43

,
= f (x)
, f (x) = .
3*.

, k 0
y = kx + b .

kx + b = a ( k 0),

x =

ab
k

- a R (k 0
).
, - , ,
E (f) = R.
4*.

f (x) ( kx + b) a
, a x, ,
f (x) = a.

a
f (x).

, y = kx + b k > 0 , k < 0 .

x2 > x1 ( x2 x1 > 0).
f (x2) f (x1) =
= kx2 + b (kx1 + b) = k (x2 x1).
x2 x1 > 0, k > 0

f (x2) f (x1) > 0,

,
f (x2) > f (x1) .
k < 0 f (x2) f (x1) < 0,
, f (x2) < f (x1) .

, f (x2) > f (x1) f (x2) < f (x1)

f (x2) f (x1).
f (x) = kx + b
, x2 > x1
f (x2) > f (x1),
f (x2) f (x1). .

5*. , :
1) ;
2)
.

44 1., ,

f (x) g (x)
. x2 > x1,
f (x2) > f (x1) g (x2) > g (x1).
,
f (x2) + g (x2) > f (x1) + g (x1).
,
f (x) g (x) .
2) f (x) g (x)
.
x2 > x1
f (x2) < f (x1) g (x2) < g (x1).

:
f (x2) + g (x2) < f (x1) + g (x1),
,
f (x) g (x)
.

1)

6.

f (x) g (x)
,
x2 > x1
f (x2) + g (x2) > f (x1) + g (x1).
,

, :
x2 > x1,
f (x2) + g (x2) < f (x1) + g (x1).

,
.

f (x)
(1)
f (x1) = f (x2).
,
x1 x2.
x1 x2, x1 > x2,
x1 < x2. f (x), x1 > x2
f (x1) > f (x2), (1). x1 < x2
f (x1) < f (x2),
(1).
, , f (x1) = f (x2) x1 = x2.

. ,
(
), .
,
,
.

2. 45

.
.
7.

, , , , :
1) y =

1
;
x +1

2) y = x4;

1)

y = f (x)
, -, ,

(
x
x), , -,
f (x) f (x).

y=

1
:
x +1

x 1, -

( x = 1
, x = 1 ).

2)

3)

3) y = x3 + x.

,
, .

y = x4: D (y) = R, .
f (x) = (x)4 = x4 = f (x), ,
.

y = x3 + x: D (y) = R, ,
.
f (x) = (x)3 + (x) = x3 x =
= (x3 + x) = f (x),
, .

1. ?
.
2. , , ,
. , y =

x
?
x

46 1., ,

= f (x)? .
? .
? .
? .
? .
7. ? . ?
.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1. :
1) f (x) = x +

1
x

2; 1; 3; ( 0);

2) g (x) = 3 0; 1; 2; b;
3) (x) = x + 1 0; 3; 1; m (m > 0).
, :
2

2.

1
;
x +1

2) y = x + 3;

3) y =

5) y = x 2 1;

6) y = x 2 + 1;

7) y = x 1 + 5 x ; 8) y =

9*) y =

x 9
;
x 3

10*) y =

x x
;
x +1

11*) y =

x
;
x 2

4) y =

1) = 2 + 3;

x +1

;
x+3
;
x

12*) y = x 2 + x + 1.

, :
1) f (x) = 5;
2) f (x) = ;
3) f (x) = 2;
4) f (x) = x ;
*
*
2
5 ) = 3 + 1; 6 ) = 5; 7*) = | | + 3.
4. , 29,
, , ,
= 1.
5. , ( ):
1) = 3;
2) = + 5; 3*) = 3;
4*) = 5;
5*) y = x .
*
6 . , :

3.

2
x

1) y = , > 0;

1
x

2) y = , < 0.

, ( ):
1) = 3;
2) = 1; 3*) = 3;
4*) = 5.
*
8 . , :
7.

3
x

1) y = , < 0;

5
x

2) y = , > 0.

2. 47

. 29

9*. , = 2 [0; +) , (; 0] .
10*. , 5 (c. 43), , , :
1) = 3 + x;
2) = 5; 3) y = x + x ;
4) = 3 5.
*
11 . , 6 (c. 44):
1) , 3 + = 10 = 2;
2) x + x = 6 , .
12. , :
1) = 6;

2) y =

1
x

+ 1;

3) y = x 2 + 1;

4) y =

x + x4 .

13. , :
1) = 5;

2) y =

1
x

3) = | |;

4) = 3 .

48 1., ,

2.2.
6

D (y)

E (y)

1.y = kx + b

k>0
b0

k<0
b0

k > 0

b=0
y = kx

k=0
y=b

k < 0

2. 49

. 6

2., y =

k
x

6
(k0)

(; 0)
(0; +)

k>0

x0

y0

(; 0)
(0; +)

k<0

3. y = ax2 (a 0)

[0; +)

a>0

a<0

(; 0],

[0; +)

(; 0]

(; 0],

[0; +)

50 1., ,

. 6

4.y = ax2 + bx + c a 0, x0 =

a>0

b
2a

[y0; +)
,

(; x0],
[x0; +)

b = 0

(; y0]
y = ax2 + c

(; x0],
[x0; +)

a<0

1. y = kx + b. y = kx + b, k b .
: , , , .
: D (y) = R,
kx + b x (
- x kx + b).

k.
k = 0, y = b,
b. y = b , Ox, Oy b
(. 30).
k 0, E (y) = R ( 3 2.1).
b i k.
b = 0 k 0 y = kx + b
y = kx, , x
f (x) = k (x) = kx = f (x).

2. 51

, y = kx (. 31) .
k = 0 y = b, ,
x f (x) = b = f (x). y = b
Oy (. 30).

. 30

. 31

k 0 b 0 y = kx + b
, , f (x) = k (x) + b = kx + b f (x)
f (x) = kx + b = (kx b) f (x).
k.
k = 0 y = b .
k > 0 y = kx + b , k < 0 ( 4 2.1).
,
y = kx + b .
x = 0 y = b, Oy b.
4.
2.

y =

k
x

(k 0).

.
: 0. :
D (y) = (; 0) (0; +).
: 0. :
(y) = (; 0) (0; +).
y =
x =
k
a

k
a

x = , y =
, .

k
x

k
x

= a.

0. 0
k
x

k
k
a

= a. , -

52 1., ,

, , , f (x) =

k
x

k
x

= = f (x). , -

(. 32).
1

(k > 0)

y= x
(k < 0)

. 32

. 33

k.
2 > 1 ( 2 1 > 0), f (2)
f (1) :
f (x2 ) f (x1) =

k
x2

k
x1

kx1 kx2
x1x2

k (x2 x1 )
x1x2

(1)

(0; +) 1 > 0 2 > 0, , 12 > 0. (; 0) 1 < 0 2 < 0, , 12 > 0.

, 2 1 > 0, (; 0)
(0; +) k > 0 (1) f (2) f (1) < 0,
k < 0 f (2) f (1) > 0.
k > 0 (; 0) (0; +) 2 > 1,
f (2) < f (1), , .
k < 0 (; 0) (0; +) 2 > 1,
f (2) > f (1), , .
, y =

k
x

(k 0)

( ). k > 0
, k < 0 V (. 32).
. y =
(k 0), , , , y =

1
x

k
x

(. 33)

(; 0) (0; +),
( 0) ( ). ,

2. 53

1 = 1 2 = 1, x2 > x1, f (x2) = f (1) = 1 i f (x1) = f (1) = 1,

f (x) = 1 .
x

, f (x) =
(; 0) (0; +).

1
x

3. = 2 ( 0). ,
, > 0 (. 34)
< 0 (. 35). = 0 = 0,
.

. 34

. 35

: R, = 2 - .
, f (x) = ()2 = 2 = f (x). ,
.
,
= 2 (. 35). ( ) , = 2
, 2.3.
. > 0 , .
,
(+), , l 0, () = [0; +).
< 0 , .
,
(), , m 0, () = (; 0].
. > 0 (; 0] , [0; +) .
< 0 (; 0] ,
[0; +) .

54 1., ,

4. y = ax2 + bx + c (a 0). 9 , y = ax2 + bx + c, a, b, c ,

a 0, . ,
> 0 < 0.
x0 =

b
.
2a

b
a

y = ax 2 + bx + c = a x 2 + x +

y = ax 2 + bx + c = a x +

b
2a

c
a

) = a(x + ) +
b
2a

) + y , y =
2

4ac b
4a

4ac b
4a

D
4a

(D = b2 4ac ax2 + bx + c).

, D (D > 0), (D < 0),
(D = 0). y = ax2 + bx + c
(a 0) 7.
7
D>0

D=0

D<0

a>0

a<0

y = ax2 + bx + c (a 0), (
).
: D () = R, y = ax2 + bx + c
(a 0) - .
. > 0 l 0,
() = [0; +).
< 0 m 0, () = (; 0].

2. 55

. b = 0
= () = ax2 + c. , () = a (x)2 + c = ax2 + c = ().
( b 0) y = f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
(a 0) , , f (x) = a (x)2 +
+ b (x) + c = ax2 bx + c f (x) ( f (x)).
. > 0 (; 0] , [0; +) .
< 0 (; 0] ,
[0; +) .
= 0 = ,
.
D > 0 6.

:
1) = 2 + 1;
2) = 3 1;
3) = 4.

, ,

.
= 2 + 1

.
1 2,
. ,
0
1
x
= 0 = 1
1
3
y
.

:
= 3 1 0
1
x
.

1.

1)

2)

3)

= 4 , , 4 .

3

( = b). ,
= 4 ,
( - 4).

56 1., ,

2*.

= kx + b k b.

= 0 = b > 0
.
,
k < 0.

= kx + b , b.

, , b > 0.
= kx + b
k > 0 , k < 0 .
, , k < 0.

: b > 0, k < 0.

3.

1 = 2 4 + 3.

( = x2), .
:
x0 =

b
2a

4
2i1

= 2.

0 = (2) = 2242+3= 1
:

= 2 4 + 3 ( y = ax2 +
+ bx + c, a 0). ,
( = ax2),
( = 1 > 0).
x0 =

b
,
2a

0 = x0,
0 = (0).
,
,
, , = 0 = = 3.

1

= 2 2.3.

2. 57

1. ?
. ?
.
2. y =
y =

k
x

k
x

(k 0)? -

k > 0 k < 0.

k > 0 k < 0.
y =

k
x

(k 0).

3. = 2 ( 0)?
> 0 < 0?
= 2 > 0 < 0.
> 0 < 0.
= 2 ( 0).
4. y = ax2 + bx + c (a 0)?
> 0 < 0? y = ax2 + bx + c (a 0)?
> 0 < 0.
> 0 < 0.

1. :
1) = 3 2; 2) = + 4; 3) = 2; 4) = 5; 5) = 0; 6) = 4.
? .
2*. = kx + b (. 36) k b .

. 36

58 1., ,

(35).
2
x

3
x

3. 1) y = ;

1
x

2) y = ;

5
x

3) y = ;

4) y = .

2) = 32;
3) = 32;
4) = 52.
4. 1) = 22;
5. 1) = 2 6 + 7;
2) = 2 + 4 + 2;
3) = 22 2 + 1;
4) = 32 + 6.
6*. y = ax2 + bx + c (a 0) (. 37)
a, b c .

. 37

y
7 .
y = x + 3 y = x 3 (. 38).
, x + 3 m x 3.

y=

x+3
y=

0 1

. 38

2.3.

8
y = f(x)

y = f (x)

Ox

2. 59

. 8
1

y = f (x)

Oy

y = f (x a)

y = f (x) Ox
a

y = f (x) +

y = f (x) Oy
c

y = kf (x)
(k > 0)

y = f (x)
Oy
( k > 1 ,
0 < k < 1 )

y = f (x)
( > 0)

y = f (x)
Ox
( > 1 ,
0 < < 1 )

y = 1x
2

60 1., ,

. 8
1

y = | f (x) |

Ox ( )
y = f (x)
,
Ox Ox

y = f (| x |)

Oy (
)
y = f (x)
,
Oy

.
1. y = f (x).
y = x2 y = x2 ( 1 . 8). ,
y = x2 y = x2
Ox. ,
y = f (x) y = f (x) Ox.
, y = f (x) M , (x; y) = (x; f (x)).
y = f (x) K , (x; y) = (x; f (x)).
M (x; f (x)) K (x; f (x))
Ox (. 39). , K
y = f (x) Ox M y = f (x).
y = f (x)
y = f (x) Ox.
y = | f (x) |. :
f (x) f (x) l 0 (i i);
y = f (x) =
f (x) f (x) < 0 (i i i Ox).

2. 61

. 39

. 40

,
y = | f (x) | : y = f (x), Ox (
), , ,
Ox, .
, 40 7 8 y = | 2 1 |.
2.

y = f (x).
y = f (x) ,
.
(x),
y = f (x) T (x; y) = (x; f (x)),
y = f (x)
M (x; f (x)).
M (x; f (x)) T (x; f (x)) Oy (. 41).
, T y = f (x) Oy
. 41
M
y = f (x).
y = f (x)
y = f (x) Oy.

62 1., ,

y = f ( | x | ). :
f (x) x l 0 (i i);
y = f( x ) =
f (x) x < 0 (i i i Oy).
, y = f ( | x | ) x < 0
( Oy),
Oy y = f (x),
Oy. , y = f (x),
Oy,
y = f ( | x | )). ,
y = f ( | x | ) :
y = f (x), Oy (
),
Oy.
, 42
8 8 y = 2
| x | 1.
3.

y = f (x a).

y = f (x a), N
x + a. y = f (x a)
N (x + a; y) =
. 42
= (x + a; f (x + a a)) = (x+a; f (x)),
y = f (x) M (x; f (x)).
(; ), N ( + ; ),
(; ) ( + ; )
( ( a; 0 ) ).

N y = f (x a)
M y = f (x)
Ox a (. 43),
y = f (x a) y = f (x) Ox a .
, 3 8
y = (x 2)2 ( y = x2
+2 Ox) y = (x + 3)2 ( y = x2 3 Ox).

2. 63

. 43

4.

. 44

y = f (x) + b.
y = f (x) + b A (x; y) = (x; f (x) + b),
y = f (x) M (x; f (x)).
(; ),
(; + b), (; ) (; + b) b ( ( 0; b ) ).

A y = f (x) + b
M y = f (x)
Oy b (. 44),
y = f (x) + b y = f (x) Oy b .
, 4 8
y = x2 + 2 (
y = x2 +2 Oy) y = x2 1 ( y = x2 1 Oy).
5.

y = kf (x).
y = kf (x) (k > 0) B (x; kf (x)), y = f (x) M
(x; f (x)) (. 45).

Oy k (
k > 0) F,
(x; y) (x; ky).
Oy
: xR = x; yR = ky.

. 45

64 1., ,

(xR; yR) MR, M (x; y)

Oy (. 46).
AM k , M
R. (,
y = f (x)
k > 1, 0 < k < 1 Oy
. 46

1
k

.)

, B
y = kf (x) M Oy.
: . , y = f (x) , .
y = kf (x) (k > 0) y = f (x) ( k > 1 k )
( 0 < k < 1

1
k

Oy.
6.

y = f (x).
y = f (x) ( > 0)
C
y = f (x)

( ) = ( ( )) = (
x
;y

x
;f

x
;f

x
.

(x) , y = f (x) -

M (x; f (x)) (. 47).

Ox (
> 0) F, (x; y)
(x; y).
Ox : xR = x;
yR = y. (xR; yR) MR,
M (x; y) Ox
(. 48). BM , M MR.
(,
(

) 0 < < 1, > 1 -

2. 65

Ox ( ). , C
y = f (x) M y = f (x)
Ox (
).
y = f (x) ( > 0) y = f (x) ( 0 < < 1

) ( > 1 )
Ox.

. 47

. 48

1.

y =

1
.
x+3

y = x1

y =
1
y=
x+3

1
x

y = f (x) = .
1
x+3

= f (x + 3) = f (x (3))

y = f (x)
Ox 3 (
).

66 1., ,

2.

= | 2 2 |.

1.

:
y = 2x 2

.
1.
y = f (x) = 2x 2 ().

2.

y = | 2x 2 |

2.

3.

y = | 2x 2 |

y = () = | 2x 2 | =
= | f (x) | ( Ox
= 2x 2
, ,
Ox,
Ox).

3.

y = | 2x 2 | = ()
(
= () Ox).

3*.

y = 4 x .

y = 4 x = ( x 4 ).
:

1.

y= x

.

, 4,
:
1.

y = ( x 4 ).

y = f (x) = x.

2.

y = x

2.

y = g (x) = x = f (x)
( f (x) Oy).

2. 67

3.

y = (x 4)

3.

y = (x) = (x 4) = g (x 4)
( g (x) Ox
4 ).

4.

y = ( x 4)

4.

y = ( x 4) = ( x ) = 4 x
( Oy
= ()
,
Oy).

1. , y = f (x) :
1) y = f (x);
2) y = f (x);
3) y = f (x a);
4) y = f (x) + ;
5) y = kf (x), k > 0; 6) y = f (x), > 0;
7) y = | f (x) |;
8) y = f ( | x | ).
2. , y = f (x)
.

1.

(17):
1) y = | x 5 |;
2) y = | x | 5; 3) y = | | x | 5 |;
4*) | y | = x 5.

2.

1) y = x2 9;

3.

1) y = (x + 1)2;

2) y = ( | x | + 1)2;

3) y = (x + 1)2 3;

4) y = | (x + 1)2 3 |.

1
;
x+2

4.

1) y =

5.

1) y = ;

2
x

2) y = | x2 9 |;

2) y =

1
x+2
2
x

2) y = 3 ;

3) y = | x2 | 9;

3) y =

4*) | y | = x2 9.

1
;
x +2

4*) y =

2
;
x 1

4) y =

3) y =

1
.
x+2
2
x

68 1., ,

6.

1) y = x 3;
5*) y =

7.
8.

2) y = x 3;

3) y =

4) y =

x 3 ;

x 3 ; 6*) y = x 3; 7*) y = x 3.

2) y = x + 4; 3) y = x ;
1) y = x ;
4) y = x 1.
y = f (x) [0; 12] , 49. (
9* 10*):
1) y = f (x);
2) y = f (x);
3) y = | f (x) |;
4) y = f ( | x | );
5*) y = 2f (x);

6*) y = f (2x);

9*) | y | = f (x);

10*) | y | = f ( | x | ).

. 49

9.

x 3;

1
2

7*) y = f (x);

8*) y = f

( x );
1
2

. 50

8 y = f (x), [14; 0], 50.

3.1. -
9
1.

;
- 2 = 1
.
x - 2 3 + 2 = 0
: f (x) = g (x).
;
x+2 = x


(

,
)

3. 69

. 9

( ) - x = 2 x + 2 = x,
- x = 2 ,
: 4 = 2, 2 = 2
.

,

2.()
(
x + 2 = x
) : x + 2 l 0, x l 2,
- f (x) i g (x),
f (x) = x + 2
x
+ 2 l 0,

g (x) = x
3.-
x + 2 = x.

:
( x + 2 )2 = x2,
.
x + 2 = x2,
2

x x 2 = 0,

x1 = 2, x2 = 1.
, . x = 2 (. );
-.
x = 1 ( x = 1

- 1 = 1).
: 2.
, .
-


(. 5 )

70 1., ,

. 9

4.

- 1.
,
.
, ,
,
(
)
, , ( 2.


,
5
(
)
,
),
,
( )

1

3.3.

3. 71

1. .
, . x :
f (x) = g (x).
.
, ( ) , .
, .
1
2

, 2x = 1 x = ,
| x | = 1 , | x |
.
2. () .
f (x) = g (x), f (x) g (x) . ( .) , 2 =
. , ,
: : x R, f (x) = x2 g (x) = x R.
, f (x), g (x)
( ). ,
.

.
, x 2 + 1 x = x g (x) = x
x, f (x) = x 2 + 1 x
, x 2 l 0,
. ,
1 x l 0,
x l 2,

. ,
x m 1,
, .
, , .

72 1., ,

3. . . , 56 ; 79
, .
, .
, . ,
. , .

, (, ).

. , ,
, . ,
, , . . ,
. .
,
,
, . ,
- , , .
. , , .
(
, ).
3.3 .
-
, -.
,
, . -: ,

3. 73

,
.
:
i-
i ( ),
.
, , i i .
i , i i i,
, i .

x 1
x +1

=0

( ).
, , . , 2 1 = 0. , ( 1) ( + 1) = 0.
: = 1 = 1. , , = 1 . ?
, , i-,
, i i ( i ). i, i i, i ,
i. i
i, i, ii, i
. ( 10.) , - ,
: i i-i
, i i
i .
9. 3

(1)
x + 2 = x.
-,

, , ,
:

x + 2 ) = x 2.
2

(2)

74 1., ,

, , , (1) ,
(2) , (
), (2) (1).
- ( ),
, .
. -
,
. ,
, , , .

