Transformer Diferential

ANSI 87T
Parameter Setting Guide
S
Sepam Series 80 Protection Relays
Author: Laurent Pouyadou Document version: V1!
Date: "#$!%$"!!%
&1&
Contents
1. Differential function and matching: __________________________________ 3
1.1 Principle and operation:_____________________________________________________3
1. !eed for matching:_________________________________________________________"
1.3 #se of matched currents:____________________________________________________$
. Setting of the %&ds threshold': ______________________________________ (
.1 Principle:_________________________________________________________________(
. Setting of the threshold:_____________________________________________________(
3. Percentage)*ased differential: ______________________________________ 11
3.1 Principle:________________________________________________________________11
3. Setting of the percentage)*ased cur+e:_______________________________________1
,. Restraint principles: ______________________________________________ 1
,.1 Pro*lems relating to harmonics:_____________________________________________1
,. Choice of self)adapti+e or con+entional restraint:_______________________________13
". Principle and setting of high set point: _______________________________ 1"
".1 Principle:________________________________________________________________1"
". Setting:__________________________________________________________________1"
-. Setting of the con+entional restraint: ________________________________ 1-
-.1 Second)harmonic:_________________________________________________________1-
-. .ifth)harmonic:___________________________________________________________1-
-.3 /lo*al restraint 0cross)*loc1ing2:____________________________________________1-
$. Restraint on closing: _____________________________________________ 1-
8. Restraint on C3 loss: _____________________________________________ 1$
(. 4dditional e5planations of self)adapti+e restraint: _____________________ 1$
10. Dimensioning phase)current sensors: _______________________________ 18
10.1 65ceptional operation and on)load tap changer:________________________________18
10. Dimensioning:____________________________________________________________1(
4nne5es:
'ated (o)er "!
Vector shi*t "1
Insensitivity to e+terna, earth *au,ts "-
Note on the ma+ *unction ".
/a,cu,ation o* ,o) set (oint and Id$It s,o(e uncertainty "%
Lo) set (oint ca,cu,ation too, *or 0"
Id$It s,o(e ca,cu,ation too, 00
Dry&ty(e cast resin trans*ormers 0-
1i,&immersed trans*ormers 0.
Arti*icia, Neura, Net)or2 0%
&"&
Transformer Diferential
ANSI /ode 87T
Parameter Setting Guide
1. Differential function and matching:
1.1 Principle and operation:
The di**erentia, (rotection *unction (rotects the 3one 4et)een the main and additiona, current sensors
It is used here to (rotect trans*ormers *rom a *e) 5VA to severa, tens o* 5VA *rom interna, *au,ts
6inside the (rotected 3one 4et)een the t)o sets o* /Ts7
The (rinci(,e o* di**erentia, (rotection consists o* com(aring t)o currents o* the same (hase8 )hich
are norma,,y e9ua, I* the current entering the (rotected 3one is not e9ua, to the current ,eaving the
3one8 the di**erence in the currents at the e+tremities o* the (rotected 3one give the measurement o*
the *au,t current :or trans*ormer (rotection8 things are s,ight,y di**erent though since the (rimary and
secondary currents are necessari,y di**erent in terms o* am(,itude8 4ecause o* the trans*ormation ratio8
and (hase8 according to the trans*ormer cou(,ing mode
The (rimary and secondary currents o* each (hase there*ore need to 4e (rocessed in order to ma2e
them e9ua, in norma, o(eration The current am(,itude and (hase need to 4e matched
The trans*ormer di**erentia, *unction (rotects the
3one 4et)een the main current sensors I18 I"8 I0
and the additiona, current sensors I;18 I;"8 I;0
According to the current measurement convention8 sho)n in the diagram a4ove8 and in com(,iance
)ith the recommended )iring system8 the di**erentia, currents Id and through currents It o* each (hase
are ca,cu,ated using the currents
m I

and m I '

6This 4,oc2 diagram is va,id *or a,, three (hases7
&0&
/a,cu,ation o*
di**erentia,
and through
current *or
(hase 1
Am(,itude
and (hase
matching
Id1
It1
Di**erentia,
(rotection
m I 1

m I 1 '

1 I

1 ' I

The di**erentia, *unction (ic2s u( i* the di**erentia, current o* at ,east one (hase is greater than the
ad<usta4,e o(erating thresho,d de*ined 4y:
a high di**erentia, current set (oint thresho,d )ith no tri((ing restraint 6Idma+7
a (ercentage&4ased characteristic )ith t)o s,o(es 6Id$It and Id$It"7 and a ,o) current set (oint 6Ids7
!
"
-
%
8
1!
1"
! . 1! 1. "!
&t7&n
&d7&n
Ids
Id$It
Id$It"
Idma+
s,o(e ch (t
&-&
Sta4i,ity is ensured 4y the *o,,o)ing tri((ing restraints:
harmonic restraint 6*or c,osing and overe+citation (henomena7
trans*ormer energi3ation restraint
/T&,oss restraint
Calculation
of phase 1
differential
and through
current
Amplitude
and phase
matching
Id1
It1
tx_h2_ph 1
tx_h5_ph 1
Harmonic
measurements using
Id1,Id2 and Id3
Percentage
differential
Harmonic restraint
High set point
phase 1
Id1Idmax
!estraint on
closing
I1
I2
I3
I "1
I "2
I "3
#etection
of C$ loss
I1
I2
I3
I "1
I "2
I "3
Phase 1
Control %aria&le
Control
%aria&le
$he different control %aria&les are
processed &' a logic diagram to ena&le or
disa&le the protection(
Control
%aria&le
Control
%aria&le
1
m I 1

m I 1 '

1 I

1 ' I

P,ease note: the 4,oc2 diagram *or the (hase 1 *unction 6out,ined 4y the dotted ,ine7 is the same *or
each o* the three (hases
1. !eed for matching:
The (rimary and secondary currents have amplitude di**erences 4ecause o* the
trans*ormation ratio and phase di**erences 4ecause o* the trans*ormer cou(,ing
The currents there*ore need to 4e (rocessed in order *or the signa,s to 4e com(ared =ased on the
rated (o)er and rated vo,tages8 Se(am ca,cu,ates the trans*ormation ratio and ad<usts the am(,itude
The trans*ormer vector shi*t is used *or to match the (hase currents
&.&
Trans*ormer secondary 6)inding "7 current matching:
The matching o* )inding " a**ects the am(,itude and (hase and ta2es into account the
trans*ormer vector shi*t The I>/ %!!7%&1 standard (resumes that the vector shi*t is given *or a
trans*ormer connected to a (o)er source8 )ith a (hase&rotation se9uence o* 1"0 Se(am uses this
vector shi*t va,ue *or 4oth 1"0 and 10" ty(e net)or2s It is there*ore not necessary to com(,ement this
va,ue 4y 1" *or a 10" ty(e net)or2
The ta4,e 4e,o) contains vectoria, diagrams and matching *ormu,ae 4ased on the vector shi*t o* the
trans*ormer *or net)or2s )ith 1"0 ty(e (hase&rotation se9uences
&%&
Trans*ormer (rimary 6)inding 17 current matching:
?inding 1 is a,)ays matched in the same )ay8 )hatever the vector shi*t o* the trans*ormer
P,ease note: 5atching is done 4y c,earing the 3ero&se9uence current
in order to ma2e the (rotection *unction immune to e+terna, earth
*au,ts outside the (rotected 3one
1.3 #se of matched currents:
:or each (hase8 Se(am ca,cu,ates the di**erentia, current and through current using the matched
currents
The di**erentia, and through currents (er (hase are de*ined 4y the *o,,o)ing *ormu,ae:
Di**erentia, current:
im I im I Idi '

