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K^DHA\CT MB GBMADAOK
© Dcpyraeht aGbmPun
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>0;=
\cj. ;0 Oc. >94mca9 ;0.48>4/;>;<
aGbmPun Icurokjs
Bstb krtçdujc bstk maspcoanjb bo9
www.krdhavcsmbgbmadaok.dcg
Euçk mb prëdtadk djçoadk mb sçomrcgb mb cvkrac pcjaquçstadc
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Gámadc bspbdakjastk bo gbmadaok lkgajakr y dcguoatkrak. Dbotrc mb Tkjum \arebo mb jk Dkpajjk. Ikáo.
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 Lkdujtktavc bspbdakjastk mb ërbk bo bomcdraocjceçk y outradaôo. Djçoadk Tkotk Asknbj. Tbvajjk.
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Erkmc uoavbrsatkrac bo bolbrgbrçk. Hcspatkj \adtcrak Bueboak mb jk Druz ^cik. Tbvajjk.
Dcrrbspcombodak9
Lrkodasdc Ikvabr mbj Dkstajjc ]arkmc
Mbj Dkstajjc ]arkmc, Lrkodasdc Ikvabr
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, Gkrtçobz Crtbek, Kotcoac Ibsùs
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, Mbj Dkstajjc ]arkmc, ^csk Kok
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^bsugbo
Bj Tçomrcgb mb Cvkracs Pcjaquçstadcs (TCP) bs uok dcomadaôo guy lrb-dubotb bo jk guibr, kùo pcnrbgbotb dcgprbomamk. Dkusk uo bxdbsc mb komrôebocs, rbspcosknjb mb jks gkoalbstkdacobs praodapkjbs mbj sço-mrcgb (Harsutasgc, rbsastbodak k jk aosujaok c arrbeujkramkm gbostrukj/ sunlbrtajamkm). Kuoqub dcgùo, bxastb dcotrcvbrsak bo bj makeoôstadc y gkobic mb bstk bolbrgbmkm, dco ougbrcsks euçks y rbdcgbomkdac-obs maspcoanjbs. Oubstrc cnibtavc bs rbsugar jks gës rbjbvkotbs y prc-pcrdacokr uo puotc mb vastk kdtukjazkmc bo tárgaocs mb makeoôstadc, gkobic y trktkgabotc mbj TCP, dcgc uok hbrrkgabotk pkrk jk tcgk mb mbdasacobs y jk prëdtadk djçoadk nkskmk bo jk bvambodak.
Pkjknrks djkvb9
cvkrac pcjaquçstadc, sçomrcgb mb cvkrac pcjaquçstadc, trktkgabotc sçomrcgb mb cvkrac pcjaquçstadc, aolbrtajamkm sçomrcgb mb cvkrac pcjaquçstadc.
Knstrkdt
Pcjydystad Cvkry Tyomrcgb (PDCT) as k vbry lrbqubot dcomataco ao lbgk-jbs, stajj pccrjy uombrstccm. At dkusbs ko komrcebo bxdbss, rbspcosanjb cl thb gkao gkoalbstktacos cl thb syomrcgb (Harsutasg, aosujao rbsas-tkodb cr gbostrukj arrbeujkraty/sunlbrtajaty). Kjthcueh dcggco, thbrb as dcotrcvbrsy ao thb makeocsas kom gkokebgbot cl thas masbksb, wath sbvbrkj euambjaobs kom rbdcggbomktacos kvkajknjb. Cur cnibdtavb as tc suggkrazb thb gcst rbjbvkot cobs kom tc prcvamb ko kdtukjazbm pcaot cl vabw ao tbrgs cl makeocsas, gkokebgbot kom trbktgbot cl PDCT, ks k tccj lcr mbdasaco-gkfaoe kom bvambodb-nksbm gbmadkj prkdtadb.
Fby wcrms9
pcjydystad cvkry, pcjydystad cvkry syomrcgb, trbktgbot pc-jydystad cvkry syomrcgb, pcjydystad cvkry syomrcgb aolbrtajaty.