7 ,
, . , ,
. ,
, : (:
, ).
, .
,
, ,
, .
, (, ), ?. , + 3 = 0
2 + 6 = 0 , = 3
. , ,
.
,
, ? ,
. , :
2

x 1
x +1

= 0,

(3)

2 1 = 0,
(4)
, , (3) = 1,
(4) : = 1 = 1. ,

3. 75

, (4) = 1, (3). ,
(3) = 1 (4)
= 1. ,
, .
, , , , ( ).
. ,
(
)
( ).
, , , (
).
, , .
,
x + 2 = x
+ 2 l 0. + 2 = 2,
. 2,
, (2 l 0), , + 2 : + 2 l 0. ,
( + 2 l 0)
x + 2 = x
+ 2 = 2
.
,
-.
, ,

.
,
, ,
.
: .
, ( , ) ,

76 1., ,

( ). ,
. , ,

,
. (
5 9.)
,

x 1
x +1

= 0, : + 1 0 -

( ,
, ). ,
,
.
:
2

x 1
x +1

= 0. : + 1 0. 2 1 = 0. , = 1 (

) = 1 ( ).
: 1.

.
,
7 .
1.
, , ( - ).
2.
, (
,
), , ( ).
.
.
, . (
, , .)

3. 77

1.

: 2 0 1 0.
:

5
3

= 0,
x 2 x 1
5 (x 1) 3 (x 2)
(x 2) (x 1)
2x + 1
(x 2) (x 1)

(1)

= 0,

(2)

= 0,

(3)

2 + 1 = 0,

(4)

1
x= .
2

: x =
1
1
2
2
1
1
x 1 = 1 = 1 0.
2
2
1
, x = .
2
1
: .
2

x 2 = 2 = 2 0,

1
2

5
x 2

3
.
x 1

.
,
.
, , ,
, .


(1), .
,
, ,
,
, (1)(3) ( ).
, ,
.
, , (4), .
,
,
.

4.
.
10. , ( ) .

78 1., ,

( )
1.

x 2 + x 2 = 6x + x 2.

x 2
1. -
.
2 6 = 0,
1 = 0, 2 = 6

2.
,

,

;

3.

,


;

4
7
+
x+2 x+3

.
x + 5x + 6



( + 2) ( + 3).
(

)
4 ( + 3) + 7 ( + 2) = 4,
11 = 22, = 2

2x + 1 = x.
.
2 + 1 = ,
= 1

2 + + 1 = 0.

1.
( 1) (2 + + 1) = 0.

3 1 = 0,
=1

3. 79

10

(
)

( )

x 2 + x 2 = 6x + x 2.
6 = 0, 1 = 0, 2 = 6.
,
1 = 0 ,
2 = 6 .
: 6.
2

1 = 0

4
7
+
x+2 x+3

= 2

= 1 -

= 1

4
2

x + 5x + 6

4 (x + 3) + 7 (x + 2) = 4;
11x = 22, x = 2.
,
= 2 .
: .

2x + 1 = x.
2 + 1 = , = 1.
,
= 1 .
: .
1.
2 + + 1 = 0.
D = 3 < 0.
: .

1,
, = 1
,
.

80 1., ,

( )
1.

1 = 2 + 1.
:
( 1) 2 = (2 + 1) 2.
- 32 + 6 = 0,

1 = 0, 2 = 2
(. . 365)
2.

1.

,
, - 2.

2 = .
- ,

=1

, ,
,
,

2 = 1.

x,
x 2 + x = 1 + x,

=1

3. 81

10

(
)

( )

1 = 0 -
-

a.
1 = 2 + 1.
2 = 1 + 1, = 2.
: 2.

a, , 2 = 2 , a
1 = 0

= 0,


2

x
x

x
x

= ,

:
0, ,


,


= 1,
: , x

l0

2.

x2 = x.
1. = 0
02 = 0
, , = 0 .
0
2

x
x

x
x

= , = 1.

: 0; 1.
( : x2 x = 0,
( 1) = 0; = 0, = 1.)

x.
2 = 1, = 1.
: 1.
(
x, x < 0

,

= 1.)

82 1., ,

1. ? .
2. () . .
3. - .
. , , -.
4. . . , , , .
5. .
.
6. ,
.
? .
7. ,
. .
, ,
.

1. () :
1)
2)

x 5 2x 3

= 0;
x+2
x
2x + 1
x
2
= 0;
3
x +1

3)

x=

4)

3x 6
;
x 1

x2 + 5

x 5
x+4

= 0.

2. : ) ;
) ( ):
1) 2x2 8x 9 = 0 x2 4x 4,5 = 0;

2)

x 4
2

x 5x + 6

= 0 x2 4 = 0.

3. :
1) 5x 8 = 7 3x 5x + 3x = 7 + 8;
2) (2x 1) (x2 + 5) = x (x2 + 5) 2x 1 = x.
4. , :
1) x 2 +

1
x+3

=9+

1
x+3

x2 = 9;

2) (2x 1) (x2 5) = x (x2 5) 2x 1 = x.

5. ,
:
1) 3x + 1,1 = 6,8 2x 3x + 2x = 6,8 1,1;
2)

x 81
+ 3x 2
x+9

1 = 0 x 9 + 3x2 1 = 0;

3. 83

3)

5
+ x = 3 5 + x (3x 1) = 3 (3x 1);
3x 1

x 2 1 = x 2 x2 1 = x2 4x + 4.
4)
6. :
1) 5 x = x + 7 5 x +
2)

12 2x
x 2

x 5
x2

1
x 3

= x +7 +

1
;
x 3

12 2x = x 5;

3) 6 x = 10 6 x + x x = 10;
4) (x2 + 2x 3) (x2 + 6) = 5 (x2 + 6) x2 + 2x 3 = 5;
5) x2 1 = 6x 1

x 1
x

6x 1
?
x

7. ,
:
1)
3)

8 + 3x
x;
x
7
1
6
x4

;
x + 3 3 x x2 9 3 + x
8
x

5x
2

2)
4)

2
(x 2) + 8 (4 x) (2 x)
=
;
x
x
1
1
x 6
+
=
1.
x 2 3x 2 12 2 x

x
4

8. - ,
:
2) 2x + 5 = x + 1;
1) 3x + x 2 = 5x 1 + x 2;
3) 3 2x = 1 x;
4) 5 + x 2 = x 4.
9. :
1)

f (x)
2x 3

= g (x) f (x) = g (x) (2x 3);

2) f (x) + x = g (x) + x f (x) = g (x)?

10. ,
:
1) (x2 + 7) f (x) = 4x2 + 28 f (x) = 4;
2) (x 1) f (x) = (x 1) g (x) f (x) = g (x);
3)
4)

f (x)

g (x)

x+3 x+3
f (x)
2

3x + 5

f (x) = g (x);

= 0 f (x) = 0?

11. , :
1) 13 (x 1)2 + (2x 1) (x + 1) = (x + 2)2;
2) (x 1)3 (x 3)3 = 3x + 26;
3) (x + 1)3 (x 1)3 = 6 (x2 + x + 1);
4) (3x 1)2 + (6x 3) (2x + 1) = (x 1)2 + 5 (2x + 1)2.

84 1., ,

3.2.

11

1.

( )
, ,
. ,
.


( ), .
, .
,
.

x y = 4,

2x + y = 11

.
x = 5,
(5; 1),

y =1
.
x 2 y + z = 0,

xy + xz + yz = 19,
x + y z = 2

.
(1; 4; 3),
x = 1,

y = 4, .
z = 3

2.-

y
: x 1 = 1,
, x 2 = y + 1.
.
.
= 1.
-
,
x2 = x, x1 = 0, x2 = 1. y1 = 1,
y = 0.
2
. (0; 1)
i

. (1; 0)
.
.
: (0; 1).

3. 85

. 11

3.

, ()
,
(
.

, - , -
.
).

1.
2.
3.
4.

,
, .
,
, .


, , .
, 0, ,
0, , .
4.

(
)
(
).
2x y = 3,

x + y = 3.
. = 2 3.
+ 2 3 = 3. = 2.
= 2 3 = 1.
: (2; 1).

, 0, ,
0 ( ), , .

86 1., ,

. 11

2
5x 3y = 9,
.
3
3x + 2y = 13.
.
2, 3 ( ) . , -
.
10x 6y = 18,
+

9x + 6y = 39.
19x = 57,
x = 3.
33+2 = 13, 2 = 4, = 2
: (3; 2).

,
, .
2 + 9 = 2,
x + y 2x + y
.
4 12 = 1.
x + y 2x + y
.
1
1
= z,
= t.
, :
x+y
2x + y
2z + 9t = 2,


4z 12t = 1.
( 2) 1
, : 30t = 5 , t = .
6
1 = 1,
x + y 4
1
,
z = . ,
4
1 = 1.
2x + y 6
x + y = 4, = 2, = 2. ,

2x + y = 6.
(2; 2) .
: (2; 2).

3. 87

. 11

5.
,
, . .
2x y = 3,
.
x + y = 3.

y = 2x 3,
.
y = 3 x.
.
.
,
0
1

= 2 3:
3
1

= 3 :

3
2

(2; 1).
, (2; 1)
.
: (2; 1).

, , 11,
79 . ,
, (. 3 . 11), -
( 2 . 11) ( 3 . 11).
-:

, ,
: -

i ( ), .

88 1., ,

, ,

.
, ( ) i , ,
. ,
i -i ,
i (. 2 . 11).
,


, .
, 3 11 ( ).

1. ? .
2. () ; - ;
. .
3. . .

(13):
2x + 7y = 24,
x + 2y = 15,
2)
1. 1)
2
0
;
x

y
=
4x 5y = 10;

x 2 xy + y 2 = 7,
2. 1)
x + y = 5;
x + 1 = x,

3. 1) y + 2
x 2y x = 1;

3x y = 4,
3)
2y 6x = 5.

x 2 + y 2 + x + y = 18,
2) 2
2
x y + x y = 6.
x + y = 34 ,

2) y x 15
x 2 + y 2 = 34;

1 + 1 = 1,
x y
3)
1 + 1 = 2.
3 x 3 y

3. 89

3.3.
12

1.

x 2 1 + x = 1 + 2 2x 2 .
()
2
2
x 1 l 0,
x l 1,
( )

x 2 = 1 x = 1.

2
2
: 2 2x l 0 x m 1
, - .
- = 1 ( 0 + 1 = 1 + 0, 1 = 1),

= 1 ( 0 1 1 + 0 ).
: 1.
2.
f (x) = g (x)

f (x) l a,
g (x) m a

f (x) = a,

g (x) = a

1 x2 = 1 +

x .

f (x) = 1 2 m 1,
g (x) = 1 +

x l 1 (

x l0 .

f (x) = g (x) ,
1 x 2 = 1,
f (x) l , g (x) m a,
x=0

1 + x = 1
, f (x) g (x)
: 0.

f1 (x) = 0,
x 2 + x 2 2x + (x 2 4)2 = 0.
f (x) = 0,

f1 (x) = x 2 l 0, f2 (x) = | x2 2x | l 0,
2
f3 (x) = (2 4)2 l 0.
...........
fn (x) = 0. ,

x 2 = 0,
2
x 2x = 0,
2
2
(x 4) = 0.

= 2,
,


: 2.
f1 (x) + f2 (x) +
+...+ f (x) = 0
f1 (x) l 0,
f2 (x) l 0,
............
f (x) l 0

90 1., ,

. 12

3.

1. .
2. , ( )

1. f (x) = a
f (x) ()
,

.

x + 2x 3 = 3 = 1 ( 1 + 2 13 = 3,
3 = 3),
f (x) = x + 2x 3 l 0
2.

f (x) = g (x) f (x) , g (x)

( ),

.

x + x 3 = 3 x = 1 ( 1 + 13 = 3 1,
3
2 = 2), f (x) = x + x

l 0, g (x) = 3 (
R, , x l 0)

1. . , , f (x) = g (x),
f (x) g (x) . ,
f (x),
g (x). ,

3. 91

. , , .
, x 2 + 4 2x = 3x 6,
x 2 l 0,


4 2x l 0.
x l 2,
,
= 2. ,
x m 2,
= 2.
, ,
. (0 = 0). , = 2
, ,
, , = 2.

:
( ) ,
.
. , (
), ,
.
, x 3 = 2 x + 5x,
x 3 l 0,
x l 3,



2 x l 0,
x m 2,
. , ,
.
2. .

.
f (x) = g (x) ,
x f (x) l a, g (x) m a.
: 1) f (x) > a; 2) f (x) = .
f (x) > a, f (x) = g (x) ,
g (x) m a, f (x) > a . f (x) = a, , f (x) = g (x), , g (x) = a. , , f (x) = g (x) ( f (x) l a
g (x) m a) f (x) =
g (x) = ( , f (x) =

92 1., ,

g (x) = , f (x) = g (x)).

3.1, , f (x) = g (x) f (x) = a,

:
g (x) = a.
f (x) = g (x)

f (x) l a,
g (x) m a

f (x) = a,

g (x) = a

2 12.

f1 (x) + f2 (x) + ... + fn (x) = 0,
- (f1 (x) l 0; f2 (x) l 0; ...; fn (x) l 0).
, f1 (x) > 0, ,
, ,
f2 (x) + ... + fn (x) . ,
. , f1 (x) > 0 .
- -. - (, f1 (x) + f2 (x) + ... + fn (x) = 0
). , , .
, x4 + | x 1 | = 2x2 1, ,
(x2 1)2 + | x 1 | = 0 , (x2 1)2 | x 1 |
(x 2 1)2 = 0,
. ,
x 1 = 0.
= 1, , = 1.
3.
:
.
.
1. f (x) = a f (x) ()
,
.

3. 93

51. = [; ] = f (x)
. , f (x) =
[; ]. .
[; ] x0, f (x0) = a. ,
f (x) x > x0 f (x) > f (x0) = a, x < x0
f (x) < f (x0) = a. , x x0 f (x) a.
x x0 f (x) a.
2. f (x) = g (x) f (x)
, g (x) ( ),
.
52.

. 51

. 52

[; ] x0, f (x0) = g (x0) = a.

, , ,
f (x) g (x) x > x0 f (x) > a, a
g (x) < a, , f (x) g (x). x < x0 f (x) g (x).
, ,
, .
, .
, x3 + x = 10, , f (x) = x3 + x
( ) x = 2 1

1
x = 2 . , : = 0, 1, 2, ..., .

94 1., ,

(23 + 2 = 10; 10 = 10). , f (x) = 10 x = 2.

, ( ) ( )
. ,
.
2
x

2 x 3 + x = .

: x 0 , y =

2
x

, ( 2.2),
(; 0) (0; +). .
1)

2
1

x > 0 x = 1 13 + 1 = , 2 = 2 .
f (x) = x3 + x x > 0 ( ,
R), g (x) =

2
x

x > 0.

, f (x) = g (x) x > 0

x = 1.
2)

x < 0 x = 1 (1)3 + (1) =

2
,
1

f (x) = x3 + x x < 0, g (x) =

2 = 2 .
2
x

. f (x) = g (x) x < 0

x = 1.
( , ). O, : 1 1.

1.

4
x +

: 0. x4 > 0.

f (x) = x 4 +

1
x

l 2 (

), g (x) = 2 (x 1)2 m 2.

1
x

= 2 (x 1)2.

,

,
.

 3. 95

, x 4 + 1 = 2,

4
x

2 (x 1)2 = 2.
= 1, , ( ,
)
= 1.
: 1.

2.

x + x 3 = y + y 3,

2
2
x + 3y = 36.

x l 0,
:
y l 0.
f (t) = t + t3.
(t l 0) (
). ,
f (x) = f (y),
x = y. ,
x = y,
2
2
x + 3y = 36.
x = y , 4y2 = 36, y2 = 9,
y = 3. ,
y l 0, y = 3.
x = y = 3.
: (3; 3).

,
. ( 0) x4 > 0,

,
2.
2
(x 1)2. ,
, 2.

, 2.

. ,

,
(
),
f (x) = f ()
,
= ,

. (,
.)

. , 2, .
: f (x)
( ) , f () = f () = .

96 1., ,

1. ,
.
2.
, 10.

(14),
.
1. 1) x 2 + x 2 = 8 4x + x + 2;
2) 2x + x 2 9 = x 2 + 18 2x 2 3;
3)
2. 1)

1 x 2 + 1 + 3x + 4x 2 + y 2 2y 3 = x 4 1 2y + 3.

6
3*) x +

3.

1
x

= 1 2x x 2;

4*)

2x +

1
2x

= 2 2x 1 .

1) | x2 7x + 12 | + | x2 9 | + | 6 2x | = 0;
2) | x + 2 | + | y 5 | + | 2x2 8 | = 0;
3)

4.

2) 1 + x5 + 3x = 1 x 2 ;

4 + x 2 = 2 x 4;

1 y + x 2 9 + x 2 3x = 0;

4) x 2 4 + x 2 + x 2 x = 0;
5) x2 + y2 + 5 = 4x + 2y;
6) 3x2 + y2 + 2z2 = 4y 6x 12z 25.
2) x + x + x 9 = 3;
1) x 2 + x 6 = 2;
3) 2 x + 1 + x + 9 = 5 x;
5)

2x + 5 + x + 2 =

10
;
x

5*. :
x + x5 = y + y5,
1) 2
x + 3y = 10;
3
3
5
5
x y = y x ,
3) 2
x + y 2 = 1;

4)

x 2 + x =

40
;
x 1

6) 2x + x = 10 x.
x x = y y,
2) 3
3
x + y = 16;
3x 3y = x y,
4) 2
3x y 2 = 8.

4.: 97

:

13
1.

3x < 1 ;
>, <, x2 3x + 2 > 0 ;
l, m, x 5
< 1
.
2x + 4

x (,
) : f (x) > g (x)


,

.

,

x = 4
2x 3 > x, x = 4
: 24 3 > 4,
5>4

2.()

( )
f (x) g (x),

x + 2 < x :
x + 2 l 0, x l 2,
f (x) = x + 2 x + 2 l 0, g (x) = x

3.

- 1.
,

,
, (
- )

98 1., ,

. 13

- 2.
, ,

(
, ), ,
, (
)

3.

(
, ) ,
,
( )

4.
( f (x)

1.
2.
3.

4.

0)

.

f (x) = 0.

f (x) , - 1.
.
, - 2.

f (x) =

x 1
(x + 3)

x 1
(x + 3)

l 0.

: ( + 3)2 0, , 3.
: f () = 0.
2

x 1
(x + 3)

= 0, 2 1 = 0,

1 = 1, 2 = 1 ( )

3.
: (; 3) (3; 1] [1; +).

4.: 99

. 13

1. .
>, <, l, m,
.
, (, >) ,
.
x (, ) : f (x) > g (x).
, , .
, .
, 3x < 6 x < 2,
x2 > 1 (R), x2 < 1
, x2 , 1.

100 1., ,

2. () . f (x) > g (x),

f (x) g (x) (

). , x2 < x ( , , : : x R),
f (x) = x2 g (x) = x x R.
, f (x), g (x)
( ). ,
.

.
, x 3 + 2 x > x g (x) = x x, f (x) = x 3 + 2 x
,
. ,
x 3 l 0,
x l3,

. ,

x
2
l
0
,

x m 2,
,
.

: .
3. .
9 . ,
.
,
,
, , .
,
. , , ,
(
).
, , .

4.: 101

.
, ,
.
,
, , .

, .
. , ,
,
, , (
5 11).
,

x3
x +1

> 0,

(1)

: + 1 0 (
,
), ,
, .


:
x 3 > 0,
x 3 < 0,

(2)

x + 1 > 0
x + 1 < 0.
x > 3,
x < 3,


x > 1
x < 1.
, x > 3 x < 1.
: (; 1) (3; +).

, ,
(2),
(1). ,
x + 1 > 0 x + 1 < 0, x + 1 0,

.

, ,
. -

102 1., ,

,
9 .
1. , , ( - ).
2.
(
, ), , , ( ).
3.
(
, ) , , ( ).

.
.

,
( , , ).
4. .
, .
, 1
x

= 2 2 (. 53).

