aa.

uav+aavn
.ra a
arv
+avv+a
sv+a
av+vvavvnavra+a va 4
vaav 2549
av
.v..:..a.......v..a...+.. 20 v +.au:. ...a
....! ..-:..... ..+.......a..:
+...a.++u.+.+a !..! ..v....va+...a.
++u.u...a:a | !...... a+.!-..+.. ...a...a+..
.:a.:.. +.a.a..a:..a.....+.. aa.av...+.!...a
.+!a.:a..++...a+...a.++u .-.aa.va..+.a
....+.v...:a.a. 5 . +
. ...a+...a.++uaa..+.....+u
2. ...a+...a.++uaa..+...v..+
3. ...a+...a.++uaa..+...va
4. ...a+...a.+v...
5. ...a+...a.++uaa..+...:.:
+.a..::u..+a+a.a.a. ! +... ..a..:...
a.+.a...a...+...a:v..a.+.a.a.+. +..++!+.a..+.! a+.
+......++.++.-. a+.:u..+a.:.....+.+.a
a..a.
+.a...va.a.. ....+...vv..a-.+. .+u:
+au+a!....+. ..aa.!+.a.: ..vu..+aa..
.ra a
vaav 2549
au
uv
av .
au
unn
...a+...a.++uaa..+.....+u
(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Roots)
2 ...a+...a.++uaa..+...v..+
(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Prefixes)
3 ...a+...a.++uaa..+...va
(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Suffixes) 35
4 ...a+...a.+v...
(Guessing the Meanings of Compound Words) 57
5 ...a+...a.++uaa..+...:.:
(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Context) 65
uav 87
unn i
aa.uav+a a vn aa. a.u a vn
(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Roots)
++u!...+a+ ...+u (Roots) ...... (Greek) a+..
+. (Latin) .+.+...!...+...a...+u.... (Greek Roots) a+.
..+u.+. (Latin Roots) .!..a.a+...a.++u.+.+aa
i. a.uav+avn
..+ u (Roots) + ..++u aa.a.+...au.+...a+.
(Basic Meaning) .++u a......v+aav+..v+v.va::!a... +...a
..a.+.!.+.+a. ...a...ur.:+...a+.a..
2. J.snv+avn
..+ u (Roots) v..a!++u.....a . 2 v.... + ..+ u
.... (Greek Roots) a+...+u.+. (Latin Roots)
2.i a vn sv (Greek Roots)
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2534 : 55-58) a...a...+u....
(Greek Roots) a+.++u......+u.... .-
2.i.i aster/astro .+...a. star av+. "a." .-
asterisk av+. .+...aa..a. (*)
astronomer av+. .a.+..
2.i.2 biblio .+...a. book av+. "." .-
bibliography av+. v.........a
bibliophile av+. +...
2
2.i.3 bio .+...a. life av+. "-.." .-
biology av+. ..+...a..:-.. (-..a)
autobiography av+. ...a.+v....-...... ( .- .v... .)
biochemistry av+. .--..+.
2.i.4 chrono .+...a. time av+. "..+" .-
chronology av+. ..a..a.....a..+a:..+
chronoscope av+. .+. ..... a- ....+
chronicle av+. :.....a!v....+....+a:..+
2.i.5 dyna .+...a. power av+. "u+., .+., " .-
dynamo av+. .+....au+..vv (a.)
dynamotor av+. .+...v+a.+.vv...a+:.v...a...
dynamics av+. .a+...a.au+.....++.
(.-.++..)
2.i.6 gon .+...a. angle av+. ".., a, .+a." .-
pentagon av+. .v.+a.
octagon av+. .va:ava.+a.
2.i.7 gram .+...a. letter, written av+. "a.a, .a, ..a"
.-
telegram av+. ..+
epigram av+. +....a++.
..aua .+.. (..v.v. : 46-50) a...a...+u.... (Greek Roots)
a+.++u......+u.... .-
2.i.8 geo .+...a. earth av+. "+., a" .-
geography av+. .-..+..
geology av+. .-r.a.a
2.i.9 graph .+...a. write av+. ".a" .-
autograph av+. ..aa.a+a....
lithography av+. ..u.u, ...a:
3
2.i.i0 homo .+...a. same av+. "..., a::.aa.., a..aa.."
.-
homophone av+. .a..aa..
homosexual av+. ..u+.ur.:.u+.aa..
2.i.ii meter/metr(on) .+...a. measure av+. ". a, ...a" .-
barometer av+. .+....a+...aa..+
geometry av+. .-..+a.
2.i.i2 phon(o) .+...a. sound av+. ".a." .-
phonetics av+. ..+......::.a.
phonograph av+. :.a.
2.i.i3 psyche/psycho .+...a. mind, soul av+. " .!, ." .-
psychology av+. ..a
psychiatry av+. .-.+., ..+...a..:.....+.
2.i.i4 techne/techno .+...a. skill, art av+. ".., +..-, ++v.,
4., -., .+ +, +..-" .-
technician av+. ..++, :+++.+..-.a
++v.
2.i.i5 therme .+...a. heat av+. "+..., ..a:+..., . . .
+..." .-
thermometer av+. .+...aa..
+ .-..a+.+a. (..v.v. : 73-82) a...a...+u.... (Greek
Roots) a+.++u......+u.... .-
2.i.i6 aer .+...a. air av+. ".+" .-
aeroplane av+. .+. .:
aeronaut av+. .:..:.+.:++
4
2.i.i7 helios .+...a. sun av+. "a...a " .-
heliograph av+. v..a.a.a...a , v..a
. a.a.. .a
heliometer av+. .+. .. aa.. .a
2.i.i8 hydor/hydr .+...a. water av+. " " .-
hydraulics av+. .-u+.
hydrogen av+. .+aa..
2.i.i9 neur(o) .+...a. nerve av+. "v.., .av.." .-
neurosis av+. .+v..
neuritis av+. .+v....:
2.i.20 nom(o)/nymy .+...a. law, arrangement, knowledge av+. ".,
..a..a., +... , ..+." .-
economy av+. +.....+..
astronomy av+. a.+.. (..+...a..:a..a.)
2.i.2i onym .+...a. name, word av+. "-, +" .-
synonym av+. +.+...a...
antonym av+. +.+...a.....
..a- r. (..v.v. : 85-87) a...a...+u.... (Greek Roots)
a+.++u......+u.... .-
2.i.22 logos .+...a. discourse, word av+. "..ua, v.a, ..
:..aa" .-
dialogue av+. ..
monologue av+. :+.+.+.:...+..aa..aa., ..ua.:
...
2.i.23 morphe/morpho .+...a. form, shape av+. ". v, . v. ." .-
amorphous av+. . . . v. . a , ...++.
metamorphosis av+. ...v+a.v, ...v+a.u, ...v+a+.a.
5
2.i.24 scope .+...a. instrument for viewing or observing something
av+. ".+. .. .a, .+. .. ..a" .-
telescope av+. .+....+
microscope av+. .+ . +..+
2.i.25 tele .+...a. distant av+. ".+" .-
telephone av+. .+ u
telegraph av+. ..+
2.2 avnsvaav (Latin Roots)
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2534 : 78-87) a...a...+u.+.
(Latin Roots) a+.++u......+u.+. .-
2.2.i agri/agra .+...a. field av+. " ., ., ...." .-
agriculture av+. ..........
agrarian av+. ..a..:.
agribusiness av+. r........
agriculturalist av+. .........
2.2.2 aque/aqua .+...a. water av+. " " .-
aquarium av+. a.+a...
aquamarine av+. ..+
aqueduct av+. ..:a
aqueous av+. .
2.2.3 audi(o) .+...a. hear, sound av+. "aa, .a." .-
audible av+. ..av.aa
auditorium av+. .v..a. (.v..-.)
audiovisual av+. aa.a.a+....aa.a
audience av+. +v.
6
2.2.4 dent .+...a. tooth av+. "v" .-
dental av+. ..a..:v
dentist av+. .v (.aua)
dentistry av+. .-v
2.2.5 dic(t) .+...a. tell, say, speak av+. "ua, .+., :." .-
predict av+. a, ua.+..
contradict av+. uaaaa.
verdict av+. +ua.a.+a.+uu.
dictate av+. u a:., ua!.a..+:.
2.2.6 fimina .+...a. female, woman av+. "+ ., .u+ ." .-
female av+. .u+ .
feminine av+. +...v + .
2.2.7 flex/flect .+...a. bend av+. "+ .., a aa, ..+:" .-
flexible av+. aaa, ..a+ ..a
reflection av+. ..+.., ...a.
2.2.8 flor .+...a. flower av+. "a.. " .-
floral av+. ..a..:a..
florist av+. +aa..
2.2.9 ident .+...a. same av+. ".. ., .- .a a.. " .-
identity av+. .vu..aa...
identification av+. +.....
2.2.i0 lingu(a) .+...a. tongue, language av+. "." .-
lingual av+. ..a..:.
linguistics av+. .+..
7
..aua .+.. (..v.v. : 24-32) a...a...+u.+. (Latin Roots)
a+.++u......+u.+. .-
2.2.ii fin/finis .+...a. end, boundary av+. "a, :.." .-
finish av+. :, a, .. .: .a
finite av+. .a, .:...a, .a
2.2.i2 forc/fort/fortis .+...a. firm, strong av+. ".+., a .a.." .-
enforce av+. :::.+:
fortress av+. v.v...
2.2.i3 fundus .+...a. the bottom av+. "., .+., .!.a,
v+aa" .-
foundation av+. u , .., (. .)
profound av+. ++., +.+., a av
2.2.i4 jus .+...a. right av+. "a..." .-
justice av+. +..a . r..., +...a.r...
2.2.i5 liter(a) .+...a. letter av+. "...., . . . , ." .-
literate av+. . .
literature av+. ..+..
2.2.i6 magni .+...a. great av+. "! , aa!, ....." .-
magnify av+. aa!, uaaa
magnitude av+. +..!.
8
2.2.i7 mar(i)/marine .+...a. sea av+. "..+" .-
marine av+. ..+, ..a..:..+
submarine av+. ..a
2.2.i8 mort .+...a. death, dead av+. ".a, +...a" .-
mortal av+. .a
immortal av+. ..a, .v...
2.2.i9 op(t) .+...a. sight av+. "a." .-
optical av+. ..a..:a.
optician av+. -.a.a.
+ .-..a+.+a. (..v.v. : 9-23) a...a...+u.+.
(Latin Roots) a+.++u......+u.+. aa.
2.2.20 ali/allo/alter .+...a. another, other av+. " , ( |) ." .-
alien av+. -...-.
alternate av+. +:., ...a.
alternative av+. .+ ., .+..a.!aa..
2.2.2i am/ami/amat/amo .+...a. love, friend av+. ". ., .u " .-
amateur av+. ..+..+, +.!a..a.a!......
.u ..
amiable av+. . ., .ra+aa
amorous av+. ..a..:+...., !, !a
2.2.22 anim/anima .+...a. breath, life, mind, soul av+. "+.a!,
-.., .!, ." .-
animal av+. ..
animate av+. (!) .-..-., v+...
9
2.2.23 annu/annus/enni .+...a. year av+. "v " .-
annual av+. v..v , v.aa.
biennual av+. .v.+.., .v
2.2.24 bis .+...a. twice av+. ".+. ., +" .-
biscuit av+. .v. (.v...:.)
bisect av+. a: ...v 2 .. | .
2.2.25 ped(e) .+...a. foot av+. ". " .-
pedal av+. ..aa:
pedestrian av+. +.a .