+
*or (hase i
Through current:
( ) im I im I Iti ' , max

*or (hase i 6see note on the ma+ *unction7

The matching e9uations may 4e i,,ustrated 4y a((,ying them to a Dyn11 trans*ormer Let@s ta2e a
trans*ormer connected to a ,oad that re9uires a secondary current )ith vector magnitude I; To sim(,i*y8
it is (resumed that the trans*ormation ratio is e9ua, to one 6ie AnBA;n7
&1
&
&3
&81
&8
&93
0 : 1
Load
I;
I@
I;
:1
:
:3
P,ease note: the diagram a4ove sho)s the vectors in 4o,d (rint 6I18I;18C1D7
Secondary currents:
5atching o* secondary currents:
&7&
/a,cu,ation o* di**erentia, and through current
Am(,itude
and (hase
matching
Id1
It1
E
Vector
magnitudee
5a+
m I 1

m I 1 '

1 I

1 ' I

m I 1

m I 1 '

Vector
magnitudee
a '( I ) 3 ' I
* a '( I ) 2 ' I
' I ) 1 ' I

(Vector shift=11)
n I
I a a
m I
n I
I a
m I
n I
I a
m I
' ( 3
' *+( , -
3 '
' ( 3
' +( 1 , * -
2 '
' ( 3
' +( , 1 -
1 '

2 . , 3 . ) 3 I
1 . , 2 . ) 2 I
3 . , 1 . ) 1 I



and
3 ' I , ) 3 .
2 ' I , ) 2 .
1 ' I , ) 1 .



hence
3 ' I , 2 ' I ) 3 I
2 ' I , 1 ' I ) 2 I
1 ' I , 3 ' I ) 1 I



Primary currents:
' I +( a , * a - ) 3 I
' I *+( a , 1 - ) 2 I
' I +( 1 , a - ) 1 I

ie
3
I +( a , * a -
) 3 I

3
I *+( a , 1 -
) 2 I
3
I +( 1 , a -
) 1 I

Matching of primary currents:

In
I a a
m I
In
I a
m I
I a a I a I a
In
In
I a
m I
( 3
+( , * -
3
( 3
*+( , 1 -
2
3
+( , * -

3
*+( , 1 -
3
+( 1 , -
( 3
1
( 3
+( 1 , -
1

,
_

1
]
1

+ + +

3 )
n ' I
In
)
' I
I
ie
n ' I
' I
)
In
I
The di**erentia, current is ca,cu,ated 4y:
im I im I Idi '

+
Phase 1:
n I
I a
m I
' ( 3
' +( , 1 -
1 '

and
In
I a
m I
( 3
+( 1 , -
1

Fence Id1B!
Phase ":
n I
I a
m I
' ( 3
' +( 1 , * -
2 '

and
In
I a
m I
( 3
*+( , 1 -
2

Fence Id"B!
Phase 0:
n I
I a a
m I
' ( 3
' +( , * -
3 '

and
In
I a a
m I
( 3
+( , * -
3

Fence Id0B!
Id1BId"BId0;08 the di**erentia, current is there*ore 3ero *or each (hase
The (rotection does not (ic2 u( in norma, o(eration
&8&
B !
. Setting of the %&ds threshold':
.1 Principle:
The ,o) set (oint is de*ined as the ma+imum di**erentia, current that e+ists in norma, trans*ormer
o(eration The causes o* di**erentia, current are:
/urrent trans*ormer measurement errors
/urrent variants due to the use o* an on&,oad ta( changer
Presence o* au+i,iary )indings 6eg *or su4station su((,y7
. Setting of the threshold:
The ,o) set (oint must re*,ect the errors induced 4y the di**erent trans*ormer com(onents:
C3s and on)load tap changers:
& / 1
0 , 1
, + 1 / 1 - < this is the ma+imum di**erentia, current created
4y /T measurement errors and the (resence o* on&,oad ta( changers
& / 1
& 1 / & / 1 / 0
)
& / 1
0 , 1
, + 1 / 1 -
)ith
:
transformer primary current measurement error.

:
transformer secondary phase current measurement error.
4: range o* trans*ormer on&,oad ta( changer ta(s
Ty(e o* /T .P 1!P
8 .G 1!G
N.B.: The detai,s o* the ca,cu,ations used to o4tain this *ormu,a are avai,a4,e in the document: Ids ,o)
set (oint and Id$It s,o(e ca,cu,ation uncertainty
4u5iliary =inding: Idau+8 di**erentia, current induced 4y the use o* an au+i,iary )inding on the
trans*ormer
'2 ) Idaux
)here y is the (ercentage o* secondary )inding re(resented 4y the au+i,iary
)inding
Differential current induced *y the relay8 Idre,ay:
12 ) Idrela'
8 ty(ica,,y
>agneti?ing current o* the trans*ormer core )hich creates a di**erentia, current8 Idm
32 ) Idm 8 ty(ica,,y
A safety margin is a,so ta2en: ty(ica,,y8 .G
The Ids thresho,d is e+(ressed as a (ercentage o* In1 and is o4tained 4y the *o,,o)ing *ormu,a:
1
]
1

+ + + +
+
+ margin safet' Idm Idrela' Idaux
& 1
, 1
, + 1 -

Ids
Numerical application:
&#&
/ase o* trans*ormer e9ui((ed )ith .P"! ty(e /Ts on the (rimary and secondary )indings8 an on&,oad
ta(&changer )ith a ta( range o* 1!G and an au+i,iary )inding re(resenting 1!G o* the secondary
)inding
.P ty(e /Ts on the trans*ormer (rimary and secondary )indings8 there*ore BB.G
334 ( 5 55 ( 5 53 ( 5 51 ( 5 1 ( 5
1 ( 5 1
+ 1 ( 5 ( 55 ( 5 - 1 ( 5 55 ( 5 55 ( 5
Ids