, y =

y= 1

. 53

4.: 103

, ,
:
1)

( y = 1 (. 53, )
x

0, 0);
2) ( ), (
= 2 2) (. 53, ). . (, ,
, .) , ,
( 1).
, f (x), ,
, . ,
f (x) = 1 , 0, 0
x

(. 53, ).
,
2. , , ,
(
- ).
14 -
2x + 4
x 1

> 0 ; ,

; f (x) 0
.
14

,
2x + 4
>0

x 1
,

f (x) = 2x + 4
x
+
2
4
x 1
f (x): f (x) =
x 1

11 .
11 ( ). (, ,
, -) .
1
2

104 1., ,

. 14

f (x) > 0
, f (x),
1. : 1 0,
,
1
.

2. f (x):
(f (x) = 0).
f (x),
2x + 4
.
= 0,
x 1
, f (x) = 2.
,

f (x) > 0 (

f (x)
)


f (x),
, f (x)
3.
(. 1).

-
.
. 3 ,

4. :

(; 2) (1; +).
(; 2) (1; +)

1.

2. f (x)
(f (x) = 0)

3.

,

4. ,

4.: 105

x + 2x 3
(x + 1)

m 0.

( )

f (x) = x

: 1.

2.

f (x):

+ 2x 3

(x + 1)

x + 2x 3
(x + 1)

= 0,

2 + 2 3 = 0,
1 = 1, 2 = 3 ( ).
3.

f (x) , .

4.

: [3; 1) (1; 1].

f (x) m 0,
. ,
13.
f (x) ,
(
f (x) = 0).
, ,

( 3 1).

( )

. ,
, ( + 1)2 0.
1, ( + 1)2 > 0,
. ,
2 + 2 3 m 0 ( , ,
2

x + 2x 3
m 0 ,
2
(x + 1)

2 + 2 3 m 0.
, 2 + 2 3
= 2 + 2 3. : 3 m m 1.

106 1., ,

,
, .

: ( + 1)2 0, , 1.
( + 1)2 > 0
2 + 2 3 m 0.
2 + 2 3 = 0 1 = 3, 2 = 1 ( ), 3 m m 1 (. 54).
. 54
, .
: [3; 1) (1; 1].

1. : ,
, ,
.
2. .
.
3. .
.
4. , , .

(12) : .
1. 1)
3)

x 4
2

x 3x 4

l 0;

x 25
(x + 5) (x 4)

m 0;

2*. 1) x4 5x2 + 4 m 0;
3)

81
l x 3;
x

2)

2
x+2

<

1
;
x 3

4)

x + 12
2

x 2x 8

l 1.

2) 9x4 10x2 + 1 > 0;

4) (x2 + 4x 5) (x2 + 4x + 3) < 105.

3. :
1) y =

x4
2

x 4

2) y =

;
6
x

3) y = 5 x ;

4) y =

2x x 1
2

x + 3x + 2

x 7x + 12
2

x 2x 3

5., 107

,
15
1.

a, a > 0,

a = 0, a = 0,
a, a < 0.

| a |

0 .
1.
2.
3.
4.

|
|
|
|

f
f
f
f

(x)
(x)
(x)
(x)

|
|
|
|

= a.
= | g (x) |.
> a.
< a.

1. .
2. .
3.
.
4. ( ,
).

2.(a>0)

1. | f (x) | = a f (x) = a f (x) = a.

2. | f (x) | = | g (x) | f (x) = g (x) f (x) = g (x).
3. | f (x) | > a f (x) < a f (x) > a.
f (x) > a,
4. f (x) < a a < f (x) < a
f (x) < a.

g (x) l 0,
5. f (x) = g (x)
f (x) = g (x) f (x) = g (x).
6. | f (x) | > g (x) f (x) < g (x) f (x) > g (x).
f (x) > g (x),
7. f (x) < g (x) g (x) < f (x) < g (x)
f (x) < g (x).

108 1., ,

. 15

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

3.
| u | = u u l 0.
| u | = u u m 0.
| u | = | v | u2 = v2.
| u | > | v | u2 > v2. | u | | v | > 0 u2 v2 > 0;

.
u l 0,
u + v =u+v
v l 0.
u m 0,
u + v = u v
v m 0.
| u | + | v | = | u + v | uv l 0.
| u | + | v | = | u v | uv m 0.
| x a | + | x b | = b a a m x m b, a < b.

- : , .

(. 15).
.
| 2x 4 | = 6.
I ( )

,
1)
:
2 4 l 0,
(1)
2 4 l 0 2x 4 < 0.

2 4 = 6.
()
x = 5, ,
(1).
.
2)
2 4 l 0 | 2x 4 | = 2x 4,
2x 4 < 0,
(2)
2x 4 < 0 | 2x 4 | = (2x 4).


(2x 4) = 6.
,
x = 1, (2).
, .
: 5; 1.

5., 109

II ( )

2x 4 = 6 2x 4 = 6,
| 2 4 | 0
2x = 10 2x = 2,
2 4. x = 5 x = 1.
6, 6
: 5; 1.
0 ( 6), ( 6). ,
| 2 4 | = 6
, 2x 4 = 6
2x 4 = 6.

.
,
.
.

| f (x) | + | g (x) | = a (a > 0).
, ,
, f (x) g (x) ,
.
(1)
f (x) 0,
g (x) 0.
(2)
. ,
. ,
(1) ( f (x)), (2)
( g (x)).
,
f (x) g (x),
( ).
f (x) 0 g (x) 0 , f (x) g (x),
( ).

,
( ).

110 1., ,

f (x) g (x)
. O,
( - ),
( ).
.

1.

1. : 1.

2.

3.

4.

x
x 1
x
x 1

+ x 2 = 2.
=0

( = 0) 2 = 0 ( = 2).
0 2
,
. 55
1, 55.

(
, ).
: (; 0) (1; 2).
, ,

x
(x 2) = 2.
x 1

= 0 = 2.
, , .
: [0; 1). ( , = 0, .)

x
(x 2) = 2.
x 1

= 0 ,

.
V: [2; +) (
= 2). O

x
+ x 2 = 2.
x 1

= 2

, .
, ,
.
: 0; 2.
1

55

x
, 2. , x 1

, .

5., 111

, 15.
u l 0,
, , 5: u + v = u + v
v l 0.
u + v = | u | + | v | , 6 . u v,
, , .
, ,
u + v = | u | + | v | l 0. , u v u l 0,
. ,
u + v =
v l 0,
= | u | + | v |. , | u | + | v | = u + v
u l 0,

v l 0.
2*. | x 5 | + | 2x + 5 | = 3x.

3 = ( 5) + (2 + 5),
x 5 = u
| u | +
2x + 5 = v, u + v = 3x + | v | = u + v,
| u | + | v | = u + v,
,
5 u v .

,
u l 0,

v l 0.
x l 5,

x 5 l 0,

2x + 5 l 0.
x l 2 .
,
, x l 5.
.
: [5; +).
, .
3.

| 2x 5 | m 7.

7 m 2x 5 m 7.
(1)

| f (x) | m a (
a > 0) ,
. ,

112 1., ,

2 m 2x m 12, ,
1 m x m 6.
: [1; 6].

4.

| t | m 7. ,
, 0.
,
[7; 7], , 7 m t m 7.

(1), 2x 5 l 7,

2x 5 m 7.

x3
x 2 1

2.
3.

4.

l 1.

(1)

1. : | x 2 | 1 0. | x 2 | 1, x 2 1, :
3 1.
: 3 = 0 ( = 3 )
2 = 0 ( = 2).
2 ,
, 56 (
3,
. 56
2).

(
, ).
: (; 1) (1; 2]. , ,
(; 1) (1; 2]
(x 3)
l 1.
(x 2) 1

3x
1x

l 1,

2
1x

l 0. x < 1. -

, , x < 1, ,
x < 1.
: [2; 3).
(x 3)
l 1,
x 2 1

(x 3)
l 1.
x3

- x -

(1 l 1). , (1) .

5., 113

V: (3; +).
x3
l 1,
x 2 1

x 3
l 1.
x 3

, - IV -

(1)
(1 l 1). , (1) IV -
(x > 3).
, ,
: x < 1 x > 3.
: (; 1) (3; +).
,
,
15.
5*.

x 1 x + 3

)(

2x x + 6

1x x +2

< 0.

| a | l 0 y = t2
,
( 4: | u | | v | >
> 0 u2 v2 > 0). , :

( (x 1)2 (x + 3)2 )( (2x)2 (x + 6)2 ) < 0.

2

(1 x) (x + 2)

, , :
(4) (2x + 2) (x 6) (3x + 6)
(1 2x) 3

< 0.
1
2

2 < x < 1 < x < 6 (. 57).

1
2

: 2 < x < 1 < x < 6.

, 15,
,
.
, f (x) = | x + 1 | + | x 1 |
,
f (x).
.
6. f (x) = | x + 1 | + | x 1 |.
1. : x R.
2. : = 1 = 1.
3. ( 58 ).

114 1., ,

. 57

4.

. 58

(x + 1) (x 1), x m 1,

f (x) = x + 1 (x 1), 1 m x m 1,
x + 1 + x 1, x l 1.

2x, x m 1,
, f (x) = 2, 1 m x m 1,
2x, x l 1.

(. 59).

. 59

1. , . .
2. , 15.
.
3.
, 15.
.

(115).
1. 1) | 3x 5 | = 7;
2) | 8 4x | = 6;
3) | x2 5x | = 6.
2. 1) | 2x 3 | > 5;

2) | 3 5x | < 7;

3. 1) | x 2 | 2x 1 = 0;
4. 1) | x 1 | + | x 3 | = 2;
3) | x + 5 | + | x 8 | = 13.
5. 1) | x + 3 | < x 2;
3) | x + 3 | + | x 1 | < | 6 3x |.

3*)

x 1
x +1

> 2;

4)

2x 3
x 5

2) x2 + 3x + | x + 3 | = 0.
2) | x + 1 | + | x 5 | = 20;
2) | x + 1 | + | x 2 | m 2x 1;

6. 1)

x 2 2x + 1 + x 2 = 1;

2)

x 2 + 4x + 4 + x = x + 5.

7. 1)

x 2 4x + 4 + x 2 = 8;

2)

16 8x + x 2 + x 2 + 2x + 1 = 5.

< 1.

6. 115
2

8. 1)

x 4x + 3
2

x + x 5

= 1;

2)

9. 1) | | x 1 | 2 | = 1;

4
x +1 2

= x +1 .

2) | | 2x 4 | 5 | = 3.

10. 1) | x2 4x | < 5;

2) | x2 x 6 | > 4.

11. 1) 3 | x 1 | + x2 7 > 0;

2) | x 6 | l x2 5x + 9.

12. 1)

x+3 +x
x+2

> 1;

2)

1
x 3

1
2

< .

13. 1) | | x 1 | 5 | m 2;

2) | x 1 | + | x + 2 | | x 3 | > 4.

14. 1) | x 2x | > 2x x;

2) | x2 + x 20 | m x2 + x 20.

15. 1)

4
l
x + 3 1

x+2 ;

2)

4
l
x +1 2

x 1 .

16. :
1) y = | 2x 4 | + | 2x + 6 |;

2) y = | x 5 | + | 3x + 6 |.

6.1.

,
.
-

, ,
, . ,
,
.
, ,
,
. (
) ,
. ,
.

116 1., ,

: 3 + 2 l + 5.

,
:
1) , :
3 l 5 2;
2) (
l ): (3 1) l 5 2.
(3 1). , ,
, .
, , . , : 3 1 > 0,
3 1 < 0, 3 1 = 0.
:
3 + 2 l + 5
1.

3 l 5 2

1
3
1
,
3

: 1) a > , x l
3) a =

5a 2
;
3a 1

2) a < 1 , x m 5a 2 ;
3

3a 1

- .

, -

6. 117

,
() ( ,
). , ,
.
2.

x
x 3

a
x

= 1 + , x .

,
, , : 3, 0.
( 3)
,
( 3) 0 ( ) : x2 = x (x 3) + a (x 3).
x2 = x2 3x + ax 3a, ax 3x = 3a. (a 3) x = 3a.
,
( 3), = 3
0, . , .

.
x
a
=1+
x 3

: 3, 0.
x2 = x (x 3) + a (x 3), x2 = x2 3x + ax 3a, ax 3x = 3a,
(a 3) x = 3 a
3 = 0

3 0
a=3

0x = 9

a3

x=

3a
a3

,
, = 3 = 0.
3a
a3

= 3, 3 = 3 ( 3), 3 = 3 9 . ,

3a
a3

3.

118 1., ,
3a
a3

= 0, = 0. , = 0 = 0

( ), = 0 .
: 1) = 3 = 0 ;
2) 3, 0 x =

3a
.
a3

3.

ax 1
xa

4
x

x.

.
( ).
,
( ),
2 5 + 4 = 0, (
). 0,
( = 0 0).
0,
: D = 0, D < 0, D > 0
, , . D = 0
, = 2 5 + 4,
x = x0 =

b
2a

5
.
2a

D > 0,

: 0.
(1)
(. ), (1)
, ,
, .

: 0, . : 2 = 4 4,
2 5 + 4 = 0.
(1)
1. = 0, (1) = 0 ,
, = 0 .
2. 0, (1) .
D = 25 162. :
5
4

1) D = 0, 25 162 = 0, a = . (1) x =

5
.
2a

6. 119
5
4

a = , = 2 (1)
.
5
4

a = , = 2 (1)
.
5

2) D < 0, 25 162 < 0, , a < a > . 4

4
(1) .
3) D > 0, 25 162 > 0, , 5 < a < 5 , 0. 4
4
(1)
x1, 2 =

25 16a
2a

(2)

, ,
= 0 = .
(1) = 0, = 0, = 0
.
(1) = , 3 5 + 4 = 0, 3 = 0, (2 1) = 0. = 0 ( ), = 1. .
= 1 : 0, 1. (2)
x1 = 4 ( ) x2 = 1 ( ). ,
= 1 = 4.
= 1 : 0, 1, (2) : x1 = 4 ( ) x2 = 1 (
). , = 1
= 4.
, (2) ,
5
4

5
4

< a < , 0 1.
5
4

: 1) a = , = 2;
5
4

2) a = , = 2;
3) = 1, = 4;
4) = 1, = 4;

( ), x

5) a 5 ; 1 (1; 0) (0; 1) 1;

6) a ;

5
4

)(

5
;
4

5
4

1, 2

25 16a
2a

+ = 0, .

. , .

120 1., ,

(a) ,
. ( )
( ) ,
(. 60).
. ,
(. 60).

5
4

5
4

1) = 2
2) = 2
2
3) x1,2 = 5 25 16a

2a

4) = 4
5) = 4
. 60

6.2.
: 1) ; 2)
.
1.

(x + a) (x 5a)
x +7

=0

.

: 7.

( + ) ( 5) = 0.
+ = 0 5 = 0.
= = 5.
.
, = 7:
= 7 = 7,
7
5

5 = 7 a = .

, ,
, ( + 7 0)
( + ) ( 5) = 0. ,
,
( ).

6. 121

= 7 :
= = 7 ;
= 5 = 35 .
a =

7
5

= 5 = 7 ;
x = a =

7
5

, = 5,
= 0 ( = = 0 = 5 = 0
7).
7
5

: = 7, a = , = 0.

,

, = 7: 7
.

( = 7)
( ). ,

, ( = = 5) ( ).

.

: ( ),
.
,
f (x) = a,
y = a , x ( y
a). , ,
f (x) = a, ,
, , , . ,
f (x) = a, , y = f (x) y = a
a. (
.)
2.

| x2 4 | x | | = a
?

y = | x2 4 | x | | = .

,
:

,

.

122 1., ,

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

< 0
;
= 0 3 ;
< 0 < 4 6 ;
= 4 4 ;
> 4 2 .
y=a

y
a
4

1.

2.
3.

y = | x2 4 | x | |
(, x2 = | x |2, , , :
x2 4x | x |2 4 | x |
| x2 4 | x | | ).
= .

( f (x) = a
y = f (x)
y = a).

,
(
). , ,
, .
, ,
, .
f () = 0 f () ,
-
().
,
x4 a | x |3 + a2 4 = 0
(1)
.

4
3
2
,
f (x) = x a | x | + a 4

(D (f) = R, f (x) = f (x)).
,

x =
,

.
,

(1), x = x
=

f
(x)
= 0,
.
3.

6. 123

, = , = 0.
, = 0.
= 0, (1)
2 4 = 0, = 2 = 2.
= 2 (1) x4 2 | x |3 = 0.
| x |4 2 | x |3 = 0, | x |3( | x | 2) = 0.
| x |3 = 0 ( | x | = 0,
= 0) | x | 2 = 0 ( | x | = 2, = 2). , = 2
(1) ,
.
= 2 (1) x4 + 2 | x |3 = 0.
| x |4 + 2 | x |3 = 0, | x |3( | x | +
+ 2) = 0. | x | + 2 0,
| x |3 = 0. | x | = 0,
= 0 . ,
= 2 .
: = 2.

f () = 0
. f (x), f () = f () = 0.
, x = f (x) = 0.
,
.
x = = = 0.
, , = 0
(1). ( = 2 = 2.)
= 2 = 2
, = 0
(1),
,
.

,
x4 = | x |4.

6.3.
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c (a 0)

. 16 ( : x0 =

1.

x1 < A
x2 < A

b
,
2a

D = b2 4ac).

16

a>0

a<0

f (A) > 0
D l 0; x0 < A

f (A) < 0
D l 0; x0 < A

(a0)
a f (A) > 0,

D l 0,
x < A
0

124 1., ,

. 16

2.

a>0

a<0

x1 < A < x2

f (A) < 0

f (A) > 0

(a0)

af (A) < 0

3.

4.

x1 > A
x2 > A

A < x1 < B
A < x2 < B

f (A) > 0
D l 0; x0 > A

f (A) < 0
D l 0; x0 > A

f (A) > 0; f (B) > 0

D l 0; A < x0 < B

f (A) < 0; f (B) < 0

D l 0; A < x0 < B
B

B
B

5.

x1 < A
A < x2 < B

f (A) < 0; f (B) > 0

6.

A < x1 < B
x2 > B
B

7.

x1 < A
x2 > B
B

a f (A) > 0,

a f (B) > 0,

D l 0,
A < x0 < B

f (A) > 0; f (B) < 0

B

a f (A) > 0,

D l 0,
x > A
0

a f (A) < 0,

a f (B) > 0

f (A) > 0; f (B) < 0

B

f (A) < 0; f (B) < 0

B

f (A) < 0; f (B) > 0

a f (A) > 0,

a f (B) < 0

f (A) > 0; f (B) > 0

a f (A) < 0,

a f (B) < 0

6. 125

,
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c (a 0) (1)
.
(
x),
, (. 61).

. 61

. 62

,
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c (a 0) a > 0 A, : f (A) < 0
(. 62).
, f (x) = ax2 + bx + c a > 0
, . , x + ( : +
), f (x) + (f (x) +), , f (x) > 0
+ . f (A) < 0,
x A +
f (x) +, , f (x)
x2 > A.
x A
f (x) + , , f (x) x1 < A. f (x)
, , a > 0 f (A) < 0
, A.
a < 0 ,
c , f (A) > 0.
: af (A) < 0.
a < 0,
a > 0,
, a i f ( A) < 0

,
f ( A) > 0.
f ( A) < 0
1
11
.

126 1., ,

f (x) = ax2 + bx + c (a 0)
, A,
, af (A) < 0.
, 16.
, :
( ) .
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c (a 0)
A B,
, :
1) ;
2) f (A) f (B);
3) D;
4)

x0 =

b
2a

) -

A B.
, , (. , ,
. 16), ,
,
. , , ,
, ,
.
,
ax2 x + 3a = 0 2,
1.

1.

( 0). x1 =

1 1 12a
2a

, x2 =

1+

1 12a
2a

, -

,
x > 2,
x < 1,
: 1
1

x2 < 1
x2 > 2.
.

. , 16, . , f (x) = ax2 x + 3a

6. 127

f (x) () ,
(. 63, ).
1

x
1

a>0

a<0

. 63

1 2, ,
a > 0,
a < 0,

: f (1) < 0, f (1) > 0, ,

f (2) < 0
f (2) > 0.

f (1) f (2) , a f (1) < 0,

a f (2) < 0.
.


, ( 0). f (x) = ax2 x + 3a.
,

1 2 , :
a f (1) < 0,

a f (2) < 0.

(1)

(2)

1
4

a
0

2
7

. 64

(1)
a (4a 1) < 0,

(2)
a (7a 2) < 0.
(1) (2) (. 64).

: , 2,

( ).