2.2.26 port .+...a. carry from one place to another av+. "aa.
.v.., a, .v.a " .-
portable av+. ..a.v.a
transport av+. aa..v..
import av+. .., (+) .
export av+. .v, (+) ..
2.2.27 scrib/script .+...a. write av+. ".a" .-
scribble av+. ...a.a, .a.a |
scriptwriter av+. +.a:.ua.. ..+.+.
2.2.28 sens/sent .+...a. feel av+. ".." .-
sensitive av+. .+.....
sentiment av+. ..a, +....
2.2.29 vid/vis .+...a. see av+. ". , .....a , ... " .-
video av+. ..a..:..., ...+...:a+...+
..a..:.u
visible av+. ..a...a
0
3. a J
..+ u (Roots) + ..++u aa.a.+...au.+...a+.
(Basic Meaning) .++u a......v+aav+..v+v.va::!a... +...a
..a.+.!.+.+a. ...a...ur.:+...a+.a.. ..+uv..a!
++u.....a + ..+u.... (Greek Roots) a+...+u.+.
(Latin Roots) .+.+...!...+...a...+u.... (Greek Roots) a+.
..+u.+. (Latin Roots) .!..a.a+...a.++u.+.+aa +..
.vv..a-....va...
unn 2
aa.uav+a a vn aa. a.u Jaa
(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Prefixes)
....+!....+a.r .r....u:a:a | + ...
v..+ (Prefixes) .. .. . + .a . (Base word . Word Stem) ...+u (Root)
a+...a.v+!..u...!. +.+...a.+..a..v+av.+.a. a .
....+...!...v..+ .!...:+...a.+ | +...vv..a-
...a.a.
i. a.uav+Jaa
v..+ (Prefixes) + ua.+....++. (Base Words) a+. !+...a
.+.a..v+av..+...a.v..+ |
2. J.snv+ Jaa
v..+ (Prefixes) !... a:...v 9 v.... a .
2.i JaaJ.snlu a.uar +J ar (Negative Prefixes)
++.a.a .....a (2535 : 55) .+.. Negative Prefixes .v v..+v....
!+...a.-.v.r aa.
2.i.i un- .+...a. ". " .-
Base word : clean (adj.) .a
unclean (adj.) ..a
Base word : lucky (adj.) -+a
unlucky (adj.) ..-+
Base word : safe (adj.) v+a. a
unsafe (adj.) .v+a.a
2
2.i.2 non- .+...a. ". " .-
Base word : finite (adj.) . :..
nonfinite (adj.) . . :..
Base word : political (adj.) ..a..:.....
nonpolitical (adj.) ...a..:.....
2.i.3 dis- .+...a. ". " .-
Base word : like (v.) -:
dislike (v.) . -:
Base word : agree (v.) . a .a
disagree (v.) ..a.a
Base word : believe (v.) .-
disbelieve (v.) ..-
Base word : appear (v.) v..
disappear (v.) .v.. (a+:)
2.i.4 in- .+...a. ". " aa....v+aav+..a....a a .
2..4. .v+a.v im- .. Base words . a .aua -. b, m, p .-
Base word : possible (adj.) .vva
impossible (adj.) .vv.a
Base word : mortal (adj.) .a
immortal (adj.) ..a,...
2..4.2 .v+a.v il- .. Base words . a .aua -. l .-
Base word : legal (adj.) ..a..:..a
illegal (adj.) ..v..a, +a..a
2..4.3 .v+a.v ir- .. Base words .a.aua-. r .-
Base word : regular (adj.) v..
irregular (adj.) .v..
3
++.u a ..a.+a+.v.-. --.a.. (..v.v. : 84) .+..u......
a- .+...a. ". " .-
Base word : moral (adj.) . + ar...
amoral (adj.) ..+ar...
Base word : symmetry (n.) a..:.
asymmetry (n.) a...:.
Base word : sex (n.) .u+
sexual (adj.) ..u+
asexual (adj.) ...u+
2.2 JaaJ.snlua.ualvn+auvua+vua.uav+aa
(Reversative Prefixes)
u.a .+.. (2538 : 5) .+... Reversative Prefixes .v v..+v....
!+...a!..+:. ......:+...a.+.a. aa.
2.2.i un- .+...a. ".+:." .-
Base word : tie (v.) + .
untie (v.) a.v.+..
Base word : wrap (v.) .
unwrap (v.) a.
2.2.2 de- .+...a. ".+:., .a" .-
Base word : centralize (v.) ... ( )
decentralize (v.) ...a
Base word : code (v.) !..
decode (v.) aa..
Base word : frost (v.) +.a.
defrost (v.) !a.+.+a
4
.+..+a +...a+.++.a..a .ur (..v.v. : 50) .+..u......
dis- .+...a. ". " .-
Base word : allow (v.) .
disallow (v.) .
Base word : infect (v.) .a.-.+
disinfect (v.) v+a.-.+
Base word : cover (v.) v.va
discover (v.) .va.
2.3 JaaJ.snlu a.uar +a.a+ oavaa n Ja
(Pejorative Prefixes)
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2534 : 92-94) a.+... Pejorative Prefixes
.vv..+v....!+...a.-..+.+. +au+a .a v+. aa.
2.3.i mis- .+...a. ".+., .a , + a" .-
Base word : calculate (v.) +.a
miscalculate (v.) +.a+a
Base word : count (v.) :
miscount (v.) :+a
Base word : spell (v.) ..a..
misspell (v.) ..a..+a
Base word : chance (n.) -+, .
mischance (n.) -+. a , ..a
2.3.2 mal- .+...a. ".+., .a " .-
Base word : treat (v.) v:.aa+
maltreat (v.) v:.aa+.a, . a
Base word : function (n.) ..
malfunction (n.) ...a
5
2.3.3 pseudo- .+...a. "v+., . . ., .a " .-
Base word : science (n.) .a+..
pseudoscience (n.) .a+...a
Base word : philosopher (n.) .v. -
pseudo-philosopher (n.) .v.-v+.
2.4 JaaJ.snlua.uar+u+uauv+uaavnv+a+vv
(Locative Prefixes)
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2534 : -4) .+.. Locative Prefixes .v
v..+v....!+...a .- .: .:.. a . .a.. a . !.
... . ..+. . aa..v.. +++ aa.
2.4.i super- .+...a. "a . , :" .-
Base word : structure (n.) .v+...
superstructure (n.) .v+...a.:
Base word : column (n.) .
columnar (adj.) .v . v.
supercolumnar (adj.) +.a..aa:
2.4.2 peri- .+...a. ".: |" .-
Base word : scope (n.) .+..
periscope (n.) .+....a.:..!-.:..
a
Base word : meter (n.) .+. .. a
perimeter (n.) :..aa.:u.:, :..
v. .a++aa.:
6
2.4.3 sub- .+...a. "!. " .-
Base word : marine (n.) ..+
submarine (n.) !...+, .. a
Base word : way (n.) .
subway (n.) !.. (..!.a)
Base word : soil (n.) a
subsoil (n.) !. a
Base word : conscious (adj.) ..a..:..
subconscious (adj.) !...
2.4.4 inter- .+...a. "...., a.a., ..+." .-
Base word : change (n.) ...v+a
interchange (n.) ..a+..v+a.....
Base word : nation (n.) -.
national (adj.) ..a..:-.
international (adj.) ... .-.
Base word : person (n.) :+++
personal (adj.) ..a..::+++
interpersonal (adj.) ... .: +++
Base word : race (n.) .--.
racial (adj.) ..a..:.--.
interracial (adj.) ... ..- -.
7
2.4.5 trans- .+...a. "., ..v.." .-
Base word : Atlantic (n.) ...a.a+..
transatlantic (adj.) ....a.a+..
Base word : plant (v.) v+.u-
transplant (v.) aavv+.
Base word : form (n.,v.) . v. ., .v . v. .
transform (v.) .v+a.v
Base word : ship (n.,v.) .. , +...
transship (v.) aa..
2.4.6 under- .+...a. "v.!., a !." .-
Base word : pass (n.) .+
underpass (n.) .!.a
Base word : line (n.,v.) . , a.
underline (v.) a. !.
Base word : ground (n.) a
underground (n.) (..av) !. a
Base word : side (n.) .
underside (n.) .a!.
... ..v...a+.-+ u.+ur (2533 : 30) a .+ ..u ... .. ..
intra- .+...a. ".a!, .!" .-
Base word : natal (adj.) ..a..:+........a
intranatal (adj.) .a!+...
Base word : continent (n.) .v
continental (adj.) ..a..:.v
intracontinental (adj.) .a!.v
8
2.5 JaaJ.snlu a.uar +u +un av.aa n n v.Jua
(Prefixes of Attitude)
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2534 : 07-0) .+... Prefixes of Attitude
.v v..+v.... ! +...a .-.:.:.+.+. a.v : . . a .a ..
aaa. . . ... aa.
2.5.i co-/con-/com-/col- .+...a. "a .a, . ..a .a" .-
Base word : author (n.) .v..ur
coauthor (n.) .v..ur...
Base word : join (v.) ..-.
conjoin (v.) ..-..a.a.
conjoint (adj.) ..-..a.a.
Base word : lateral (adj.) a.
collateral (adj.) ..+a., . ...
2.5.2 counter- .+...a. ".., +....., aa.." .-
Base word : attack (v.) ..
counterattack (v.) ....+:v
Base word : balance (v.,n.) !.a+a , .a+a
counterbalance (v.,n.) a..a+a , ..a..a+a
Base word : clock (n.) u.
clockwise (adj.) ..+....u.
counterclockwise (adj.) .+....u.
Base word : measure (v.,n.) !-....., .....
countermeasure (v.,n.) !-......., ...... .
9
2.5.3 anti- .+...a. ".." .-
Base word : body (n.) ...a
antibody (n.) ....-.+!...a
Base word : aircraft (n.) .+a (.+. .: )
antiaircraft (n.) v...+a
Base word : freeze (v.) a .. ..v a .
antifreeze (n.) .....a....va..
..+.
Base word : society (n.) .+.
social (adj.) .a.+.
antisocial (adj.) ...+.
2.5.4 pro- .+...a. "a4a, -.-:, :" .-
Base word : Castro (n.) +..
pro-Castro (n.) 4a:+..
Base word : America (n.) ....
American (n.) ....
pro-American (n.) a4a....
20
2.6 JaaJ.snlu a.uar +u +u.a v-ua + a.aau
(Prefixes of Time and Order)
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2534 : 8-2) .+... Prefixes of Time and
Order .vv..+v....!+...a.-.:.:...+.-+. a+.+a: aa.
2.6.i ante- .+...a. "...+, .a , ..+a:!a+a:."
.-
Base word : date (v.) +.. (a.a, ... +++)
antedate (v.) +.....a.a....
Base word : room (n.) .
anteroom (n.) ....u:aua .v .
Base word : chamber (n.) .
antechamber (n.) ..+ ..a. .!
2.6.2 ex- .+...a. "a . ... (a..-..a ), .. a .. .v.. .."
.-
Base word : wife (n.) ...a
ex-wife (n.) a....a
Base word : minister (n.) . ...
ex-minister (n.) a .. ...
Base word : service (n.) .+..!-v....
ex-service (n.) .+..!-.v....
2.6.3 fore- .+...a. "." .-
Base word : arm (v.) . a. r
forearm (v.) .a.r!. (..+!-.. |)
Base word : tell (v.) :.
foretell (v.) :.. (.a)
2
Base word : close (v.) va
foreclose (v.) aa+..a.va (.u... ..a .
