12th STD Formula

CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
1 To change from Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates, for X write
r cos θ and for y write r sin θ .
2 To change from polar coordinates to cartesian coordinates, for r2 write
X2 + y2 ; for r cos θ write X, for r sin θ
Write y and for tan θ

. write .
3 Distance between two points (X1, Y1 ) and (X2 , Y2 ) is
x 2 x 1 y2 y1

2 2
Distance of ( x1 , y1 ) from the origin is x y
1 1
4
5 Distance between (r1 , θ 1 ) and (r2 , θ2 ) is

2 2
r r 2 r1 r2 cos θ2 θ1
1 2
6 Coordinates of the point which divides the line joining (X1 , Y1 ) and
(X2, Y2 ) internally in the ratio m1 : m2 are :-
, ( m1 + m2 0 )

7. Coordinates of the point which divides the line joining (X1 , Y1 ) and
(X2 ,Y2 ) externally in the ratio m1 : m2 are :-
, (m1 – m2 0)

8. Coordinates of the mid-point (point which bisects) of the seg. Joining

(X1, y1) and (X2 y2 ) are :
,

9. (a) Centriod is the point of intersection of the medians of triangle.

(b) In-centre is the point of intersection of the bisectors of the angles
of the triangle.
(c) Circumcentre is the point of intersection of the right
(perpendicular) bisectors of the sides of a triangle.
(d) Orthocentre is the point of intersection of the altitudes
(perpendicular drawn from the vertex on the opposite sides) of a
triangle.
10.Coordinates of the centriod of the triangle whose vertices are
(x1 , y1 ) ; (x2 , y2 ) ; ( x3 , y3 ) are
! "

11. Coordinates of the in-centre of the triangle whose vertices are A
(x1 ,y1) ; B (x2 ,y2 , ) ; C (x3 ,y3 ) and 1 (BC ) # a, 1 (CA) # b, 1 (AB)
# c.
! (.
% & ' % & '
%&' %&'
are$
12 Slope of line joining two points (x1 ,y1) and (x2 ,y2 )is
m#

13. Slope of a line is the tangent ratio of the angle which the line makes
with the positive direction of the x-axis. i.e. m # tan θ
14. Slope of the perpendicular to x-axis (parallel to y –axis) does not
exist, and the slope of line parallel to x-axis is zero.

15. Intercepts: If a line cuts the x-axis at A and y-axis at B then OA is
Called intercept on x-axis and denoted by “a” and OB is called
intercept on y-axis and denoted by “b”.
16. X# a is equation of line parallel to y-axis and passing through (a, b)
and y # b is the equation of the line parallel to x-axis and passing
through (a, b).
17. X# 0 is the equation of y-axis and y # 0 is the equation of x-axis.
18. Y # mx is the equation of the line through the origin and whose slope
is m.
19. Y# mx +c is the equation of line in slope intercept form.
# 1 is the equation of line in the Double intercepts form,

)
% &
20. +
where “a” is x-intercept and “b” is y-intercept.
21. X cos a + y sin a # p is the equation of line in normal form, where “p”
is the length of perpendicular from the origin on the line and α is the
angle which the perpendicular (normal) makes with the positive
direction of x-axis.
22. Y – Y1 # m (x –x1 ) is the slope point form of line which passes through
(x1 , y1)and whose slope is m.
23. Two points form: - y-y1 #

)

(x –x1) is the equation of line which
Passes through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
# # r is the equation of line which

'+, - ,./ -
24. Parametric form :-
passes through the point (x1 y1 )makes an angle θ with the axis and r is
the distance of any point (x, y) from ( x1, y1 ).
25. Every first degree equation in x and y always represents a straight line
ax + by + c # 0 is the general equation of line whose.
(a) Slope # - #-
0 '+234.'.2/5 +3
1 '+34.'.2/5 +3
(b) X - intercept # -
6
0
(c) Y- intercept # -
6
1
26. Length of the perpendicular from (x1, y1 ) on the line
ax + by + c # 0 is ! !
%&'
√%8 &8
27. To find the coordinates of point of intersection of two curves or two
lines, solve their equation simultaneously.
28. The equation of any line through the point of intersection of two
given lines is
(L.H.S. of one line) +K (L.H.S. of 2nd line) # 0
(Right Hand Side of both lines being zero)

TRIGONOMETRY
29. SIN29 + Cos29 # 1; Sin2 9 # 1 - Cos2 9 ,
Cos2 9 # 1 – Sin2 9
30. tan θ # ; cot 9 # ; sec 9 #

=>? @ 6A= @
6A= @ =>? @ 6A= @
;
Cosec 9 # ; cot 9 #

=>? @ B0? @
31. 1 + tan2 9 # sec2 9 ; tan2 9 # sec2 9 - 1 ;
Sec2 9 - tan2 9 # 1
32. 1 + cot2 9 # cosec2 ; cot2 9 # cosec2 9 -1;
Cosec29 - cot2 9 # 1
33. Y
Only sine and cosec all trigonometric
are positives ratios are positives
O X
X1 III IV
Only tan and cot only cos and sec
are positives are positives
Y1
34.
angle
C E C H 2C 3C JH C
300 450 600 900 1200 1350 1500 1800
6 F
3
3 4
K
00
ratio O
1 √ √
2
√ √
Sin 0 1 0
1 √

2
√ √
Cos 1 -1

- -
0

√3 ∞ 1

√3
√
Tan 0 1 -√3 -1 0
35. Sin (- 9 ) = - Sin 9; cos (-9) = cos 9 ; tan (- 9) = - tan 9 .
36.
sin (90 – 9 ) # cos 9 sin (90 + 9 ) # cos 9 sin (180 – 9 ) # sin 9
cos (90 – 9) # sin 9 cos (90 +9 N # sin 9 cos (180 – 9N # cos 9
tan (90 – 9) # cot 9 tan (90 +9 ) # cot 9 tan ( 180 – 9) # tan 9
cot (90 – 9) # tan 9 cot (90+ 9 ) # tan 9 cot (180 – 9 ) # cot 9
sec (90 – 9) # cosec 9 sec (90 +9 ) # cosec9 sec (180 – 9 ) # sec9
cosec (90 +9 ) = sec 9

cosec (90 – 9) #sec 9 cosec (180 – 9) # cosec9
37. Sin (A + B) = SinA CosB + CosA SinB
Sin (A - B) = CosA SinB - SinA CosB
Cos (A + B) = CosA CosB - SinA CosB
Cos (A – B) = CosA CosB + SinA SinB