 
K^DHA\CT MB GBMADAOK
>0;=
\cj.;0 Oc. >94mca9 ;0.48>4/;>;<
Bstb krtçdujc bstk maspcoanjb bo9
www.krdhavcsmbgbmadaok.dcg
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Aotrcmuddaôo
Dcodbptc mb sçomrcgb mb cvkrac pcjaquçstadc
Bj Tçomrcgb mb Cvkrac Pcjaquçstadc (TCP) bs jk kjtbrk-daôo bomcdraocjôeadk gës lrbdubotb qub klbdtk k jks guibrbs bo bmkm rbprcmudtavk. Bj TCP sb dkrkdtbrazk pcr cjaecgbocrrbk, sçotcgks sbduomkracs kj bxdbsc mb komrôebocs y pubmb rbsujtkr bo kjtbrkdacobs sc-nrb jk dkjamkm mb vamk y bo hugcr mbprbsavc. Jk kpk-radaôo mb jcs sçotcgks pubmb bstkr dcomadacokmk pcr bj gbmac kgnabotb y jk hbrbodak eboátadk kdtukomc scnrb btkpks tbgprkoks mb jk vamk. Jcs gcmbjcs bx-pbragbotkjbs sueabrbo qub jk bxpcsadaôo murkotb bj mbskrrcjjc lbtkj k komrôebocs pubmb aomudar blbdtcs sagajkrbs kj sçomrcgb mb cvkrac pcjaquçstadc V;W. Tu makeoôstadc sb rbkjazk murkotb jk ápcdk rbprcmud-tavk dukomc jks guibrbs prbsbotko mcs mb jcs saeuabo-tbs dratbracs9
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dadjcs arrbeujkrbs c kocvujktcracs,
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 hapbrkomrceboasgc y
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 lboctapc mb sçomrcgb mb cvkrac pcjaquçstadc V>, 4W. Bxastbo vkracs lboctapcs mb TCP, sbeùo jcs dratbracs mb ^cttbrmkg (>004)9 Cnb-samkm dco hapbrkomrceboasgc y pcjaquastcsas, pcja-quastcsas y cnbsamkm sao harsutasgc djçoadc, cnbsamkm b harsutasgc sao pcjaquastcsas kscdakmk, y ﬋okjgbotb pcjaquastcsas b hapbrkomrceboasgc sao cnbsamkm, pcr crmbo mb prbvkjbodak V=W.Jk prbvkjbodak bo jk pcnjkdaôo ebobrkj rcomk bj <,<%, dco uok prbvkjbodak bo Bspkûk mbj <,2% V2, <W. Pkrk bj makeoôstadc mbj gasgc sb rbdcgabomk uskr jcs dratbracs mb ^cttbrmkg, qub dcosastb bo jk prb-sbodak mb mcs mb jcs saeuabotbs dratbracs9 hapbrkomrc-eboasgc, cvkracs pcjaquçstadcs, masluodaôo cvëradk, kuoqub bs malçdaj rbkjazkr bj makeoôstadc bo guibrbs kmcjbsdbotbs y gbocpëusadks V5W.Bxastbo ougbrcsks dcgpjadkdacobs kscdakmks k bstk botamkm, dcgc pubmbo sbr dkgnacs bo bj hugcr, hçekmc erksc oc kjdchôjadc, kugbotc mb rabsec dkr-macvksdujkr, kugbotc mbj rabsec mbj dëodbr mb bomc-gbtrac y ctrcs. Pkrk bj trktkgabotc mb bstk botamkm djçoadk bj pragbr bsdkjôo tbrkpáutadc pksk pcr bj usc mb kotadcodbptavcs hcrgcokjbs. Bj trktkgabotc mb pragbrk jçobk pkrk jk aolbrtajamkm bs bj djcgalboc. Oc sb hko bodcotrkmc gbicrks saeoa﬋dktavks dco bj usc mb dkgnacs bo bj bstajc mb vamk, kuoqub bo kqubjjks pkdabotbs bo scnrbpbsc u cnbsamkm tabobo gbicrks bo su skjum kj sbeuar madhks pkutks V4, 8-;0W.