,
_

+ + + +
+
+ + +
ie IdsB08G
Please note: see the >+ce, too, *or the ca,cu,ation o* Ids8 1uti,/a,cu,HIds+,s
&1!&
3. Percentage)*ased differential:
3.1 Principle:
The (ercentage&4ased curve com(rises severa, segments de*ined are *o,,o)s:
a ,o) set (oint 6Ids78 de*ined (revious,y
" straight ,ines )ith ad<usta4,e s,o(es that cross 3ero 6Id$It and Id$It"7
an ad<usta4,e s,o(e change (oint 6s,o(e ch (t7
a high set (oint 6Idma+7
Percentage)*ased characteristic
!
"
-
%
8
1!
1"
! . 1! 1. "!
&t7&n
&d7&n
Ids
Id$It
Id$It"
Idma+
s,o(e ch (t
To (revent tri((ing due to high *au,t currents o* e+terna, origin8 Se(am uses a (ercentage&4ased
curve ?hen a high e+terna, *au,t occurs8 a high through current circu,ates The di**erentia, current due
to the trans*ormer and its accessories 6measurement /T8 on&,oad ta( changer and au+i,iary )inding7 is
a,so higher than in norma, o(eration8 so the Ids set (oint is e+ceeded Fo)ever the (rotection shou,d
not tri(8 since the *au,t is e+terna, ?ith the &d7&t slope8 the higher the through current8 the higher the
di**erentia, current tri((ing thresho,d )i,, 4e8 there4y ensuring that the *unction )i,, not tri( in the event
o* e+terna, *au,ts
3he second segment< &d7&t8 ensures that the *unction )i,, not tri( )hen an e+terna, *au,t causes at
,east one /T to saturate I* on,y the (rimary /Ts saturate8 not the secondary /Ts8 a very high
di**erentia, current is created To (revent un)anted tri((ing in these conditions8 the (ercentage&4ased
curve inc,udes the Id$It" s,o(e
The Id$It" curve ensures that the (rotection *unction )i,, not tri( in the event o* e+terna, *au,ts )ith high
through current )hich saturates at ,east one o* the /Ts
The setting o* the slope change point de(ends on the /Ts@ ca(acity to give a correct image o* the
(rimary currents during e+terna, *au,ts This 3one corres(onds to the /T saturation ,imit

&11&
3. Setting of the percentage)*ased cur+e:
&d7&t1 percentage:
The setting shou,d 4e su**icient to com(ensate *or measurement errors caused 4y current )ith ,o) 4ut
signi*icant am(,itude
The Id$It s,o(e va,ue to 4e set in Se(am is the ma+imum Id$It va,ue8 ie ma+imum Id and minimum It
In the (revious (aragra(h8 )e esta4,ished the *o,,o)ing:
Ids B
& / 1
0 , 1
, + 1 / 1 - E Idau+ E Idre,ay E Idm E sa*ety margin8 )hich corres(onds to the ma+imum
di**erentia, current measured in norma, o(eration
A series o* ca,cu,ations8 avai,a4,e in the document Ids ,o) set (oint and Id$It s,o(e ca,cu,ation
uncertainty8
sho)s that the minimum through current va,ue is
& / 1
0 , 1
) min It
This resu,ts in the *o,,o)ing ma+imum s,o(e va,ue:
b
It
Id
+
1
]
1

+ + + +
+
+

1
, 1
margin safet' Idm Idrela' Idaux
& 1
, 1
, + 1 -
min
max

Numerical application:
/ase o* a trans*ormer e9ui((ed )ith .P"! ty(e /Ts on the (rimary and secondary )indings8 an on&
,oad ta( changer )ith a ta( range o* 1!G and an au+i,iary )inding re(resenting 1!G o* the secondary
)inding
36 ( 5 Ids there*ore 77 ( 5
1 ( 5 1
55 ( 5 , 1
36 ( 5 Id8It
+
ie a s,o(e o* a((ro+imate,y --G
Please note: See the >+ce, too, *or the ca,cuation o* the Id$It s,o(e: Id$ItH/a,cu,Too,+,s
&d7&t percentage:
The curve shou,d 4e set su**icient,y high to com(ensate *or the )orst case in )hich on,y the /Ts at
one end saturate and not the others Ty(ica,,y8 the s,o(e is set 4et)een %! and 7!G
Slope change point:
This va,ue is conventiona,,y set at around % In
,. Restraint principles:
No) )e )i,, ,oo2 at the restraint (art o* the 4,oc2 diagram
,.1 Pro*lems relating to harmonics:
Second)harmonic set point restraint:
Trans*ormer c,osing causes a very high transient current 68 to 1. In78 )hich on,y goes through the
(rimary )inding and on,y ,asts *or a *e) tenths o* a second It is detected 4y the (rotection re,ay as
di**erentia, current )ith a duration that is c,ear,y ,onger than the (rotection o(erating time ?ith
detection 4ased so,e,y on the di**erence 4et)een the matched trans*ormer (rimary and secondary
currents8 it )ou,d tri( the (rotection It is there*ore necessary *or the (rotection to 4e ca(a4,e o*
distinguishing 4et)een di**erentia, current due to an interna, *au,t and di**erentia, current due to
trans*ormer c,osing
&1"&
>+(erience has sho)n that the c,osing current )ave contains at ,east "!G second&harmonic 61!! F3
*re9uency current78 )hereas the (ercentage is never greater than .G *or overcurrent due to an interna,
trans*ormer *au,t
To 4,oc2 tri((ing8 the *unction may sim(,y 4e ,oc2ed out )hen the second&harmonic )ith res(ect to the
*undamenta, 6.! F3 current7 is greater than 1.G
N=: Trans*ormer energi3ation or e+terna, *au,ts may cause /T saturation In 4oth cases8 saturation
increases the second harmonic in the di**erentia, current
The va,ues given (revious,y *or a .!F3 net)or2 are va,id as )e,, *or a %!F3 net)or2
.ifth)harmonic set point restraint:
5agneti3ing current Im
(1)
is a di**erence 4et)een the trans*ormer (rimary and secondary currents
617:
' I / 9 ( I ) Im
)ith I and I; trans*ormer (rimary and secondary currents8 res(ective,y
N: the trans*ormation ratio
The Im current is there*ore detected as 4eing *au,t current 4y the di**erentia, (rotection even though it
is not due to a *au,t In norma, o(eration8 magneti3ing current is very ,o) and does not reach the
(rotection tri((ing thresho,d
Fo)ever8 )hen the V$F3 ratio increases due to a cause outside the trans*ormer8 ie overvo,tage or a
dro( in *re9uency8 the magnetic materia, o* the trans*ormer saturates 6trans*ormers are genera,,y si3ed
to o(erate at the saturation ,imit *or the rated su((,y vo,tage7 and the magneti3ing current va,ue
increases signi*icant,y The (rotection o(erating thresho,d may 4e reached
>+(erience has sho)n that magneti3ing current due to magnetic saturation contains a high
(ercentage o* *i*th harmonic 6".! F3 *re9uency7 current8 at ,east 0!G
To (revent un)anted tri((ing due to overvo,tage o* e+terna, origin8 saturation may 4e detected 4y the
(resence o* *i*th harmonic current and the *unction disa4,ed i* the *i*th&harmonic set (oint is e+ceeded
To (revent un)anted tri((ing due to overvo,tage 6or over*,u+ing7 or e+terna, origin8 the (rotection may
sim(,y 4e disa4,ed *or more than 0!G *i*th harmonic current
Please note: 1vere+citation resu,ting *rom an increase in the V$F3 ratio causes over*,u+ing in the
(o)er trans*ormer core The danger incurred resu,ts *rom a therma, (rocess in the core This (rocess
is s,o) and the trans*ormer can )ithstand over*,u+ing *or a certain ,ength o* time Instantaneous
tri((ing )ith this ty(e o* o(eration is un)anted8 4ut detection o* the (henomenon and indication or
tri((ing may 4e use*u,
In such cases the Se(am ANSI "- over*,u+ing 6V$F37 *unction shou,d 4e used
,. Choice of self)adapti+e or con+entional restraint:
There are t)o ty(es o* harmonic restraint *unctions: se,*&ada(tive and conventiona, The choice
de(ends on the trans*ormer@s pea1 closing current The se,*&ada(tive restraint is very interesting in
that it ada(ts the (arameters that de*ine the tri((ing 3one Fo)ever8 it on,y o(erates *or trans*ormer
energi3ation currents ,ess than eight times the trans*ormer rated current
The self)adapti+e restraint is 4ased on a neura, net)or2 a,gorithm )hich ensures e+terna, *au,t
sta4i,ity 4y ana,y3ing the second and *i*th harmonics8 di**entia, currents and through currents
It guarantees sta4i,ity in the *o,,o)ing cases:
trans*ormer c,osing
asymmetrica, *au,t outside the 3one )hich saturates the current sensors
trans*ormer o(erated on a vo,tage su((,y that is too high 6over*,u+ing7
&10&
According to the c,osing current va,ue8 the *o,,o)ing may 4e chosen:
Pea2 c,osing current: inr I