1 a 0;

1
4

128 1., ,

(13).
1. 1) 5 = + ;
2) 4 = 2 + 7;
3) + 7 m + 8;
4) 2 6 > 2 + 11.
2. 1) | x 2 | + | x + 1 | = ax + 3;
2) | x a | + | x | = 2;
3) | a x | + | x + a + 1 | = 1.
3. 1) ax + 1 =

9a + 3
;
x

2) 2ax 1 =

4a 1
;
x 1

3)

ax + 1
x+a

2
x

= .

4. , : 1)

(x a) (x 2a)
x4

= 0;

2)

(x + 2a) (x 6a)
x + 12

= 0.

5. , : 1) x8 + ax6 + a2 + 4a = 0; 2) x4 + ax2 + a2 a = 0.
6. b
2x2 + 10x + | 6x + 30 | = b.
7. , | x2 2ax | = 1
.
8. , | x2 + 2x + a | = 2
.
9. k,
x2 + (2k + 6) x + 4k + 12 = 0 1.
10. , (m 2) x2
2 (m + 3) x + 4m = 0 3,
2.

17
1.y = f(x)+g(x)

y = f (x) y = g (x),
y = f (x) + g (x) :
f (x) g (x), ,
x ( f (x) + g (x))
, f (x) g (x).

y = f (x)g (x) y =

1
f (x)

7. 129

. 17

1
x

y = x2 + .

-:
y = x2 y =

1
x

( -

). x ( x = 0,
) (
y) , f (x) g (x)
(
y).
y = x 2 + 1

2.
. ()

(; ), (; ) ().

130 1., ,

. 17

3.F(x; y)=0

F (x a; y b) = 0


F (x; y) = 0
n (a; b)

F ( | x |; y) = 0

F (; ) = 0
y ( ) ,

y
F (x; | y | ) = 0

F (; ) = 0
( )
, x

1. y = f (x) + g (x). y = f (x) y = g (x),
y = f (x) + g (x), y = f (x)g (x), y =

1
.
f (x)

f (x) g (x), ,
x ( ) ( ), f (x) g (x).

7. 131

y = f (x) + g (x)
17, y =

1
f (x)

( y = f (x)
y=

1
f (x)

, , ,

).
,

(
, 11 ),
.
2. . . .
:
()
(; ), (; ) ().
y > f (x) ( y < f (x))
y = f (x). ,
y = f (x) M (x; y) = (x; f (x)). x ,
y > f (x), M (. 65, ), ,
y < f (x), M (. 65, ). ,

. 65

132 1., ,

y > f (x)
, y = f (x), y < f (x) , y = f (x).
, 66 y > x2,
67 y m x2. y = x2
y > x2,
y = x2 ; y = x2
y m x2, y = x2 .
, x = a,
x > a ,
,
x < a , .
, 68 x > 2,
69 x m 1.

. 66

. 67

. 68

. 69

, , x2 + y2 = R2,
x2 + y2 < R2
, ,
x2 + y2 > R2 , .
, M (x, y),
OM2 = x2 + y2 ( O ). x2 + y2 = R2
( R > 0), OM2 = R2, , OM = R M
R (. 70, ).
x2 + y2 < R2, OM2 < R2, , OM < R.
x2 + y2 < R2 ( ), , R
(. 70, ).

7. 133

. 70

x2 + y2 > R2, OM2 > R2, , OM > R.

x2 + y2 > R2 ( ), , R
(. 70, ).
, (x a)2 +
+ (y b)2 = R2, (x a)2 + (y b)2 < R2
, ,
(x a)2 + (y b)2 > R2 , . , 71 x2 + y2 > 9, 72
(x 1)2 + (y 2)2 m 16.

. 71

3.

. 72

F (x; y) = 0.

F (x; y) = 0
(1)
M (x0; y0) , (x0; y0) . ,
(x0; y0) , , F (x0; y0) = 0
.

134 1., ,

M1 (x0 + a; y0 + b).

F (x a; y b) = 0,

(2)

F (x0; y0) = 0, . M1 (2), , M1 F (x a; y b) = 0. M1 (x0 + a; y0 + b)

M (x0; y0)
n (a; b). M1
F (x a; y b) = 0 M
F (x; y) = 0 n (a; b) (. 73),

F (x a; y b) = 0 F (x; y) = 0
n (a; b). .
F (; ) = 0 F ( | x |; y) = 0
, l 0 F ( | x |; y) = 0
F (; ) = 0, ,
y . M (x0; y0) ( 0 l 0)
. F (x0; y0) = 0 .
M1 (x0; y0). F ( | x |; y) = 0 , 0 l 0,
F (x0; y0) = 0, . M1
F ( | x |; y) = 0, , M1
. , M M1
y (. 74),
F ( | x |; y) = 0
F (; ) = 0 : F (; ) = 0
y ( ) y.

. 73

. 74

7. 135

,
F (x; | y | ) = 0
F (; ) = 0 ( )
x.
17 . :
,
(i).

1.

y =

x 9 = 0 x = 3. :
x2 9 0, x 3.
2

1
2

x 9

,
. ,
f (x) = x2 9
(x = 3),
y=

1
f (x)

1
2

x 9

. -

,

y=

1
.
f (x)

x 1
f (x) ( , f (x) ).

y=

1
2

x 9

. ( -

.)

136 1., ,

2.

,
x 2 + y m 0,

x y < 2.

y m x 2,

y > x 2.

( , ):

2
2
=

. 75

, ,
:

. 76

,
( y > f (x) y < f (x)).
, y m x2,
y = x2 ,
( . 75

). ,
y > x 2,

,
y = x 2
(
).
,
, (
,
).
,
,
(
y = x 2
y = x2 , ;
. 76).

7. 137

| | + 2 | + | = + 6.

( )
,
.
, .
= 0 ( = )
+ = 0 ( = ). = =
. ,
.

1. : R, R.
2. = 0 = ; + = 0 = .
3. = =
, (. 77, ). ( ,
, .) ,
, y l x,

:
y l x,
x y m 0,
I ,

x + y l 0.
, : ( ) +
+ 2 ( + ) = + 6. = 2. , (. 77, ).
3.

. 77

138 1., ,

x y m 0,
y l x,
II:

x + y m 0.
y m x,
, : ( ) 2 ( + ) =
= + 6. = 4 6. ,
I.
x y l 0,
y m x,

III:
x + y m 0,
y m x,

( ) 2 ( + ) = + 6.
2
3

y = x 2.

y m x,
x y l 0,
IV:

y l x,
x + y l 0,
( ) + 2 ( + ) = + 6. = 2x + 6.
77, .

1. , , y = f (x)
y = g (x), y = f (x) + g (x)
y =

1
f

(x)

2. ? ? .
3. , y = f (x),
y > f (x) y < f (x)? .
4. , F (x; y) = 0,
F (x a; y b) = 0 F ( | x |; y) = 0 F (x; | y | ) = 0?
.
5.
F (x; y) = 0 F (x a; y b) = 0,
F ( | x |; y) = 0, F (x; | y | ) = 0.
6. ,
, .

1.

:
1
x

1) y = x + ;

2) y = x

1
;
x

1
x

3) y = x 3 + ;

1
x

4) y = x 2 .

8. 139

2.

3.

:
1) | y | = x 2;
2) | y | = x2 x;
4) | x | + | y | = 2;
5) | x | | y | = 2.
:
1) y > x2 3;

4.

5.

1
x

2) y < ;

3) | x | = y2;

3) x2 + y2 m 25;

4) (x 2)2 + (y + 3)2 > 4.

,
:
y m 5 x,
2
2
x 2 + y 2 m 4,
y m 5 x 2,
x + y l 9,

1)
3)
2) 2
4)

y l x,
2
;
;
y
x
>
y
<

x + y m 25;
y m 2x + 4.

:
1) | | | + | = y + 3;
2) | 2 | + | 2 | = 2 y;
3) | 3 + | + | | = 4.

8.1.

,
, .
( ) .
,
( ), n, .
n,
, . 0,
. , 256 -

2 2
x
3

( ), .
, 0,
( 0 =0 =02 =03...).

.

f (x) = nn + n 1n 1 + ... + 22 + 1 + 0,
(1)
an, an 1, ..., a0 .

140 1., ,

n 0, - . nn
f (), n ,
a0 . , 53 2 + 1
, 1,
5.
,
(1), f () :
f (x) = b0xn + b1xn 1 + ... + bn 1x + bn,
b0, b1, ..., bn .
1. n, 0, bm, b 0,
, = b n = m.
n ,
= 0.

n = bm
(2)
(
), , = 1, = b. (2) ( 0 ), n = m. = 2 : 2n = 2m.
i 2 i ... i 2, 2m = 2 i 2 i ... i 2, 2n = 2m
2n = 2

, n = m. , n = bm ( 0, b 0)
, = b n = m.
, n = 0 , = 1 = 0.
n = 0 ( axn =0xn
01).
-0xn 0.
2. f () ( ),
.
.
f (x) = nn + n 1n 1 + ... + 1 + 0 0.
= 0 f () = 0 0, 0 = 0.
.
, n = k :
kk + k 1k 1 + ... + 1 + 0 0, k = k 1 = = 1 =
= 0 = 0.
1

8. 141

, n = k + 1.
f (x) = k + 1k + 1 + kk + + 1 + 0 0.
(3)
(3) , , = 0, , 0 = 0. (3)
: k + 1k + 1 + kk + ... + 1 0.
(k + 1k + kk 1 + ... + 1) 0.
(4)
(4) .
0,
k + 1k + kk 1 + ... + 1 0.

0 k. : k + 1 = ak = = 1 = 0. , 0 = 0,
= k + 1. , - ,
.
, ,
, -, 0 ()
0 ( 0 () = 0).
3. f (x) g (x) ,
( ).

f () = nn + n 1n 1 + ... + 22 + 1 + 0,
m
g (x) = bmx + bm 1xm 1 + ... + b22 + b1x + b0. f (x) g (x). f (x) g (x) , f (x) g (x) 0.
, .
f (x) g (x) = (a0 b0) + (a1 b1) x + (2 b2) 2 + ... .
a0 b0 = 0, a1 b1 = 0, 2 b2 = 0, ... . a0 = b0, a1 = b1,
2 = b2, ... . , ,
, (,
), . ,
( + 1)- , a . , f (x) g (x)
.
3 .
.
, ( + 2) ( + 4) ( + 6) ( + 8) + 16
.
,
.

142 1., ,

2 + b + ( 0).
:
( + 2) ( + 4) ( + 6) ( + 8) + 16 = (2 + b + )2.
(5)
,
. :
4

1 = a2

2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 2ab

24+26+28+46+48+68= b2 + 2ac

246+248+268+468= 2bc

2468+16= c2

= 1 = 1.
= 1 b = 10, = 20.
, , b . , (5) = 1, b = 10, = 20 ( = 1, b = 10, = 20).
, ( + 2) ( + 4) ( + 6) ( + 8) + 16 = (2 + 10 + 20)2.

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

6.

, f (x) g (x) , , b, c, d:
1) f (x) = 2x2 (3 a) x + b, g (x) = cx3 + 2dx2 + x + 5;
2) f (x) = (a + 1) x3 + 2, g (x) = 3x3 + bx2 + (c 1) x + d.
, b, c, (2 1) + b ( 2) +
+ ( + 2) = 2 - .
:
1) ( 1) ( + 1) (2 + 1) (2 + + 1) = 6 1;
2) 1 + x 4 = (1 + x 2 + x 2 ) (1 x 2 + x 2 ).
, :
1) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) + 1;
2) ( + ) ( + 2) ( + 3) ( + 4) + 4.
b, -

34 + 43 + 82 + 3 + 2 = (32 + + 1) (2 + + b).

a
3x 1

b
.
5x + 2

2
2

15x + x 2

8. 143

8.2. .


.
.
,
, . ,
.

,
.
, 23 52 + 3 + 1 + (23 + 52 + + 5) = 4 + 6.
, .
, (33 5 + 7) + (2 + 2 + 1) = 33 + 2 3 + 8.
. , b
(b 0), q, = bq.
. () () (
() ), Q (x),

() = ()Q (x).
,
,
. ,
() () ( () ) , Q (x)
R (x), () = ()Q (x) + R (x), R (x)
(). (,
Q () .)
, 3 5 + 2 = (2 5) + 2,
3 5 + 2 2 5
2.
,
, , .

144 1., ,

() = 4 53 + 2 + 8 20
() = 2 2 + 3.

4 53 + 2 + 8 20
4 23 + 32
33 22 + 8 20
33 + 62 9
82 + 17 20
82 + 16 24
+4

2 2 + 3
2 3 8

,
() () .
f1 (x), f2 (x), f3 (x),
, ,
:
f1 (x) = () 2 ();
(1)
f2 (x) = f1 (x) (3) ();

(2)

f3 (x) = f2 (x) (8) ().

(3)
(1), (2), (3)
() = (2 3 8) () + f3 (x).
(4)
, f3 (x) = + 4
() = 2 2 + 3, f3 (x) = R (x) (), 2 3 8 =
= Q (x) ( ). (4) : () = () Q (x) +
+ R (x), 4 53 + 2 + 8 20 = (2 2 + 3) (2 3 8) +
+ + 4, , () () .
, -
() () .
() () ( () ) Q (x)
R (x).
, , ()
(), , Q (x) = 0,
R (x) = ().

1.

:
1) 33 52 + 2 8 2;
2) 10 + 1 2 + 1;
3) 5 + 33 + 8 6 2 + 2 + 3.

8. 145

2.

3.

4.

:
1) 44 23 + 2 + 1 x2 + x + 2;
2) 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 2 2.
b ()
()?
1) () = 3 + + b, () = 2 + 5 + 7;
2) () = 23 52 + + b, () = 2 4;
3) () = 4 3 + 2 + b, () = 2 + 2.
()
() :
1) () = 3 + 62 + 11 + 6, () = 2 1;
2) () = 3 19 30, () = 2 + 1.

8.3. . .

f (x) ( ).
1, , , 1, R. , f (x) ( ),

f (x) = ( )Q (x) + R.
, - .
= : f () = R.
1.
1 ( ). f ()
( ) f () (
= ).
, 5 34 + 23 + 4 4
1.
f () = 5 34 + 23 + 4 4 1,
: f (1) = 0. , f () ( 1) 0, f (x) ( 1) .

1.

. f (x),
f () = 0.
f () ( ), .
, f () ( ), f () = ( ) Q (x)
f () = ( ) Q () = 0. , f ().
1
(17301783), ,
.

146 1., ,

. .
2. f (x),
( ) .
f (x) ( ) f ().
f (x), , f () = 0.
2 .
3. f (x) 1, 2, ..., n,
( 1) (x 2)...( n).
.
= 1 2.
, = k. , 1,
2, ..., k f (x),
( 1) ( 2)( k).
f (x) = ( 1) ( 2)...( k)Q (x).
(1)
, n = k + 1.
1, 2, ..., k, k + 1 f (x).
k + 1 f (x), f (k + 1) = 0. (1), , :
f (k + 1) = (k + 1 1) (k + 1 2)...(k + 1 k)Q (k + 1) = 0.
1, 2, ..., k, k + 1 ,
k + 1 1, k + 1 2, ..., k + 1 k . Q (k + 1) = 0.
, k + 1 Q (x). 2
Q (x) ( k + 1), Q (x) = ( k + 1)Q1 (x) (1)
f (x) = ( 1) ( 2)...( k) ( k + 1) Q1 (x).
, f ()
( 1) ( 2)...( k) ( k + 1),
n = k + 1.
, - .

. .
, n- ( + 1)
: 1, 2, ..., n, n + 1. f (x)
( 1) ( 2)...( n + 1) ( + 1),
. -
.
n- f (x) = nn + n 1n 1 + ... +
+ 22 + 1 + 0 (an 0) 1, 2, ..., n.
( 1) ( 2) ... ( n).
- . O,

8. 147

,
. ,
nn + n 1n 1 + + 22 + 1 + 0 = b ( 1) ( 2)...( n). (2)
(2)
, , b = n,
nn + n 1n 1 + + 22 + 1 + 0 = n( 1) ( 2)...( n) (3)
, (3) , , :
1 + 2 + ... + n =

an 1
an

an 2

1 2 + 1 3 + ... + n 1 n =

an

1 2 3 + 1 2 4 + ... + n 2 n 1 n =

an 3
an

(4)

...............
1 2 3 ... n = (1) n

a0
an

, = 2 :
1 + 2 =

a1
a2

1 2 =

a0
a2

= 3:
1 + 2 + 3 =

a2
a3

1 2 + 1 3 + 2 3 =
1 2 3 =

a0
a3

;
a1
a3

(5)

,
1, 2, , n
f (x) = nn + n 1n 1 + ... + 22 + 1 + 0 (an 0).
(3) (4) , f (x) . .

148 1., ,

f (x) ( )k,
( )k + 1, , k
f (x).
, ( + 2)3 ( 1)2 ( + 3)
, (2) 3,
1 2, (3) 1.
, , .

f (x) = 3 + 22 4 8.
f (x) = 3 + 22 4 8 = 2 ( + 2) 4 ( + 2) = ( + 2) (2 4) =
= ( 2)( + 2)2. f () : 1 = 2, 2 = 2, 3 = 2 ( 2 2).
(5).
: 3 = 1, 2 = 2, 1 = 4, 0 = 8.

2.

2
1

2 + (2) + (2) = ; 2 i (2) + 2 i (2) + (2) i (2) =

4
;
1

2 i (2) i (2) =

8
.
1

, , .
,
2 8 + 4 = 0.
2 8 + 4 = 0 1 2. 1 = x12 2 = x22 . ,
2 + + q = 0,
2
p = (1 + 2 ) = (x12 + x22 ) = (x1x2 ) 2x1x2 , q = 1 2 = x12x22 = ( x1x2 )2 .

3.

: 1 + 2 = 8 12 = 4. ,
2
q = (12)2 = 42 = 16, p = (x1 + x2 ) 2x1x2 = (82 2 i 4) = 56.

, 2 56 + 16 = 0.

5 44 + 23 5 + 1 + 2.
, ,
3 2 + 5 3 1 6.
3. f () 1 4, 3
6. f () 2 4 + 3.
4. b 4 + 23 + 2 b + 2
+ 2, 1 , 3?
1.
2.

8. 149

5. f (x) 32 5 + 2
7 + 1.
1 3 2.
6. = 4.
7. , 5, 2, 1
2. .
8. 2
( + 2) + 3 12?
9. 2 f () = 5 54 + 73
22 + 4 8?
10. , 3 2 (1), 2.
11. b, 3
f () = 3 52 + + b.
12. , 2 5 + 1 = 0.
13. , 22 5 + 1 = 0.
14. ,
2 + 6 + 3 = 0.

8.4.
f (x) ( )
, .
f (x) = 0n + 1n 1 + ... + n 1 + n (a0 0) ( ). -

Q (x) ( 1)- ( Q (x) = b0xn 1 + b1xn 2 + ... + bn 2x +
+ bn 1, b0 0) R. f (x) = ( )Q (x) + R,
0n + 1n 1 + ... + n 1 + n =
= ( )(b0xn 1 + b1xn 2 + ... + bn 2x + bn 1) + R.
, , , :
n
n 1
n 2
.......
1
0

0 = b0
1 = b1 b0
2 = b2 b1
.........................
n 1 = bn 1 bn 2
n = R bn 1

b0, b1, ..., bn 1 R:

b0 = 0, b1 = ab0 + a1, b2 = ab1 + a2, , bn 1 = abn 2 + an 1, R = abn 1 + an.

150 1., ,

, .
: bk + 1
, bk
k- .
-, .

f () = 34 23 4 + 1
2.
f () ( 2,
0),
:

1.

, 34 23 4 + 1 = ( 2)(33 + 42 + 8 + 12) + 25.

, = 3
f () = 24 + 63 + 42 2 42.
f () f (),
f () (3) = + 3.

2.

42

14

0 ( = f (3))

f (3) = 0, = 3 f ().

1.

,
() ():
1) () = 3 + 32 + 3 + 1; () = + 1;
2) () = 53 262 + 25 4; () = 5;
3) () = 3 152 + 10 + 24; () = + 3.

8. 151

2.

3.

, ,
f (x) q (x):
1) f () = 43 2 27 18; q (x) = x + 2;
2) f () = 4 83 + 152 + 4 20; q (x) = x 2.
() ():
1) () = 23 192 + 32 + 21; () = 7;
2) () = 43 242 + 21 5; () = 2 1.

8.5.