5%/ O5%/ P
5%/ O 5%/ P
tan (A + B) =
5%/ O 5%/ P
5%/ O 5%/ P
tan (A - B) =
38. tan Q AS #
E 5%/ O
F 5%/ O
tanQ AS #
E 5%/ O
F 5%/ O
SinC + SinD = 2 sin T W cos T W

U V U V

39.
SinC - SinD = 2 cos T W sin T W

U V U V

CosC + CosD = 2 cos T W cos T W

U V U V

CosC - CosD = 2 sin T W sin T W

U V V U

40. 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A-B)
2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) - sin (A-B)
2 cos A COS B # cos ( A +B) + cos (A-B)
2 sin A sin B # cos (A-B) - cos (A + B)
41. Cos (A +B). cos ( A - B ) = cos2A - sin2B
Sin (A +B). sin (A – B) = sin2A - sin2B

5%/ -
5%/8 -
42. Sin 2θ = 2 sinθ cosθ =
43. Cos2 θ =cos2θ - sin2-θ = 2cos2 θ -1 = 1 – 2 sin2 θ

5%/8 -
5%/8 -
= ;
44. 1 + cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ; 1 – cos 2 θ = 2 sin2 θ
45. tan 2 θ =
5%/ -
5%/8 -
;
46. sin 3 9 = 3 sin 9 - 4 sin 39;
cos 3 9 = 4 cos 3 9 - 3 cos 9;
tan 3 9 =
5%/ @5%/X @
5%/8 @
0 1 6
,./ Y ,./ Z ,./ U
47. = =
&8 '8 %8 6 808 18

&' 60
48. Cos A = ; Cos B# ;
%8 &8 '8
%&
Cos C# ;
49. a = b cos C + c cos B; b = c cos A + a cos C ; c = a cos B + b cos A
50. Area of triangle =

bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin c
51. 1 [ sin A = (cos A/2 [ sin A/2)2
52. sec A [ tan A = tan T [ \/2W

H
F
53. Cosec A - cot A = tan A/2
54. Cosec A + cot A = cot A/2
PAIR OF LINES
1. A homogeneous equation is that equation in which sum of the
powers of x and y is the same in each term.
2. If m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy
+ by2 = 0, then
= - T W
^ '+234.'.2/5 +3
& '+234.'.2/5 +3 8
m1 + m2 + -
% '+234.'.2/5 +3 8
& '+234.'2/5 +3 8
and m1 +m2 = =
3. If 9 be the acute angle between the lines represented by ax2 +
2hxy + by2 = 0, then
tan 9 = _ `
√^8 %&
%&
These lines will be co –incident (parallel) if h2 = ab and
perpendicular if a +b = 0.
4. The condition that the general equation of the second degree viz
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 +2gx +2fy + c = 0 may represent a pair of straight
line is
abc + 2fgh – af2 –bg2 - ch2 = 0
b c d
i.e. a c e f a = 0.
d f g
5. Ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 and ax2 + 2hxy + by2 +2gx +2fy + c = 0 are
pairs of parallel lines.
6. The point of intersection of lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
= 0 is obtained by solving the equation ax + hy + g = 0 and hx +

by + f = 0.
7. Joint equation of two lines can be obtained by multiplying the
two equations of lines and equating to zero. (UV =0, where u =
0, v = 0).
8. If the origin is changed to (h,k) and the axis remain parallel to
the original axis then for x and y put x’ + h and y’ + k
respectively.
CIRCLE
1. X2 + y2 = a2 is the equation of circle whose centre is (0, 0) and
radius is a.
2. (x – h) 2 + (y - k) 2 = a2 is the equation of a circle whose centre is

(h, k) and radius is a.
X2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is a general equation of circle, its
centre is (-g ,-f) and radius is hg f c.
3.
4. Diameter form: - (x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y- y2) = 0 is the

equation of a circle whose (x1, y1) and (x2 , y2) are ends of a
diameter.
5. Condition for an equation to represent a circle are :
(a) Equation of the circle is of the second degree in x and y.
(b) The coefficient of x2 and y2 must be equal.
(c) There is no xy term in the equation (coefficient of xy must be
zero).
1. To find the equation of the tangent at (x1 , y1 ) on any curve rule
is:
In the given equation of the curve for x2 put xx1 ; for y2put yy1 ;
for 2x put x+ x1 and for 2y put y +y1
2. For the equation of tangent from a point outside the circle or given
slope or parallel to a given line or perpendicular to a given line use
y = mx + c or y – y1 = m (x –x1).
3. For the circle x2 + y2 = a2
(a) Equation of tangent at
(x1, y1) is xx1 + yy1 = a2
(b) Equation of tangent at (a cos 9, a sin 9 ) is x cos 9 + y sin

9 = a.
(C) Tangent in terms of slope m is

Y = mx [ a √l 1
4. For the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
(a) Equation of tangent at (x1, y1 ) is
Xx1 + yy1 + g (x + x1) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
(b) Length of tangent from (x1, y1) is
m 2 n2 2dm 1 2fn1 g
1 1
10. For the point P (x, y) , x is abscissa of P and y is ordinate of P.
PARABOLA
1. Distance of any point P on the parabola from the focus S is always
equal to perpendicular distance of P from the directrix i.e. SP =
PM.
2. Parametric equation of parabola y2 = 4ax is x = at2, y = 2at.

Coordinates of any point (t) is (at2 , 2at)
3. Different types of standard parabola

Parabola Focus Directrix Latus Axis of
rectum Parabola
(axis of
symmetry)
Y2 = 4ax (a, 0) X = -a 4a Y = 0
Y2 = - 4ax (-a, 0) X = a 4a Y = 0
X2 = 4by (0, b) Y =- b 4b X =0
X2 = - 4by (0, -b) Y = b 4b X =0
4. For the parabola y2 = 4ax

(a) Equation of tangent at (x1, y1) is
Yy1 = 2a (x + x1).
2
1
(b) Parametric equation of tangent at (at , 2at1) is
yt1 = x + at21
%