....aa)
Base word : see (v.) .
foresee (v.) . ., a, +a..a
2.6.4 pre- .+...a. "., +.., ..a" .-
Base word : war (n.) .+..
prewar (adj.) ..a..+..
Base word : school (n.) ....a
preschool (adj.) .a......a
Base word : natal (adj.) ..a..:....a
prenatal (adj.) ...a (.++a)
Base word : history (n.) v... . +..
historic (adj.) ..a..:v....+..
prehistoric (adj.) .v....+..
2.6.5 post- .+...a. "+., +.." .-
Base word : war (n.) .+..
postwar (adj.) ..a+..+..
Base word : operate (v.) +.a
operative (adj.) a + . a
postoperative (adj.) ..a.a+...+.a
22
++.u.+ :aa..ur (..v.v. : 2) a.+..u......
re- .+...a. "+, .+:+.u.a." .-
Base word : write (v.) . a
rewrite (v.) .a+!.
Base word : develop (v.) u+
redevelop (v.) u++!.
Base word : schedule (v.) .a..+
reschedule (v.) .a..++!.
Base word : arrange (v.) a...a..!.v...:a:
rearrange (v.) a...a..!.v...:a:+
Base word : broadcast (v.) ..+
rebroadcast (v.) ..++
2.7 JaaJ.snlu a.uar +u +u.a ua.uv -uva u vva
(Prefixes of Degree or Size)
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2534 : 96-05) .+.. Prefixes of Degree
or Size .vv..+v....!+...a.-.:.:...a:+...-.:..a . a
aa.
2.7.i arch- .+...a. ".a..a+-.a, . , +.a" .-
Base word : bishop (n.) .+.-
archbishop (n.) +..+.-
Base word : enemy (n.) +..
archenemy (n.) +..+.a
Base word : angel (n.) ..a
archangel (n.) . ..a
Base word : traitor (n.) .:
arch-traitor (n.) ..:
23
2.7.2 super- .+...a. ". .. , !.. .....v.." .-
Base word : man (n.) .a
superman (n.) aa.a
Base word : powers (n.) .+.
superpowers (n.) .+..
Base word : heat (n.) +...
superheat (n.) +........v..
Base word : nature (n.) r...-.
natural (adj.) .r...-.
supernatural (adj.) . r...-.
2.7.3 out- .+...a. ".. v, a..., a.., ...., ." .-
Base word : run (v.) . .
outrun (v.) . ... (..u)
Base word : grow (v.) .. :.
outgrow (v.) .. :... ... v
Base word : flow (v.) +
outflow (v.) +.
Base word : live (v.) .-..
outlive (v.) .-..aa...
Base word : last (v.)
outlast (v.) a...
Base word : do (v.)
outdo (v.) a..
2.7.4 sur- .+...a. "...., ..., .u ." .-
Base word : charge (v.) .. :..
surcharge (v.) .. :.. .u .
Base word : tax (n.,v.) . , .. :.
surtax (n.,v.) ..u., ..:..u.
24
2.7.5 sub- .+...a. "!. , . .. , ..:., +a.., .u+.a.."
.-
Base word : zero (n.) +a
subzero (n.) !.+a
Base word : soil (n.) a
subsoil (n.) !. a
Base word : Arctic (n.) ....
subArctic (n.) ..:a.aa:....
Base word : divide (v.) a:.aa.
division (n.) ..a:.aa.
subdivision (n.) ..a:.aa.aa
Base word : title (n.) ... .
subtitle (n.) ... .a a
2.7.6 over- .+...a. "...., .u ... ., ....v" .-
Base word : time (n.) ..+
overtime (n.) .. ..+
Base word : eat (v.) .
overeat (v.) .....v
Base word : drive (v.) :.a
overdrive (v.) :.a.....v
2.7.7 under- .+...a. "+a.., . a .. .. , . , a..v" .-
Base word : secretary (n.) .+ ..
undersecretary (n.) .a.....+..
Base word : value (v.) ..+
undervalue (v.) ..+.
Base word : use (v.) !-
underuse (v.) .+.!-
25
Base word : privilege (n.) ru.+
privileged (adj.) .ru.+
underprivileged (adj.) .ru.+a
Base word : cook (v.) v. . (.)
undercook (v.) v. . (.) a..v
2.7.8 hyper- .+...a. "....v, ." .-
Base word : sense (n.) +....
sensitive (adj.) ....
hypersensitive (adj.) . . .... v
Base word : critic (n.) ...u...a
critical (adj.) ..a..:...u...a
hypercritical (adj.) .u...a....v
Base word : tension (n.) +..a.+a
hypertension (n.) +..a.+a...v
2.7.9 hypo- .+...a. ". , ...v, a..v" .-
Base word : tension (n.) +..a.+a
hypotension (n.) +..a.+a...v
Base word : act (n.) .....
active (adj.) .....+
hypoactive (adj.) .....+a..v
Base word : derm (n.) + . .
dermic (adj.) ..a..:+..
hypodermic (adj.) !. + . .
2.7.i0 ultra- .+...a. ".. v, .+av, .." .-
Base word : high (adj.) .
ultrahigh (adj.) ...v
Base word : modern (adj.) .a
ultramodern (adj.) .a..v
26
Base word : mundane (adj.) ..a..:u.u (+.)
ultramundane (adj.) .+av.u .u
Base word : virus (n.) ..
ultravirus (n.) ...a.+...
Base word : conserve (v.) ......v...ua
conservative (adj.) a ..... .. .v...ua
ultraconservative (adj.) +.....v...ua..v
2.7.ii mini- .+...a. ".+..., .., .+ ." .-
Base word : car (n.) .aa.
minicar (n.) .aa. a.+ .
Base word : skirt (n.) ...v..
miniskirt (n.) ...v..
2.7.i2 micro- .+...a. ".+ ., .+..." .-
Base word : switch (n.) .-v
microswitch (n.) .-va.+.
Base word : film (n.) v+.
microfilm (n.) v+.a.+.
2.7.i3 mega- .+...a. "!, +" .-
Base word : death (n.) +...a
megadeath (n.) +.a.++
Base word : phone (n.) a..
megaphone (n.) a..!
Base word : ton (n.) .
megaton (n.) .+ .
Base word : hertz (n.) .a . +
megahertz (n.) .+ .a . +
27
2.7.i4 extra- .+...a. ".a., .. .+a" .-
Base word : legal (adj.) .a..a
extralegal (adj.) ...+.:+....a
Base word : ordinary (adj.) v.. r...a
extraordinary (adj.) .. .+a.. v.. r...a
(. + av.. r...a)
2.8 JaaJ.snlu a.uar +u +u v.v u J a-v a
(Number Prefixes)
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2534 : 25-3) a.+... Number Prefixes
.v v..+v.... ! +...a.- .: .:. .. v. .a..- a aa.
2.8.i uni- .+...a. " ., ..a a." .-
Base word : form (n.) . va::
uniform (n.) ..va::.aa., .+..a::
Base word : sex (n.) .u+
unisex (n.) .u+.a a.
unisexual (adj.) ..u+.aa.
2.8.2 mono- .+...a. "., ..a a." .-
Base word : tone (n.) .a.
monotone (n.) . a..a a.
Base word : plane (n.) .+. .:
monoplane (n.) .+..:v..aa.!a.+..
Base word : type (n.) a::
monotype (n.) a::.aa.
28
Base word : syllable (n.) ua.+
monosyllable (n.) ua.+.aa.
syllabic (adj.) .aua.+
monosyllabic (n.) .ua.+.aa.
2.8.3 di- .+...a. "." .-
Base word : meter (n.) .+. .. a
dimeter (n.) .+. .. a . .
Base word : transitive (adj.) ........
ditransitive (adj.) ........ 2 . .
2.8.4 tri- .+...a. "." .-
Base word : angle (n.) ..
triangle (n.) ... (.v..+a.)
Base word : colour (n.)
tricolour (n.) (r.) .
Base word : lingual (adj.) ..a..:.
trilingual (adj.) u aa 3 .
2.8.5 deca- .+...a. ":" .-
Base word : litre (n.) +..
decalitre (n.) 0 +..
2.8.6 quadr-/quadri-/quadru- .+...a. " " .-
Base word : angle (n.) ..
quadrangle (n.) .. (..v.+a.)
Base word : lateral (adj.) a.
quadrilateral (adj.) . a 4 a
Base word : ped (n.) .
quadruped (n.) .
29
2.8.7 penta- .+...a. " " .-
Base word : prism (n.) a...+a.
pentaprism (n.) a...+a.
Base word : meter (n.) ...++..+
pentameter (n.) ...++..+. 5 ...
2.8.8 kilo- .+...a. ".u" .-
Base word : gram (n.) ...
kilogram (n.) ,000 ... (= .+...)
Base word : watt (n.) . ..
kilowatt (n.) ,000 . ..
2.8.9 milli- .+...a. ".!u" .-
Base word : ampere (n.) a.av.
milliampere (n.) .!u a.av.
Base word : gram (n.) ...
milligram (n.) .!u .. .
Base word : meter (n.) ....
millimeter (n.) .!u....
Base word : litre (n.) +..
millilitre (n.) .!u+..
2.8.i0 demi-/hemi-/semi- .+...a. "+.., +.." .-
Base word : god (n.) u...
demigod (n.) +. .++. .u...
Base word : sphere (n.) +.+.
hemisphere (n.) +. .+., +.+.
Base word : circle (n.) ...+.
semicircle (n.) +.....+.
Base word : tone (n.) . a.a..
semitone (n.) +. .. a.a..
30
2.8.ii sesqui- .+...a. ..+.. .-
Base word : cent (n.) ..a
centennial (adj.) !.:.av
sesquicentennial (adj.) !.:..av+.. (50 v )
2.8.i2 cent(i)- .+...a. . .. a .-
Base word : meter (n.) ....
centimeter (n.) . .. a.... (.+. ....)
Base word : gram (n.) ...
centigram (n.) ...a... (.+. .. .)
2.8.i3 poly- .+...a. ".." .-
Base word : syllable (n.) ua.+
polysyllable (n.) +aua.+
Base word : clinic (n.) +++
polyclinic (n.) aua:+......+
+a-a
..+. ++.+a+....a.. ++.+ (..v.v. : 00) a.+..u......
multi- .+...a. ".., ....." .-
Base word : use (n.) v..a-
multiuse (n.) v..a-...a
Base word : millionnaire (n.) .+.
multimillionnaire (n.) .+....+a+
Base word : color (n.)
colored (adj.) ..a..:
multicolored (n.) +a
Base word : race (n.) .--.
racial (adj.) .a.--.
multiracial (adj.) +a.- -.
3
2.9 JaaJ.snJaavuvnv+a (Conversion Prefixes)
...a .. a.. .. +(..+) (2534 : 34-39) .+... Conversion Prefixes
.vv..+v.....v+a.+ (Parts of speech) aa.
2.9.i a- !-
2.9.. .. . noun !.v adverb .+...a. ":, !, aa" .-
Base word : bed (n.) .. a.
abed (adv.) :..a.
Base word : foot (n.) .
afoot (adv.) aa.
Base word : shore (n.) 4...+
ashore (adv.) :4...+
2.9..2 .. . verb !.v adjective a+. adverb .+...a. "aa
..,a!.., ..+." .-
Base word : bloom (v.) (a..) :
abloom (adj.) (a..) .+.:
Base word : live (v.) .-..a
alive (adj.) .-..a , .-..-.