Bpambgacjceçk
Tbeùo jk lubotb utajazkmk y jcs dratbracs sbjbddacokmcs pkrk bj makeoôstadc mb jk bolbrgbmkm, jk bpambgc-jceçk vkrçk. Bo bj bstumac mb Kzzaz bt kj., rbkjazkrco uok bvkjukdaôo mb jks pkdabotbs sbeùo sa dugpjçko jcs dratbracs mb ^cttbrmkg, dratbracs sbrcjôeadcs mb oavbjbs hcrgcokjbs, prbsbodak c kusbodak mb harsu-tasgc y masluodaôo cvëradk V2W. Madhc bstumac sbûkjknk uok prbvkjbodak kdugujkmk mb mb <,<%, sabomc mbj <,<% bo jks pkdabotbs mb rkzk oberk y =,8% bo jks pkdabotbs mb rkzk njkodk, oc hkjjëomcsb malbrbodaks bstkmçstadkgbotb saeoa﬋dk-tavks botrb kgncs erupcs. Pkrk jk pcnjkdaôo bspkûcjk tbobgcs bj bstumac mb Ksuodaôo bt kj. qub rbkjazô uok bstagkdaôo mb lcr-gk prcspbdtavk mb cvkrac pcjaquçstadc bo ;2= gu- ibrbs dkudësadks mb bmkm rbprcmudtavk qub sb anko k scgbtbr k mcokdaôo mb skoerb. Jcs dratbracs mb sbjbddaôo mb bstcs pkdabotbs agpjadkrco jk bxastbodak mb cjaecgbocrrbk, hapbrkomrceboasgc djçoadc c nac-quçgadc y jk bxdjusaôo mb hapbrprcjkdtaobgak, mbs-ôrmbobs tarcambcs y má﬋dat ktçpadc mb >;-hamrcxajksk. Tb mb﬋oaô uok prbvkjbodak mbj <,2% mb jk gubstrk dco dratbracs mb harsutasgc bo bj 5,;% y bstkmc mb kdoá bo bj ;>,4% mb jk gubstrk V<, 5W.
 
K^DHA\CT MB GBMADAOK
>0;=
\cj. ;0 Oc. >94mca9 ;0.48>4/;>;<
© Dcpyraeht aGbmPun
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Dratbracs makeoôstadcs
Makeoôstadc bo kmujtcs9
 bj sçomrcgb mb cvkrac pcjaquçstadc bs uo sçomrcgb mb btacjceçk dcgpjbik, y bsdkskgbotb dcgprbomamk. Pkrk bj makeoôstadc bo kmujtcs sb rbkjazk dugpjabomc mcs mb jcs trbs dratb-racs9 hapbrkomrceboasgc, cvkracs pcjaquçstadcs (cn- ibtavkmcs gbmakotb tádoadk bdcerë﬋dk) c masluodaôo cvëradk. Tb mbnbo bxdjuar jks botamkmbs qub bo su mbskrrcjjc okturkj mb bolbrgbmkm prbsbotbo djçoadk qub pubmk scjkpkrsb, dcgc jks klbddacobs tarcambks, hapbrprcjkdtaobgak b hapbrpjksak suprkrrbokj dcoeá-oatk (gkycrgbotb má﬋dat pragkrac mb jk >;-hamrcxa-jksk). Jcs dratbracs gës utajazkmcs pkrk bj makeoôstadc sco jcs mb ^cttbrmkg (8), kuoqub bs lrbdubotb uskr ctrcs dratbracs makeoôstadcs (
]knjk ;
) V4, =W.Jcs dratbracs kotbracrbs pbrgatbo uo makeoôstadc djç-oadc (bo kocvujkdacobs drôoadks sbduomkraks k ha-pbrkomrceboasgc), mb lcrgk kokjçtadk dco koëjasas bspbdç﬋dcs bo skoerb mb komrôebocs c dco bdcerk-lçk dcgpktanjb. Oc bstë rbdcgbomkmc bj drankmc mb lcrgk sastbgëtadk bo guibrbs qub dugpjko mcs mb jcs trbs dratbracs djçoadcs, kuoqub sç sb rbdcgabomk rbdcebr bo jk hastcrak djçoadk duëjbs hko crabotkmc bj makeoôstadc bo dkmk dksc mb lcrgk aomavamukj, aodjuybomc jcs dratbracs bdcerë﬋dcs mb ^cttbrmkg mb gcrlcjceçk cvëradk. Pkrk dugpjar jcs dratbracs mb ^cttbrmkg jk pkdabotb mbnb prbsbotkr kj gbocs uo cvkrac dco kj gbocs ;> lcjçdujcs mb >-;0 gajçgbtrcs c uo vcjugbo supbracr k ;0gJ bo kusbodak mb lcjç-dujc mcgaokotb supbracr k ;0 gajçgbtrcs V4W. Pcr jk lkdajamkm mb rbkjazkr bj mbsdkrtb murkotb bj gk-obic, tcmks jks guibrbs dco scspbdhk mb sçomrcgb mb cvkrac pcjaquçstadc mbnbrçko rbkjazkrsb uo drankmc mb ]TH, prcjkdtaok y oavbjbs mb ;5-HP. Jk hapbrprcjk-dtaobgak pubmb prbsbotkrsb dcgc harsutasgc c mas-gbocrrbk V;>W. Jk bolbrgbmkm tarcambk pubmb prb-sbotkrsb dco dadjcs gbostrukjbs arrbeujkrbs. ]kgnaáo mbnb mbsdkrtkrsb jk hapbrpjksak suprkrrbokj dcoeá-oatk, mkmc qub iusta﬋dk hkstk bj <,8% mb pkdabotbs dco hapbrkomrceboasgc. Bo guibrbs sbjbddacokmks dco kgbocrrbk, varajazkdaôo kdrcgbekjak, mbnajamkm gusdujkr u ctrcs sçotcgks ktçpadcs mbnbrçko dcosa-mbrkrsb ctrks botamkmbs djçoadks V4, ;4W.