(c) Tangent in term of slope m is y = mx + and its point of
contact is (a/m2, 2a/m)
(d) If P (t1) and Q (t2) are the ends of a focal chord then t2 t1 = -1
(e) Focal distance of a point P (x1, y1) is x1 + a.
ELLIPSE
Ellipse Foci Directrices Latus Equation Ends of
Rectum of axis L.R
X=[
8 8 % &8 &8
%8 &8 2 % %
+ ([ ae, major (ae, )
0) axis
(a o b) &8
=1
1. Distance Y=0
%
minor (ae,
of any
point on axis x = 0 )
2a
an ellipse
8 8
%8
from the
b
%8 &8
(0, [
+
&
focus = e major ( , be )
=1 (Perpendi axis x = 0
%8
be) cular minor
&
(ap b ) distance axis y = 0 ( ,be
of the )
point
from the
correspon
ding
Directrix)
i.e. SP = e
PM.
2. Different
types of
ellipse
Y=[
&
2
= 1 (a o b) is x = a cos θ
8 8
%8 &8
3 Parametric equation of ellipse +
and y = b sin θ .
8 8
8 &8
4. For the ellipse + = 1, ao b, b2 =a2 (1 =e2)
8 8
%8 &8
And + = 1, ap b, a2 = b2 (1 – e)
=1 (a o b )
8 8
%8 &8
5. For the ellipse +
(a) Equation of tangent at x1, y1) is

%8 &8
+ = 1.
(b ) Equation of tangent in terms of its slope m is
y = mx [ √a m b
(c) Tangent at (a cos , b sin θ) is

'+, - ,./ -
% &
+ =1
6. Focal distance of a point P (x1 , y1) is SP = sa ex1s
and SP = sex1 as
HYPERBOLA
1. Distance of a point on the hyperbola from the focus = e
(Perpendicular distance of the point from the corresponding
directrix) i.e. SP =ePM
2. Different types of Hyperbola
Hyperbola Foci Directrices L.R End of L.R Eqn of axis
8 8 X= [
%
2b &8
2
a
%8 - &8 =1 %
([ ae, 0) (ae, ) Transverse
axis y= 0
&8
conjugate
%
(ae, - ) axis x = o
%8
Transverse
%8
Y=[
&
8 8
=1 (0, [ be) & &
axis x=0
2
( ,be)
&8 %8
– conjugate
%8
axis y =0
&
(- ,be)
u8 v8
08 18
3. For the hyperbola - = 1, b2 = a2 (e2 -1) and for
v8 u8
18 08
– = 1, a2 = b2 (e2 – 1).
u8 v8
08 18
4. Parametric equations of hyperbola - = 1 are
X = a sec 9 , y = b tan 9
u8 v8
0 8 - 18
5. For the hyperbola = 1
(a) Equation of tangent at (x1 , y1 ) are
uu vv
08 18
- =1
weN Equation of tangent in terms of its slope m is
Y = mx [ √b l e
(c) Equation of tangent at (a sec, b tan 9 ) is
u ,2' @ v 5%/ @
0 1
- =1
(d) Focal distance of P (x1, y1) is S P = | ex1 – a | and

S P = |ex1 + a |
SOLID GEOMETRY
1. Distance between ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x2 , y2, z2 ) is
m 2 m 1 n2 n1 x2 x1

2. Distance of (x1 , y1, z1 ) from origin hm 1 n 1 x 1
3. Coordinates of point which divides the line joining (x1, y1, z1)
and ( x2, y2, z2) internally in the ratio m:n are
, , m + n O
/ / y /y
/ / /
(x1 ,y1 , z1 ) m n (x2 , y2 , z2)
4. Coordinates of point which divides the joint of (x1, y1, z1) and
(x2 ,y2, z2) externally in the ratio m:n are
Q , , S m-n O
/ / y /y
/ / /
5. Coordinates of mid point of join of ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 )
are , ,
y y

.
6. Coordinates of centriod of triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1, z1 ) ,
(x2 , y2 , z2 ) and (x3, y3, z3 ) are
, ,
y yy
7. Direction cosines of x –axis are 1, 0, 0
8. Direction cosines of y –axis are 0, 1, 0
9. Direction cosines of z – axis are 0, 0, 1
10. If OP = r, and direction cosines of OP are l, m, n, then the
coordinates of P are ( l r, mr, nr)
11. If 1, m, n are direction cosines of a line then l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
12. If l, m, n, are direction cosines and a ,b, c, are direction ratios
,
% &
[ √%8 &8 '8 [ √%8 &8 '8
of a line then l = m= ,
'
[ √%8 &8 '8
n= ,
13. If l , m, n, are direction cosines of a line then a unit vector
along the line is l ı{ + m |{ + n k~
14. If a, b, c are direction ratio of a line, then a vector along the line
is a ı{ + b |{ + c k~
VECTORS
1. a~ · b~ = ab cos θ = a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2.
projection of a~ on b~ =
%~ · &
%~ · &
2. |
|&
and projection of b on a =
|% |
ı{ |{ k~
^
a~ b~ = ab sin θ a a1 b1 c1 a
n
a2 b2 c2
3.
a~ b~ = - ( b~ a~ )
a1 b1 c1
a~ · b~ c~ = a~ b~ c~ = a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
4.
5. Vector area of ∆ ABC is
~~~~ ~~~~
AC ) = ( a b~ + b~ c~ + c a~ )

(AB
And area of ∆ ABC = | ~~~~

AB ~~~~
AC |

6. Volume of parallelepiped : | a~ b~ c~ |
b1 e1 g 1
b 2 e 2 g 2 ~~~~ ~~~~
|AB AC ~~~~
AD |
b3 e3 g 3
=
~~~~ ~~~~
AC ~~~~

|AB AD |
K
7. Volume of Tetrahedram ABCD is =
8. Work done by a force F ~~~~

in moving a particle from A to B = AB

·F
9. acting at A about a point B is M

Moment of force F ~~~~ F
= BA
PROBABILTY
0 p () 1
/ wON
/wN
1. Probability of an event A is P (A) =
2. p ( AUB ) = P (A) + P (B) - P (AB). IF A and B are mutually
exclusive then P (AB) = 0 and P (AB) = P(A) + P(B)
3 P (A) = 1 – P (A) = 1 - P (A)
4. P(AB) = P(A) · P(B/A) = P(B) · P(A/B).
IF A and B are independent events
P(A B) = P(A) · P(B)
5. P(A) = P(AB) + P(AB)

6. P(B) = P(AB) + P(AB)
lim ,./ - lim +w N
θ0 - x0
7. = 1; =1
lim lim
m = m
,./ - ,./ -
θ0 - θ0 -
=
lim lim –%

θ0 xa %
cos . = 1; = nan
lim
x0
8. (1 + x) = e ;
lim lim
w1 kxN = eK.

x0 x0
(1 + kx) =
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULAS
lim 3 w ^ N 3 wN
h0 ^
1. F(x) = ; where f ‘ (x) is derivative of
function f (x) with respect to x.
F (a) = lim
3 w% ^ N 3w%N
h0 ^