Base word : sleep (v.) +:
asleep (adj.,adv.) a!..+:,
-.++..a (.- )
2.9..3 ...+. -ing .a (+ verb .. . ing) .+...a. "a
!.., .+." .-
Base word : build (v.) ..
building (v.) .+...
abuilding (v.) .+.a!......
...
32
2.9..4 .. . noun .v+a.v adverb .+...a. "a.+., +." .-
Base word : piece (n.) -
apiece (adv.) a.+.-, ++.-
2.9.2 be- !-
2.9.2. .. . noun .v+a.v verb .+...a. "v.++..+.:
++.a.a." .-
Base word : cloud (n.) ..+
becloud (v.) v.++.a.a..+
Base word : fog (n.) ..
befog (v.) v.++.a.a..
2.9.2.2 .. . noun .v+a.v verb .... adjective .v+a.v
verb .+...a. "! ....." .-
Base word : friend (n.) .u
befriend (v.) ! .v .u
Base word : calm (adj.) .:
becalm (v.) !.:
2.9.2.3 .. . noun .v+a.v verb .+...a. ".. a.. , .- .-
, . u. ....a . " .-
Base word : devil (n.) v+, +
bedevil (v.) . ++. a. , . aa. a
Base word : witch (n.) a..a, . .. .va .a.
bewitch (v.) !+..
Base word : madam (n.) +aa
bemadam (v.) .. a.. + aa
33
2.9.3 en- !-: adjective a+. noun a+. .v+a.v verb aa....v+a
av+.a....a + en- .v+a.v em- ..a+.a.aua-. b, p, m aa.
+...a.
2.9.3. "....: .!.!" .-
Base word : cage (n.) ...
encage (v.) !.!..., ....
Base word : bed (n.) .. a.
embed (v.) .. ., 4 .
2.9.3.2 "..! , a. " .-
Base word : robe (n.) .++.a.
enrobe (v.) ..!.++.a.
Base word : purple (n.,adj.) ...
empurple (v.) a....
2.9.3.3 "! " .-
Base word : power (n.)
empower (v.) !
2.9.3.4 "!, !.+a.v, !..a" .-
Base word : slave (n.)
enslave (v.) !.v
Base word : large (adj.) !
enlarge (v.) !!, aa
Base word : bitter (adj.) (.) .
embitter (v.) !...
34
3. a J
v..+ (Prefixes) + ua.+....++. (Base Words) a+. !+...a
.+.a..v+av..+...a.v..+ | ...v..+ (Prefixes) ....
. + .a . (Base word . Word Stem) ...+u (Root) .v ... .+ !. !.
....r....u:a:a | a.....+...!...v..+ (Prefixes) .!
...:+...a.+ | +...vv..a-a......
unn 3
aa.uav+a a vn aa. a.u J a
(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Suffixes)
.+!......a..a....va (Suffixes) ... .. .+ .+ .a .
(Base word . Word Stem) ...+u (Root) a+. .+ (Part of speech) .
+...a.+..v+av a . .... +... !.. .v a .!...:+...a
.+ | +...vv..a-...
i. a.uav+Ja
v a (Suffixes) + ua.+....a++. (Base Words) a+. !v.....+
(Part of speech) .v+av .+...a.+..a. ..v+av.ua..+.a .-
Base word : gang (n.) .+, u.., u...
gangster (n.) ..+., ru+
Base word : dance (v.) .. .
dancer (n.) ... .
Base word : happy (adj.)
happiness (n.) +..
Base word : eat (v.) .
eatable (adj.) ..a..a
Base word : slow (adj.) -
slowly (adv.) a.- |
Base word : sharp (adj.) +.
sharpen (v.) !+.
36
2. J.snv+Ja
v a (Suffixes) !... a:...v 7 v.... a .
2.i JaJ.snanaaaaavna.nluJvav (Adjectives-noun Suffixes)
++.a.a .....a (2535 : 59) a.+... Adjectives-noun Suffixes .v v a
v....!-....a++a+u (Adjectives) .++!++a+u.v+a.+
.v + . (Nouns) aa.
2.i.i -ness .+...a. "+.. ... (= .v ...)" .-
Base word : happy (adj.)
happiness (n.) +..
Base word : ill (adj.) .:a
illness (n.) +...:a
Base word : weak (adj.) a
weakness (n.) +..a
2.i.2 -y .+...a. "+.. ... (= .v ...)" .-
Base word : difficult (adj.) a.+:.
difficulty (n.) +..a.+:.
Base word : honest (adj.) +.a
honesty (n.) +..+.a
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2534 : 40-42) a.+..u......
2.i.3 -ty/-ity .+...a. ".u ... .+.a." .-
Base word : safe (adj.) v+a. a
safety (n.) +..v+a.a
Base word : loyal (adj.) .. .. .a
loyalty (n.) +.... .. .a
37
Base word : cruel (adj.) . aa. a
cruelty (n.) +... aa. a
Base word : popular (adj.) .v a.-.-:
popularity (n.) +..a.-.-:
Base word : equal (adj.) ..
equality (n.) +....
2.i.4 -ist .+...a. ":+++-.. .a.:..4.4..!a
." .-
Base word : industry (n.) .......
industrial (adj.) .a.....
industrialist (n.) ......
Base word : special (adj.) u.+.u..
specialist (n.) +-..u.+.u..
2.2 JaJ.snanaaaa.nluJvav (Verbs-noun Suffixes)
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2535 : 29-36) .+... Verbs-noun Suffixes
.vvav....!-....a+..a (Verbs) .++!+..a.v+a.+
.v + . (Nouns) aa.
2.2.i -er/-r .+...a. "+ ___ , . ___" .-
Base word : dance (v.) .. .
dancer (n.) ....
Base word : observe (v.) ....
observer (n.) + ....
Base word : play (v.) .+
player (n.) +.+
Base word : receive (v.) . :
receiver (n.) .+...:
38
Base word : blend (v.) +. (.- .)
blender (n.) .+. .+..
2.2.2 -or .+...a. "+ ___ , .u.... ___" .-
Base word : edit (v.) a..::
editor (n.) +a..:: (:..ar..)
Base word : act (v.) aa.
actor (n.) .aa. (-a)
Base word : narrate (v.) .+...
narrator (n.) +.+...
Base word : err (v.) +a
error (n.) +..+a
2.2.3 -ee/-e .+...a. "+.:..... (a....), :+++ ___" .-
Base word : employ (v.) ..
employee (n.) +a..., +.. (= a person who is
employed)
Base word : advise (v.) a.
advisee (n.) +a.a. (= a person who is advised)
Base word : appoint (v.) a. .. .
appointee (n.) +a.a.... (= a person who is appointed)
Base word : escape (v.) +:
escapee (n.) ++:
Base word : absent (v.) av, ..
absentee (n.) +.. (av)
Base word : devote (v.) +. ., +.r
devotee (n.) + +. ., ++.r
39
2.2.4 -ant/-ent .+...a. ":+++.. _______ , ..+.!-.u
av...+." .-
Base word : study (v.) .. a
student (n.) ...a
Base word : depend (v.) . :+
dependant (n.) +a.:+
Base word : inhale (v.) a, a.
inhalant (n.) aa.
2.2.5 -ation/-ition/-tion/-sion/-ion .+...a. "..... , .u, .a:
.a." .-
Base word : explore (v.) ..
exploration (n.) ....
Base word : add (v.) :.., .u .
addition (n.) ..:.., ...u.
Base word : operate (v.) ., + . a
operation (n.) ..., ..+ . a
Base word : electrocute (v.) v...-..aa!-vv
electrocution (n.) ..v...- . .aa!- vv
Base word : decide (v.) .a!
decision (n.) ... a !
2.2.6 -ure .+...a. "..... ..u. ___" .-
Base word : expose (v.) . :a. (.- a.aaa)
exposure (n.) ...:a.
Base word : close (v.) va
closure (n.) ..va
Base word : fail (v.) +..+.
failure (n.) +..+..+.
40
2.2.7 -ance/-ence .+...a. ".u, +a.u, ..... . . ." .-
Base word : resist (v.) . .
resistance (n.) ....
Base word : accept (v.) a..:
acceptance (n.) ..a.. :
Base word : confer (v.) v..-.v...
conference (n.) ..v..- .v. ..
Base word : confide (v.) ...!
confidence (n.) +.....!
Base word : excel (v.) a .+ +
excellence (n.) +..a.++
2.2.8 -al .+...a. ".. ___" .-
Base word : refuse (v.) v.r
refusal (n.) ..v.r
Base word : arrive (v.) .a.
arrival (n.) ...a.
Base word : revive (v.) .a-..
revival (n.) ...-...a
Base word : dismiss (v.) + .
dismissal (n.) ..+.
2.2.9 -age .+...a. ".u.......:.." .-
Base word : cover (v.) ++.
coverage (n.) ..++.
Base word : break (v.) a.. .
breakage (n.) ..a...
4
2.2.i0 -ing .+...a. ".......:.a. (.. a..... .. v ing a
+..a)" .-
Base word : bath (v.) :
bathing (n.) ..:
Base word : drink (v.) a .
drinking (n.) ..a.
Base word : read (v.)
reading (n.) ..
2.2.ii -and/-end .+...a. "..a..a...." .-
Base word : add (v.) :..
addend (n.) ..+a.:..
Base word : multiply (v.) +a
multiplicand (n.) ..+a.+a
2.2.i2 -ment .+...a. "..... .+++ur......" .-
Base word : amaze (v.) u+......a
amazement (n.) +..u+......a
Base word : arrange (v.) a..a.
arrangement (n.) ..a.a..a.
... ..v...a+.-+ u.+ur (2533 : 3) a...a.++u.+.a.
.- aa.
Base word : develop (v.) u+
development (n.) ..u+
42
2.3 JaJ.snanaava.a+a+Jvavuva
(Nouns-noun Suffixes)
u.a .+.. (2538 : 8-9) .+... Nouns-noun Suffixes .v v av....
!-....a nouns a+.a.+..v.v+.a aa.
2.3.i -ster .+...a. ":+++-ua.!aa.." .-
Base word : gang (n.) .+, u.., u...
gangster (n.) ..+., ru+
Base word : trick (n.) .+:a, .+..a
trickster (n.) ++.+..
2.3.2 -eer .+...a. ":+++-ua.!aa.." .-
Base word : engine (n.) .+. . .., .+. .a.
engineer (n.) .+...
Base word : racket (n.) .r::+...aa..a.+.
racketeer (n.) +.a...-..ua
2.3.3 er .+...a. "+..a...:, -., aa.. .a . +a. .
" .-
Base word : law (n.) ..a
lawyer (n.) +..a...:..a
(a+..)
Base word : London (n.) ...+a
Londoner (n.) -.+a
Base word : three-wheel (n.) .+
three-wheeler (n.) .a..+
2.3.4 -let .+...a. ".+ ." .-
Base word : book (n.) .
booklet (n.) ..+..+. |
Base word : pig (n.) .
piglet (n.) . . ..+ . |
43
Base word : leaf (n.) !:.
leaflet (n.) !:, !:v+.
2.3.5 -ship .+...a. "a.u, a." .-
Base word : friend (n.) .u, ...
friendship (n.) ....u
Base word : member (n.) .-.
membership (n.) .-..u
2.3.6 -dom .+...a. "a." .-
Base word : king (n.) ...a
kingdom (n.) .-a ..
Base word : star (n.) a., .aa.
stardom (n.) +...v a., .aa..-.a.