In 6 ) n I
2
6
:

In 6 ) n I
2
6

/hosen ty(e o* restraint Se,*&ada(tive
or /onventiona,
/onventiona,
?ith8
n I
;
rated (ea2 current
In rated trans*ormer current
Please note: Iua,itative,y s(ea2ing8 the c,osing current o* dry&ty(e trans*ormers is higher than that o*
oi,&immersed trans*ormers8 and the ,o)er the trans*ormer (o)er8 the higher the c,osing current 6see
Je$Jn B *6P7 gra(h7
:or distri4ution trans*ormers8 :rance Trans*o (u4,ishes the *o,,o)ing va,ues in its data sheets:
:or T'IFAL dry&ty(e cast resin trans*ormers *rom 1!!! to ".!!2VA 6Jinr (ea2 c,osing current8
n I
;
(ea2 (rimary rated current7
'ated (o)er in 2VA 1!!! 1".! 1%!! "!!! ".!!
Jinr$Jn 6(ea2 va,ues7 1! 1! 1! #. #.
:or oi,&immersed trans*ormers *rom 1!!! to ".!!2VA 6Jinr (ea2 c,osing current8
n I
;
(ea2
(rimary rated current7
'ated (o)er in 2VA 1!!! 1".! 1%!! "!!! ".!!
Jinr$Jn 6(ea2 va,ues7 1! # # 8 8
The con+entional restraint com(rises a second&harmonic set (oint *or each (hase and *i*th&harmonic
set (oint *or each (hase The second&harmonic set (oint ensures that the *unction )i,, not (ic2 u( in
&1-&
@inr7@n
.igure 1-.11. Relat+e +alue of closing current according to transformer rated po=er for
oriented)crystal sheets
the event o* trans*ormer c,osing or current sensor saturation The *i*th&harmonic set (oint ensures that
the (rotection *unction )i,, not (ic2 u( in the event o* the trans*ormer 4eing connected to a vo,tage
su((,y that is too high 6over*,u+ing7
". Principle and setting of high set point:
".1 Principle:
The high set (oint a,,o)s *au,ts inside the (rotected 3one to 4e detected 4y the rise in di**erentia,
current 6an e+am(,e o* this ty(e o* *au,t is a *au,t across the trans*ormer (rimary termina,s7 I* the
di**erentia, current e+ceeds a (redetermined set (oint 6Idma+78 the (rotection *unction tri(s *aster than
an overcurrent (rotection re,ay )ou,d In addition8 there is no restraint on the high thresho,d8 meaning
that once it is activated8 it is not a**ected 4y any restraint
". Setting:
A *au,t inside the 3one (roduces high di**erentia, and through currents8 situated in the u((er right&hand
(art o* the (ercentage&4ased curve
?ith a con+entional restraint8 )e a,)ays o(t *or acti+ation of the high set point since it ensures
tri((ing *or the high through and di**erentia, curents created 4y interna, *au,ts
?ith the self)adapti+e restraint8 activation o* the high set (oint may depend on =hether or not the
C3)loss restraint is implemented 6see (aragra(h #Additiona, e+(,anations o* se,*&ada(tive
restraint7
?hen it is active8 the high set (oint is set a4ove the c,osing current8 ty(ica,,y )ith a margin o* -!G so
that the (rotection *unction )i,, not 4e tri((ed 4y trans*ormer energi3ing
n I
e I
;
( 752 1 ) max Id ie
n I
e I
;
( 7 , 1 ) max Id
&1.&
Con+entional restraint< percentage)*ased cur+e
!
"
-
%
8
1!
1"
! . 1! 1. "!
&t7&n
&d7&n
Ids
Id$It
Id$It"
Idma+
s,o(e ch (t
&nternal fault
-. Setting of the con+entional restraint:
-.1 Second)harmonic:
The second&harmonic set (oint is ty(ica,,y 4et)een 1. and ".G A common va,ue is 1.G
T)o (oints are to 4e noted:
I* the /Ts are saturated 4y energi3ing8 the second&harmonic measured in the di**erentia, current
increases
I* the ca4,e to the secondary circuit is ,ong8 this can reduce the second&harmonic 4e,o) 1.G In such
cases8 the second&harmonic set (oint shou,d 4e ,o)ered
-. .ifth)harmonic:
The *i*th&harmonic set (oint is ty(ica,,y 4et)een ". and 0.G A ty(ica, va,ue is 0!G
-.3 /lo*al restraint 0cross)*loc1ing2:
:or each o* the second and *i*th&harmonics8 the restraint may or may not 4e g,o4a,
?hen the restraint is g,o4a, 6cross&4,oc2ing78 all three (hases are restrained as soon as the harmonic
in one (hase reaches or e+ceeds the set (oint
?hen the restraint is not g,o4a, 6no cross&4,oc2ing78 on,y the (hase )ith a harmonic greater to or
e9ua, to the set (oint is restrained
G,o4a, restraint o(erates in the same )ay *or 4oth second and *i*th&harmonic restraint
It is advisa4,e to a((,y the *o,,o)ing settings:
/ross&4,oc2ing ena4,ed *or second&harmonic restraint
/ross&4,oc2ing disa4,ed *or *i*th&harmonic restraint
$. Restraint on closing:
Aith certain modern transformer technologies8 the c,osing current has very ,itt,e second
harmonic current 6,ess than 1.G7 and cannot 4e detected 4y Se(am
:urthermore8 i* there are se+eral transformers in parallel8 the energi3ing o* a trans*ormer in the
vicinity o* another one that is a,ready o(erating causes demagneti3ation o* the one a,ready in service
There )i,, 4e c,osing current in the demagneti3ed trans*ormer again 4ut8 this time8 )ith (ractica,,y no
second harmonic8 meaning that it )i,, not 4e detected 4y the harmonic restraints =oth cases can
there*ore cause un)anted tri((ing
To com(ensate *or such s(ecia, cases8 the restraint on c,osing may 4e used to disa4,e the (rotection
re,ay *or a time de,ay e9uiva,ent to the duration o* magneti3ation
The current set (oint condition is: Current set point B !o)load current
The no&,oad current genera,,y re(resents a *e) (ercent o* In
The time de,ay is ty(ica,,y 4et)een "!! ms and 0!! ms8 re(resenting the average energi3ing time:
00msB3ime delay B300ms
Please note: This ty(e o* restraint shou,d not 4e used do)nstream *rom the trans*ormer i* it su((,ies a
(rocess )ith *re9uent 1N$1:: cyc,es8 eg an oven To maintain a constant tem(erature in the oven8
the heating resistors are s)itched on and o** cyc,ica,,y >ach time the resistors s)itch on8 the inrush
current in the u(stream trans*ormer increases sudden,y and the restraint on c,osing current set (oint
)ou,d 4e activated During the time de,ay8 the (rotection is restrained I* the heating resistor s)itching
on and o** time is ,ess than or c,ose to the duration o* the time de,ay8 the (rotection )ou,d 4e
continuous,y restrained The trans*ormer )ou,d no ,onger 4e (rotected e**ective,y since on,y the high
set (oint )ou,d remain activated
&1%&
8. Restraint on C3 loss:
This restraint inhi4its the (ercentage&4ased curve (art o* the (rotection i* the measurement o* one o*
the si+ measurement /Ts is ,ost The choice o* this restraint de(ends direct,y on the re9uired
a((,ication
(. 4dditional e5planations of self)adapti+e restraint:
The se,*&ada(tive restraint is 4ased on a neura, net)or2 a,gorithm )hich ensures (rotection o(eration
4y ana,y3ing second and *i*th harmonics8 di**erentia, currents and through currents
In the (resence o* harmonics8 according to the through and di**erentia, currents8 the se,*&ada(tive
restraint automatica,,y increases the ,o) set (oint and (ercentage&4ased s,o(es to guarantee sta4i,ity
in the event o* e+terna, *au,ts8 trans*ormer c,osing and over*,u+ing This restraint incor(orates a high
through current sta4i,i3ation s,o(e )hich (revents current sensor saturation This means that it is not
necessary to acti+ate the &d7&t slope )hich serves the same (ur(ose It is ho)ever sti,, necessary
to set the ,o) set (oint8 Ids8 and the Id$It s,o(e
The se,*&ada(tive restraint a,so has a ,o)er (ic2&u( than the high set (oint It is there*ore not
essential to use the high set point. Fo)ever8 )hen the self)adapti+e restraint and restraint on C3
loss are used8 acti+ation of the high set point is ad+isa*le In such cases8 i* a /T on the
insta,,ation is ,ost8 the entire (ercentage&4ased characteristic (art is restrained This means that there
)i,, never 4e any interna, *au,t tri((ing ?ith the addition o* the high set (oint8 (rotection can 4e
maintained even in the case o* (ercentage&4ased restraint 6see =,oc2 diagram7
Cloc1 diagram
&17&
'estraint o*
(ercentage&4ased
characteristic
10.Dimensioning phase)current sensors:
Fere is the sing,e&,ine diagram that de*ines the di**erent va,ues8
CT
R 4eing the interna, resistance o*
the /T and
W
R the resistance o* the )iring and the /T ,oad
The setting ,imit *or the (rimary rated current o* the current
trans*ormers is given 4y the *o,,o)ing *ormu,ae:
:or )inding 1:
3 1
5 ( 2
3 1
1 ( 5