2. (a) = 0, where a is constant ; (x) = 1,
T W = T W =

8 8
(ax) = a, ;
T W =
/

.
√x = √u = . Where u = f(x)

√ .√
;
¢x / £ = n ¢x£n-1 ; ¢u/ £ = nun-1

3. ; = nyn-1
(logu) =

4. logx = ;

+ % + %
loga x = ; loga u =
¢a £ = ax log a ; ¢a £ =au log a

5.
¢e £ = ex ; ¢e £ = eu

6.
¢sin x£ =cos x ; ¢sin u £ =cos u

7. , e. g.
sin (4x) = cos 4x 4x = cos 4x 4 = 4 cos 4x

¢cos x£ = - sin x ; ¢cos u£ = - sin u

8.
tan u = sec2u

9. tan x = sec2 x ;
cot u = - cosec2u

10. cot x = - cosec2x ;
sec u = sec u tan u

11. sec x = sec x tan x ;

12. cosec x = - cosec x cot x ; cosec u
= - cosec u cot u

13. sin2x = 2 sin x (sin x) = 2 sinx cos x = sin 2x
sinn x = n sin n-1

sin x = n sinn-1 x cos x

√8 √ 8
14. sin-1 x = ; (sin-1 u) =

√8 √ 8
15. cos-1 x = ; (cos-1 u) =

8 8
16. tan-1 x = ; (tan-1 u) =

8 8
17. cot-1x = ; cot-1 u =

√8 √+¤/ 8
18. sec-1x = ; sec-1 u =

√8 √ 8
19. cosec-1 x = ; cosec-1 u =
¥

20. (uv) = u + v
¥ ¤

(uvw) = vw + uw + uv
¥¦§ ¦©
T W =
¦¨ ¦¨
¥ ¥ 8
21. , v 0.

22. =
23. F ( x + h ) = f (x) + h f (x)
24. Error in y is δy = δ x, Relative error in

and percentage error in y = 100

« «

Y is =
#v #
, ¥ ¥ 8 ,
5 5 , 58
25. Velocity = , acceleration a =
ITNTEGRAL CALCULUS
1. wu v w . . . ) dx = u dx + vdx + wdx + …
2. afwxN = a fwxN dx, where ‘a’ is a constant.
x / dx = +c, ( n -1 ) ;

/
3.
wax bN/ =
w%& N°
% /
+c
4. ± fwxN²n f (x) dx = (n -1)

±3wN ²
/
+ c,
dx = log x + c ;

5.
%& dx = log ¢ax b£ + c ;

%

3³ wN
3wN
dx = log | f (x) | + c ;
the integral of a function in which the numerator is the

differential coefficient of the denominator is log
(Denominator).
√x dx = x
´
6. + c ;
√ax b dx =

%
(ax + b)3/2 + c
7. a dx =
%¨
+ %
+c;
a&
%µ¨°¶
& + %
+c
dx = + c
8. e dx = ex + c ; e% +b dx =

%
eax+b + c.
9. sinwax bN dx =

%
sin x dx = - cos x + c
cos (ax + b) +c ;
10. coswax bN dx =

%
sin (ax +b) + c ;
cos x dx = sin x + c
11. tanwax bN dx = log sec (ax+b) + c ;

%
tan x dx = log sec x + c
12. cotwax bN dx =

%
log sin (ax+b) +c ;
cot x dx = log sin x + c
13. secwax bN dx

%
= log | sec (ax+ b ) + tan (ax + b) | + c
= log tan ! ! + c
%& E
% F
sec x dx = log |sec x tan x| + c
= log tan T W + c
E
F
14. cosec wax bNdx
log |cosec wax bN cotwax bN| + c

%
=
= log tan ! ! + c
%&
%
cosec x dx # log |cosec x cot x| + c

= log tan ( ) + c
15. sec x dx = tan x + c ;
sec wax bN dx =

%
tan (ax + b) + c
cosec (ax +b) dx =

%
16. cot (ax +b) + c ;
cosec x dx = - cot
secwax bN tan (ax +b) dx = % sec (ax +b) + c;

sec x tan x dx = sec x + c

17.
cosec (ax +b) cot (ax +b) dx = % cosec (ax +b) +c ;

18.
cosec x cot x dx = - cosec x + c

19. To integrate sin2 x, tan2x, cot2 x change to (1 – cos2x);

(1 – cos2x); (1 + cos2x); sec2x - 1 and cosec2x – 1
Respectively
√8 = sin x + c = - cos x + c

-1 -1
20.
21

8 = tan-1 x + c = - cot -1 x + c
22 sec-1 T W + c ;

√8 %8 % %
=

√8
= sec-1 x + c = -cosec-1 x
NINE IMPORTANT RESULTS
1. 8 + c = - cos-1 T W + c

√% 8 % %
= sin-1
2. 8 = log x √x a + c

√ %8
3. 8 = log x √x a + c

%8
√a x dx = √a x + sin -1 T W + c
%8
%
4.
√x a dx = √x a + log sx √x a s + c
%8

5.
√x a √x a log ·x √x a ¸ + c
%8

6. dx = –
%8 ,8 = log ! ! + c
%
% %
7.
8 %8 = tan-1 T W + c

% %
8.
8 %8 = % log !%! + c

%
9.
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
If the integrand contain Proper substitution to be used
1 √a x X = a sin θ
2 √x a X = a tan θ
3 √x a X= a sec θ
4 ef(x) F(x) = t
5 Any odd power of sin x Cos x = t
6 Any odd power of cos x Sin x = t
7 Odd powers of both sin x and Put that function = t which is of the
cos x higher power.
8 Any inverse function Inverse function = t
9 Any even power of sec x Tan x = t
10 Any even power of cosec x Cot x = t
11 Function of ex ex = t
5
58
12
%& ,./ %& '+,
, , tan = t then dx =
1 5 58
58 58
a b cos x c sin x
sin x = cosx =
5

58
13 tan x = t then dx =
%& ,./ %&'+,
,
5 58
58 58
sin 2t = cos 2x =
1
a sin x b cos x
14
divide numerator and denominator by
cos2 x and put tan x = t

w¹º »N
15
xm = t
16 Expression containing
x or ax +b = tk where k is the L.C.M of
fractional power of x or (ax the denominators of the fractional
+b) indices.
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
= First function Integral of 2nd -

1. Integral of the product of two function
¢differential coef4icient of 1st integral of 2nd£ dx
i.e. ¢I II £ dx # I II dx I IIdx dx