Base word : official (n.) .-..
officialdom (n.) +...v.-..
2.3.7 -ing .+...a. "+a.:..v.+v...:.+.+" .-
Base word : soldier (n.) .
soldiering (n.) ...v.
Base word : bank (n.) r+.
banking (n.) ..r+.
2.3.8 -ful .+...a. " . .v..a....+." .-
Base word : mouth (n.) v.
mouthful (n.) .. .v.
Base word : spoon (n.) -
spoonful (n.) .. .-
Base word : plate (n.)
plateful (n.) .. .
44
2.3.9 -(i)an .+...a. ".v ." .-
Base word : Indonesia (n.) a.+a
Indonesian (n.) -. a .+ a
Base word : Shakespeare (n.) .-+.va.
Shakespearean (n.) .a.-+.va.
2.3.i0 -ese .+...a. "-." .-
Base word : China (n.) v...+
Chinese (n.) -. . .
Base word : Japan (n.) v...+ v
Japanese (n.) -.v..v
2.3.ii -ist .+...a. ".-., - u" .-
Base word : racial (adj.) .. a.. :.- -. . + .
racialist (n.) +.+..+a...a:.aa.+.
Base word : Buddha (n.) u..ur.
Buddhist (n.) -.ur
Base word : violin (n.) .+
violinist (n.) ..+.+
2.3.i2 -ism .+...a. "+r , 4 a.... ." .-
Base word : Calvin (n.) :+++- Calvin
Calvinism (n.) +ra. Calvin
Base word : ideal (n.) a.+.
idealism (n.) +ra.+.a.
45
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2535 : 7-26) a.+...
2.3.i3 -et/-ette .+...a. ".+ ., ___ .u+ ., ___ .a." .-
Base word : isle (n.) ...
islet (n.) ....+ . |
Base word : usher (n.) u..-aa.va..
usherette (n.) u...a.va..
Base word : leather (n.) .
leatherette (n.) .. a.
2.3.i4 -ess .+...a. "___ .u+ ." .-
Base word : lion (n.) ... .+
lioness (n.) ... ... a
Base word : host (n.) ..u-a
hostess (n.) . .u .
Base word : author (n.) .v..ur-a
authoress (n.) .v..ur.
Base word : act (n.) ..aa.
actor (n.) .aa.-a
actress (n.) .aa..
2.3.i5 -ine .+...a. "___ .u+ ." .-
Base word : hero (n.) ..:.
heroine (n.) ....
Base word : Joseph (n.) .+v (+-a)
Josephine (n.) .+v (+ .)
2.3.i6 -y/-ie .+...a. "___ . . , ___ .+ ." .-
Base word : John (n.)
Johnny (n.) . .
Base word : dad (n.) u
daddy (n.) u..
46
Base word : aunt (n.) v
auntie (n.) v . .
Base word : kid (n.) .a .
kiddy /kiddie (n.) .a ..+ .
2.3.i7 -hood .+...a. ".u, a. .+a+.a.. ___" .-
Base word : child (n.) .a .
childhood (n.) +...v .a ., . a.a .
Base word : man (n.) .a
manhood (n.) +...v.a
Base word : brother (n.) u .
brotherhood (n.) +...vu.
2.3.i8 -ry/-ery .+...a. ".u+..... ___ , ...... ___ , a
___ a / a./.a.a" .-
Base word : slave (n.)
slavery (n.) .u+...v
Base word : devil (n.) +..-..a, v+
devilry (n.) .u+..-..a
Base word : machine (n.) .+. . ..
machinery (n.) . . ... . | v...:....
.v .+. .
Base word : rook (n.) .a...a
rookery (n.) ...a.a+aa
Base word : can (n.) ...v.
cannery (n.) ...++....v.
Base word : confection (n.) +...a
confectionery (n.) .a+...a
47
2.3.i9 -ite .+...a. "+.v.-...+...+, +.-.a.-.
-:!. .+ .+r+...-:.a." .-
Base word : Israel (n.) ..+
Israelite (n.) --...+
Base word : labour (n.) a...
labourite (n.) +a!.+.a...
Base word : Brooklyn (n.) ...:.++
Brooklynite (n.) --....:.++
Base word : Stalin (n.) .+
Stalinite (n.) +a.-.-:.+
2.3.20 -iana/-ana aa...+.. (Collective Nouns) ..a..:....:
........... .-
Base word : Victoria (n.) .- . .... a
Victoriana (n.) .. .....- . .... a
Base word : America (n.) ....
Americana (n.) .. ....... .
2.3.2i -worth .+...a. ".+..:.a" .-
Base word : penny (n.) .u
pennyworth (n.) . + . . : ..u
Base word : pound (n.) va
poundworth (n.) .+..:va.
2.3.22 -icle .+...a. ".+ ." .-
Base word : ice (n.) a .
icicle (n.) ..+aa..+. |
Base word : part (n.) .
particle (n.) ..+. |
48
2.3.23 -acy/cy .+...a. ".., . a ., ..." .-
Base word : candidate (n.) +.+..:.a.
candidacy (n.) ...v+.+..:.a.
Base word : infant (n.) ..
infancy (n.) .a..
Base word : agent (n.) ..a
agency (n.) ....a
2.4 JaJ.snanaava.nluJvaaaavn (Nouns-adjective Suffixes)
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2535 : 44-52) .+.. Nouns-adjective Suffixes
.vvav....!-....a+. (Nouns) .++!+. .v+a.+.v
++a+u (Adjectives) aa.
2.4.i -ful .+...a. ".. .va .a ___ , .+.. ___" .-
Base word : care (n.) +..... a... .
careful (adj.) ...va.a+.....a....
Base word : success (n.) +....
successful (adj.) .+....
Base word : harm (n.) .a..a
harmful (adj.) ..a..a
Base word : pain (n.) +... :v.a
painful (adj.) .+.....:v.a
2.4.2 -less .+...a. ".. . v.+. ___" .-
Base word : care (n.) +..... a... .
careless (adj.) v.+.+.....a....
Base word : harm (n.) .a..a
harmless (adj.) v.+.. a ..a
Base word : rest (n.) ..u.+
restless (adj.) v.+...u.+
49
2.4.3 -y .+...a. "...va.a ___ , v.++.a.a ___ , .a... ___ ,
++a ____" .-
Base word : health (n.) .u
healthy (adj.) ..ua
Base word : dust (n.) 4 +..
dusty (adj.) ...va.a4+..
Base word : sleep (n.) ..+:
sleepy (adj.) ....
Base word : silk (n.) .
silky (adj.) .. .
2.4.4 ly .+...a. ".+.a.a:: ___ , .. a !- ....+ . a.
..:" .-
Base word : friend (n.) .u, ...
friendly (adj.) .+.a..v...
Base word : mother (n.) a.
motherly (adj.) .+.a.+...va.
Base word : year (n.) v
yearly (adj.) . v
2.4.5 -like .+...a. "+.a.++a ___" .-
Base word : child (n.) .a.
childlike (adj.) +.a.++a.a.
Base word : ape (n.) +.(...)
apelike (adj.) ++a+.
Base word : man (n.) +-a
manlike (adj.) ++a+-a
Base word : dog (n.)
doglike (adj.) ++a
50
2.4.6 -en .+...a. "a.a ___ , v...:a.a ___ , ++a ___" .-
Base word : wood (n.) .
wooden (adj.) a.a.
Base word : wool (n.) a..
woolen (adj.) a.aa..
Base word : silk (n.) .
silken (adj.) a.a.
Base word : gold (n.) .
golden (adj.) a .a., ++a.
Base word : ash (n.) .a
ashen (adj.) +.a.++a.a
2.4.7 ish .+...a. "..a..:v...+.a:...a. | , .+.a.
...++a ___" .-
Base word : Sweden (n.) v...+..a
Swedish (adj.) ..a..:v...+..a
Base word : child (n.) .a.
childish (adj.) ...a., ...:.a.
2.4.8 -able/-ible .+...a. ". ___ , .+.a. ___" .-
Base word : fashion (n.) .aa.
fashionable (adj.) .+.a..a
Base word : sense (n.) .. ++
sensible (adj.) ...++
2.4.9 -ate .+...a. ".. .va .a ___" .-
Base word : passion (n.) +..+.!+
passionate (adj.) ...va.a+..+.!+
Base word : affection (n.) +... .!+.
affectionate (adj.) ...va.a+....!+.
5
2.4.i0 -ous .+...a. ".!..a ___ , .+.a..v ___" .-
Base word : poison (n.) au
poisonous (adj.) .v u
Base word : danger (n.) ..a
dangerous (adj.) .v ..a
Base word : courage (n.) +...+
courageous (adj.) .+...+
2.4.ii -ious .+...a. ". ___ , .+.a. ___" .-
Base word : mystery (n.) +..+.+:
mysterious (adj.) .+..+.+:
Base word : glory (n.) +.....
glorious (adj.) .+.....
Base word : victory (n.) -a-.
victorious (adj.) .-a-.
2.4.i2 -ic/-ical .+...a. "..a...: ___" .-
Base word : atmosphere (n.) :..a.+
atmospheric (adj.) ..a..::..a.+
Base word : hero (n.) ..:.
heroic (adj.) .. a.. :. .: .
Base word : geometry (n.) ..+a.
geometrical (adj.) ..a..:..+a.
2.4.i3 -al/-ial .+...a. "..a..:...a...: ___" .-
Base word : music (n.) a..
musical (adj.) ..a..:a..
Base word : commerce (n.) ..+
commercial (adj.) ..a..:..+
Base word : culture (n.) . +r...
cultural (adj.) .. a.. :. +r...
52
2.4.i4 -wise .+...a. "!.a. ...+.. ___ , ..a...:
___" .-
Base word : clock (n.) u.
clockwise (adj.) ....u.
Base word : tax (n.) .
taxwise (adj.) ..a...:.
2.4.i5 -some .+...a. ".v ___ , -.. . ! .. a ___" .-
Base word : burden (n.) ...
burdensome (adj.) .v ...
Base word : trouble (n.) +..a.a.
troublesome (adj.) .!..a+..a.a.
2.5 J aJ.sna n aa aa .n lu J va a aa vn (Verbs-adjective Suffixes)
..+. ++.+a+....a.. ++.+ (..v.v. : 05) .+.. Verbs-adjective
Suffixes .vvav....!-....a+..a (Verbs) .++!+..a.v+a
.+.v++a+u (Adjectives) aa.
2.5.i -able/-ible .+...a. "..a. ___" .-
Base word : eat (v.) .
eatable (adj.) ..a..a
Base word : read (v.)
readable (adj.) ..a.a
2.5.2 -ary/-ory .+...a. "..a...: ___" .-
Base word : imagine (v.) ...
imaginary (adj.) ..a...:...
Base word : promise (v.)
promissory (adj.) ..a...:
Base word : introduce (v.) a.
introductory (adj.) ..a...:..a.
53
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2535 : 57-60) a...a.++u.+.a..-
aa.
2.5.3 -ent/-ant .+...a. ".+a+.a...+...a.+.a" .-
Base word : differ (v.) a... .
different (adj.) .+.a....
Base word : rely (v.) a.:
reliant (adj.) .+a+.a.a.:
Base word : excel (v.) a.aa.
excellent (adj.) .+a+.a.a.aa.
2.5.4 -ive/-ative .+...a. ".a...... ..!..a....."
.-
Base word : correct (v.) a.!a.
corrective (adj.) .a...a.!a.