Un
S
In
Un
S
:or )inding ":
3 2
5 ( 2
3 2
1 ( 5

Un
S
n I
Un
S
10.1 65ceptional operation and on)load tap changer:
The trans*ormer may to,erate e+ce(tiona, o(eration at a (o)er ,eve, a4ove its rated ,oad 6a *e) tens o*
(ercent o* the rated (o)er78 or it may 4e e9ui((ed )ith a ta( changer )ith a ta( range o* E or & + G
6*rom a *e) (ercent to ten or so (ercent7 In 4oth cases8 a condition needs to 4e a((,ied to the
currents In and I;n

>+am(,es:
The transformer operates normally at its rated load, but will tolerate operation at 120% of its rated
power.
Sensor se,ection:
The rated current of the windings is:
In )
3 1 <n
=
1 and
In )
3 2 <n
=
2
The current sensors can support an overload of 120%.
Thecondition is there*ore: In K In1 + 1"
I@n K In" + 1"
The transformer has a tap changer with a tap range of t15% of the rated voltage of
winding 2.
Sensor se,ection:
The rated current of the windings is, as previously, In1 and In2
Thanks to the tap changer, the current sensors can support an overload of 115%.
The condition is therefore:In >In1 x 1.15
I'n > In2 x 1.15
&18&
10. Dimensioning:
The current transformer depends next on the transformer's peak closing current inr I
;
in relation to the
rms rated currentIn .
The dimensioning di**ers according to the c,osing current:
Pea2 c,osing current: inr I

n I In
;
3 ( 4 2 3 ( 4 < n I In

3 ( 4 2 3 ( 4 >
Ty(e o* dimensioning /ase 1 /ase "
?ith8
n I

(ea2 rated current

In transformer rms rated current

Case 1:
In inr I 2 3 ( 4
;
<
To guarantee standard CT dimensioning and minimum current measurement error with high currents,
it is necessary to choose CTs of the 5P 20 type with a rated burden of VA
CT:

2
C$
>A
n t
i R >

with i
n
the CT secondary current and R
t
the sum of the wiring
resistance,
W
R
, and the internal CT resistance,
CT
R
, (VA
CT
corresponds to the apparent power supplied to the secondary
circuit for the secondary rated current, the standardized values
being 1-2.5- 5-10-15-30 VA)
Please note:
If only the Sepam is connected to the CT secondary circuts, the Sepam's internal resistance is
negligible with respect to the wiring resistance. (
CT
R
<<
W
R
)
CT manufacturers, in compliance with the IECI185 standard, give a rated burden P in VA, which
imposes a maximum load according to the relation Zmax.In =P, where Zmax is the CT's maximum
load. This load includes the impedance of the cable connecting the CT to the relay and the relay input
impedance. It is therefore obvious that there should not be too great a distance between the CT and
the relay, and that it is sometimes necessary to increase the connection cable cross-section to
minimize the total impedance of the load. This solution is generally more cost-efective than increasing
the CT rated burden or kneepoint voltage.
To optimize sensor selection and ensure tailored dimensioning, Class X CTs should be chosen with a
kneepoint voltage such that the CT saturates at 20 times the transformer rated current. The condition
regarding kneepoint voltage V
k
is therefore:
( )
n W CT K
i R R V 25 + >
)ith
CT
R : /T interna, resistance

W
R
: wiring resistance
Please note: The choice of class X CTs corresponds to a tailored ofer. Class X CTs entail additional
manufacturing time and extra cost.