Note :
1. The choice of first and second function should be

according to the order of the letters of the word
LIATE. Where L = Logarithmic; I = Inverse; A =
Algebric; T =Trignometric ; E = Exponential
2. If the integrand is product of same type of function
take that function as second which is orally integrable.
3. If there is only one function whose integral is not
known multiply it by one and take one as the 2nd
function.
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
b
% f(x) dx = ¢ gwxN£ = g(b) –g(a), where fwxN
&
a
1.
dx = g(x)
b b b
f(x)dx = f(t) dt = f(m) dm
a a a
2
a a
f(x) dx = - f (x) dx
b b
3
b c b
f(x) = f (x) dx + f(x) dx , a < c < b.
a a c
4
a a b b
f(x) dx = f (a - x) dx ; f(x) dx =
0 0 a a
5
f ( a+ b - x ) dx
a a
f(x) dx = 2 f(x) dx if f is even
a 0
6
a

a
f(x) dx = 0 if f is odd
2a a a
f(x) dx = f(x) dx + f (2a – x) dx
0 0 0
7
2a a
If f (2a - x ) = f (x) then f(x) dx = 2 f (x) dx
0 0
π π´
2
e. g. sin x dx = 2
0 0
n
sinnx dx as
sinnx = sinn (π - x )
NUMERICAL METHODS
1. Simpson’s Rule : According to Simpson’s rule the
value % y dx is approximately given by % y dx
& &
n0 4 n1 y3 y5 … yn 1 2y2 y4
¾
=
y6 Á yn 2 yn
10
?
Where h = , and y0, y1, y2, y3, -------- yn are the
values of y when x = a, a + h, a + 2h, -------, b
In words : 0
1 ÂÃ?B¾ AÄ B¾Ã =Å1 >?BÃÆÇ0Â
y dx =
X ¢ wÈÉl Êf ËcÌ ÍÈË bÎÏ ÐbÈË ÊÑÏÒÎbËÌN

fÊÉÑ wËcÌ ÈÉl Êf ËcÌ ÑÌlbÒÎÒÎd ÊÏÏ ÊÑÏÒÎbËÌÈN
ËÓÒgÌ wËcÌ ÈÉl Êf bÐÐ ÌÔÌÎ ÊÑÏÒÎbËÌÈ N £
2. Trapezoidal rule : According to Trapezoidal rule the
value of 0 y dx is approximately given by 0 y dx
1 1
n0 nÎ 2 n1 n2 n3 Á nÎ 1
¾

=
In words : 0 y dx =
1 ÂÃ?B¾ AÄ =Å1 >?BÃÆÇ0Â

X ¢ ÈÉl Êf ËcÌ fÒÑÈË bÎÏ ÐbÈË ÊÑÏÒÎbËÌÈ
ËÓÊ ËÒlÌÈ ÑÌlbÒÎÒÎd bÐÐ ÊÑÏÒÎbËÑÈ £
3. Finite Differences :
∆ f (a +h ) -
f (a) = f (a + h)
2
f (a) = f(a)
n n-1 n-1
1 +
f (a) = f (a + h ) - f(a)
= E
= E - 1
E f (a) = f ( a +h )
E2 f (a) = f ( a + 2h )
En f(a) = f ( a + nh )
In words : To obtain of any function, for ‘a’ write a + h
In the function and subtract the function. If interval of
differencing is 1, than
f(a) = f( a + 1 ) -f (a)
2
f(a) = f(a + 1 ) - ∆ f(a)
4. Interpolation : Newton’s Forward formula of

interpolation.
Õ
^
t =
f (x0 + th) = f (x0 ) +t ∆ f (x0) + ∆ f (x0)

5w5N
!
∆ f(x0) + _____
5w5 Nw5N
!
+
5w5N
!
2
Y =y0 + t y0 + y0
∆ y0 + _____
5 w5N w5 N
!
+
Newton’s Backward formula of Interpolation.
/
^
t =
× f( xn )
5 w5N
!
F(xn + th) = f (xn) + t f ( xn ) +
× f(xn) + _____
5 w5 Nw5 N
!
+
or y = yn + t yn +
5w5N 5 w5Nw5N
! !
yn + yn +
Bisection Method : If y = f(x) is an algebraic function and

any a and b such that f (a) > 0 and f (b) < 0, then
one root of the function f(x) = 0 lies between a and b ,
0 1

we take c1 = and check f ( c1)
If f (c1) = 0, c1 is the exact root if not and if f ( c1 ) > 0,

f (c1) . f (b) < 0 a root c2 lies between c1 and b. If
not and if (c1) < 0, f (c1 ). f (a) < 0, a root c2 lies
between c1 and a.
Keep on repeating till the desired accuracy of the root is

reached.
False Position Method: If y = f(x) is an algebraic
function and for any x0 and x1 such that f(x0) > 0 and
f(x1) < 0 have opposite signs, then a root of f(x) = 0 lies
between x0 and x1
Let it be x2
x2 = x1 - f (x1) . Ø Ù
Õ
33Õ
Check f(x2) if (fx2) = 0 then x2 is exact root, if not and if

f(x2) < 0, f(x0) . f(x2) < 0, then a root x3 lies between x0
and x2, then
X3 = x2 – f(x2) . Ø Õ Ù
–
3 3
Õ

reached.
Newton – Raphson Method: The interactive formula in

Newton - Raphson method is
3w.N
3w.N
Xi + 1 = xi - , i 1
reached.
FOR COMMERCE
Lagrange’s Interpolation formula : This is used when
interval of differencing is not same.
If f(a), f(b), f(c), f(d), ______ bethe corresponding value

of f(x) when x = a, b, c, d _______then
f(a)
w& N w'N wN __________
w%&N w%'N w%N_________
F(x) =
f(b)
w%Nw'NwN_____________
w&%Nw&'Nw&N_____________
+
f(c)
w%Nw&NwN__________
w'%Nw'&Nw'N__________
+
+ f(d)
w%Nw&Nw'N____________
w%Nw&Nw'N____________
+ _____________
6 Difference Equations
Let the equation be (E) yn = f(n)
The complete solution = complimentary function (C.F.)

+Particular Integral (P.I.)
When R.H.S. is zero , then only C.F. is required
Method to find C.F.
(1) Write the given equation in E.