Base word : talk (v.) ua+a
talkative (adj.) .a..-.ua+a
Base word : imagine (v.) ...
imaginative (adj.) .a..-....
2.5.5 -ing ...a verb !.v adjective .+...a. " ___" .-
Base word : interest (v.) !
interesting (adj.) !
Base word : amuse (v.)
amusing (adj.)
2.5.6 -ic .+...a. ".a...+.a. ___" .-
Base word : specify (v.) .u....
specific (adj.) .+.a..u....
Base word : horrify (v.) .a.+.
horrific (adj.) .+.a..+.
54
2.6 J aJ.sna n aa a aa vn a .n lu J va . ava
(Adjectives-adverb Suffixes)
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2535 : 62-64) .+... Adjectives-adverb
Suffixes .vvav........a++a+u (Adjectives) .++!++a+u .v+a
.+.v+..+a (Adverbs) aa.
2.6.i -ly .+...a. "a. ___" .-
Base word : slow (adj.) -
slowly (adv.) a.- |
Base word : care (n.) +..... a... .
careful (adj.) ...va.a+.....a....
carefully (adv.) a....a....
2.6.2 -ally .+...a. "a. ___ , aa ___" .-
Base word : symbol (n.) +.a
symbolic (adj.) ..a..:+.a
symbolically (adv.) aa!-+.a
Base word : art (n.) ++v.
artistic (adj.) ..a..:++v.
artistically (adv.) a..++v.
2.6.3 -ably/ibly .+...a. "!..a....a ___ , a...a ___"
.-
Base word : sense (n.) +.....++
sensible (adj.) ...++
sensibly (adv.) a...a....++
Base word : comfort (n.) +...a..:a
comfortable (adj.) .a..:a
comfortably (adv.) a..a..:a
55
2.7 JaJ.snanaavuaaaavna.nluJvaa
(Nouns/Adjectives-verb Suffixes)
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2535 : 66-68) .+... Nouns/Adjectives-verb
Suffixes .vvav........a+. (Nouns) .++a+u (Adjectives) .++!
+.v+a.+ .v + .. a (Verbs) aa.
2.7.i -en .+...a. "! ___ , !.+a.v ___ , .!..a ___" .-
Base word : soft (adj.) .
soften (v.) !.
Base word : sharp (adj.) +.
sharpen (v.) !+.
Base word : long (adj.) a.
length (n.) +..a.
lengthen (v.) !a.
2.7.2 -ify/-efy .+...a. "! ___ , !.v ___" .-
Base word : simple (adj.) .a
simplify (v.) !.a
Base word : clear (adj.) - a.
clarify (v.) !-a.
Base word : mummy (n.) ...
mummify (v.) !.v...
Base word : beauty (n.) +...a
beautify (v.) !.a
Base word : liquid (n.) ..+.
liquefy (v.) !.v..+.
56
2.7.3 -ize .+...a. "! ___ , !.v ___" .-
Base word : symbol (n.) +.a
symbolize (v.) !.v+.a
Base word : apology (n.) ..
apologize (v.)
Base word : harmony (n.) ..v...+..+
harmonize (v.) !v...+..+
Base word : modern (adj.) .a
modernize (v.) !.a
Base word : special (adj.) u.+.u.
specialize (v.) !.vu.+.u.
2.7.4 -ate .+...a. "! ___ , !.+a.v" .-
Base word : valid (adj.) ...++
validate (v.) ! . .. ++
Base word : active (adj.) ++.a++....
activate (v.) !++.a++....
Base word : alien (n.,adj.) +..a., av+..-.
alienate (v.) !av+..-.
Base word : domestic (n.,adj.) !:, ..a..::
domesticate (v.) !a!:, .+a..!:
3. a J
v a (Suffixes) + ua.+....a++. (Base Words) a+. !v.....+
(Part of speech) .v+av .+...a.+..a. ..v+av.ua..+.a ...va
(Suffixes) ......+.+.a. (Base word . Word Stem) ...+u (Root) .v..
..+!.!.....r....u:a:a | a . .... +... !.. .v a
(Suffixes) .!...:+...a.+ | +...vv..a-a......
unn 4
aa.uav+a J.a
(Guessing the Meanings of Compound Words)
.+!...+a+..a....+ 2 + ......v....a.a.
a+...a.v+!.. ..a.. +v... (Compound Words) +v...a :.+
.v+. ....a.. +.v... (Compound Nouns) .:.+.v+
+a+u .... a.. ++a+uv... (Compound Adjectives)
i. a.uav+aJ.a
...a .. a.. .. + (..+) (2534 : 230-23) !+...a.+v.....
+v... (Compound Words) + +..a........+..a. 2 +v a+...a.v
+!. +...a.+v........:+.a....a .-
toothbrush .. tooth + brush +...a+ av..v
bookstore .. book + store +...a+ .a.
bluebottle .. blue + bottle +...a+ a.+....a.
...a+v... a..!.+.... | a+. a........a+
a+.v. ++..:+ a+.!.a.a. ..aaa...v++...
.u....aa.+ !...... ....!-.a.. . ...:.
u ... a+..uaa.!-.. a..u:.:a | ...a+v...u.aa.a
.v 3 a:: . 3 ..a +
. .a.a..v++.aa. a.v+.+ .- postcard, toothbrush, blackbird,
homework, headmaster, grandfather, housework, football, swordsman, salesman, .v .
2. .aaa... aa..a. (Hyphen) a.v+.+ .- snow man,
taxi meter, mother tongue, morning market, office hours, shop hours, station master, .v .
3. .aaa....v 2 + aa.a. (Hyphen) a.v+.+ .- fire-engine,
room-mate, money-order, tea-time, time-table, team-work, sun-dial, snow-storm ... .+ v...
..a. Verb-ing + noun .- swimming-pool, dining-room .v .
58
2. J.snv+aJ.a
+v... (Compound Words) a:...v 2 v....! | +
2. +.v... (Compound Nouns)
2.2 ++a+uv... (Compound Adjectives)
+.a.+.v......+.a...v...+aa.aa.v. a .
2.i avJ.a (Compound Nouns)
..aua .+.. (..v.v. : 98) .+.. +.v... + +v.....a.
...... .+ . .a. 2 +v a+.+!...a..v+. ..+.a.
..v...+ . a .
2.i.i avJ.auav (Noun + Noun) ..+...a 5 +.a. a .
2.i.i.i va..ulu.va.ua+n.
. +a. (..v.v. : 506) a.. .a.+.v...a:: .-
a glass bottle .. glass + bottle
+...a a bottle made of glass (.aa..)
an iron gate .. iron + gate
+...a a gate made of iron (v....+.)
rubber shoes .. rubber + shoes
+...a shoes made of rubber (... a.)
2.i.i.2 va .ua +n vau n va.ua+urv
u.a .+.. (2538 : 4) a...a.+.v...a:: .-
a bookseller .. book + seller
+...a a seller of books (+a.)
a dressmaker .. dress + maker
+...a a maker of dresses (-..a.)
novel writer .. novel + writer
+...a a writer of novel (..a.aa)
59
2.i.i.3 va.Jvv+u. va.ua+Jvsrv.auula
+.u. (2537 : 05) a...a.+.v...a::
.-
a flower vase .. flower + vase
+...a a vase for flowers (a.a.. )
water tank .. water + tank
+...a a tank for water (a...:)
a water jug .. water + jug
+...a a jug for water (.a . )
a wine bottle .. wine + bottle
+...a a bottle for wine (.a. )
2.i.i.4 va.ua+a.avvruva.
u.a .+.. (2538 : 5) a...a.+.v...a:: .-
a mathematics teacher .. mathematics + teacher
+...a a teacher of mathematics (+.+a.+.. )
a light switch .. light + switch
+...a a switch of light (.va-vav)
weather report .. weather + report
+...a a report about weather (.a..+)
a reference book .. reference + book
+...a a book of reference (...)
2.i.i.5 va.uvulunuaavnv+va.ua+
++.a.a . ....a (2534 : 97) a...a.+.v...a::
.-
a country man .. country + man
+...a a man in the country (+-:, +:.)
a park pool .. park + pool
+...a a pool in a park (..v...r.a.)
60
garden plant .. garden + plant
+...a a plant used for decorating the garden (.v..a:
.)
a road sign .. road + sign
+...a a sign in the road (va..a)
2.i.2 aaa ing J.auav (Gerund + Noun)
...a ..a....+ (..+) (2534 : 238-239) a.+... +v...
v......a... base word gerund .... : base word .. . .
noun .-
dining room .. dining + room
+...a ..
living room .. living + room
+...a . ..+
sleeping pill .. sleeping + pill
+...a a+:
sailing boat .. sailing + boat
+...a ..a+!:
a swimming-pool .. swimming + pool
+...a a pool for swimming (...a)
a sewing-machine .. sewing + machine
+...a a machine that sews ( ...a :+ )
walking-stick .. walking + stick
+...a stick for walking with (..)
hearing-aid .. hearing + aid
+...a aid for helping deaf people to hear (.+..-.av.)
a washing-machine .. washing + machine
+...a a machine for washing (.+..+.+)
6
2.i.3 avJ.auaaa ing (Noun + Gerund)
..aua .+.. (..v.v. : 99) a...a.+.v...v..... .-
fortunetelling .. fortune + telling
+...a ..a
housekeeping .. house + keeping
+...a ..aa+:
daydreaming .. day + dreaming
+...a ..4.+..
drug-taking .. drug + taking
+...a ...a
bull-fighting .. bull + fighting
+...a ..........
doll-making .. doll + making
+...a .. . ..
2.i.4 aaaavnJ.auav (Adjective + Noun)
...a ..a....+ (..+) (2534 : 232-234) a.+... +v...
v......a......... base words 2 + +..v adjective .+..v noun .-
bluebottle .. blue + bottle
+...a a.+....a.
blackguard .. black + guard
+...a +.+.... -
darkroom .. dark + room
+...a ..a.:+..vaa
freshwater .. fresh + water
+...a a
cold saw .. cold + saw
+...a .+ a. a+.
62
2.i.5 avJ.auuvun.a (Noun + Prepositional Phrase)
. +a. (..v.v. : 507) aa...a.+.v...v..... .-
son-in-law .. son + in law
+...a :...a
mother-in-law .. mother + in law
+...a a. . . ...a
brother-in-law .. brother + in law
+...a u...a
a sister-in-law .. sister + in law
+...a u...!.
2.2 aaaavnJ.a (Compound Adjectives)
..aua .+.. (..v.v. : 200) .+.. ++a+uv... + +v...
..a........+..a. 2 +v a+.+!...a ..v++a+u
++a+uv... ..+.a...v...+. a .
2.2.i aaaavnJ.auava ed (Adjective + Noun-ed)
++.a.a . ....a (2534 : 98) a...a.++a+uv...v.... .-
a middle-aged man +...a -a.a.+.+
a red-nosed boy +...a .a...aa.
a bad-tempered woman +...a +....a
an old-fashioned hat +...a .....+.a
2.2.2 aaaavnJ.auav (Adjective + Noun)
. +a. (..v.v. : 508) a...a.++a+uv...v.... .-
a heavy-weight boxer +...a ...a..av. ..
upper-class people +...a --.
a real-life story +...a .. ...- . .. .
a three-room house +...a :+... 3 .
a twenty-dollar note +...a r:..!:+. 20 a++.