&1#&
/ase ":
In 2 3 , 4 inr I
;
To guarantee standard sensor dimensioning and minimum current mesurement errors with high
values, it is necessary to choose 5P K
n
type CTs with a rated burden VA
CT
and an accuracy limit factor
FLP such that:
2
C$
>A
n W
i R
and
In
inr I
FLP
2
;
3 >
with i
n
the CT secondary current and R
t
the sum of the wiring
resistance,
W
R
, and the CT internal resistance,
CT
R
.
(VA
CT
corresponds to the apparent power supplied to the secondary
circuit for the secondary rated current, the standardized values
being 1-2.5- 5-10-15-30 VA)
The last criterion corresponds to 1 ( 25 FLP in the limit case in which 3 ( 4
2
;

In
inr I
For optimization, Class X CTs are chosen, and the condition regarding the kneepoint voltage V
k
is:
( )
n W CT K
i
In
inr I
R R V
2
;
3 + >
)ith
CT
R : /T interna, resistance

W
R
: CT wiring resistance
Summary o* dimensioning ,a)s according to (ea2 c,osing current va,ue:
&"!&
2 3 ( 4
8
/ase 1 /T /ase " /T
Se,*&ada(tive or
conventiona, restraint
/onventiona, restraint
In
inr I
;
In
e I
;
4!!6: of hyperte5t lin1s
Rated po=er:
T)o rated (o)er va,ues are genera,,y given 4y the manu*acturer *or trans*ormers8 according to
)hether or not the coo,ers are o(erating The rated (o)er8 S8 to 4e set in Se(am is the greatest o* the
t)o va,ues The choice is made to ma2e the (rotection even more insensitive to e+terna, *au,ts
&"1&
Dector shift:
Definition:
Vector shi*t is o4tained 4y reading the time given 4y the vector o* (hase a 6secondary (hase 17 )hen
the vector o* (hase A 6(rimary (hase 17 is (ointing to noon
In the e+am(,e 4e,o)8 in the ,e*t&hand *igure8 the (rimary vo,tage systems are sho)n in red 6a8 48 c7
and the secondary vo,tages in *lac1 6A8 =8 /7 In the *igure on the right8 the vector shi*t va,ue can 4e
read direct,y Fere the vector o* (hase a (oints to 11 o@c,oc2 )hen the vector o* (hase A is at noon8 so
there is a vector shi*t o* 11
#se in Sepam:
Se(am ad<suts the secondary currents di**erent,y according to the vector shi*t va,ue
Derification and setting:
?hen the current sensors are connected correct,y8 ie the /Ts measuring I18 I"8 I0 are connected to
the FV )inding 6)inding 17 and the /Ts measuring I;18 I;"8 I;0 are connected to the LV )inding
6)inding "78 the (hase dis(,acement measured 4y Se(am 4et)een the currents o* )inding 1 and
)inding " 6corres(onding to ang,e in the *igure a4ove78 a*ter division 4y 0!L8 corres(ond to the vector
shi*t setting to 4e made
&""&
Particular use of a transformer to step up +oltage:
Let@s ta2e an e+am(,e: a trans*ormer )ith a rating (,ate that indicates:
Dy118 0-2V $ %%2V
I* the trans*ormer is used to ste( do)n vo,tage: the /Ts measuring I18 I"8 I0 shou,d 4e connected to
the FV )inding 6)inding 17 and the /Ts measuring I;18 I;"8 I;0 to the LV )inding 6)inding "7 In this
case8 the vector shi*t 6VS7 to 4e set in Se(am is e9ua, to 11 as indicated in the rating (,ate
F1?>V>' i* the trans*ormer is used to ste( u( vo,tage:
I* the )iring recommended in the commissioning manua, is used8 the /Ts measuring I18 I"8 I0
shou,d 4e connected to the FV )inding 6)inding 17 and the /Ts measuring I;18 I;"8 I;0 shou,d 4e
connected to the LV )inding 6)inding "7 In this case8 the vector shi*t 6VS7 to 4e set in Se(am is e9ua,
to 11 as indicated in the rated (,ate
&"0&
I;18 I;"8 I;0
0-2V$%%2V
Dy11
I18 I"8 I0
?inding 1 BFV ?inding " B LV
Se(am
VS B11
I;18 I;"8 I;0
%%2V $ 0-2V
Dy11
I18 I"8 I0
?inding 1 B FV ?inding " B LV
Se(am
VS B11
1n the other hand8 i* the /Ts measuring I18 I"8 I0 are )ired to the LV )inding 6)inding "7 and
the /Ts measuring I;18 I;"8 I;0 to the FV )inding 6)inding 178 the vector shi*t 6VS7 to 4e set in Se(am is
the com(,ement o* 1" com(ared to the va,ue indicated in the rating (,ate8 ie 1"&11B18 VSB1 in
Se(am
&"-&
I;18 I;"8 I;0
%%2V$0-2V
Dy11
I18 I"8 I0
?inding 1 BLV ?inding " BFV
Se(am
VS B1
&mmunity to e5ternal earth faults:
To i,,ustrate8 ,et@s ta2e the case o* a Dyn11 trans*ormer
To sim(,i*y ca,cu,ations8 it is (resumed that the trans*ormation ratio is e9ua, to one 6ie An1BAn"7
I1
I"
I0
I@1
I@"
I;0
0 : 1
I*
/urrents o* the di**erent (hases:
If , ) I'3
5 ) I'2
5 ) I'1
If ) I3
5 ) I2
If , ) I1

5atched currents:
( )
( )
( )
n I n I
n I
n I n I
' ( 3
If ,
' ( 3
I'2 , I'3
I'3m
5
' ( 3
I'1 , I'2
I'2m
' ( 3
If
' ( 3
I'3 , I'1
I'1m



( )
( )
( )
In
In
If
I3 I2 I1
3
1
, I3 I3m
5 I3 I2 I1
3
1
, I2 I2m
If ,
I3 I2 I1
3
1
, I1 I1m

1
]
1

+ +

1
]
1

+ +

1
]
1

+ +
Di**erentia, and through currents: given that 3 )
n ' I
In
If ) It3
5 ) It2
If( ) It1
5 )
n ' I ( 3
If ,
/
In
If
) Id3
5 / 5 ) Id2
5 )
In
,If
/
n ' I ( 3
If
) Id1
Id1BId"BId0;08 the di**erntia, current is there*ore 3ero *or each (hase
The (rotection )i,, not (ic2 u( )ith e+terna, earth *au,ts
&".&
!ote on the ma5. function:
Given Im and I;m8 the matched (rimary and secondary currents
The through current *or a (hase is given 4y:
( ) m I It ' , m I max

The notation
m I

indicates that )e are ta2ing the vector magnitude o* the vector

m I

8 ie
Im m I

and
m I m I ' '

The ma+ *unction may 4e used to ta2e the through current e9ua, to the greatest o* the t)o vector
magnitudes:
I* Im K I;m8 ItBIm
I* I;m K Im8 ItB I;m
&"%&
&ds lo= set point and &d7&t slope calculation uncertainty:
Three e+am(,es are (resented 4e,o)8 *or three di**erent ty(es o* cou(,ing trans*ormers
1. Eyo transformer:
n
I 8
n
' I : trans*ormer (rimary and secondary rated currents8 res(ective,y
6Genera,,y s(ea2ing8 the (rimed sym4o, characteri3es an additiona, va,ue7
Trans*ormation ratio:
1
2
n
n
9

i:
measurement error on transformer primary phase i.

i:
measurement error on transformer secondary phase i.
4: trans*ormer on&,oad ta( changer ta( range 6E or M !17
N
In
n I and
b
N
i I
Ii
Ui
i U

+
'
+ 1 - '
'
Secondary currents:
a ( n ' I +( 3 1 / 1 - ) 3 ' I
* a ( n ' I +( 2 1 / 1 - ) 2 ' I
n ' I +( 1 1 / 1 - ) 1 ' I

5atching o* secondary currents:

'
3
1
, + 3 1 - ' 3
'
3
1
, * + 2 1 - ' 2
'
3
1
, + 1 1 - ' 1
IR a m I
IR a m I
IR m I