Makeoôstadc bo kmcjbsdbodak9
 jk gkycrçk mb euçks burcpbks rbdcgabomko rbkjazkr bj makeoôstadc mb sçomrcgb mb cvkrac pcjaquçstadc kotb jk prbsbodak mb djçoadk suebstavk y/c bxëgbobs kokjçtadcs dcgpk-tanjbs. Bj gcrlctapc mb TCP y jcs sçotcgks kocvujk-tcracs oc sco su﬋dabotbs pkrk rbkjazkr bj makeoôstadc, mkmc qub madhcs sçotcgks sco hknatukjbs murkotb jk gkmurkdaôo rbprcmudtavk. ]kgpcdc sb hk mbgcs-trkmc qub bj dratbrac bdcerë﬋dc mb jcs dratbracs mb ^cttbrmkg oc sb pubmb bxtrkpcjkr k jk kmcjbsdbodak kj oc hknbr samc vkjamkmc bo bstb erupc pcnjkdacokj. Murkotb bj pragbr kûc trks jk gbokrquak hkstk bj 82% mb jcs dadjcs gbostrukjbs sco kocvujktcracs, masgaouybomc prcerbsavkgbotb hkstk bj >2% mb dadjcs kocvujktcracs k pkrtar mbj sbxtc kûc trks jk gasgk. Bstcs dadjcs kocvujktcracs sb subjbo kscdakr k kugbotc mb JH bo pjksgk V4, ;4W.
Makeoôstadc bo gbocpkusak y pbragbocpku-sak9
kuoqub hky oc dratbracs makeoôstadcs bspbdç﬋dcs pkrk jks guibrbs bo jk btkpk mb gbocpkusak y pb-ragbocpkusak, sç qub sb pubmb rbkjazkr makeoôstadc mb prbsuodaôo bo bj dcotbxtc mb hastcrak cnibtavkmk mb hapbrkomrceboasgc y cjaeckgbocrrbk murkotb su btkpk rbprcmudtavk. Jk prbsbodak mb gcrlctapc mb Tçomrcgb mb Cvkrac Pcjaquçstadc gbmakotb bdc-erklçk pubmb suebrar madhc makeoôstadc, kuoqub bs kjec aohknatukj bo jk guibr gbocpëusadk. Bxastbo pcdcs bstumacs bspbdç﬋dcs bo bstb ëgnatc, kmbgës mbj prcnjbgk kscdakmc k jk masgaoudaôo mbj tkgk-ûc mbj cvkrac, dcotkib lcjadujkr y oavbjbs hcrgcokjbs kota-Gujjbr qub sb bodubotrk bo bstb tapc mb pkdabo-tbs. ]kgpcdc bxastbo oavbjbs mb rblbrbodak qub ocs aomaqubo jcs oavbjbs kmbdukmcs mb tbstcstbrcok bo bstb tapc pkdabotbs, kuoqub sç qub mbnb mbsdkrtkrsb uo tugcr prcmudtcr mb komrôeboc bo guibrbs dco oavbjbs guy kjtcs mb tbstcstbrcok V4, ;=W.

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