63
2.2.3 avJ.auaaaavn (Noun + Adjective)
u.a .+.. (2538 : 6) a...a.++a+uv...v.... .-
nut-brown eyes +...a a..+..
the stone-cold floor +...a the floor that is as cold as
stone
a blood-red blouse +...a a blouse that is as red as
blood
2.2.4 avJ.auav (Noun + Noun)
. +a. (..v.v. : 508) a...a.++a+uv...v.... .-
a sound-proof room +...a ...:.a.
water-proof cloth +...a +. (.- +a.)
water-proof glass +...a .....a
a fireproof coat +...a ..v
2.2.5 a a aa vn J.a ua a aa vn (Adjective + Adjective)
+.u. (2537 : 04) a...a.++a+uv...v.... .-
a tall-dark man +...a -a...+.++
brown-grey beard +...a beard that is brown and grey
bitter-sweet cake +...a the cake that is bitter and
sweet
2.2.6 av aaaavn ua.avaJ.auaar+ 3
(Noun/Adjective/Adverb + Past participle)
++.a.a . ....a (2534 : 98) a...a.++a+uv...v.... .-
a ready-made shirt +...a ..a..a:.aa+.
well-educated people +...a people who are educated
well
the snow-covered mountain +...a the mountain that is
covered with snow
64
2.2.7 av aaaavn ua.avaJ.auaaa ing
(Noun/Adjective/Adverb + Present participle)
. +a. (..v.v. : 508) a...a.++a+uv...v.... .-
a fast-moving train +...a a train that moves fast
a long-suffering servant +...a a servant who suffers a long
time
grass-cutting machinery +...a .+. .. . a
3. a J
+!... ....a....+ 2 + ..... .v....a.a.
a+...a.v+!.. ..a..+v... (Compound Words) +v...a :.+
.v + . .. a.. +.v... (Compound Nouns) :.+.v++a+u ..a..
++a+uv... (Compound Adjectives) a.....+........v...+ . ! ..
.:+...a.+...+.+a | +...vv..a-a......
unn 5
aa.uav+a a vn aa. a.u u un
(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Context)
..+...a.++uaa+a:.: (Context) .v.r.-.av..aa..+
!.. .u... . .. a..+.:...v a+...a.u ... +.!:.:....
. .- a. (Clue) .v..:.:.+...a.++u.+.+a
i. a.uav+uun
:. : (Context) + +.. ..+.+ aa.a+.++u...+.+a .
..:+...a
2. a.uav+a.rv.
. .- a. (Clue) + + .+.+ . +.. -.:.:.+...a.++u
v..!:.: .....a.. ..-a.!:.: (Context Clue)
3. J.snv+a .r v.lvu un
..-a.!:.: (Context Clue) .+av.... a .
66
3.i a.rv.lvuunJ.snluaaa. (Context Clue of Definition)
..aua .+.. (..v.v. : -2) .+.a...-a.v..... + +-a.
v....!+a..+.a+.. .v..:.+...a.++ua.aa... . .- a.
v.... aa.
verb to be mean(s/ed) to be called
to be defined as to be known as to be a type of
refer to can be thought of may be seen as
to be a kind of to be regarded as to be the name given to
consist of can be defined as may be described as
what this means is comma , dash -
parentheses ( ) colon :
a.rv.n+uava.ua. "a, uaa +, a. , uaa.."
.-
Circulate means to move around and return to the same place.
++u.+.+a : Circulate
. .- a. : means
+...v+.a+.. : to move around and return to the same place
a.+...a. Circulate + ...++v..v...+.
This explains why anorexias (people with no sense of smell) may have difficulty
appreciating food flavor.
++u.+.+a : anorexias
. .- a. : ( )
+...v+.a+.. : people with no sense of smell
a.+...a. anorexias + +..v...+.:.+
67
+ .-..a+.+a. (..v.v. : 83) a...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
When a rock has been changed by heat or pressure it is called metamorphic.
++u.+.+a : metamorphic
. .- a. : is called
+...v+.a+.. : When a rock has been changed by heat or pressure
a.+...a. metamorphic + ..a.av..uvaa+....
a..a
..+. ++. +a+....a .. ++.+ (..v.v. : 93) aa...a.v..a+.
. .- a.v.... .-
Messre., the plural of Mr., is seldom used as a title.
++u.+.+a : Messre.
. .- a. : , ,
+...v+.a+.. : the plural of Mr.
a.+...a. Messre. + . vu u . Mr.
++.u.+ :aa..ur (..v.v. : 0) a...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
A person who repairs shoes is a cobbler.
++u.+.+a : cobbler
. .- a. : is
+...v+.a+.. : A person who repairs shoes
a.+...a. cobbler + -.+....
68
3.2 a.rv.lvuunJ.sna.+ (Context Clue of Restatement)
..aua .+.. (..v.v. : 5-6) .+.a...-a.v..... + +-a.
v.....+.+ ..+.a aa+.a!-+ .+ . v..a+ ! +...a. !+..
.aa..:+a. +a....ava.+ +-a.v.... aa.
or .
that is +
that is to say "
in other words .+..a.+
to put in another way "
i.e. ( . that is) +
namely .+.+
that means .aa.
viz ( . namely) .+.+
which means +..aa.
a+.. .+. ..a...+. a .
, .+...a comma - .+...a dash ( ) .+. ..a parentheses
.-
Pantomime, or wordless drama, is a highly skilled art.
++u.+.+a : Pantomime
. .- a. : or
+...+.+ : wordless drama
a.+...a. Pantomime + +.+.!:
His manner of admonishing us - by sharply criticizing - was extremely embarrassing.
++u.+.+a : admonishing
. .- a. : - -
+...+.+ : by sharply criticizing
a.+...a. admonishing + ... u.. .a a.. a..
69
+ .-..a+.+a. (..v.v. : 86) a...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
The cobra moved sinuously, twisting and turning through the rocky field.
++u.+.+a : sinuously
. .- a. : ,
+...+.+ : twisting and turning
a.+...a. sinuously + a . .. .
..a- r. (..v.v. : 24) aa...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
The statement that the politician made was contradictory; that is, one part of it did not
support the other part.
++u.+.+a : contradictory
. .- a. : that is
+...+.+ : one part of it did not support the other part
a.+...a. contradictory + ..aaa..
... ..v...a+.-+ u.+ur (2533 : 5-6) aa...a.v..a+.
. .- a.v.... .-
Carlos and Dave arranged this rendezvous, i.e. meeting, several weeks ago.
++u.+.+a : rendezvous
. .- a. : i.e.
+...+.+ : meeting
a.+...a. rendezvous + ..v..- .
The actress arrived with the group of assistants who always travel with her, namely, her
entourage.
++u.+.+a : entourage
. .- a. : namely
+...+.+ : the group of assistants who always travel with her
a.+...a. entourage + .+.+-.a+a.a..a..
70
++.u.+ :aa..ur (..v.v. : ) a...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
Some people like to hitch-hike - to travel by asking car or lorry drivers for free rides
because they think it is fun.
++u.+.+a : hitch-hike
. .- a. : -
+...+.+ : to travel by asking car or lorry drivers for free rides
a.+...a. hitch-hike + .a .aa..:..av.
3.3 a.rv.lvuunJ.snaa.a+ (Context Clue of Example)
..aua .+.. (..v.v. : 3-5) .+.a...-a.v..... + +..-a.
v....a...a.v...: .v+..+.+r:a .!..a...a..:+...a.
++u!. +.a.!-..a...a.v...: .v.+..-a.+...a.+u...
a+...a..!+.aa..r:av...: ...v+..+.!+.+a
aa+. . .- a.v.... aa.
with e.g. such as the following
as such such as
shows like especially
including for example these
as the following example for instance
a.ua. "a, a.a+rv, aa.a+a+aJv,aaav.a+a+"
..!-.+...a...+.!..a...a.aa.
- .+...a dash , .+. ..a comma ; .+. ..a semi-colon
( ) .+. ..a parentheses : .+. ..a colon
7
.-
She is very touchy. For example, she usually gets angry when her teacher makes
comments on her work.
++u.+.+a : touchy
. .- a. : For example
+...v..a. : she usually gets angry
a.+...a. touchy + ..r. a
His behaviour was inexplicable; no one could explain why he was always late at school.
++u.+.+a : inexplicable
. .- a. : ;
+...v..a. : no one could explain
a.+...a. inexplicable + ..!+...ar:aa
+ .-..a+.+a. (..v.v. : 84-85) a...a.v..a+...-a.v....
.-
Do you participate in one of the more popular avocations, such as jogging, tennis, or
stamp collecting?
++u.+.+a : avocations
. .- a. : such as
+...v..a. : jogging, tennis, or stamp collecting
a.+...a. avocations + .a ...
We are encouraging - fostering - good ideas in young people.
++u.+.+a : fostering
. .- a. : - -
+...v..a. : encouraging
a.+...a. fostering + :
72
..+. ++.+a+....a.. ++.+ (..v.v. : 93) aa...a.v..a+.
. .- a.v.... .-
Half-baked, for instance, may refer to a foolish idea or stupid person.
++u.+.+a : Half-baked
. .- a. : for instance
+...v..a. : may refer to a foolish idea or stupid person
a.+...a. Half-baked + +..+a. | . +.
..a- r. (..v.v. : 22) aa...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
Since a guinea pig isn't carnivorous, it couldn't eat the meat.
++u.+.+a : carnivorous
. .- a. : ,
+...v..a. : it couldn't eat the meat
a.+...a. carnivorous + ...v.
... ..v...a+.-+ u.+ur (2533 : 4) aa...a.v..a+.
. .- a.v.... .-
Do you participate in one of the most popular avocations like jogging, reading or stamp
collecting?
++u.+.+a : avocations
. .- a. : like
+...v..a. : jogging, reading or stamp collecting
a.+...a. avocations + .a ...
++.u.+ :aa..ur (..v.v. : 3) a...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
Some boys are trained to help their mother with chores, such as, washing dishes,
cleaning, ironing, etc.
++u.+.+a : chores
. .- a. : such as
+...v..a. : washing dishes, cleaning, ironing, etc.
a.+...a. chores + .:
73
3.4 a.rv.lvuunJ.snlua.vvaa (Context Clue of Modifier)
..aua .+.. (..v.v. : 6-7) .+.a...-a.v.....+ +-a.v....
.v.aa .v...+...a.++u.+.+a a.a....+...aav..
a ! +..a.a+ . | .aa.+ ...+. .- who, which, where, that,
without ..+ (Phrase) . a .a verb + ing . verb -. 3 ...a++u.+.+a
+..a.+...a+ua.a ..aa (Modifier) :.:..u....a .-
Tom was an idle boy who did not like work of any kind and who spent most of his time
lying around the house.
++u.+.+a : idle
. .- a. : who
+...v.aa : did not like work of any kind and spent most of his time lying
around the house
a.+...a. idle + .. a+.
The pantry which is a small room where food is kept is near the kitchen.
++u.+.+a : pantry
. .- a. : which
+...v.aa : a small room where food is kept
a.+...a. pantry + ..+ . . :.. :.
+ .-..a+.+a. (..v.v. : 87) a...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
Last Sunday we visited the aquarium, where we saw a wonderful display of strange fish
living peacefully in glass tanks.
++u.+.+a : aquarium
. .- a. : where
+...v.aa : we saw a wonderful display of strange fish living peacefully in
glass tanks
a.+...a. aquarium + uur.a+...a.+a.v+!++.-.
74
..a- r. (..v.v. : 24) aa...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
Nylon and polyester are synthetic fiber made by man.
++u.+.+a : synthetic
. .- a. : made
+...v.aa : by man
a.+...a. synthetic + aa. a . ..+..