4.
f (x) = nn + n 1n 1 + ... + 1 + 0
x=

p
q

(q 0), (0), q -

n.

p
f (), f = 0.
q
f (x)

p
q

an

p
q

+ an 1

p
q

n 1

n 1

+ ... + a1

p
q

+ a0 = 0.

p
q

(1)

(1) q (q 0).
n

nn + n 1n 1q + ... + 1qn 1 + 0qn = 0.

(2)

(2) , , .
a0qn = (nn + n 1n 1q + ... + 1qn 1) .

p
,
q

, q .
a0qn ( q )
, a0 . a0.
(2), , q.
nn = (n 1n 1q + ... + 1qn 1 + 0qn) q.
q , n q, q
.
. q = 1, a0. ,
.
1. - .

152 1., ,

f () n = 1, n
1, q = 1, :
2.
1,
( ) .
23 2 + 12 6.

1.

p
q

, 1, 2, 3,
6, q : 1, 2.
,
1
2

3
2

, 1, , 2, 3, 6. ,
1

, . x =
2
.
,
2
1
12
6
,
1
2

12

( )(2x + 12).

2x 3 x 2 + 12x 6 = x

1
2

22 + 12 ( ),
1
2

x= .
() = 24 + 33 22 2
.
: 1,
2. 1. () 1 .
() = ( 1) (23 + 52 + 3 + 2).
2
3
2 1 2
1
2
5
3
2
0
23 + 52 + 3 + 2
: 1, 2. (2). + 2.

2.

2
2

5
1

3
1

2
0

() = ( 1) ( + 2) (22 + +1).
22 + +1
.
: () = ( 1) ( + 2) (22 + +1).

8. 153

,
(, 2 + + 1
). , - .
, .
,
. , .
3. 4 + 3 + 32 + + 6.
() .
. 1,
1. :
4 + 3 + 32 + + 6 = (2 + + b) (2 + + d),
(3)
, b, d ( ) .
, , , .
. :
4 + 3 + 32 + + 6 = x4 + cx3 + dx2 + ax3 + acx2 + adx + bx2 + bcx + bd.
:
x 4 1 = 1,

x 1 = a + c,

(4)
x 2 3 = ac + b + d,

x1 1 = bc + ad,

x 0 6 = bd.

4- , (4) . (4) , b d
6. .
b d (3) 1
1
2
2
b
,
b = 6 d = 1 b = 6
6
6
3
3
d
d = 1 . .
b d (4) : = 3 (b + d), + = 1.

154 1., ,

+ , , , .
, b, , d, b + ad = 1 (4)
, (4).
:
b

a+c=1

ac = 3 (b + d)

10

bc + ad = 1

bc + ad = 4
41

bc + ad = 1
1=1

, (4) = 1, b = 2,
= 2, d = 3. (3)
(5)
4 + 3 + 32 + + 6 = (2 + 2)(2 + 2 + 3).
2 + 2 2 + 2 + 3
, , (5) .

:
1) 3 5 + 4;
2) 2x3 + x2 13x + 6;
3
2
3) 5 + 18 10 8;
4) 44 112 + 9 2.
2. :
1) x3 3x2 + 2 = 0;
2) 2x3 5x2 x + 1 = 0;
4
3
2
3) 3x + 5x x 5x 2 = 0;
4) 3x4 8x3 2x2 + 7x 2 = 0.
3. :
1) 23 2 5 2;
2) 3 + 92 + 23 + 15;
4
3
3) 2 + 2 1;
4) 4 23 242 + 50 25.
4. :
1) 3 + 2 4 + 2 = 0;
2) 3 7 6 = 0;
4
3
2
3) 2 5 + 5 2 = 0;
4) 23 52 + 1 = 0.
*
5 . :
1) 4 + 3 52 + 13 6;
2) 4 43 202 + 13 2.
*
6 . ,

(2 + b + )2 ( + )2:
1) 4 + 4 1;
2) 4 43 1;
3) 4 + 43 4.
1.

1 155

1
1. :
1) | x + 5 | = 7;
2) | 2x 1 | = 5;
3) | x + 7 | = 2;
4) | 4x 8 | + | 2 x | = 4;
5) 2 | x 3 | | 3 x | = 5;
6) 5 | x + 4 | 2 | 4 x | = 4.
2. + , :
1) | x y | + | 4 x | = 0;
2) | 2x y | + 2 | 2 x | = 0.
3. , :
1) | x 2 | + 4x2 4xy + y2 = 0; 2) | y 1 | + x2 2xy + y2 = 0.
4. :
1) | x 1 | m 2; 2) | x + 2 | m 4; 3) | x 3 | m 6;
4) | x + 4 | < 5.
5. [5; 5]:
1) | x + 2 | l 3; 2) | x 1 | l 4; 3) | x 2 | l 3;
4) | 2x 1 | l 3.
6. :
1) | 3x 1 | < 2x + 2;
2) | 2 3x | x m 8;
3) | 7 3x | 2x m 2.
7. :
1) | 1 2x | x m 10; 2) | 3x 2 | + 2x m 8; 3) | 4x 4 | + 4x l 5.
8. :
1) | 3x + 1 | m x + 7; 2) | 2x + 3 | m x + 12; 3) | 4x + 3 | m x + 21.
9. ,
:
1) | 2x 1 | = 1 4a;
2) | 3x + 2 | = 3 4a.
10. ,
:
1) | 2x 1 | = 4a + 1;
2) | 3x + 3 | = 5a 7.
11. ,
:
1) 2 | x 3 | a | 3 x | = 5;
2) 3 | x 2 | + a | 2 x | = 4.
12. ,
:
1) 8 | x 3 | + a | 3 x | = 5;
2) 3 | x 2 | a | 2 x | = 6.
13. , :
1) | x (| x | 5) | = m;
2) | (x + 1) (| x + 1 | 3) | = m;
3) | 2 (5 | x | x) | = m.
14.
2 | 16x 48 | = m ?
15. 2 | 14x 28 | = m
?
16. , x 3 3 x = 0.

156 1., ,

17. ,
.
(x a)2 + (y 4)2 = 9,
x 2 + y 2 = 4,
1)
2)

2
x i y = 0;
y = x + a;
2
2
2
(x a)2 + y 2 = 4,
x + y = a ,
4)
3)

2
2
(x 7) + y = 1;
y = 1 x 12 .
(1829), ,
.
18. 72 . 2 ,
3 .
?
19. , , , (
). 12 .
, , ,
, 20 .
?
20. 25 %
. 4 %
, . , ,
, ?
21. , .
, ,
, , 6 .
?
22.
, 30 , . , , 1,5 ,
. .
23. 7 20 35 . 4 . ?
24. 30 %- 10 %-
600 15 %- .
?

 157

25. , , . ,
40 % , 26 % . . 150 250 ,
, 30 % . ,
.
26. ,
, 144.
27. ,
14. ,
18, . , , .
?
28. 8 ,
. 7 , ,
2 .
5 , 7 ,
. ?
29. . 1 .
50 ., 2 . 30 . 50 ., 6.
,
.
?

, ,
.
. ,
, . ,
. .
,
. .
XVI .
. 2, 3, 4 -

158 1., ,

(15961650),
. n n
(16431727).
,
. (16461716). . .
(. (16671748), .
(17071783), . (17681830), . . (17921856),
. (18051859) .) : , .

, .
, , , .

V . . . . , .

( , ). (IV . . .)
, .

. . , . ,
.
XIX . .

. .
(17921856)

.
(18051859)

 159

. . .
? , . , {0; 1; 2; ...} .
.
3,5 , 16,45
.
.
,
, .

, .
. . ,
1 1 ,
, 1,41 . 1 , , 1,414 .

. 2

. (
= 0,666...,
3
2 = 1,41421356..., = 3,14159265... .) -
, , , .
.
. .
1. :
) ( )
: = a0, a1a2...an...;
) .
,
, ,
, : 0,9999... = 1,0000...; 12,765999... = 12,766000... .
,

.

160 1., ,

a0 ,
a0 = 0,a1a2...an... .
n = a0,a1a2...an 10n , xn = xn + 10 n 10n
= a0,a1a2...an... .
, = a0,a1a2...an...,
xn = a0, a1a2...an xn = xn 10 n.
. ,
n < n, n n
10n . ( ,
.)
3. ( , ).
(: + )
z, -
xn + yn < x + y < xn + yn.
,
.

z ( ), -
xn yn < xy < xn yn.
, . ,

8 .
, ,
| | | | , = | ||;
= | || | (
a0,a1a2...an... a0,a1a2...an... a0,a1a2...an...).
, :
z, + z = .
, : :
z, o z = .
4. , , ,
, .

. (18311916), . (18151897) . (18451918).
2.

9. n-

10.
11.
12.
13.

.



.
,

       
  x  Q    
  s  

      
    s 
      s
        
     
        
 s   
s
   s    


162 2.

n- .
y = n x

9.1. n- .
e n-

18

1.

n-

a n- a b, b, n-
a.
a.
a = bn (n N, n 1), b
a = b2, b
a.
n- a.
.
a l 0: a, n a .

( n a )n = a

a) = a
2

2.()

n-
2k

a l 0

a l 0 (k N);
a -

2k + 1

n = a(n N)
= 2k + 1 (k N)
- a
2k + 1 =
2k + 1
x =
a

= 2k (k N)
a < 0
x2k = a

a l 0
x2k = a

: x = 2k a

5 = 3
x = 5 3

8 = 7
8 = 7
x = 8 7

3.n-
= 2k + 1
1)
2)

2k + 1
n

2k + 1

a =

an =

2k + 1

a 2k + 1 = a

= 2k
n

a n = 2k a 2k = a

9.n-. y = n x 163

. 18

k (n N, n 1, k N)
n k

3) l 0

a = nk a

( n a )k = n a k

4) l 0
5) l 0, b l 0

ab = n a n b

l 0, b l 0

a nb = a n b l 0, b l 0 a n b = n a nb

. .
6) l 0, b > 0

a
b

n m
a = nk a mk
7) l 0
, (
) .

8) a l 0, b l 0, a > b,

a>nb

4. y = n x
y = n x (n N, n l 2)
n (n = 2k, k N)

n (n = 2k +1, k N)

y = 2k+1 x
y = 2k x

1
1

1
1

1
1

164 2.

. 18

y = x
n

n (n = 2k, k N)

n (n = 2k +1, k N)

1. : x l 0, 1. : x R (x
- ),

2k + 1
D ( 2k x ) = [0; +).
D(
x ) = R.
2. : l 0, 2. : R ( ),
E ( 2k x ) = [0; +).
2k + 1
E(
x ) = R.
3. 3. 2k + 1
x .
y = 2k x ; y =
= 0 ( = 0).
2k + 1

2k + 1

4. :
x =
x,
4. , . ,
.
x = 0,
y = 0,
5. : y
x
y = 0;
x = 0.
.
6. :
.
7. :
> 0 > 0

7. :
> 0 > 0,
< 0 < 0

1. - . : , .
- ,
, 1.
- , -
.
, 27 3, 33 = 27; 27 3,
(3)3 = 27. 2 2 16,
24 = 16 (2)4 = 16.
= 2 = 3 - .

9.n-. y = n x 165

, - .
-
, - .
l 0 - 1: n a; n
, a . n n a .
, , 27 3,
: 3 27 = 3; , 16 2, : 4 16 = 2. , 16 2, .
< 0 -
( ,
). n a. , ,
27 3, : 3 27 = 3.
3 , 3 27
.
2k + 1

2k + 1

a =

a .

, , - , (

2k + 1

2k + 1

2k + 1

2k + 1

a)

2k + 1

= ( 1)

2k + 1

a =
a.
, 3 27 = 3 27 = 3;

2k + 1

a)

2k + 1

= a,

a)

2k + 1

= a.

32 = 5 32 = 2.
2k + 1

,
a ,
a,
.
- ,
, n a ,

( n a )n = a

, , a l 0

a) = a .
2

n a n N, n l 2.
= 1 , n a = 1 a = a.
1

166 2.

2. n- .
xn = a (n N). ,
2k + 1

- .
, , .
3
a = x. - x3 = a 3 a
, x3 = a .
y = x3 y = a (. 78), ,
- a y = a y = x3
. , - a
3
a ( y = x3
+).
(. y = x2k + 1 12).

n = = 2k + 1: - 2k + 1
x2k + 1 = a (k N) x =
a.
, 5 = 3 x = 5 3,
7 = 11 x = 7 11 (, x = 7 11 = 7 11,

7 = 11 : x = 7 11 ).

2k a
l 0.
, , 2k a = x, -
a = x2k. , l 0.
, y = x2.

. 78

. 79

9.n-. y = n x 167

a = x, x2 = a a , x2 = a .
y = x2 y = a (. 79), ,
y = a y = x2 a l 0 ( a > 0 : x1 = a x2 = a ,
a = 0 x = 0). , -
a l 0 a, y = x2 [0; +).
xn = a n = 2k
(k N).
x2 = a a < 0 , ( 79 = a < 0
= 2). x2k = a (k N)
a < 0 ( -
).
a = 0 x2k = 0 (k N) x = 0 (
- ,
, 02k = 0).

a > 0 2k-

( 2k a )2k = a.

x = a x2k = a. ( a ) = ( a ) = a, x = a
x2k = a. ,
y = x2k y = x2:
x l 0 , , a
( x = 2k a ). x m 0
y = x2k , a
( x = 2k a ). , x2k = a a > 0
: x = 2k a.
, x10 = 1 , x6 = 5
x = 6 5.
2k

2k

2k

2k

2k

2k

3. - ,
n- .
1)

2k + 1

a =

2k + 1

a 1 .

, 18.
, -
n A = B ( A l 0, B l 0)
n = .

168 2.

2)

n a n = 2k + 1 () = 2k
().
n

, ,

a n -

2k + 1

n a n =
a 2k + 1 .
n-
n

an =

2k + 1

a 2k + 1 = a .

, ,

a n = 2k a 2k

n- (,
| a |2k= a2k.
n

3)

a n = 2k a 2k = a

2k

a2k l 0)

n k

a = nk a l 0
, .

(
4)

n k

a)

nk

((

n k

a)

n k

= ( k a ) = a,
k

( n a )k = n a k

l 0

k n

n k

( n a )
= (n a ) = (n a )
= a k.

n
ab = n a n b l 0, b l 0
kn

( n a i n b ) = ( n a )

n

6)

a = n k a.

5)

nk

a
b

( n b )n = ab.

l 0, b > 0

(n a ) a
na
n =
= .
n
b
(n b ) b
n

7)

a m = nk a mk l 0

( n am )

nk

((

am )

n k

= ( a m ) = a mk.
k

, 6 8 = 6 23 = 2 ( 3).

9.n-. y = n x 169

n ab = n a n b ( l 0, b l 0)
: -
.
, l 0, b l 0 n a nb = n a n i n b = a n b. ,
:
n

a nb = a n b ,

:
a n b = n a nb .
8)

, 5 96 = 5 32 i 3 = 5 25 i 3 = 2 5 3.
n- :
a b
a > b,

a>nb .

. , n a m n b.

n- ( ) a m b. a > b. ,
n a > n b .

, , 21 > 16,
16 = 2, , 4 21 > 2.

21 > 4 16. -

n- 1
, n-
, .

n- , ,
(
) ab (a < 0, b < 0). ab > 0 2k ab
,
n
(1)
ab = n a n b
: a b. ab > 0 : ab = | ab | = | a || b |
| a | > 0 | b | > 0. , | a || b |
(1).
1

- .

170 2.

a < 0, b < 0 :
2k
ab = 2k a i b = 2k a i 2k b .
, a l 0, b l 0,
| a | = a | b | = b. ,
ab l 0

2k

ab = 2k a

i 2k

6.

a
b

l0

2k

a
b

2k

2k

, ,
a b, - b (
).
, a b
2k + 1

2k + 1
2k + 1
(2)
ab =
ai
b.
, -
a b

( b ) = ab.
ai
b)
=(
a)
(2k + 1)- (2).
2k + 1

2k + 1

2k + 1

2k + 1

2k + 1 2k + 1

2k +1

, 3 a15b = 3 a15 i 3 b = a5 3 b - a b.

a b. , , 6 a 2 = 3 a ( 2),
, a = 1 (
2
6
a) ( 1) = 3 1, 1 = 1 .
,

. , a2 = | a |2,
| a | l 0, , 2

( 7): 6 a 2 = 6 a = 3 a .
,

,
,

9.n-. y = n x 171

2kn

a 2km = n a

b (
), 19.
19

-
(

a l 0,
b,

b l 0

- b
( )

1.

( n a )n = a

2.

an = a

3.
n k

a = nk a

4.
n
ab = n a n b

n
a n b = n ab
5.
n

a
b

=n

a m = nk a mk

a mk = n a m

2k

2k

a
b

2k

2k

6.
:

nk

ab = 2k a

a
b

a 2k = a

2k

(b 0)

2k

,
(
)

nk mk
m

a a l 0,
n m
a =
nk
a mk a m < 0
nk

a mk = n a m

172 2.

. 19

-
(

a l 0,
b,

b l 0

- b

( )

7. -
n

a b =a b
n

8.

a n b = n a nb

a nb = a

n
n
a b , a l 0,
an b =
n
n
a b , a < 0,
b l 0

. , 19, - - .
, ( 4 a 2 = 8 a 4 ).
, , -

( 15 a 9 = 5 a 3 ).
, , -

3
6
, ( 5 (2) = 10 (2) .
,
n- ( ) ,
( ) ,
, ,
,
.

9.2. y = n x
4. y = n x (n N, n l 2) . , : 1)
; 2) ; 3) ; 4) -

9.n-. y = n x 173

; 5) ; 6) 1; 7) .
y = n x.
,
.
(n = 2k +1,
k N):
1.

. ( = 2k + 1,
k N)
-
, 2k + 1
x
y =
:
D(

2.

2k + 1

2k + 1

x =

1.

x,
2k + 1

y =
x
.

. ( = 2k, k N)

x l 0,

y = 2k x
:
D ( 2k x ) = [0; +).

x ) = R.

2k + 1

(n = 2k, k N):

2.

,
(

).

3.

= 0 = 0, y = n x
(
: = 0 n x = 0
= 0).

4.

y = n x . , 1 2 8, > , n x1 > n x2 ,
1
2
, . ,
. ,
y = n x , , l 0 ,
(. ).

.
1

174 2.

5.

y = n x (n N, n l 2),

n
(*)
x = a.

,
x ,
, (*)
- - = .
, 2k + 1
: E (
x ) = R.

2k + 1
y=
x .

, n x
( n x l 0 ), (*)
l 0.
l 0 = . ,
:
E ( 2k x ) = [0; +).

y = 2k x , = 0 = 0.

:
> 0 > 0 (2k + 1
x
y =

),
< 0 < 0 (

).

:
> 0 > 0
(
y = 2k x
).

6.

6.

, = 1 = 1, ,
y = n x (1; 1).
y = n x
(. 80) (. 81) .
y = 2k+1 x
1
y = 2k x

1
1

1
1

. 80

. 81

9.n-. y = n x 175

82 y = 3 x y = 5 x = .
, y = n x , = . , y = 3 x
= 3 (. 83)
, = 3 = .

y =x

y=

y= x

x
x

1
1

y= x
5

. 82

. 83

1.

1)

625;

2)

1)

625 = 5, 54 = 625.

2) 3
3)

1
27

32
243

( ) =
, ( ) =

1
3

= , 1
=

2
3

2.

2
3

1
;
27

32
.
243

1
;
27

3)

32
.
243

n- . n a = b ,
bn = a.

:
1)

27 125;

2)

2 4 8.

n- , , ,

176 2.

, . , 1
n ab = n a n b , 2 , , :
n
a n b = n ab ( a l 0, b l 0).

3
3
3
1) 27 125 = 27 125 = 3 5 = 15;
2)

2 4 8 = 4 2 8 = 4 16 = 2.

3.

:
1) 4 50 7; 2) 4 3

7 = 4 72 = 4 49. 50 > 49,
4 50 > 4 49, 4 50 > 7 ;
2) 4 3 = 12 33 = 12 27 , 3 3 = 12 34 = 12 81.

1)

27 < 81,

12

27 < 12 81,

3 < 3 3.

4.

3.

,
a b,
a > b, n a > n b .

, n- :
1)

1
5

2)

5 +1

3*)

1
a +1

1 ,

35 = 3, , -

5 34
. 2 5 1 0 ( ).
3
.

1
a +1

l 0 ( -

l 0). a 1.
, a 1 0,
1. = 1 ,
. , ,

1
a +1

a 1

a + 1)( a 1)

a 1
,
a 1

9.n-. y = n x 177

, = 1
. , ,
: (
)
( ),
, , i ,
.