+
+
+
?ith
3 1 ( a / 2 1 *( a / 1 1 ) + 3 1 / 1 - a / + 2 1 / 1 *- a / + 1 1 / 1 - ) ' I!
Primary currents:
a ( In (
+ & / 1 -
+ 3 0 / 1 -
, ) 3 I
* a ( In (
+ & / 1 -
+ 2 0 / 1 -
, ) 2 I
In (
+ & / 1 -
+ 1 0 / 1 -
, ) 1 I
5atching o* (rimary currents:
IR
b
a
b
m I
IR
b
a
b
m I
IR
b b
m I
+ 1 (- 3
1
(
+ 1 -
+ 3 1 -
, 3
+ 1 (- 3
1
* (
+ 1 -
+ 2 1 -
, 2
+ 1 (- 3
1
+ 1 -
+ 1 1 -
, 1
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+

?ith 3 0 ( a / 2 0 *( a / 1 0 ) + 3 0 / 1 - a / + 2 0 / 1 *- a / + 1 0 / 1 - ) I!
Differential currents:
&"7&
I;1
I;"
I;0
I1
I"
I0
i ' I (
& / 1
9
, ) i I

Di**erentia, current is ca,cu,ated 4y:
m Ii Iim Idi ' +
A simu,ation has 4een done )ith 5at,a4 to esta4,ish a com4ination o* N 18"80O signs and
N18"80O signs to ma+imi3e di**erentia, current The simu,ation resu,ts are as *o,,o)s:
Ai= N18"80O Bi= N18"80O
Idi [- - -] [ ]
This corres(onds to the case in )hich a,, the (rimary sensors have an at the minimum 6negative7
and a,, the secondary sensors an error at the ma+imum 6(ositive7
Di**erentia, current may there*ore 4e e+(ressed as:
& / 1
& 1 / & / 1 / 0
) Id
Through currents and Id/It slope:
Through current is ca,cu,ated 4y:
+ 1 ' , 1 max- m I m I It
i

:or the same Id ma+imi3ing conditions 6Id is ma+imi3ed and It is minimi3ed78 through current may 4e
e+(ressed as:
& / 1
0 , 1
) It
Fence the ma+imum s,o(e
0 , 1
& 1 / & / 1 / 0
)
It
Id

Numerical application:
:or 4B!1 )hich corres(onds to an on&,oad ta( changer ta( range o* E or & 1!G
and BB!18 )hich corres(onds to a /T accuracy error o* 1!G
the *a,se di**erentia, current is e9ua, to "818G
the minimum s,o(e is e9ua, to 0---G

&"8&
. Dy11 transformer:
n
I 8
n
' I : trans*ormer (rimary and secondary rated currents8 res(ective,y
6Genera,,y s(ea2ing8 the (rimed sym4o, characteri3es an additiona, va,ue7
Trans*ormation ratio:
1
2
n
n
9

i:
measurement error on transformer primary phase i .

i:
measurement error on transformer secondary phase i.
4: trans*ormer on&,oad ta( changer ta( range 6E or M !17
3 (
'
+ 1 -
3 (
'
'
N
In
n I and
b
N
i I
Ii
Ui
i U

+

Secondary currents:

a ( n ' I +( 3 1 / 1 - ) 3 ' I
* a ( n ' I +( 2 1 / 1 - ) 2 ' I
n ' I +( 1 1 / 1 - ) 1 ' I
5atching o* secondary currents:
3
* +( 2 1 - +( 3 1 -
3 '
3
+ 1 1 - * +( 2 1 -
2 '
3
+( 3 1 - + 1 1 -
1 '
a a
m I
a
m I
a
m I



+ +

+ +

+ +

2 . , 3 . ) 3 I
1 . , 2 . ) 2 I
3 . , 1 . ) 1 I
and
3 ' I (
& / 1
9
, ) 3 .
2 ' I (
& / 1
9
, ) 2 .
1 ' I (
& / 1
9
, ) 1 .
hence
? @
? @
? @
3 ' I , 2 ' I (
& / 1
9
) 3 I
2 ' I , 1 ' I (
& / 1
9
) 2 I
1 ' I , 3 ' I (
& / 1
9
) 1 I
Primary currents:
In (
3
+ a , * a -
(
+ & / 1 -
+ 3 0 / 1 -
) 3 I
In (
3
*+ a , 1 -
+( 2 0 / 1 - ) 2 I
In (
3
+ 1 , a -
(
+ & / 1 -
+ 1 0 / 1 -
) 1 I
Matching of primary currents:
@ (
3
1
, + , * +(- 3 1 (?-
+ 1 (- 3
1
3
@ (
3
1
, *+ , 1 +(- 2 1 (?-
+ 1 (- 3
1
2
@ (
3
1
, + 1 , +(- 1 1 (?-
+ 1 (- 3
1
1
IR a a
b
m I
IR a
b
m I
IR a
b
m I

+
+

+
+

+
+

?ith
+ a , * a +(- 3 0 / 1 - / *+ a , 1 +(- 2 0 / 1 - / + 1 , a +(- 1 0 / 1 - ) I!
&"#&
I;1
I;"
I;0
I1
I"
I0
C1
C"
C0
Differential currents:
Di**erentia, current is ca,cu,ated 4y:
m Ii Iim Idi ' +
The results of the Matla simulation used to !nd the maximum di"erential #urrent are
as follo$s%
Ai= N18"80O Bi= N18"80O
Id1 [- - -] [ - ]
Id2 [- - -] [ -]
Id& [- - -] [- ]
This corres(onds to the case in )hich a,, the (rimary sensors are at the ma+imum and one o* the
three secondary sensors is at the minimum8 the other t)o 4eing at the ma+imum
Di**erentia, current8 )hatever the (hase8 may 4e e+(ressed as
& / 1
& 1 / & / 1 / 0
) Id
Through currents and Id/It slope:
Through current is ca,cu,ated 4y:
+ 1 ' , 1 max- m I m I It
i

:or the same Id ma+imi3ing conditions 6Id is ma+imi3ed and It is minimi3ed78 the through current can
4e e+(ressed as
& / 1
0 , 1
) It
Fence the ma+imum s,o(e
0 , 1
& 1 / & / 1 / 0
)
It
Id

Numerical application:
:or 4B!1 and BB!18
the *a,se di**erentia, current is e9ua, to "818G
the minimum s,o(e is e9ua, to 0---G
&0!&
3. Ed" transformer:
n
I 8
n
' I : trans*ormer (rimary and secondary rated currents8 res(ective,y
6Genera,,y s(ea2ing8 the (rimed sym4o, characteri3es an additiona, va,ue7
Trans*ormation ratio:
1
2
n
n
9

i:
measurement error on transformer primary phase i .

i:
measurement error on transformer secondary phase i.
4: trans*ormer on&,oad ta( changer ta( range 6E or M !17
N
In n I and
b
N
i I
Ii
Ui
i U 3
( '
3 +( 1 -
(
'
'

+

Secondary currents:

a ( n ' I +( 3 1 / 1 - ) 3 ' I
* a ( n ' I +( 2 1 / 1 - ) 2 ' I
n ' I +( 1 1 / 1 - ) 1 ' I
5atching o* secondary currents:
3
+ 3 1 - , * +( 2 1 -
3 '
3
* + 2 1 - , + 1 1 -
2 '
3
+ 1 1 - , + 3 1 -
1 '
a a
m I
a
m I
a
m I