(2) Form the auxiliary equation. This is obtained by
equating to zero the coefficient of yn.
(3) Solve the auxiliary equation. Following are the
different cases
Case (1) If all the roots of the auxiliary equation are

real and different. Let the roots be m1, m2, m3, then
C.F. is (solution is )
Yn = C1 (m1)x + C2 (m2) x + C3 (m3)x
Case (ii) (1) Let two roots be real and equal,

suppose the roots are m1 and m1 then
general solution is
Yn = (C1 + C2 x ) (m1) x
(2) If three roots be equal and real

suppose the roots are m1, m1, m1,
Then the general solution is
Yn = (C1 + C2x + C3x2) (m1)x

Case (iii) One pair of complex roots.
Let the roots be α [ β i where I = √ 1 then the

general solution is
Yn = rn (C1 cos nθ + C2 sin nθ)
β
where r = ha β , θ = tan-1 ( ´x)
Statistics :
(I) Arithmeic mean or simply mean is denoted by Ü~
I.e. x~ is the mean of the x’s
(II) Methods for finding the arithmetic mean for
individual items.
x~ =
∑ .
/
(a)
x~ = a +
∑ Þ.
/
(b)
Where a is assumed mean and Di = xi - a
(c) x~ = a + T W I
∑ Þ.
/
.%
ß
Where Di =
I is the length of class interval.
(2) Methods for finding the arithmetic Mean for
frequency distribution.
(a) Direct Method
x~ =
∑3. .
∑ 3.
(B) Method of assumed mean
x~
∑ 3. Þ.
∑ 3.
= a +
Where Di = xi - a
(C) Step deviation method, shift of origin method.
x~ = a + T ∑ W h
∑ 3. Þ .
3.
. %
^
Where Di = , and h is length of class interval.
(II) Median - If the variates are arranged in accending or

descending order of magnitude, the middle
value is called the median.
If there are two middle values then the mean of
the variate is median.
Method of finding Median for a Group data –
Find the cumulative frequencies. Find the median
group. Median group is the group
corresponding to

(n + 1)th frequency.
The formula for the median is
/´
à '3á.
3
Median = l + I where l is the
lower limit of median group.. i is the length of
class interval f is the frequency of median
group Cf is the cumulative frequency

preceeding the median class.
(iii) Standard deviation (σ)
(a) S.D. = σ = =
∑ w.~N8 ∑ .8
/ /
Where di = xi - x~
(b) Assumed mean method
∑ Þ.
S.D. = σ = T W
∑ Þ.8
/ /
Where Di = xi – a , and a is assumed mean.
∑ .
S.D. = σ = T W
∑ .8
/ /
(c)
When the variates are small numbers.

For Grouped Data :
∑ 4. .
Directed method σ = S.D. = T ∑ W
∑ 4. .8
∑ 4. 4.
(a)
3
= T W
∑ 3 ∑ 8
ã ã
Where ∑ 4i = N
(b) Method of assumed mean

S.D. = σ = T W
∑ 4..8 ∑ 4..
ã ã
Where D1 = x1 = a, a is assumed mean.
(c) Step deviation or shift of origin method

σ = S.D. = i
8
T W
∑ 3Þ. ∑ 3Þ.
ã ã
.%
.
Where Di = , i is length of class interval.
Correlation and Regression .
(1) Coefficient of Correlation or Karl Pearson’s coefficient of

correlation.
~~~
∑wN ~~~
w N ∑
h ∑w~N8 ∑ w
N8
∑ ∑
r = =

where d1 = x - x~ and d2 = y - y~
this is used when x~ and y are integers
(2) Correlation coefficientis independent of the origin of

reference and unit of measurement if
% &
^
U = & V =
Than rxy = ruv
∑ xy -
∑ ∑
ã
∑wN
∑ x Ø∑ y Ù
∑wN8
ã ã
r =
For bi variate frequency table
w∑ ä¨N . w∑ äåN
∑
æ
r =
8 8
ç∑ è8 w∑ ä¨N ∑ 38 ∑ äå
æ æ
∑é ∑ê
∑ éê
ë
w∑ éNí ∑ê í
=
çì∑ éí
ë
î ì∑ ê í T ë W î
Karl person coefficient of correlation can also be
expressed as
∑ / ~
~~~
∑ 8 / ~~~8~
∑ 8 /
r =
8
If the correlation is perfect then r = 1, if the correlation is
negative perfect, then r = - 1, if there is no correlation, then
r=0
-1 r ï 1, r lies between -1 & 1

Regression lines
(1) The equation of the line of regression of y on x is
Y - y~ = r
ð

ð
(x –xN
i.e. y - y~ = byx wx x~N where byx =

ð
ð
(2) The equation of line of regression of x and y is
x - x~ = r ( y - y~ )
ð
ð
x - x~ = bxy (y - y~ ) bxy =
ð
ð
i.e.
ð
ð
(3) byx = r is called regression coefficient of y and x
ð
ð
(4) bxy = r is called regression coefficient of x and y
(5) r = hbyx bxy
(6) In the case of line of regression of y on x , its slope and

regression cofficient are equal
(7) The regression line of y on x is used to find the value of y
when the value of x is given
(8) In case of line of regression of x on y , its regression cofficient

is reciprocal of its slope
(9) The regression line of x on y is used to find the value of x

when the value of y is given
y~ ) is the point of intersection of two regression lines

(10) (x,
(11) If the line is written in the form y = a + bx, then this is the line
of regression of y on x
If the line is written in the form x = a + by, then this is the

line of regression of x on y
If both the lines are written in the form

ax + by + c = 0, and nothing is mentioned, then take first
equation as the equation of line of regression of y on x and
second as the equation of line of regression of x on y
Error of prediction (a) y on x δ yx = σ y √1 r
(b) x on y δ xy = σ x √1 r
CHEMISTRY
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS AND
ENERGETICS
(1) q = E + W
(2) W = P (V2 - V1) joule
ñ2.^5 ./
ò.ñ../
(3) N =
ó
ó
(4) q = Wmax = 2.303 n RT x log joule.
ô
ô
= 2.303 n RT log joule
(5) H = ∑ HP - ∑ HR
(6) ∆ H = E + nRT
(7) H2 = H1 + C p ( T2 - T1 )
IONIC EQUILIBRIA
(1) K = α2 . C
α =
ô2ø'2/5%2 +3 .+/.,%5.+/
ÕÕ
(2)
(3) ¢H £ = a . C = Ka . C mole / dm3
(4) ¢OH£ = a . C = Kb . C mole / dm3
(5) PH = - log 10 ¢H £ , POH = - log10 ¢OH£
(6) PH + POH = 14
#
û¤ û¤
û% û&
(7) Kh = h2 . C =
^8 û¤
w ^N û% . û&
(8) Kh = = h2 =
¹2ø X
ò.ñ. ./
(9) Molarity =
(10) Ksp = S2
ELECTRO CHEMISTRY
(1) W = Z. Q = Z. I .t
ñ ü
ñ ü
(2) =
ýü ß 5 ü
è è
(3) W = =
(4) C. E. = E. C. E. x 96500
(5) E'2
Õ
= Ew+.N
Õ
+ Ewø2N
Õ
= Ew+.N
Õ
- Ew+.N
Õ
O5.ñ5.
ó%2/'
(6) Equivalent weight =
(7) One Faraday = 96500 coulombs.
NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY

(1) Mass defect = ¢Z mh wA ZN mn£ - M a.m.u.
(2) Mass defect = mass of reactants – mass of products.
(3) Binding energy = Mass defect 931 Me V
ò%,, 232'5
ò%,, / &2ø
(4) Binding energy per nucleon = Me V
. Õ ãÕ
5 ã
(5) λ = log per unit time
Õ.K
(6) T =

PHYSICS
CIRCULAR MOTION
- -
5 5
ω = ; v=r ; v = r ω ; ω = 2πn ;
# a = r α ;
E ¥8
= rω
E ø

T = ; n = ; a=

= m r ω ; v = hµ r g ; tanθ =
¥8 ¥8
ø ø
C.P. force =
GRAVITATION
; Vc = = gh wR hN

ò
ø ^

ò
V=
T = 2π = 2π
w^NX w ^N
^
; T2 r3

ò
Ve = 2gR ; B.E. =

ò
ò
= ;

w^N

ò
For orbiting satellite; B.E. =
ROTATIONAL MOTION
I = ∑ m r = r d m ; I = M K 2 ; τ = I α
MV2 T1 W
û8
ø8
KE = I ω2 ; For rolling body, K.E. =
Conservation of angular momentum I1 ω1 = I2 ω2

òø8

2
M.I.of ( i ) ring = Mr , ( ii ) disc = ,

J
(iii) hollow sphere = Mr2 (iv) solid sphere = Mr2 ,
(vi) rect.bar = M T W
òß8 ß8 &8

(v) thin rod = ,
Equation of motion, ( i ) ω = ω0 + αt ; (ii ) θ = ω0 t + α t2 ;

(iii) ω = ω0 2 + 2 α θ
OSCILLATIONS
8
58
Differential Equation, ( i ) of Lin. S.H.M. + x = 0
8
58
or + ω2 x = 0
θ = 0,
8 - û
58 ß
( ii ) of Ang. S.H.M. :- +
ω √a x ;
8
58 5
= - ω2 x ; =
x = a sin ( ω t + α )
= 2π
E E
h%'',¹2ø /.5 .,¹%'22/5
T = =

%,,
=2π
3+ø'2 ¹2ø /.5 .,¹%'22/5

m ω (a2 - x2) ; P.E. =

K .E. = M ω2 x2 ;

m a2 ω = 2π m a2 n2

Total Energy =
For simple pendulum, T = 2π

;
For oscillating magnet, T = 2π

òP
2 2
R = a a 2a1 a2 cosα1 – α2
1 2
;
ËbÎ =
0 =>? 0 =>?
0 6A= 0 6A=
ELASTICITY AND PROPERTIES OF

FLUIDS
ß è ò
O E ø8 ß
Tensile Strain = ; Tensile stress = ;Y =

ó è
ó O
Volume Strain = ; Volume stress = = dP ;
ô
ó
K = - V
= ∆ θ ; Shearing stress =
∆ è
ß O
Shearing strain = ;
ø´
; σ =
è
O ∆- ´

n = =

Work done in stretching a wire = x load x extension.

Work done per unit volume = x stress x strain
Cos θ #
– '+, -
ø
h =

WAVE MOTION
Equation of progressive wave :-
In + ve x - direction, y = a sin 2 π T W
5

In - ve x - direction , y = a sin 2 π T W
5

E
Phase difference between two points x apart =

Number of beats per sec. = n1 n2
Doppler effect : n = n à á
ó +
ó ,
when both are approaching each
other.
n = n à á When both are receeding away from each other.

ó +
ó ,
n = n à á when source is approaching towards stationary

ó
ó ,
listner
à á when source is receeding from stationary listner
ó
ó ,
n = n
T W
ó +
ó
n = n when listner is approaching stationary source
T W
ó – +
ó
n = n when listner is receeding from stationary source
STATIONARY WAVES
Transverse Waves along a string , V =

,

ô
ß

n =
Melde’s Experiment :
.
ô
ß

Parallel position, N = 2n =

ô
ß

Perpendicular position , N = n =
For both positions , Tp2 = a constant
ó
F ß
Air columns : closed at one end, n = and odd harmonics.
ó
ß
Open at both ends , n = and integer multiples of n.
Resonance tube : V = 4n wI 0.3 dN
RADIATION
a + r + t + 1 ;
= σ T4
ý
O5
Stefan’s law ,
= k θ θ0
ý
5
Newton’s law ,
Radiation correction ∆ θ # wθ θN

KINETIC THEORY
Regnault’s method: mocp Tθ – W = wm wN (θ1 - θ2)

- -

'¹
ò '¥
¹
Cp - C v = , cp - c v = , = = γ
¥
ôó
L = Li + Le , Le =

c = , c =
∑' ∑ '8
/ /
,
R.M.S. vel, C = hc =

∑' 8
ρ C =
ò ß / 8
ó ó
P = C2 =

K.E. per unit vol. = p ; K.E. per mole = RT
C =
ò ã

; K.E. PER MOLECULE = = Kt
THERMODYNAMICS
Van der Waals’ equation, TP W (V - b) = RT

%
ó8
covolume, b = 4 actual volume occupied by molecules.
WAVETHEORY AND
INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT
' ,./ .
' ,./ ø

n = = ; n =

Þ

Bright Point :- Path Difference = n λ ; xn = nλ

Dark Point :- Path Difference = (2n – 1) ,
Þ

xn = (2n - 1 )
X ; d = d1 d2
Þ Þ

X = λ; λ =
ELECTROSTATICS
T.N.E.I. = ∑ q ;
»
F E Õ ø8
E due to (i) charged sphere =
» % ð
E Õ ø Õ ø
(ii) charged cylinder = =
ð
Õ
(iii) any charged conductor at the point near it =
ð8
Õ
Mech. Force per unit area of charged conductor =

k ε 0 E2

Energy per unit volume =
ý O üÕ
ó
C= ; For parallel plate condenser, C =
ý8

Energy of a charged condenser = QV = CV2 =
# ………….