1

1)

2)

5 +1

3
4

5
5

5 1

5 +1

)(

5 1

) (

3) A =

3
3

a +1

(
5

5 1

5 1

= 5 1.

. a = 1 A =
1

1 ( l 0) A =

a +1

1
2

= 1 A = ,

a 1
a +1

)(

a 1

1
1 +1

1
2

= .

a 1
.
a 1

( l 0) A =

a 1
a 1

( ).
:

5.

1)

1)

2)

a+

ab

b+

ab

(6 a)
6

( b)

b
6

3
6

= 6 a + 6 b.

a = x,

a l 0, b l 0.
3

( 6 a 6 b )( 6 a + 6 b )

b = y,

a = ( 6 a ) = x2
2

b = ( 6 b ) = y 2. ,
2

x y
xy

(x y) (x + y)
xy

= x + y = 6 a + 6 b.

a > 0 b > 0;

3*)

a+

ab

b+

ab

1 :
a l 0, b l 0, 6 a 6 b 0.
a b

(
, ).
a l 0, b l 0 : 3 a = ( 6 a ) 3 b = ( 6 b ) .
.
,
6 a = x; 6 b = y.
2

178 2.

2)

a+

ab

b+

ab

(
=
(

) +
2
b) +

a b
a b

a( a +

b(

b)

b)

a+

3) A =

a+

ab

b+

ab

a
.
b

a l 0,
( b + ab 0) :

b l 0
A=

a+

ab

b+

ab

a) +

b)

a( a +

+
b)

b( b +

a)

=
a
.
b

a m 0,
( b + ab 0) :

b m 0
a

(b) +

ab

b+

ab

( a ) +

( b ) +

(a) +

a+

A=

a ( a +

b (

a
b

a
b

a )

a
.
b

:
a
;
b

1)

a l 0 b > 0 A =

2)

a m 0 b < 0 ( ) A =

6*.

ab = a b, a = ( a ) , b = ( b ) .
3 : ab l 0, b + ab 0. ab l 0
a l 0,
a l 0,
a m 0,



b l 0
b m 0.
b l 0
( 2).
a m 0,

b m 0

ab = a b ,
a m 0 (a) l 0. 2

:
a = (a) = ( a ) .
b m 0 2

b )

2 a > 0
b > 0,
.

a
.
b

b = (b) = ( b ) .
, a m 0 b m 0 :
| a | = a | b | = b.
, , b = 0
.
2

a4 3 a2 .

, a , .
3 a 2 - a . 4 - a. ,
- a a 4 3 a 2 , -

9.n-. y = n x 179

a (: - a R),
.
, : 1) ,
;
2) 4 ,
.
, - a a2 l 0
a4 l 0 ( ,
). ,

2. ( a R).

a4 3 a2 = a4 i

43 2
a a =
6

a14 = 6 a

14

=3 a

=3 a

a2 = a2 6 a2 = a2 6 a

a12 i a 2 = 6 a14 = 6 a

a =3 a

6 3

a = a

23

14

=3 a

= a2 3 a .
7

=3 a

a =3 a

6 3

a = a

a = a2 3 a .

1. n- a. .
2. n- a. .
3. a

2k

2k + 1

a (k N)?

4. n-
.
5*. n-
.
6*. n-
( )? .
7. a :
1) x2k + 1 = a (k N); 2) x2k = a (k N).
8. :
1) x2k + 1 = a (k N);
2) x2k = a (k N):
) a > 0; ) a < 0; ) a = 0.
.

23

a =

180 2.

9. y = 2k x, k N, .
10. y = 2k + 1 x, k N,
.
11*. y = n x (n N, n l 2):
1) ;
2) .

1. :
1) 3 64 = 4;
2) 9 1 = 1;
4) 0 = 0;
2. :
25

1)

5)

8 ;

2)

4. 1)
5. 1)

9 27 ;

2)

16

2)

6. 1)

7. 1)

3
4

6)

1
;
16

3)

13

6)

2 500 ;

3)

729

3)

1 = 1.

1;
81.

24 9;

4)

48 81.

8 16 ;

4)

5 4 125.

625

4)

1024
6

7 11 ;

26 36 ;

3)

37 57 ;

4)

210 315 ;

2)

56 29 ;

3)

(0,1) 4 38 ;

4)

10

3)

23

4)

3)

x + 2;

4)

2)

2x 6 ;

5;

16

( ) 10 .
( ) 6 .
5

1
2

5x + 1;

1024 = 2;

13

2)

8. :
1) 9 0,1 0;
2) 11 1,3 1;
9. x :
1)

10

32 = 2;

4) 5 32;
5) 3 125;
(37).
3. 1) 3 8 1000 ;
2) 4 16 625; 3)
5

3)

1
3

30

20

3.

5
.
x

10. ,
n- :
1)

3
7

2)

7 1

3*)

a +3

4*)

x +

x +1

11. (a > 0, b > 0):

1)

a11b7 ;

2)

a7b13 ;

3)

27a5b14 ;

4)

128a 9b17 .

9.n-. y = n x 181

12*. :
1)

a 4b14 ;

2)

3)

a 9b 8 ;

64a12b7 ;

4)

a17b 9 .

13. (a > 0, b > 0):

2) b 4 ab ;

1) a 3 7 ;

3) ab 7 5;

4) ab2 6

a
b

11

14*. :
2) a 3 7 ab ;

1) a 4 7 ;

3) ab 6

2b
a

4) b 8 3b3 .

15. :
1)

a 8 a < 0;

2)

a5 a < 0;

3)

a 4 3 a 3 a > 0;

4)

a7 + 6 a 6 a < 0.

2)

ab3c

4)

a 3 3a 5 2a 2 .

16*. :
1)

2ab3

3)

a6 5 a4 ;

16a 3b5 ;

a5b 4c

b 5c 4 ;

17. :
1)

ab
3

3*)

3 ab ;
6

2)

ab 2 ab + b
3

a b

, a > 0, b > 0, a b;

4*)

ab

x
4

y
4

x + 4 xy

x 6 xy

y 6 xy

x+4y

18. :
1) x3 = 7;

2) x6 = 3;

3) x5 = 5;

4) x8 = 13;

5) x4 = 16;

6) x3 = 64.

19. :
1) y = 4 x;

2) y = 5 x;

3) y = 7 x;

5) y = 3 x ;

6) y = 3 x;

7) y = 4 x.

4) y = 6 x;

20. :
1)

x = 2 x;

2)

x = 6 x;

3)

x 2 = 4 x;

4)

x = x + 2.

, x .
21*. , , 20, , .

182 2.

9.3.
20
1.
y = f (x)
, y = g (x),
y = f (x):
a D (f),
f (a) = b, g (b) = a

E (f) = D (g); D (f) = E (g)

f (x) g (x)
2.

1)

y = x

2)

f (x) () ,

, , f (x)
, , f (x)

9.n-. y = n x 183

. 20

3.,
y = f(x)

1.

2.
3.

,
y = f (x) :
, y = f (x)
x.
, ( ) , (,
,
y = f (x) ).
y = f (x) x
y.

x, y.

,
y = 2x + 4.

y = 2x + 4
x y:
1
2

x = y 2.

, y, x.
x, y.
1
2

y = x 2, y = 2x + 4.

1. . ,
, v0, S = v0t. t =

S
.
v0

t (S) =

S
v0

S (t) = v0t. ,
t (t l 0) S , , S (S l 0) t.

.
f (x)
( ).
0 = b ( f (x)) 0 = a, , f (a) = b. g (x),
b f (x)
a, g (b) = a b f (x).
g (x) f (x),
f (x) g (x).

184 2.

,
E (f) D (g), D (f) E (g).
,
E (f) = D (g), D (f) = E (g).
2.

1. = .
, = f (x), : f (a) = b,
M
(a; b) y = f (x).
, g (b) = a, M1
(b; a)
y = g (x). M (a; b) M1 (b; a)
y = x (. 84).
, y = x . , y = x x
y, y x.
. 84
(, a > 0 b > 0) OAMD OA = a OD = b OA1M1D1 ,
OA1 = OA = a OD1 = OD = b. , y = x M (a; b) M1 (b; a)
( M1 M). , y = x
- M (a; b), y = f (x),
M1 (b; a), y = g (x),
- M1 (b; a), y = g (x),
M (a; b), y = f (x).
, y = x.
2. f (x) () , , , f (x) , , f (x)
.

, f (x) () ,
() (. 6
2.1), , g (x) -

9.n-. y = n x 185

. , g (x) , f (x) ,
.
1 2 f (x)
(1)
2 > 1.
f (1) = b1, f (2) = b2. f (x) ,
f (2) > f (1), b2 > b1. g (x)
b1 b2
g (b1) = 1, g (b2) = 2.
(2)
, g (x) ,
b2 > b1 g (b2) > g (b1) (
g (x) ), ,
g (b2) m g (b1). (2) a2 m a1, (1). , ,
g (x) , f (x) .
, , f (x) , g (x) .
3. ,
y = f (x). , , x
y. , y = f (x) x. , y f (x),
x = g (y), . y, x.
, , y = f (x).
20 .

1.

, y =

: 1.

y =

1
x 1

= 1, = + 1, x =

y +1
.
y

x, y
y=

x +1
,
x

1
.
x 1

( 1) ,
y =

1
x 1

x y ( 0
).

x=

y +1
y

186 2.

,
y, x.
, .
2.

, y = 2.

y = y l 0
x = y . y > 0
y
x. ,
x (; +)
y = x2 , .

3.

: y l 0. y > 0
y = x2 x y. , y = 4
x = 2.
y = 4
, .

, y = 2 x l 0.

y = y l 0
x = y . ,
2

x l 0, x = y .
x,
y ,
,
y = 2, x l 0,
y = x .

. 85

: y l 0. x l 0
y = 2 , ,
x l 0 .

2 = y : x l 0 x = y .

, y, x.
, .

. 2 3 (
),
. , y = 2
( 2) ,
y = 2 x l 0 ( 3)
(. 85).

9.n-. y = n x 187

1. y = f (x) ?
2.
y = f (x), :
x

f (x)

y = g (x) :
x
g (x)
3. , ? .
4. .
5. , y = x2, x m 0? ,
. , y = g (x).

1.

, y = g (x), .
g (x):
1) y = 3x 6;

2.

2
x

3) y = ;

1
x

4) y = ;

5) y = x .

, :
1) y = 2x;

3.

2) y = 3x 6;

2) y = x 2;

1
x

3) y = ; 4*) y =

1
;
x 1

5*) y = x +1.

, , ,
:
1
4

1
4

1) y = x 2 x l 0;

2) y = x 2 x m 0;

3) y = (x 2)2 x l 2;

4) y = x2 2 x m 0.

188 2.

10

10.1.
21

, ,
. ,
.

1.

, (
)
1

x 1 = 2.

3
3
( x 1) = 2 ,
1 = 8,
= 9.
: 9.
3

,
2
2x + 3 = x.

( 2x + 3 ) = x 2,
2 2 3 = 0, 1 = 1, 2 = 3.
. = 1 :
1 = 1
,
, = 1 .
= 3 : 9 = 3 , , = 3
.
: 3.
2.
2

,
( )
3

x 2 + 3 x = 2.

3
3
2
2

3 x = t. x = ( x ) = t .
2
2
: t + t = 2, t + t 2 = 0, t1 = 1, t2 = 2.
: 3 x = 1, = 1 3 x = 2, = 8.
: 1; 8.
2

10. 189

, . , x 2 = 5, 3 x + x = 2 .

. , (
).
,

, (
).
,

x +7 = 3

(1)

( 3 x + 7 ) = 33,

(2)
+ 7 = 27. = 20.
(1) (2), , = 3 = 3 ,
= t3 ( 86
) t. ,
(1) ( )
(2), , (2)
(1). ,
(1) (2) .
. 86
.

,
- , ,
. . , , .
3

190 2.

,
x =2x

x ) = (2 x)2.
2

(3)
(4)

, ( x ) = x, = 4 4 + 2, 2 5 +
+ 4 = 0. 1 = 1, 2 = 4.
. = 1 (3)
1 = 2 1, 1 = 1. , = 1 (3).
2

= 4 4 = 2 4; 2 2. ,
= 4 (3). = 1.
, 2 = 2
= = . , 2 = 2 = . , (4)
(3) ( (3)
(4), = 2 = 2).

1.

5x 1 = 4 x + 3,

5x 1 ) = ( 4 x + 3 ) ,
2

5x 1 = 16 8 x + 3 + x + 3,
8 x + 3 = 20 4x; 2 x + 3 = 5 x,

(2

x + 3 ) = (5 x)2,
4( + 3) = 25 10 + 2,
2 14 + 13 = 0, 1 = 1, 2 = 13.
2

. = 1
( 4 + 4 = 4, 4 = 4 ); = 13

16 + 64 4 ).

: 1.

x + 3 + 5x 1 = 4.

.



.
,
.

10. 191

2.

6x

( 6 x ),
( 6 x = t ).

t>0
(

6 x l 0
0),

.
t > 0,

.

6 x = t, t > 0.

8
t

t = 2.

t2 + 2t 8 = 0.
t1 = 2, t2 = 4.
t1 = 2

t > 0;
t2 = 4
t > 0.
:
6 x = 2,
6 = 4,
= 2.
: 2.

3*.

3 x 2 = u,
x 2 = u3,


2
x + 1 = v.
x + 1 = v .
u + v = 3,
3
2
u v = 3.

v = 3 u
.
u3 (3 u)2 = 3,
3
u (9 6u + u2) = 3,
u3 u2 + 6u 6 = 0,
2
u (u 1) + 6 (u 1) = 0,
(u 1) (u2 + 6) = 0.
, u2 + 6 0,
u = 1. v = 2.

6 x = 2.

x 2 + x + 1 = 3.

,

,
,
.
3
x 2 = u,

x + 1 = v

u + v = 3.
,

3
x 2 = u ,

2
x + 1 = v .
( )

192 2.

3 x 2 = 1,

x + 1 = 2.
= 3,

.
: 3.

u
v: u3 v2 = 3.

.
, ,
, ,
, .

, , : .
, ( )
(,
). , ,
-,
, .
4.

4 x + 4 y = 3,

x y = 3.

x =u

y = v -

u + v = 3,
2
2
u v = 3.
:
u = 3 v.

(3 v)2 v2 = 3.
v = 1, u = 2.
:
4
y = 1, , y = 1;
4

x = 2, , x = 16.

: (16; 1).

4 x = u 4 y = v,
x = u2 y = v 2.
, ,
.
, ,

4 x = 2,
x = 16,

4
y = 1.
y = 1,

10. 193

1. . .
2. ,
x 2 + 3 5 x 4 = 0, 3 x 6 x 2 = 0
.
.
3. ,
, .
4. , . ?
5

(16).
1. 1) x 2 = 1;
4)

x + 125 = 5;
2

5)

2.

1)

x + 1 = x 5; 2)

3.

1)

x 2 + 2x + 5 = 3;

2)

x 3 = 1 + x 4;

4)

3)
4.

3)

3x 2 + x = 4; 3)

2x 20 + x + 15 = 5;
x + 2 x 6 = 2.

2)

3 3 x + 10 = 2;

4)

x + 3 6 x = 4;

2)

x 2 + 2 4 x 2 = 3;

3) 3 4 x + 1 + 8 x + 1 = 4;

4)

x 2 1 + 4 x 2 1 = 2.

1)

x 1 = 3;

x x 3 = x; 4)

x 2x + 6 = x;

1)

2x 9 = 3.

3)
5.

x 1 = 3;

2)

x x 3 + 5 = x;
2 + x 2 + 3x 4 = 2.

6*. 1) 3 2 x = 1 x 1;
2) 3 2x + 3 3 2x + 1 = 2.
(78).
3
3
2 x + 3 y = 7,
3 x + y = 6,
2)
7. 1)
3
3
x y = 2;
3 x y = 5;
x + y = 3,
2 x y = 7,
3)
4)
2x y = 7;
x y = 4.
3 x + 3 y = 4,
4 x + y + 4 x y = 2,
8*. 1)
2)
x + y = 28;
x + y x y = 8;
x + 3y + 6 = 2,
x + y 1 = 1,
3)
4)
2x y + 2 = 1;
x y + 2 = 2y 2.

x 3 + x x = 0.

194 2.

10.2.

, .
22
1.

() ( x 3 + 2x 2 = 4 6 2x +18.
)
x 3 l 0,
x l 3,

, - :
6 2x l 0.
x m 3.
, : = 3.
.
. = 3
( 0 + 18 = 4 0 + 18; 18 = 18 ).
,
.
: 3.
2.

f (x) = g (x)
f (x) l a,

f ( x) = a,

g ( x) = a

g (x) m a
f (x) = g (x) ,
f (x) l a, g (x) m a,
,
f (x) g (x) .

x 2 5x + 6 = 4x x 2 4.
:
x 2 5x + 6 = (x 2 4x + 4),
x 2 5x + 6 = (x 2)2 ,

f (x) = x 2 5x + 6 l 0,
g (x) = ( 2)2 m 0.
,

x 2 5x + 6 = 0,

2
(x 2) = 0.

= 2,
.
: 2.

10. 195

. 22

3.

1.
2.

.
, ( ).

f (x) = a
f (x) ()
,

.

x + 2 3 x = 3

= 1 ( 1 + 2 i 3 1 = 3,
3 = 3), f (x) = x + 2 3 x
f (x) = x + 2 3 x (
l 0)

1.

2.

f (x) = g (x) f (x) , g (x)

( ),

.

x = 6 x = 4 ( 4 = 6 4, 2 = 2), f (x) = x ( l 0),

g (x) = 6

1.
. ,
, -,
. . -

196 2.

, x 3 + 2x 2 = 4 6 2x + 18, 1 22, , 4 6 2x
, ,
x 3, .
. ,
. , x 3 l 0,


6 2x l 0.
= 3, . -
, , , , . ,
= 3 . ,
= 3.
, , ( ),
, . ,
x 3 = 6 2 x + 5x,
x 3 l 0,
x l 3,


. , 2 x l 0,
x m 2,
,
.
2. . , ( ), , .
,
x + 4 x + 8 x + 1 = 1,
(1)
: x l 0 x + 4 x = 1 8 x + 1. f (x) = x + 4 x l 0
, g (x) =1 8 x + 1 m 0 ( x l 0 8 x + 1 l 1).
,
. , (1)
x + 4 x = 0,
f (x) = 0,

(2)

8
g (x) = 0,
1 x + 1 = 0.

10. 197

. ,
x l 0 4 x l 0.
, . ,
x = 0,
x + 4 x = 0
x = 0.
4
x = 0,
(2) (,
1 8 0 + 1 = 0, 0 = 0), , (2)
x = 0. , (1) x = 0.
3. . , , .
:
1) ;
2) , .
3.2 1, 22.

(14) (5),
.
1.

1)

x 2 1 + x 2 = 4 2 2x 2 + x + 2;

2) 2x + x 2 5x + 6 = x 2 + 8 10x 2x 2 12 3.
2.

1)
3)

16 + x 2 = 2 x 3 + x;
x+

1
x

2) 1 + x x = 6 1 x ;

= 1 x x2;

4)

x 2 +

1
4

x 2

=2 x 3 .

3.

1)

x 1 + 4 x 2 1 + 6 x 3 1 = 0;

2)

4.

1)

x 7 + 3 x = 3;

2)

x + 12 + 3 x 3 = 3;

3) 2 3 x 1 + x + 2 = 6 4 8x ;

4)

x+5x = .

3
3
x + x = y + y ,
1) 4
4
2 x y = 2;

x 3 3 y = y 3 3 x ,
2)
x + y = 4.

5.

x 2 +

y 5 + 4 xy 100 = 0.
2
x

10.3.

, ,
- ( 10.1), . ,

198 2.

, .
. ,
( 3.1), , ,
. :

, ,
, . ,

, .

1.

2x + 1 l 0,
:
x + 1 l 0.
1
2

: x l .
:
2x + 1 = 1 + x + 1,

2x + 1 ) = (1 + x + 1 ) ,
2

2x + 1 = 1 + 2 x + 1 + x + 1,
x 1 = 2 x + 1.
(1)
(1)
1l0
(2).
(1) :
( x 1) 2 = ( 2 x + 1 ) ,
2 2 + 1 = 4 ( + 1),
2 6 3 = 0.
x = 3 2 3.
2

2x + 1 x + 1 = 1.

.
,

,
.
( x + 1 )

,
, .

2x + 1 = 1 + x + 1
, ,
, ,
(1).
(1)
. ( 2 x + 1 l 0 ),
, 1 l 0 .

