********************************************************************************

********************************************
**
**
** /* RESTRICTI
NG AND SORTING DATA */
**
**
**
********************************************************************************
********************************************
Limit the rows that are retrieved by a query
Sort the rows that are retrieved by a query
Use ampersand substitution to restrict and sort output at run time
-------------------------------------------------- LIMITING ROWS ---------------
--------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------
SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}
FROM table
[WHERE condition(s)];
----------------------------------------------------------
WHERE
condition --> Composed fo COLUMN NAMES, EXPRESSIONS,CONSTANTS, COMPARISON OPERAT
OR
--> return a value TRUE, FALSE or UNKNOWN

-----------------Using the WHERE clause
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 90;

--------------------CHARACTERS STRINGS AND DATES
--strings and dates enclosed with quotation marks
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = Whalen; -->Characters are case sensitive and data values are
format sensitive
--'WHALEN' not return any row because es case-semsitive

---The default day display format is DD-MON-RR
SELECT last_name, hire_date
FROM employees
WHERE hire_date='17-FEB-96'; -->DD-MON-RR
-->OUTPUT: Hartstein 17/02/96
SELECT last_name, hire_date
FROM employees
WHERE hire_date='17/FEB/96'; --> also this is executed succesfully

-----------------------COMPARISON OPERATORS

=
>
>=
<
<=
BETWEEN ....AND... --Between two values(inclusive) BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500
IN (set) --Match any of a list of values
LIKE --Match a character pattern
IS NULL --Is a null value
!= ---NOT EQUAL TO
^= ---NOT EQUAL TO
<> --NOT EQUAL TO
NOTE: <>,!=, --> All them represent the not equal condition
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary <= 3000; ---Comparison Operators

SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500; ---Range COnditions Usin BETWEEN

-->You can also use with character values
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN 'King' AND 'Smith'; ---Range COnditions with character va
lues

--> IN operator is internally evaluated by ORacle as a set of OR conditions
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (100,101,201); ---Membership Condition Usin IN Operator

-->NOTE: THE "IN" OPERATOS CAN BE USE WITH ANY DATA TYPE
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN ('Harstein','Vargas'); ---Use with any data type

SELECT first_name
FROM employees
WHERE first_name LIKE 'S%'; ---> Pattern Matching Using LIKE Operator ---COIN
CIDENCIA DE PATRONES

% -->Denotes zero or many characters
_ -->Denotes one character

---You can combine the two wildcard characters (%,_) with literal characters for
pattern matching

----------------ESCAPER IDENTIFIER

SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id
FROM employees WHERE job_id LIKE '%SA\_%' ESCAPE '\'; '-->For have a exact ma
tch for the actual % or _ specifie what the
--escape character is
WHERE job_id LIKE '%SA*_%' ESCAPE '*'; --> With "*" like escape character
----------------------USING the NULL CONDITIONS

SELECT first_name, last_name, commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NULL; ---> NULL values is UNAVAILABLE, UNASSIGNED, UN
KNOWN, INAPPLICABLE
--ALSO
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
--------------------------------
SELECT first_name, last_name, commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct = NULL; --> This is executed successfully but don't retu
rn any value
-->NULL cannot be equal or unequal to any value
--------------------------------
WHERE commission_pct IN NULL; -->Executed but don't return any value


---------------------USING AND OPERATOR
TRUE TRUE = TRUE
TRUE FALSE = FALSE
TRUE NULL = NULL
FALSE TRUE = FALSE
FALSE FALSE = FALSE
FALSE NULL = FALSE
NULL TRUE = NULL
NULL FALSE = FALSE
NULL NULL = NULL
----------------------USING OR OPERATOR
TRUE TRUE = TRUE
TRUE FALSE = TRUE
TRUE NULL = TRUE
FALSE TRUE = TRUE
FALSE FALSE = FALSE
FALSE NULL = NULL
NULL TRUE = TRUE
NULL FALSE = NULL
NULL NULL = NULL
-----------------------USING NOT OPERATOR

TRUE = FALSE
FALSE = TRUE
NULL = NULL
NOTE: NOT can also be used with other SQL operators

SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE job_id NOT IN ('AC_ACCOUNT', 'AD_VP')

NOT BETWEEN 1000 and 1500
NOT LIKE '%A%'
IS NOT NULL


------------------------------------RULES OF PRECEDENCE FOR OPERATORS IN AN EXPR
ESSION --------------------------------------
1) Arithmetic operators
2) Concatenation operator
3) Comparison Conditions
4) IS [NOT]NULL, LIKE, [NOT] IN
5) NOT BETWEEN
6) NOT equal to
7) NOT logical condition
8) AND logical condition
9) OR logical condition
------------------------------------SORTING ROWS USING ORDER BY ----------------
---------------------------------------------
Can be used for sort the rows
NOTE: it must be the last clase of the SQL statement
ASC --> Ascending order default
DESC --> Descending order
SYNTAX
------------------------------------------------------------
SELECT expr
FROM table
[WHERE condition(s)]
[ORDER BY {column, expr, numeric_position} [ASC|DESC]]; --> The defaul order is
ascending and you can also sort by a column that is not in the SELECT
-------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE: USe the keyword NULLS FIRST or NULLS LAST to specify wheter returned rows
containing null values should
appear first or last in the ordering sequence
SELECT *
FROM employees
ORDER BY 9 DESC nulls first;
---Sorting in descending order
SELECT last_name, job_id, hire_date
FROM employees
ORDER BY 3 DESC;