In series,
/
In parallel, C = C1 + C2 + C3 + ………….+ Cn
CURRENT ELECTRICITY

F
Wheatstone’s Net Work, =
#

Meter Bridge,

#
ü
ü
Potentiometer,
#
ü
ü
While assistin & opposing,
Internal resistance of a cell, r = T W

R
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT
θ

/OP
Moving coil Galvanometer : I =
ß
ó
ß ß ß
AMMETER, s = ; voltmeter, R =
tan θ = k tan θ
ø P
µÕ /
Tangent Galvanometer, I =
MAGNETISM
Õ Õ
FH ÆX FH ÆX

M= 2ml; Baxil = ; Beqa =
√3 cos 9 1 ;
Õ
FH ÆX

For any point, B =
= tan-1 T tan 9W OR tan 9

tan =
Õ Õ '+, @
FH Æ 8 , FH Æ8

Vaxial = Veqn = 0, Any point, V =
ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION

5
e = - ; charge induced =

Straight conductor, e = B l V
Earth Coil BH = T W α 1 , Bv = T W α2

/O /O
tan θ =

e = e0 sinωt = 2 π fnAB sin2πnt

2 2Õ ßÕ
√ , √
I = = I0 sinωt; erms = Irms =
XL = ω L = 2 π f L

E 3
Xc = =

Z = R Tω L
W

A T O M S, M O L E C U L E S A N D N U C L E I
Õ /8 ^8 2
8
E 28 Õ /8 ^8
rn = , En = ,
v~ = T W
2
8
Õ '^X ¹8 /8
=

µ
ü χ ηX
= P
Õ
ã
5
= - λ N = N0e- λ t
¦æ
+ 2 Õ.K Õ.K !¦ !
ã
T= = ; λ = ; λ =

ELECTRONS AND PHOTONS
^' '
Õ
A photon = hv = ; w = hv0 = h

= h (v - v0) = hc à á

Õ
m V2 max

12th STD Formula

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

12th STD Formula

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY

1 To change from Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates, for X write

r cos θ and for y write r sin θ .

2 To change from polar coordinates to cartesian coordinates, for r2 write

X2 + y2 ; for r cos θ write X, for r sin θ

Write y and for tan θ

3 Distance between two points (X1, Y1 ) and (X2 , Y2 ) is

5 Distance between (r1 , θ 1 ) and (r2 , θ2 ) is

(X2, Y2 ) internally in the ratio m1 : m2 are :-

(X2 ,Y2 ) externally in the ratio m1 : m2 are :-

8. Coordinates of the mid-point (point which bisects) of the seg. Joining

9. (a) Centriod is the point of intersection of the medians of triangle.

11. Coordinates of the in-centre of the triangle whose vertices are A

with the positive direction of the x-axis. i.e. m # tan θ

14. Slope of the perpendicular to x-axis (parallel to y –axis) does not

exist, and the slope of line parallel to x-axis is zero.

Called intercept on x-axis and denoted by “a” and OB is called

intercept on y-axis and denoted by “b”.

16. X# a is equation of line parallel to y-axis and passing through (a, b)

and y # b is the equation of the line parallel to x-axis and passing

through (a, b).

17. X# 0 is the equation of y-axis and y # 0 is the equation of x-axis.

19. Y# mx +c is the equation of line in slope intercept form.

# 1 is the equation of line in the Double intercepts form,

where “a” is x-intercept and “b” is y-intercept.

angle which the perpendicular (normal) makes with the positive

(x1 , y1)and whose slope is m.

23. Two points form: - y-y1 #

Passes through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).

# # r is the equation of line which

the distance of any point (x, y) from ( x1, y1 ).

ax + by + c # 0 is the general equation of line whose.

26. Length of the perpendicular from (x1, y1 ) on the line

27. To find the coordinates of point of intersection of two curves or two

lines, solve their equation simultaneously.

(L.H.S. of one line) +K (L.H.S. of 2nd line) # 0

(Right Hand Side of both lines being zero)

30. tan θ # ; cot 9 # ; sec 9 #

31. 1 + tan2 9 # sec2 9 ; tan2 9 # sec2 9 - 1 ;

32. 1 + cot2 9 # cosec2 ; cot2 9 # cosec2 9 -1;

Only sine and cosec all trigonometric

are positives ratios are positives

Only tan and cot only cos and sec

are positives are positives

35. Sin (- 9 ) = - Sin 9; cos (-9) = cos 9 ; tan (- 9) = - tan 9 .

sin (90 – 9 ) # cos 9 sin (90 + 9 ) # cos 9 sin (180 – 9 ) # sin 9

cos (90 – 9) # sin 9 cos (90 +9 N # sin 9 cos (180 – 9N # cos 9

tan (90 – 9) # cot 9 tan (90 +9 ) # cot 9 tan ( 180 – 9) # tan 9

cot (90 – 9) # tan 9 cot (90+ 9 ) # tan 9 cot (180 – 9 ) # cot 9

sec (90 – 9) # cosec 9 sec (90 +9 ) # cosec9 sec (180 – 9 ) # sec9

cosec (90 +9 ) = sec 9

Sin (A - B) = CosA SinB - SinA CosB

Cos (A + B) = CosA CosB - SinA CosB

Cos (A – B) = CosA CosB + SinA SinB

SinC + SinD = 2 sin T W cos T W

SinC - SinD = 2 cos T W sin T W

CosC + CosD = 2 cos T W cos T W

CosC - CosD = 2 sin T W sin T W

40. 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A-B)

2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) - sin (A-B)

2 cos A COS B # cos ( A +B) + cos (A-B)

2 sin A sin B # cos (A-B) - cos (A + B)

41. Cos (A +B). cos ( A - B ) = cos2A - sin2B

&8 '8 %8 6 808 18

m 2 m 1 n2 n1 x2 x1

9. acting at A about a point B is M

2. p ( AUB ) = P (A) + P (B) - P (AB). IF A and B are mutually

exclusive then P (AB) = 0 and P (AB) = P(A) + P(B)

4. P(AB) = P(A) · P(B/A) = P(B) · P(A/B).

P(A B) = P(A) · P(B)

5. P(A) = P(AB) + P(AB)

lim lim –%

¢a £ = ax log a ; ¢a £ =au log a

¢sin x£ =cos x ; ¢sin u £ =cos u