+ +

+ +

+ +

.i (
+ & / 1 -
9
) Ii
and
n ' I
3
* a , a
) 3 .
n ' I
3
1 , * a
) 2 .
n ' I
3
a , 1
) 1 .
Primary currents:
In +( 3 0 / 1 *+- a , a -
+ & / 1 (- 3
1
) 3 I
In +( 2 0 / 1 +- 1 , * a -
+ & / 1 (- 3
1
) 2 I
In +( 1 0 / 1 +- a , 1 -
+ & / 1 (- 3
1
) 1 I
Matching of primary currents:
@ (
3
1
, *+ , +(- 3 1 (?-
+ 1 (- 3
1
3
@ (
3
1
, + 1 , * +(- 2 1 (?-
+ 1 (- 3
1
2
@ (
3
1
, + , 1 +(- 1 1 (?-
+ 1 (- 3
1
1
IR a a
b
m I
IR a
b
m I
IR a
b
m I

+
+

+
+

+
+

?ith
+ 3 0 / 1 *+- a , a - / + 2 0 / 1 +- 1 , * a - / + 1 0 / 1 +- a , 1 - ) I!
Differential currents:
&01&
I;1
I;"
I;0
I1
I"
I0
C1
C"
C0
Di**erentia, current is ca,cu,ated 4y:
cor Ii Iicor Idi ' +
The results of the Matla simulation used to !nd the maximum di"erential #urrent are
as follo$s%
Ai= N18"80O Bi= N18"80O
Id1 [- - -] [ - ]
Id2 [- - -] [ -]
Id& [- - -] [- ]
This corres(onds to the case in )hich a,, the (rimary sensors are at the ma+imum and one o* the
three secondary sensors is at the minimum8 the other t)o 4eing at the ma+imum
Di**erentia, current8 )hatever the (hase8 may 4e e+(ressed as:
& / 1
& 1 / & / 1 / 0
) Id
Through currents and Id/It slope:
Through current is ca,cua,ted 4y:
+ 1 ' , 1 max- m I m I It
i

:or the same Id ma+imi3ing conditions 6Id is ma+imi3ed and It is minimi3ed78 the through current may
4e e+(ressed as
& / 1
0 , 1
) It
Fence the ma+imum s,o(e
0 , 1
& 1 / & / 1 / 0
)
It
Id

Numerical application:
:or 4B!1 and BB!18
the *a,se di**erentia, current is e9ua, to "818G
the minimum s,o(e is e9ua, to 0---G
&0"&
&ds lo= set point calculation tool:
Ty(e o* /T .P
1n&,oad ta( changer 1!G .P ,iste de choi+
Au+,iary )inding 1!G 1!P
'e,ay error 1G
5agneti3ing current 0G 1!P 1!G
Sa*ety margin .G .P .G
.G
1#G
Id$It s,o(e to 4e set 08G 1#G
!.C.: Set the va,ue to 3ero i* there is no ta( changer or au+i,iary )inding
ids due au+ T/ et au rPg,eur
ids Au+8 'e,ais8 5agn8 5arge
Calculation tool for 8$3 &ds lo= threshold setting
Parameters to 4e set
/onventiona, va,ues
&00&
&d7&t slope calculation tool:
Ty(e o* /T .P
1n&,oad ta( changer 1!G .P ,iste de choi+
Au+,iary )inding 1!G 1!P
'e,ay error 1G
5agneti3ing current 0G 1!P 1!G
Sa*ety margin .G .P .G
.G
1#G
Id$It s,o(e to 4e set --G 1#G
08G somme
!.C.: Set the va,ue to 3ero i* there is no ta( changer or au+i,iary )inding !88%0%0%0% It mini
!8-0.78#-7 id$It ma+
ids due au+ T/ et au rPg,eur
ids Au+8 'e,ais8 5agn8 5arge
Calculation tool for 8$3 &d7&t slope setting:
Parameters to 4e set
/onventiona, va,ues
&0-&
3R&F4G dry)type cast resin transformers:
Data sheet e+tract
&0.&
Hil)immersed transformers
Data sheet e+tract
&0%&
4rtificial !eural !et=or1s:
Arti*icia, neura, net)or2s are a set o* ca,cu,ation too,s and methods used to teach an arti*icia, system
di**erent ty(es o* 4ehaviors according to in(ut (arameter va,ues During the deve,o(ment o*
trans*ormer di**erentia, (rotection8 the *unction )as QtaughtQ to react in a (articu,ar )ay to *our in(ut
(arameters )hich are:
Di**erentia, and through current *undamenta,8
1 h
Id and
1 h
It
Second&harmonic8
2 h
Id 8 the same *or each (hase
Di**erentia, current *i*th&harmonic8
1 h
5 h
Id
Id
'e(resentation o* an arti*icia, neuron:
)ith the *o,,o)ing notations: The neuron in(ut va,ues are +
i
The out(ut va,ue is 1
j
The interna, (arameters are the )eights )
ij
and the thresho,d
j
'e(resentation o* the Arti*ica, Neura, Net)or2 o* the Se(am a,gorithm:
1 h
Id
2 h
Id
1 h
Id
5 h
Id
1 h
Id
1 h
It
The in(ut (arameter va,ues corres(onding to the . *o,,o)ing ty(es o* situation )ere entered in the
neura, net)or2 ,earning data4ase:
Norma, o(eration8 no *au,ts8 )ith and )ithout connected ,oads
Trans*ormer c,osing
:au,t outside the (rotected 3one
Interna, t)o&(hase *au,t
&07&
Protection tri((ing
or
no tri((ing
+aluess
=eights
acti+ation
function
=eighted sum
com*ination
function
threshold
Interna, (hase&to&earth *au,t
An out(ut va,ue corres(onding to (rotection tri((ing or no tri((ing )as then given
The neura, net)or2 managed a,, o* these cases 4y setting the interna, (arameters o* each neuron
6)eight and thresho,d7 to de*ine a 4ehavior that com(,ied )ith the in(ut and out(ut conditions entered
in the ,earning data4ase The a,gorithm o4tained )as then im(,emented in Se(am This ty(e o*
restraint increases the tri((ing thresho,d according to the harmonic current measured Tests )ere then
(er*ormed to determine the (ro*i,e o* the tri((ing curve that uses this se,*&ada(tive restraint according
to harmonic current The test (rotoco,s )hich (roduced these curves are those detai,ed in the
(aragra(h on (rotection testing

3ripping ?one =ith 4!! restraint according to
second)harmonic
!
"
-
%
8
1!
1"
1-
! " - % 8 1! 1" 1-
&t7&n
&
d
7
&
n
F" B !G
F" B 1.G
F" B "!G
F" B ".G
I* the second&harmonic
increases8 the ,o) set
(oint increases as )e,,
The (rotection )i,,
there*ore 4e more sta4,e
)ith res(ect to c,osing or
/T saturation

In norma, o(eration8 during
)hich the second&
harmonic is ,o) 6c*
F"B!G78 the *unction is
more e**ective than the
conventiona, restraint
since the g,o4a, tri((ing
thresho,d is ,o)er
The same comments as above
apply for ffth harmonic and
transformer overfuxing.
3ripping ?one =ith 4!! restraint according to
fifth harmonic
!
"
-
%
8
1!
1"
! " - % 8 1! 1" 1-
&t7&n
&
d
7
&
n
!G
"!G
0!G
&08&