---Sorting by column alias
SELECT last_name AS apellido --->Using the alias apellido
FROM employees
ORDER BY apellido;

---Sorting by using the columns numeric position
SELECT last_name AS apellido
FROM employees
ORDER BY 1;

---Sorting by multiple columns
SELECT last_name, job_id, hire_date
FROM employees
ORDER BY last_name, 3 DESC; --->Sort by multiple columns and specify the order
for the second column
-------------------------------------------SUBSTITUTION VARIABLES --------------
---------------------------------------------
(&) --> Use to temporarily store values with single-ampersand and the double
(&&)
--> Use to supplement the following
WHERE
ORDER BY
Column expressions -->select 2*&m FROM &tabla;
Table names
Entire SELECT statement
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = &employee_num; --(&) with the single ampersand the user is
prompted every time the command is executed is the variable does not exist
-----------------------CHARACTER AND DATE VALUES WITH SUBSTITUTION VARIABLES---
------------
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = &job_title; --Need character so need single quation marks also
is need for date values

-->OUTPUT:
ORA-00904: "IT_PROG": identificador no vlido
00904. 00000 - "%s: invalid identifier"

WHERE job_id = '&job_title'; -->In this way is executed successfully


NOTE: A subtitution variable can be used anywhere in the SELECT statement, excep
t as the first word
entered at the command prompt
(&&) use double ampersand if you want to reuse the variable value without prompt
ing the user each time
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, &&department_id ---> just prompt one time
and SQL Developer stores the value using DEFINE command
FROM employees
ORDER BY &column_name;

UNDEFINE department_id -->USe this command is you want to prompt the user agai
n UNDEFINE column_name
----------------------------------------------DEFINE AND VERIFY ----------------
--------------------------------------------
DEFINE/UNDEFINE commands
SUBSTITUTION VARIABLE support by SQL Developer and SQL*PLus
DEFINE-->for predifine variables, create and assigns a value to variable
DEFINE --> to create and assign a value to a variable
UNDEFINE --> to remove a variable
DEFINE employee_num=200
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = &employee_num;
UNDEFINE employee_num
VERIFY ---> to toggle the display of the substitution variable, both before and
after SQL Developer
--replace substitution variables with values
SET VERIFY ON
SET VERIFY OFF
SHOW ALL ---> for see ALL THE SYSTEM VARIABELS
********************************************************************************
********************************************
**
**
** /* PRAC
TICE 2: OVERVIEW */
**
**
**
********************************************************************************
********************************************
--- 13)
Desplegar el apellido de todos los empleados que tengan "a" y e en su apellido
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%'
AND last_name LIKE '%e%';
--- 14)
Desplegar el apellido, job_id y salario de todos los empleados que su job_id sea
SA_REP(sales representative) y ST_CLERK(stock clerk)
y su salario no igual a $2500, $3500 y $7000
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary NOT IN (2500,3500,7000)
AND job_id IN ('SA_REP','ST_CLERK');


--- 1)
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 12000;
----2)
SELECT last_name, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 176;

--- 3)
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 5000 AND 12000;

--- 4)
SELECT last_name, job_id, hire_date
FROM employees
WHERE last_name IN ('MAtos','Taylor')
ORDER BY hire_Date;
--- 5)
SELECT last_name, job_id, hire_date
FROM employees
WHERE department_id in (20,50)
ORDER by last_name ASC;

--- 6)
SELECT last_name Employee, salary "Monthly Salary"
FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN 5000 AND 12000
AND department_id in (20,50);

---- 7)
SELECT last_name, hire_date
FROM employees
WHERE hire_date LIKE '%94';
--- 8)
SELECT last_name, job_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL;
--- 9)
SELECT last_name, salary, commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY 2 DESC, 3 DESC;

--- 10)
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary>&sueldo;

--- 11)
SELECT employee_id,last_name, salary, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = &manager
ORDER BY &columna;

--- 12)
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '__a%';
--- 13)
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%'
AND last_name LIKE '%e%';
--- 14)
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary NOT IN (2500,3500,7000)
AND job_id IN ('SA_REP','ST_CLERK');
--- 15)
SELECT last_name Employee, salary "Monthly Salary", commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct = .20;