1

no ............................................................................................1
no.......................................................................................5
n.................................................................................................................7
oo ..............................................................................................10
....................................................................................................11
.................................................................................................................12
n.................................................................................................................13
o ..................................................................................................................14

2 {

17

{................................................................................................................................17
n{ ...................................................................................................................18
n{.............................................................................................19
..........................................................................................................................21
f .........................................................................................................................23

3 {r

25

.................................................................................................................25
ro........................................................................................................29
..........................................................................................................................29
..................................................................................................................29

rrrn

n .....................................................................................................................29
n ........................................................................................................................30
n ................................................................................................................31
ro ..........................................................................32
o = ........................................................................................37
oro ......................................................................38
oro.......................................................................................39
f.........................................................................................................................41

4 r

43

......................................................................................................................43
..................................................................................................................46
r........................................................................................46
..................................................................................................46
if then else...............................................................................................47
for..............................................................................................................48
while .........................................................................................................50
.................................................................................................53
r ...........................................................................................59
f.........................................................................................................................66

5 r

69

o multipop..................................................................................................71
r .............................................................................................72
o multipop (n) .........................................................................................74
.................................................................................................................74
r ...........................................................................................................75
..................................................................................................................76
n..................................................................................................................77

.................................................................................................................78
r ...........................................................................................................79
on .....................................................................................................79
n ..................................................................................................................81
.................................................................................................................81
r ...........................................................................................................81
o ..................................................................................................83
f .........................................................................................................................85

6 oo 1

87

..............................................................................................................................88
ooo........................................................................................................90
..........................................................................................................................94
......................................................................................................................................98
................................................................................................................................100
f .......................................................................................................................101

7 oo 2

105

oor ....................................................................................................................105
r .................................................................................................................106
o .......................................................................................................................108
......................................................................................................................108
.......................................................................................................................109
r .........................................................................................110
........................................................................................................................112
oo ............................................................................................................112
ro (FindMin)..................................................................................114
oo..............................................................................................114
n........................................................................115

rrrn

(Merge)...............................................................................................116
(Insert).........................................................................................................118
ro (ExtractMin).............................................................................118
nr (DecreaseKey) ..............................................................................118
o (BuildHeap) .........................................................................................119
.....................................................................................................119
n......................................................120
ro ...................................................................................................121
d ....................................................................................................................124
nr (DecreaseKey) ..............................................................................124
ro (ExtractMin).............................................................................127
nnn.............................................................................................................129
o .............................................................................................131
o.................................................................................................132
...................................................................................................................133
o ............................................................................................133
MakeSet, Union Find ...............................................................134
r..............................................................................................................134
f.......................................................................................................................138

8 n

141

o..........................................................................................................142
................................................................................................144
.....................................................................................................145
{ ...............................................................................................................150
o ....................................................................................153
nr........................................................................................................156
r ...............................................................................................................157
no..............................................................................................................159

..................................................................................................................163
f .......................................................................................................................165

169

{n.............................................................................................169
{................................................................................................172
on ........................................................................................173
o{n.................................................................................177
o ...................................................................181
ooo....................................................................................182
n ...............................................................................................188
no.....................................................................................190
n ..........................................................................................................193
nn.......................................................................................................196
nr .....................................................................................................200
f .......................................................................................................................204

10

209

{j ......................................................................................................................211
{................................................................................................215
{..................................................................................................216
no.....................................................................................218
ooo .............................................................................................223
..............................................................................................223
...................................................................................................225
ro .............................227
m .................................................................................................................228
f .......................................................................................................................233

rrrn

11 o

237

........................................................................................................238
...............................................................................241
..................................................................................242
n.................................................................................................243
nn...................................................................................245
oo.........................................................................................................246
o o oo ..........................................................251
}..................................................................................................251
o ....................................................................................................252
oo ................................................................................................255
ooo.........................................................................................259
..........................................................................................................261
o ....................................................................................................................265
....................................................................................................275
f.......................................................................................................................286

12 n

289

r...........................................................................................291
r ...................................................................................292
no .........................................................................................................294
} .........................................................................297
n............................................................................................................303
................................................................................................306
no ................................................................307
o ..............................................................308
{ .........................................................................................................309
n............................................................................................................309

{ n ............................................................................................................310
....................................................................................................312
f .......................................................................................................................316

13 r

321

n ...........................................................................322
{n ...........................................................................................................324
{ .........................................................................................................325
n{ ....................................................................................................................327
n{..............................................................................................................328
.............................................................................................................328
n...........................................................................................329
{..............................................................................................................331
n{r.................................................................................................334
{..........................................................................344
o ..........................................................................................................345
.............................................................................................348
f .......................................................................................................................357

365

367