10. 199

x1 = 3 + 2 3
(2), ,

;
x2 = 3 2 3 ,
(2), ,
.
: 3 + 2 2.

2.

(2)
(1) , ,
a
.

, ,
,
(2).

1 6,4 2 0,4.
x + 3 4 x 1 + x 2 x 1 = x + 2.

x 1 = t , ,
, .
a 2 = a , ,
:
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) .

x 1 = t, t l 0. x 1 = t2; x = t2 + 1.

t 2 + 4 4t + t 2 + 1 2t = t 2 + 3,

: (t 2)2 + (t 1)2 = t 2 + 3.
| t 2 | + | t 1 | = t2 + 3.
(1)
1) (1): t R, t l 0.
2) : t = 2 t = 1.
3) t l 0
,
(. 87).
. 87
. t [0; 1]
(t 2) (t 1) = t2 + 3.
t2 + 2t = 0, t = 0 t = 2, [0; 1]
t = 0.

200 2.

I. t [1; 2]
(t 2) + (t 1) = t2 + 3, t2 = 2,
. , [1; 2] .
III. t [2; +)
(t 2) + (t 1) = t2 + 3, t2 2t + 6 = 0,
. , [2; +) .
, , (1)
t = 0.
, x 1 = 0, x = 1.
: 1.
3.
3

(x 6) 3 3 (x 6)(2x + 3) + 2 3 (2x + 3)2 = 0.

2

x = 6
,
2
3
( x 6 ) 0

133

2x + 3
x 6

+ 23

2x + 3
x 6

t = 3

= 0.

2x + 3
x 6

2t2 3t + 1 = 0,

1
2

t1 = 1, t2 = .

:
3

2x + 3
x 6

= 1

2x + 3
x 6

2x + 3
x 6

= 1

2x + 3
x 6

1
8

= ,

x = 9 x = 2.
: 9; 2.

1
2

= ,

x 6 = u,

2x + 3 = v
u2 3uv + 2v2 = 0,

1 .

.
, , u2
3

( 3 (x 6)2 .


, ,
,
,
= 6
( ,
).

,
u v: , ,
3 (x 6)2 ,
t.

0, .

11. 201

1. , ,
x 2 = x 6 .
2. .
.

1.

:
1) 3x 2 = 5 x;
2) 3 2x 1 x = 1;
3) 3x + 4 + x 4 = 2 x ;
4) x + 5 + x = 4x + 9.
(25).

2.

1)

3.

1)

4.

1)

5.

1)

11

x + 2 x 1 + x 2 x 1 = x + 1;

2) x 3 2 x 4 + x 4 x 4 = 1.

( x + 1)2 + 2 3 ( x 1)2 = 3 3 x 2 1;

2
2) x + x x + 1 2 (x + 1) = 0.

x 1 x 2 = 4 x 2 3x + 2;

2)

x x 1
5

x 1

5
5

x 1
x 1

= 16;

2)

2x + 3 3 2x + 1 = 2.
1
x+

1
x

1
3

= .

23

1. ( f (x)

1) .
2) f (x)
(f (x) = 0).
3)

,
.
4) ,

0)

x + 4 > x + 2.
x + 4 x 2 > 0.
f (x) = x + 4 x 2.
: + 4 l 0, l 4.
f (x): x + 4 x 2 = 0, x + 4 = x + 2,
+ 4 = 2 + 4 + 4, 2 + 3 = 0, 1 = 0
, 2 = 3 .

f (x) .

: [4; 0).

202 2.

. 23

2.
3 x + 2 < 1.
1)
- : R.
( ) - :
,
( 3 x + 2 )3 < (1)3 , + 2 < 1, < 3.
( )
: (; 3).
4 2x 6 < 1.
: 2 6 l 0, l 3.
2) - ,
, , ( ) - :

( 4 2x 6 )4 < 14 , 2 6 < 1, x < 7 .
2
(
,

) ,
7
(
3mx < .
2
)
7

: 3; .
2

3) x + 4 > x + 2.
- :
,
x + 2 l 0,
x + 4 l 0,
, ,

2
2
x + 2 < 0.
( x + 4 ) > (x + 2)
,
x l 2,
x l 4,

2
3
0
x
+
x
<
x < 2.

.
2 + 3 < 0, ,
g (x) l 0, 3 < < 0.
2k
f (x) > g (x)
2k
f (x) > g (x)
f (x) l 0,
g (x) l 0,
2k
l 2,
f (x) > g (x)

2k
g (x) < 0.
:
f (x) > g (x)
2 m < 0. :
f (x) l 0,
4 m < 2. ,

2k
f (x) < g (x) g (x) > 0,
.
f (x) < g 2k (x)
: [4; 0).

11. 203

1. .
4 1,
23.
2. .

, . .
1) , , A > B
A2k + 1 > B2k + 1 , .

f (x) > g (x)
(1)
( )

f2k + 1 (x) > g2k + 1 (x)
(2)
, , (2)
(1), (1) (2) . ,
( ) , ( ).
,
2k + 1

f (x) > g (x) f (x) > g 2k + 1 (x)

, A B (A l 0, B l 0),
A > B A2k > B2k ,
. , :
,
( ) , ( ).
,
2k
(3)
f (x) < g (x)
, f (x) l 0, , (3) ( 2k f (x) l 0 )
(3)
g (x) > 0.
(4)
(4), (3)
, 2k ,
2)

204 2.

: f (x) < g2k (x) (,

(4)). ,
2k

f (x) l 0,

f (x) < g (x) g (x) > 0,

2k
f (x) < g (x)

3)

2k
(5)
f (x) > g (x)
, f (x) l 0, : ) g (x) < 0; ) g (x) l 0.
) g (x) < 0 (5)
, f (x) l 0.
) g (x) l 0 (5) , 2k ,
:
f (x) > g2k (x).
(6)
, (6) f (x) l 0 ; , g (x) l 0
(6).
, , :
2k

g (x) l 0,
f (x) l 0,
f (x) > g (x)

2k
g (x) < 0
f (x) > g (x)

x + 3 x 1 > 2x 1.

f (x) > 0 .
f (x), . , .

x + 3 x 1 2x 1 > 0.
f (x) = x + 3 x 1 2x 1.
x l 3,
x + 3 l 0,

1. : x 1 l 0, x l 1, l 1.
2x 1 l 0.
x l 1 ,

1.

11. 205

2. f (x): x + 3 x 1 2x 1 = 0. :
2
2
x + 3 x 1 = 2x 1, ( x + 3 x 1 ) = ( 2x 1 ) ,
x + 3 2 x + 3 x 1 + x 1 = 2x 1, 2 x + 3 i x 1 = 3.
:
4 ( + 3) ( 1) = 9, 42 + 8 21 = 0,
3
2

x1 = = 1,5 , x2 =
3.

7
2

1,5 f (x)
(. 88).

: [1; 1,5).
2.

x +8
x

> x 2.

. 88

I ( )

f (x) > 0
. ,
,

x +8
l0
x

(: 0;

x +8
x

=0

= 2).
f (x) .
f (x) , . f (x) , .

x +8
x

f (x) =
1.

2.

x +8
x

x + 2 > 0.

x + 2.

x3 + 8
l 0,

: x

x 0.
(. 89).
: (; 2] (0; +).
f (x):

(1)

x +8
x

x +8
l0
x

x + 2 = 0. :

. 89

206 2.
3

x +8
x

= x 2,

x +8
x

= x 2 4x + 4, 3 + 8 = 3 42 + 4,

42 4 + 8 = 0 (D < 0).
3. (1)
, f (x) , 90.
: (; 2] (0; +).

. 90

( )

:
2k

g (x) l 0,
f (x) l 0,
f (x) > g (x)

2k
g (x) < 0.
f (x) > g (x)

x +8
l 0,
x

, .
, , .

x l 2,
x3 + 8
x 2 l 0,
l 0,

x3 + 8
x
> x 2 x3 + 8
2
2
x > x 4x + 4,
x 2 < 0
x > (x 2) ,
x 3 + 8 l 0
x 3 + 8 m 0,
x l 2,
x3 + 8
l 0,

4x 2 4x + 8
x
x < 0,
x > 0,
>
0
,

x < 2,
x < 2
x < 2.
x

x +8
x

, 42 4 + 8 > 0 (D < 0
= 4 > 0), ,
x l 2,
x m 2,
x l 2,

:
x > 0, x < 0,
x
>
0

x < 2,
x < 2

l 2 0 < x < 2, m 2 m 2 > 0.

: (; 2] (0; +).
. , () , :
.

11. 207

3.

3x + 9 4 3x + 5 + 3x + 14 6 3x + 5 m 1.

(1)

3x + 5 = t , ,
, .

a 2 = a , ,

:
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) .

3x + 5 = t, t l 0. 3x + 5 = t2, 3x = t2 5.

t 2 + 4 4t + t 2 + 9 6t m 1, :

(t 2)2 + (t 3)2 m 1.
| t 2 | + | t 3 | m 1.
(2)
1. (2): t R, t l 0.
2. : t = 2 t = 3.
3. t l 0
,
(. 91).
. 91
. t [0; 2]
(t 2) (t 3) m 1, t l 2, [0; 2]
t = 2.
I. t [2; 3] (t 2) (t 3) m 1,
0t m 0, - t. , [2; 3]
t (2 m t m 3).
III. t [3; +) (t 2) + (t 3) m 1,
t m 3, [3; +) t = 3.
, ,
(2) t , 2 m t m 3.
, 2 m 3x + 5 m 3,
4 m 3x + 5 m 9.

208 2.
1
3

4
3

m x m .
1 4
: ; .
3 3

1. .
2. .
3. :
1) 2k + 1 f (x) > g (x) f (x) > g 2k + 1 (x);
f (x) l 0,

2k
f
(
x
)
<
g
(
x
)

2)
g (x) > 0,
f (x) < g 2k (x);

f (x) l 0,
g (x) l 0,
3) 2k f (x) > g (x)

2k
g (x) < 0.
f (x) > g (x)

(18).
x 2 3x 18 < 4 x;

1.

1)

2.

1) ( x 3 ) x 2 + 4 m x 2 9;

3.

1)

6+xx
2x + 5

4.

1)

5.

1)

6.

1)

2)

(
2) (

8*. 1)

2
2
2) ( x 1) x + 1 m x 1.
2

x 2 + 2x + 5 l 3;

2)

2x 20 + x + 15 l 5.

14

2)

x
3

l x + 5;

x + 27
x

> x 3;

2)

x 2

x 6

3 2x x
2x + 1

3 2x x
x+8

6+xx
x+4

x 2 3x < 5 x.

2)

7*. 1)

2)

> 0.

x 4 2x 2 + 1 > 1 x.

5x + 8 6 5x 1 + 5x + 24 10 5x 1 m 2;
x + 3 4 x 1 + x + 8 6 x 1 > 1.

)
5x + 6 + 2)

1
x
1

x 2 4x + 3 + 1

x+

x2

( 8x 2x 6 + 1)m 0;
( 10x 2x 12 + 2) l 0.
2

12.., 209

.
,
12.1.

12

24

1.
R, n N (n l 2)

i a i ... i a
an = a

a1 = a

a0 = 1

a0

1
a

a 0, n N

2.
1

a n = n am

al0

an = n a

a > 0, n N (n l 2), m Z

3.
am

()=
( ) =( )

an = am + n

a
b

am : an = am n
(a m ) n = a mn

a
b

(ab) n = a nb n

b
a

1. .
.
n , 1, - a a n = a i a i ... i a , an n

, a.
n = 1 , a1 = a .
a 0, a 0 = 1 a n =

1
a

, n .

, (5)3 = (5)(5)(5) = 125, 23 =

1
2

1
8

= .

:
am

an = am + n; am : an = am n; (am ) n = amn; (ab) n = anb n;

()=
a
b

210 2.

()
a
b

()
a
b

1
an
bn

( ).
b
a

37 ; 60,2; 5 3 . .,
.
,
, .
, , (ap)q = apq,

( )

m n

a n

mi

=an

= a m.
m

n , a n
n am. .
a > 0 r =

m
,
n

, n (n > 1),
, r > 0

am .

0r = 0 .
, :
2

37 = 7 32 = 7 9;

5 3 = 3 5;

3
4

1
8

= 4 23 = 4 ;

0 5 = 0.

. a n
( n > 1) a < 0.
, r
: r =

m
n

mk
,
nk

k - .

> 0,
m

mk

, : a r = a n = n a m = nk a mk = a nk .
, > 0 r r.
1
3

2
6

< 0 . , r = = ,
1

a 3 = a 6 . = 1 :
1

2
6
6
a 3 = ( 1) 3 = 3 1 = 1; a 6 = ( 1) 6 = ( 1) = 1 = 1 1,
1

: a 3 a 6 . a n ( ,
, 1) .
, ( ,
).

12.., 211

- r s -
b :
1)
aras = ar + s;
2)
ar : as = ar s;
3)
(ar)s = ars;
4)
(ab)r = arbr;

()=
a
b

5)

cc
9
- .

r =

m
n

p
q

s = , q ( 1),

.
> 0 i b > 0 :
1) a r

as = n am

2) a r : a s =

3) ( a ) = ( a
r s

=
m

ap =

= a

nq
nq
ms

nq

a mq

mq

nq

= nq

np

ms

mq

np

=a n =an

np

nq

nq

a mq + np = a

a mq np = a

mq + np
nq

mq np
nq

= a r + s;

= a r s;

= a rs;
m

4) ( ab )r = ( ab ) n = n ( ab )m = n a mb m = n a m n b m = a n b n = a r b r ;
5)

( ) =( )
a
b

a
b

m
n

()
a
b

=n

n
n

a
b

m
m

an
m
bn

. , a ,
a > 1. , , 2 3 .
3 3 = 1,7320508075... . 3 :
1 < 3 < 2;
1,7 < 3 < 1,8;
1,73 < 3 < 1,74;
1,732 < 3 < 1,733;
1,7320 < 3 < 1,7321;
1,73205 < 3 < 1,73206;
1,732050 < 3 < 1,732051;
...

212 2.

, r < 3 < s ( r s ),
2 3 2r 2s,
: 2r < 2 3 < 2s .
2r 2s, r s 3 . :
21 < 2 3 < 22 ;
21,7 3,2490096 < 2

< 21,8 3,4822022;

21,73 3,3172782 < 2

< 21,74 3,3403517;

21,732 3,3218801 < 2

< 21,733 3,3241834;

21,7320 3,3218801 < 2

< 21,7321 3,3221104;

21,73205 3,3219952 < 2

< 21,73206 3,3220182;

21,732050 3,3219952 < 2 3 < 21,732051 3,3219975;

...
r
s
, 2 2
3,32199... . 2 3 . , 2 3 = 3,32199....
2 3 , , : 2 3 3,321997.
, , r,
, s, , - a > 1 , , y,
ar as. y a.

0 < a < 1, , r < < s 0 < a < 1, ,
as < a < ar. , ,
, 1 = 1 - 0 = 0 > 0.

:

1.

1)

75 ;

1)

75 = 7 3 ;

2)

53 = 5 4 ;

2)

53 ;

3)

a 2 l 0;

4*)

a2 .

> 0
n

am = a n .

(1)

12.., 213

l 0

3)

4)

a 7
= 0.
4 a < 0
(1). , 2 = | a |2,
| a | (1)
, | a | l 0.

a2 = 7 a

3 ,

a2 = a 7 ;

= a 7.

3
4

3*)

2
7

2
7

= 7 128 2 = ( 7 128 ) = 22 = ; a n = n a m , > 0,

4
2
3 ,
1
7
7
2
2
(
)
= 128 = 128 = 2 = ;
m
4
a n < 0.
1
( 8 ) 3 , -

2) 128

1) 81 = 4 813 = ( 4 81 ) = 33 = 27;

128

: 1) 814 ; 2) 128 7 ; 3*) ( 8 ) 3 .

2.

a 3
l 0.
:

3.

ab

1)

1
a2

1
b2

2*)

x + 27
2
x3

1)

1
a2

2*)

1
b2

(a

(a ) (b )
=

1
2

b2
1
a2

)(

1
3x 3

(x
=

1
3

=
+9

+3

1
1
a2 b2
1
1
a2 + b2

1
b2

x + 27
2
x3

1 2
2

1 2
2

ab

)( x

2
3

(x )

2
x3

3x 3 + 9
1

+3

1
3x 3

x 3 3x 3 + 9

) =a

1 3
3

3x 3 + 9

1
2

+ b2;
=

+9

) =x

1
3

+ 3.

a 2 , b 2 , x 3 , l 0,
b l 0, l 0. 1 b

( )

1 2

( )

1 2

: a = a 2 , b = b 2 : 2 2 = ( ) ( + ),
2 -

( )

1 3

: x = x 3
:
3 + b3 = ( + b) (2 b + b2).

214 2.

4.

1)

x 2 = 1;

2*) x 3 = 1.

1)

x 2 = 1. : R,
2 = 1,
= 1.
: 1.

2*) x 3 = 1. : l 0,
2 = 1,
= 1.
,
= 1.
: 1.

3 x 2 = 1 2

, x 3 = 1
l 0.
,
.
, , .
( 1 ,

( 3 x2 )

(x )

2 3
3

2i

= x 2, 2

= x 3 = x 2.)

1. . .
2. . .
0 n, n N?
3. r = m ,
n

, , 1.
.
m

a n ? a 5 a 5 .
4. . .
5*. .
6*. , .

12.., 215

1. :
1

2.

1)

2)

35 ;

4) 9 a 2 a > 0;
3. :

5)

3)

2b b l 0;

6*)

( ) 25 81 125

7) ( ) 7 ( ) 2
5)

1
4

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
3

6) 3 5.

64 4 8
2) 8 ;
3

4) 05?

4) (x + 3) 7 ;
5) (2 1)0;
:
1) 2430,4;

c4 .

3) (x 1) 3 ;

2) 3;
3

27 3 9
4)
;
1256

3) 16 4 ;
6)

()
1
4

1
2

16 2 21

( )
1
25

1
2

8 3;

: 49 2.
:

1
25

6.

11

1) ( 3 ) 2 ;
2) (5)2;
3) 4 7 ;
:
1) x 5 ;

5.

7 9 ;

4;

4.

5) 21,5;
1) 2 2 ;
2) 3 5 ;
3) 50,25;
4) 4 7 ;
6) 7 3.
:

1
2

1) (ax) 3 + (ay) 3 ;
7. :
1

1)

1
8

1
3

2) a a 2 ;

a2 + b2
;
ab

2)

p2 5
;
p 25

3)

(89).

(
3) ( x

) 2c ;
+ 1) ( x 1) ( x
1 2

9. 1)

1
4

1
x2

4
;
x 16

1
4

1
2

2)

1
a3

1
b3

3
d2

1 2

)(

m+n

4)

)(

2
m3

+ 2x 2 y 2 ;
1

2) x 7 = 2;

m 3n 3 + n 3

4) k 4 + l 4 k 8 + l 8 k 8 l 8 .
;

3)

z8
2
z3

1
+ 2z 3

4)

+4

a+b
2
a3

1 1

3) x 5 = 2;

4)

a 3b 3 + b 3

10. :
1) x 5 = 1;

2) x 2 y 2

+1 ;
ab

3
c2

4) a + b 2 + a 2 + a 2 b 2 .

c + c 2d 2 + d

1
2

8. 1) 1 + c 2

3) 3 + 3 2 ;

x 2 = 2.

216 2.

12.2. ,
. = , - ,
.

1. = ,
y = x4

y = x2

y = x 2n,
nN

2. = ,
y = x3

y = x 2n+1,
nN

y = x1

3. = ,
y = x 1 =

1
x

y = x 3 =

1
x3

y = x ( 2n 1) =

1
,
x 2n 1

n N

12.., 217

25
( = 0)
= 0,
y = x = x0 = 1 ( 0).

= ( 0)

D (y)

E (y)

(; 0],
[0; +)

(; 0)
(0; +)

(y = x , n N)
2n

[0; +)

( = = 2n + 1, N)

(y = x (2n 1) =

1
x

2n 1

, n N)

218 2.

4. = ,
y = x 2 =

1
x2

1
x4

y = x 4 =

y = x 2n =

x2n

, nN

5. = ,
1

y = x2

y = x2

= ( > 0, i)

0< < 1

>1

6. = ,
y=x

1
2

y=x

3
2

y = ( < 0, i)

12.., 219

. 25

= ( 0)

D (y)
(y = x 2n =

E (y)
1
x

2n

(; 0),

(0; +)

, n N)

(0; +)

[0; +)

[0; +)

(0; +)

(0; +)

220 2.

= ,
- .

79 . , , = 1 = , = 2, = 3.
= .
, , 9: 1) ;
2) ; 3) ; 4)
; 5) ; 6) ; 7) .
1. y = x ( ). , = 2n, N, ,
= 2.
, = 2n: D (y) = R, - .
: f () = 2n, f () = ()2n = 2n = f (). ,
= 2n .
= 0 = 0, y = x2n
.
[0; +) .
, x2 > x1 (x1 l 0, x2 l 0) 2n
2n
x2 > x1 , , 9 ,
( )
.
(; 0] .
, x1 x2 (x1 m 0, x2 m 0), x2 > x1,
x2 < x1 ( x1 l 0, x2 l 0). (x2)2n < (x1)2n, ,
x22n < x12n , f (x2) < f (x1).
= 2n, N,
x2n = a. l 0 ( x = 2n a ) . . , : l 0, () = [0; +).
, x l 0.
(y = 0 x = 0).
.
, x = 1 y = 12n = 1.
= 2n, N,
(. 92).

12.., 221

2. y = x ( ).
( = 2n 1, n N), y = 2n 1,
N, y = x3.
, y = 2n 1, N: D (y) = R,
- .
: f () = 2n 1, f () = ()2n 1 = 2n 1 =
= f (). , .
= 0 = 0, = 2n 1 .
.
, x2 > x1 x22n 1 > x12n 1,
( ) .
= 2n 1, N,
2n 1 = a. a R ( n = 1 2n 1
x = a, n 1, N, x =
a ). , : y R, () = R = (; +).
.
: x > 0 y = x2n 1 > 0,
x < 0 y = x2n 1 < 0.
, x = 1 y = 12n 1 = 1.
, y = x1 = x
, a (. 93),
y = x2n + 1, N, , = 3 (. 94).
3. y = x ( ).
, y = x(2n 1), N, ,
1
x

y = .
y = x 2n,
nN

y = x1
y = x 2n +1,
nN

y = x3

. 92

. 93

. 94

222 2.

, y = x (2n 1) =

1
x

2n 1

: 0,

D (y) = (; 0) (0; +), - , x = 0.

: 0, f (x) = x(2n 1),
f () = ()(2n 1) = (2n 1) = f ().
, .
1
, 0 y 0 y = x (2n 1) = 2n 1 0 , ,
x
y = x(2n 1) .
(0; +) .
, x2 > x1 (x1 > 0, x2 > 0)

x22n 1 > x12n 1,

1
2n 1
x2

<

1
2n 1
x1

, , x2(2n 1) < x1(2n 1).

(; 0) . ,
.
: x1 < 0, x2 < 0
x2 > x1, x2 < x1 ( x1 > 0, x2 > 0). (x2)(2n 1) > (x1)(2n 1), , x2(2n 1) > x1(2n 1).
x2(2n 1) < x1(2n 1).
y = x(2n 1), N,
1
x(2n 1) = a, 2n1 = a.
x
1
1
0 ( x = 2n 1
n 1 x =
n = 1)
a
a
. . , : 0, () =(; 0) (0; +).

.
:
x > 0 y = x(2n 1) > 0,
y = x (2n1) = 21n 1 ,

x < 0
x
y = x(2n 1) < 0.
n N
, x = 1
y = 1(2n 1) = 1.

y = x(2n 1), N,
(. 95).
. 95

4. y = x (
). -

12.., 223

, y = x2n, N, , y =

1
x

, y = x 2n =

1
x

2n

: 0,

D (y) = (; 0) (0; +), - , x = 0.

: 0, f (x) = x2n, f () = ()2n = 2n =
= f (). , Oy.
0 y = x 2n =

1
x

2n

> 0,

= 2n .
(0; +) .
, x2 > x1 (x1 > 0, x2 > 0)
x22n > x12n,

1
2n

x2

<

1
2n

x1

, , x22n < x12n.

(; 0) .
, Oy.
: x1 < 0, x2 < 0
x2 > x1, x2 < x1 ( x1 > 0, x2 > 0). (x2)2n > (x1)2n, , x22n < x12n.
y = 2n, N, -

2n = a,

1
x

2n

= a. a > 0

. , : y > 0,
() = (0; +).
.
, x = 1 y = 12n = 1.
y = x2n, N, (. 96).

( x = 2n

1
a

5. y = x ( ). ,
y = x ( > 0, )
l 0: D (y) = [0; +),
.

0,
, .

y = x 2n =

x2n

, n N

. 96

224 2.

= 0 = 0, = x ( > 0)
.
x > 0 y = x > 0.
, y = x
( > 0) .
y = x, 1

x = a. l 0 ( x = a
. .
, : l 0, () = [0; +).
, x = 1 y = 1 = 1.
y = x ( > 0, ), , 0 < < 1 , y = x
(. 97)1, > 1 y = x2 (. 98).
6. y = x ( ).
, y = x ( < 0, ) x > 0 (D (y) = (0; +)),
.
0,
, .
, x > 0 y = x > 0 ( 0 0),
, y = x ( < 0) .
(0; +) ,
x2 > x1 (x1 > 0, x2 > 0) x2 < x1.
, , ,

( =

m
n

, m N, N).

x2 > x1 (x1 > 0, x2 > 0), y = x , x2m < x1m.

, , y = n t t

, n x2m < n x1m , x2 n < x1 n .

, , , y = x ( x > 0).
y = x, 1

x = a. > 0 ( x = a
. .
, : > 0, () = (0; +).
, x = 1 y = 1 = 1.
1

11 .

12.., 225

= ( > 1,
i)

y = ( < 0,
i)

=
(0 < < 1)

. 97

. 98

. 99

. 100

y = x ( < 0),
(. 99).
. = 0, y = x = x0 = 1 0
(, 00 ) y = 1
(0; 1) (. 100).

1.

:
1

1) y = ( x 3 ) 3 ;

2) y = ( x + 1) 2 .

1)
2)

3 l 0, l 3, ,
D (y) = [3; +).
x + 1 > 0, x > 1, ,
D (y) = (1; +).

2.

1
2

2) y = (x + 2) 3 .

2)

a l 0, a
a > 0.

1) = 5 + 1;
1)

, a 3 -

=
(. 101, ),
y +1 (. 101, ).

y = x3
(. 102, )
x
2 (. 102, ).

:
1

1) = 5, 2) y = x 3
:
1) +1 y;
2) 2 x.

226 2.

y = x3

y = (x + 2) 3

. 101

. 102

1. ,
= x, : 1) ;
2) ; 3) ;
4) ; 5) ;
6) .
2*. ,
1.

1.

:
1) = 7;

2.

3) y = (x 1) 2 ;

2) = 3;
5

4) y = x 7 ;
5) y = (x 2 x) 3 ;
:
1) y = x4; 2) = 7;

3) = 3;

4) = 4;

6) y = (x 2 x + 1) 2 .
1

5) y = x 4 ;

3.

6) y = x 4 ; 7) y = (x + 1)4; 8*) y = x 5 3; 9*) y = x 3 ; 10*) y = | x5 1 |.

:

4.

1) y = 3 x y = x 3 ;
:

2) y = 4 x y = x 4 .
5

1) x 2 = 6 x;
2) x 3 = x 2 ;
3) x 2 = 2 x;
4) x 4 = 2x 1.
, x .
5*. , , 4, , .

 13. 227

13

,
,
( 6): -
, , , .
, ,
,
.

,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
x 2 = a.

,
,
:
1) a < 0 , 2) a l 0
x2 = a
(. ).
a l 0
a<0
aO0
,
x 2 = a2
. ,

= 2 + 2
, .

, ,
x 2 = a2 l 0.

1) a < 0 .
2) a l 0 x 2 = a2. = 2 + 2.
1.

: 1) a < 0, ;
2) a l 0, = 2 + 2.

228

2.

2.

x + a = 3 x 1.

(1)

(1):
3 x 1 l 0.

(2)

(1)
:
x + a = (3 x 1 ) ,
x + a = 9 6 x 1 + x 1,
2

x 1 =

(3)

8a
.
6

(4)

(4):
8a
6

l 0.

(5)

(4)

x 1 =
, x =

( ).
8a
6

(6)

( ) + 1.
2

8a
6

(2) (5):
3 x 1 = 3

8a
6

( )

8a
.
6

8a
6

(5)

=3
8a
6

8a
6

l 0,

, (2) (5)

3 8 a l 0,

8 a l 0,
6

a l 10,
10 m a m 8.

a m 8,

x + a + x 1 = 3.

.
:
(7)
x + a l 0,

(8)
x 1 l 0.



(1).
(1)

. ,
,
.
(1)
, ,
(2).

(1) , ,

a
(3) (
(4)).
(3)
, ,
:
x + a l 0. (7)


.

(4) ,
,
.
(4)
, ,
(5).
(4) ,

1
26 ,
.

 13. 229

:
1) 10 m a m 8 x =

( ) + 1;
8a
6

2) a < 10 a > 8 .

3.

l0
(1)

:
a + a + x = x 2,
(2)
a + x = x 2 a.
(3)
(3)
2 l 0.
(4)
(3)
:
+ = (2 )2,
(5)
+ = 4 22 + 2.
(6)
(6)
:
2 (22 + 1) + 4 = 0.
D = (2x2 + 1)2 4 (x4 x) =
= 4x2 + 4x + 1 = (2x + 1)2.
a =

(2x + 1) (2x + 1)
.
2

, a = x2 + x + 1 a = x2 x.

x2 a + x + 1 = 0
(7)

x2 a = x.
(8)
(1) (4),
, (x2 a) + x + 1 l 1,
, (7) .

(6).
(6)
, ,
:
x 1 l 0. (8)

,
.
a + a + x = x.

2,
a + a + x l 0,


a + x l 0

(2) (5) (
), ,
.


( (2)(3)(5)(6))
,
2.
(6) (

x),
,

, :
(
).

a (
,


, ).

230

2.

(8)
(1) (x l 0),
(4)
(x2 a l 0).
(8)
x2 x a = 0.

,

(. . 120).

,
1
4

x1 =

1 1 + 4a
=
.
2

x2 =

D = 1 + 4a l 0, a l .
x1 =

1+

1 + 4a
,
2

x2

x1 x l 0 ,
, x1
1
4

a l .
x l 0 x2:
1 1 + 4a
2

2
1 1 + 4a
2

,
> 0
(1),
1
4

1 + 4a m 1,

l 0,

1 + 1 + 4a

m a m 0 (1 2),

1
4

0 m 1+ 4a m 1, m a m 0.

a <

1
4

1
4

: 1) m a m 0
x1 =

1+

1 + 4a
,
2

2) a > 0 x =
3) a <

1
4

4.

1+

x2 =

1 1 + 4a
;
2

1 + 4a
;
2

.
x + 4a > 5 ax .

ax l 0,

x + 4a > 0,
(x + 4a)2 > 25ax.

(1)

.
(ax l 0) ,
, ,

 13. 231

a = 0
0 i x l 0,

x > 0.
x > 0,
x 2 > 0,

a > 0
x l 0,

(2)
x > 4a,
x 2 17ax + 16a 2 > 0.

x2 17ax + 16a2 > 0.
x2 17ax + 16a2 = 0
x = a x = 16a, a > 0
x < a x > 16a.
(2) :
0 m x < a x > 16a.

(x + 4a > 0). ( )

, ,
a
.
(1).

ax l 0
: a = 0 ( );
a > 0 (
);
a < 0 ( ).
a > 0 4a < 0,

(2)
x l 0,
x2 17ax + 16a2 > 0
:

a < 0
x m 0,

(3)
x > 4a,
x 2 17ax + 16a 2 > 0.

(3) ,
a < 0

.
: a = 0 x > 0;
a > 0 x [0; a) (16a; +);
a < 0 .

a < 0 4a > 0,
(3)
, ,
(3) .

x a > x +1.

:
g (x) l 0,
f (x) l 0,
2k
f (x) > g (x)

2k
g (x) < 0.
f (x) > g (x)

5.

a , ,
( xa).

232

2.

,
, x
, .
a a = const
( a l

3
4

), .

(1) (2), ,
.

:
x a l 0,
x + 1 l 0,

2
x + 1 < 0.
x a > (x + 1)

x l 1,
(1)

2
a < x x 1

a m x,
(2)

x < 1.
(1) (2)
xa ( . 103, , ).

1
a

. 103

, : a l
3
4

3
4

); 1 m aa l
< , a = const

 13. 233

.
= 2 1.
. 2 + + + 1 = 0
:
1
2

1
4

x=
1
2

, x = +

3
4

a 1.

1
2

1
2

a > , x = +
1
2

, x =

3
4

3
4

a .

:
1
2

a < 1,

3
4

1
2

a <x< +

3
4

a;

a = const

. = 1,
1
2

3
4

, 1 m x < + a.
= ,
= 1, a m x < 1.
:
1
3
a m x < + a.
2

: 1) a l 3 ;
4

3
4

1
2

2) 1 m a <

3
4

3) a < 1

a m x < + a.

1
2

a <x< +

3
4

a;

3
4

, ,

(. 16).
6.

k,
x + 2k x + 1 k + 3 = 0.

x + 1 = t, t l 0 (
x = t2 1).
t2 + 2kt k + 2 = 0.
(1)

,

,

234

2.

, (1)

(t l 0).
t = 0 .
t = 0 (1) k = 2.
, k = 2 (1)
t = 0.
x = 1, k = 2
.
f (t) = t2 + 2kt k + 2.
(1)

:
1)


f (0) < 0;
2)

:
f (0) > 0,

(2)
D l 0,
t > 0.
0
f (0) < 0 :
k + 2 < 0,
k > 2.
(2) :
k + 2 > 0,
2
4k 4 (k + 2) l 0,
k > 0.

k < 2,
k < 2,
2

k + k 2 l 0, k m 2 k l 1,
k < 0.
k < 0.

, k m 2.
: k m 2 k l 2.

.

( ),
,
,

.
,

, (1)
:
k,

(

).
:
(1) (

(1) t = 0),
(1)
,
.

f (t) = t2 + 2kt
k + 2,

(
. 16).

k2 + k 2 l 0,

.

235

. ,

(
, 2),
,

.

1.

2.

:
2)
1) x a = 2;

x + 2a = a;

4) a a + x = x.
:
( x 1) a x
1)
l 0;
2) x + 2a > 3ax + 4a 2 ;
2x

4)
3.
4.

6.

x + 6 m = x 3;

3)

4x + a > x;

a 2 x 2 > 2 x.

5)

a, 3 x + 2 = 2x + a
.
a,

(
5.

x a l 2x + 1;

3)

x a) x

4
x

) = 0 .

a, 2 ax + 2 = x
.
y = a + x ,


2x + y 1 = 0
a.

2
1.

:
1)

2.

2
3+

2)

:
1)

5 2,5 )

3)

2 1,5 )

(1,5

((1

5 ) 1;
3

2)

3 2

+ 0,75;

3)

2)
4)

15

(5

3+

4)

50

) (5

75 5 2
2 6

20

2 5+

24

24 )

3
7+

(11 + 2 30 ).

236

2.

(35).
a+2
3. 1)
2a
3)

a
2a + 2

x +1
1+

x +x x
2

2a

a 2
;
a+2

a
2)

1
(
4 3
4 3

k +1
k + k
4. 1) k
; 2)

k +1
k 1

4
3
3
4
x y
x

( 4 x + 4 y ) 4 + 1 ;
3)
y

x y

5.

x 1

1)

x + x2 + 1

0,5

+1

1,5

6.

1)

7.

8.

9.

1)

x 2 7x + 10 ) = 2x 2 9x + 7;
2

(x + 1)(2x + 3) = x + 3;

3)

c
2

a+

b
1

ab

2

) (2
2

4)

b +

c +1

a b

c 1

:
b

a+

32 b b
a+

a b
4

ab

1 1
2) a 2 b 2 ab1 1

a + a 2b 2

2
2
2
; 4) 1 c 2x + c c
2
1
1
1
1

2 2 c

c c
c2 c 2

1 + x + 1) ( 1 + x + 2x 5 ) = x; 2)

2x 2 + 3x + 2x 2 3x 5 = 6x + 5;
x 2 7x + 1 = 2x 2 15x + 8 .

1)

5x + 7 3x + 1 = x + 3;

2)

2x + 3 + 3x 1 = 5x + 2;

3)

x + 3 4 x 1 + x + 8 6 x 1 = 1;

4)

x + 11 6 x + 2 + x + 18 8 x + 2 = 1.

10. 1)
3)

2x 8 + 3 x 8 = 2;

2)

8x + 4 + 3 8x 4 = 2;

x + 3 + 3 5 x = 2;

4)

2 x = 1 x 1.

x + 3 x 16 = 3 x 8 ;

2)

x 1 + 3 x 2 3 2x 3 = 0;

2 x 2 = x 1;

4)

x 6 + 10x + 5 = 2.

(1112).
x + y = 1,
11. 1)
x y + 2 = 2y 2;

x + 1 2x + 3 = x + 3.

4)

3)

2) x 2 + x 2 1 ( x + x 2 1 ) = 0;
4)

x + 3y + 1 = 2,
2)
2x y + 2 = 7y 6;

1 + 22

x 2 + 3x 4 = 2x + 2;

(ab) 4 b 2
:
;

ab

3)

1)

c +1

ab
4

a+ b
ab

a +
4

c 1

ab

;
0,5

1 1

3 3
2x + x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
xy
3)
1 1
1 1

3x
x x2y2 x2 + y2
(610):

4)

a +b b

3)

7
x 7
5
x 7

5 + 4 = 31 ,
x9
y + 9 20
4)
3 + 2 = 7.
x 9
y + 9 20
xy
x + y 10
+
= ,

3
xy
2) x + y
xy 2x 2y = 2;

5
3

= ,

y+6

y+6

237

13
;
6

x+y
2x 1
+4
= 5,
12. 1) 2x 1
x+y
x = y + 1;

2x + y 1 x + y = 1,
3 x + 2y + 3 x y + 2 = 3,
3)
4)
3x + 2y = 4;
2x + y = 7.
(1321).
13. 1)
3)
14. 1)

3x 2 + 13 l 1 2x;

2)

x 2 + x > 1 2x;

3x x 2 < 4 x;

4)

x 2 x 2 < 2x + 6.

x 2 + 3x + 2 x 2 x + 1 < 1;

2)

3x 2 + 5x + 7 3x 2 + 5x + 2 > 1;

< 0;

4)

17 15x 2x
x+3

x 2 x 1 + x + 2 x 1 m 2;

2)

x + 4 x 4 x 4 x 1 l 3;

x + 3 > x 1 + x 2;

4)

x + 6 > 2x 4 + x + 1.

x 7

3)

4x 19x + 12

15. 1)
3)
16. 1)

1
x

1
4

>

1
x

1
4

2)

3) (x 1) x 2 x 2 l 0;

18. 1)

6+xx
2x + 5

51 2x x
1x

6+xx
x+4

< 1;

1
x

1
2

x + 6 > x + 1 + 2x 5;

2)

2 x + 4x 3
l 2;
x

(x 5)(x + 7) + 1 > x + 7 x 5).

2)

12 + x x
2x 9

x + 3 > x 1 + 2x 1;

x 2 8x + 15 + x 2 + 2x 15 > 4x 2 18x + 18 .
(1 x) 1 x + (1 + x) 1 + x
2

4 4x + 2 (1 x ) 1 x

3)

<

12 + x x
x 11

4)

20. 1)

3
4

4)

x + 5 < 1 + x 3 + (x + 5)(x 3);

3)

2) (x 3) x 2 + 1 m x 2 9;

3)
19. 1)

> 0.

4) (x 3) x 2 + x 2 l 0.

17. 1) (x + 1) x 2 + 1 > x 2 1;
3)

1
x

1+ x
1x

1x
2 1+ x 1

l 0;

l 1;

2)

x x + (1 x) 1 x
2

x 2 (x x) x x

4)

1
1x

2
1 1+ x

m 0.

> 1;

238 2.

21. 1)

1
x 2

1
x +2

a
x

(a > 0);

22.

2)

1
x +1

1
x 1

a
x

4
3

1 x 2 l (x a) = 0 ,

9
?
5

23.
a + x 2 + ax l x [1; 0]?
24.
1
x + x 2 2ax > 1 ; 1 ?
4

.
( 1700 . . .),
.
.
,
. ( 4, 5)
XVII . . (15961650).

XIV .
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.
1

. a n n a . . (16431727).
. (14871567)
0 = 1, a 1, ( . nnt). potenzieren . ,
ennten , (. .)
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, XII ., radix, : .

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