++.u.+ :aa..ur (..v.v. : 4) a...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
Buffaloes, cows and horses are herbivorous animals that feed only on plants.
++u.+.+a : herbivorous
. .- a. : that
+...v.aa : feed only on plants
a.+...a. herbivorous + . u -.v .
Most people buy their house on a ten-year installment plan, paying 5000 baht monthly.
++u.+.+a : installment plan
. .- a. : paying
+...v.aa : 5000 baht monthly
a.+...a. installment plan + .raaa!+++....v..a |
75
3.5 a.rv.lvuunJ.snaa+a.uvuaaaaa+v
(Context Clue of Similarity)
..aua .+.. (..v.v. : 8-9) a.+.a...-a.v..... + + - a.
v....aa.+..++a++...... aa.
as/as ... as .. .:
like/alike ..,++a
similar to ...:,++a.:
resemble (v) .. .:
as if/as though ... :.
similarly (adv)
likewise (adv)
correspondingly (adv) !..aa..
in the same way (adv)
in like manner (adv)
.-
They think of themselves as an elite group on campus. They always act as if other people
were lower than them.
++u.+.+a : elite
. .- a. : as if
+..aa.+.... : other people were lower than them
a.+...a. elite + ... . .. a ..
76
+ .-..a+.+a. (..v.v. : 93) a...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
He is as cunning as an old fox; don't trust him.
++u.+.+a : cunning
. .- a. : as ... as
+..aa.+.... : an old fox; don't trust him
a.+...a. cunning + +aa...........!.a
... ..v...a+.-+ u.+ur (2533 : 8) a...a.v..a+.
. .- a.v.... .-
Like John who loves to stroll in the park, Jane thinks it is a good way to spend an
evening walking in the park.
++u.+.+a : stroll
. .- a. : Like
+..aa.+.... : an evening walking in the park
a.+...a. stroll + .a .a .+
If you invert the letter "W", you will get the letter "M". In the same way, you get the
letter "U" by turning the letter "N" upside down.
++u.+.+a : invert
. .- a. : In the same way
+..aa.+.... : turning upside down
a.+...a. invert + .+: .+:.
77
..a- r. (..v.v. : 3-32) .+..u....... . .- a.v.... .
.v + . . (Reference words) +..v+-a..a...+..a+. .uaa...
.v..aa.. + . . (Reference words) ....v+v...:.+. .uaa...
-.u....+.v. .a+..a... +.+aa. the, this, that, these, those .-
It is quite true there are some constraints on the manager's decision when it comes to
position classification. These limitations are found in maintaining like allocations of like jobs in
different subdivision of the organization.
++u.+.+a : constraints
. .- a. : These
+..aa.+.... : These limitations
a.+...a. constraints + a.a .a
3.6 a.rv.lvuunJ.snaa+a.a+vvuvaa+v
(Context Clue of Contrast)
a...+u. ...:.a+.a...u+ v. .a.. (997 : 2) a.+.a...-a.
v.... . !:.v..a+...u:+ 2 +.+...a...... a...+...a.
+ . ......a.a+...a..+.a +-a.v.... aa.
although/eventhough/though a.a..
but/yet a. ,a.....
however/nevertheless/nonetheless a.a.....
in spite of/despite . | ,a. .
on the contrary/on the other hand !......
conversely !..+:.
.-
Some plants die in wet soil, but most thrive.
++u.+.+a : thrive
. .- a. : but
+..aa.+..aaa. : Some plants die in wet soil
a.+...a. thrive + ..a
78
+ .-..a+.+a. (..v.v. : 90-9) .+.a...-a.v..... aa.
while/whereas !a.
comparing/compare with/in compare with .v. a:. a:. :
.-
An elephant is immense, comparing to a mouse.
++u.+.+a : immense
. .- a. : comparing to
+..aa.+..aaa. : a mouse
a.+...a. immense + !
Jane was voluble while her sister, Mary, was quiet.
++u.+.+a : voluble
. .- a. : while
+..aa.+..aaa. : quiet
a.+...a. voluble + ua..
..a- r. (..v.v. : 29-30) .+.a...-a.v..... aa.
one ..... another (!-.v.a:.a:..v..u)
some .... other/others (!-.v.a:.a:..vuu)
.-
One daughter was very extravagant, another was always careful about spending money.
++u.+.+a : extravagant
. .- a. : One ..... another
+..aa.+..aaa. : always careful about spending money
a.+...a. extravagant + v..va .a.a
Some animals are alone, others are gregarious.
++u.+.+a : gregarious
. .- a. : some ..... other
+..aa.+..aaa. : alone
a.+...a. gregarious + .v.+. .v 4 . .v .
79
..aua .+.. (..v.v. : 2-3) a.+.a...-a.v..... aa.
or .
not ..... but . ..... a.
rather than ....
instead of a
either ..... or . ..... .
whether .... or . ..... .
.-
We must either advance or retrograde; we can't stand still.
++u.+.+a : retrograde
. .- a. : either ..... or
+..aa.+..aaa. : advance
a.+...a. retrograde + ... aa+. . .
Constant repetition of the same TV advertisement will alienate customers rather than
attract them.
++u.+.+a : alienate
. .- a. : rather than
+..aa.+..aaa. : attract
a.+...a. alienate + .! ..
++.u.+ :aa..ur (..v.v. : 3) a...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
Both of his daughters are studious, but his son is lazy.
++u.+.+a : studious
. .- a. : but
+..aa.+..aaa. : lazy
a.+...a. studious + a
80
Larry thought that the lecture was very boring; however, half of his classmates felt that it
was very stimulating.
++u.+.+a : stimulating
. .- a. : however
+..aa.+..aaa. : Larry thought that the lecture was very boring
a.+...a. stimulating + ..: ... !
... ..v...a+.-+ u.+ur (2533 : ) aa...a.v..a+.
. .- a.v.... .-
Some people endure great suffering without complaining at all at all, while those who
cannot cope with pain complain endlessly.
++u.+.+a : endure
. .- a. : while
+..aa.+..aaa. : those who cannot cope with pain complain endlessly
a.+...a. endure + .
When the lights went out, I couldn't see a thing, Later, however, I was able to perceive
the outlines of the larger pieces of furniture.
++u.+.+a : perceive
. .- a. : however
+..aa.+..aaa. : When the lights went out, I couldn't see a thing
a.+...a. perceive + ...
8
3.7 a.rv.lvuunJ.snluarua (Context Clue of Explanation)
..aua .+.. (..v.v. : 7-8) a.+.a...-a.v..... + + - a.
v....!+r:a .v+-a.+.a.+.a..!a....a a+.!+r:a.v.
. ..v .- .u.v..:+.. | +-a.v.... aa.
this is because +..va...u...
the reason for this is that ..++.:..+
the cause of this is that .....+
one of the reasons is ..++v......+
this explains that r:aa.
it means that .a+...
that fact is that +.....+.
.-
People have long believed that mental illness is hereditary. One of the reasons is that it
tends to run in a family.
++u.+.+a : hereditary
. .- a. : One of the reasons is
+...v+r:a : it tends to run in a family
a.+...a. hereditary + ..aaa.ur....
.. ..!+r:a!a..a!aa..a. ..+
+....a....a.a+...a+ua.a .-
Thailand has compulsory education. Boys and girls must attend school until they reach a
certain age.
++u.+.+a : compulsory education
+...v+r:a : Boys and girls must attend school until they reach a certain age
a.+...a. compulsory education + ..+..+:.+:
82
+ .-..a+.+a. (..v.v. : 88) .+.. aa...v..a!+...
+.a.a.
Major statement
v..a+!+..+
Clue of explanation
+-a.v....!+r:a
Explanation
+r:a
.-
A computerized system is widely used in many universities. This is because it is both
very convenient and reliable.
++u.+.+a : convenient
. .- a. : this is because
+...v+r:a : it is both very convenient and reliable
a.+...a. convenient + .a..:a.!-
..a- r. (..v.v. : 25) aa...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
Mary moved to another hotel. One reason for this was that the noise in the first one was
unbearable.
++u.+.+a : unbearable
. .- a. : One reason for this
+..r:a.. : the noise in the first one
a.+...a. unbearable + ...a.a
Most people enjoy reading murder mysteries. This is so because they want to get away
from the monotonous, boring routine of dull everyday existence.
++u.+.+a : monotonous
. .- a. : This is so because
+..r:a.. : boring routine of dull everyday existence
a.+...a. monotonous + ++. .:
83
3.8 a.rv.lvuunJ.snaa+a.JvuaJvoa
(Context Clue of Cause and Result)
..aua .+.. (..v.v. : 3-4) .+.a...-a.v..... + +-a.
v....:.:.a.+...ur.... .. (Cause) a+.+++ur... (Result) ...
| +.v+-a.aa.+...v...v++. aa.
+-a.:.:...
because .u...
as because of due to
owing to for on account of ...
now that since
+-a.:.:.a.+++ur
accordingly hence as a result
consequently so therefore a .
thus
cause (v) .v..!..a
mean (v) .aa..
so that / in order that .u.
that is why .+
the final result is that .+
.-
Since 980 Somsri has put aside such a large sum of money now that she plan to go to
London next summer.
++u.+.+a : put aside
. .- a. : now that
+.. .v .. : she plans to go to London next summer
+...v+++ur : Somsri has put aside such a large sum of money
a.+...a. put aside + .. :.
84
+ .-..a+.+a. (..v.v. : 96) a...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
Wichai has stopped reading linguistics journals for years; therefore, he finds himself
ignorant of new ideas in this field.
++u.+.+a : ignorant
. .- a. : therefore
+.. .v .. : Wichai has stopped reading linguistics journals for years
+...v+++ur : he finds himself ignorant of new ideas in this field
a.+...a. ignorant + ..+ a+...
..a- r. (..v.v. : 27) aa...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
Every year many tax payers get rebates of income tax because they have been paid
excessive tax due to their mistakes such as miscalculation.
++u.+.+a : rebates
. .- a. : because
+.. .v .. : they have been paid excessive tax due to mistakes such as
miscalculation
+...v+++ur : Every year many tax payers get rebates of income tax
a.+...a. rebates + ..+a...(...-... )
As it become that more and more countries are running out of oils, it may be possible
that the supply of oils will be depleted in the next ten years.
++u.+.+a : depleted
. .- a. : As
+.. .v .. : it become that more and more countries are running out of oils
+...v+++ur : it may be possible that the supply of oils will be depleted in the
next ten years
a.+...a. depleted + .a a.!-.a
85
a...+u. ...:.a+.a...u+ v. .a.. (997 : ) a...a.v..a+
...-a.v.... .-
Mr. Ron did not have time to take his clothes to the laundry so he had to wash and iron
them himself.
++u.+.+a : laundry
. .- a. : so
+.. .v .. : Mr. Ron did not have time to take his clothes to the laundry
+...v+++ur : he had to wash and iron them himself
a.+...a. laundry + . + .. a. +
We can see things through a piece of glass because it is transparent.
++u.+.+a : transparent
. .- a. : because
+.. .v .. : it is transparent
+...v+++ur : We can see things through a piece of glass
a.+...a. transparent + !
... ..v...a+.-+ u.+ur (2533 : 7) a...a.v..a+.
. .- a.v.... .-
The boss is in a particularly good mood this morning, so this might be an auspicious time
to ask for a raise.
++u.+.+a : auspicious
. .- a. : so
+.. .v .. : The boss is in a particularly good mood this morning
+...v+++ur : this might be an auspicious time to ask for a raise
a.+...a. auspicious + a ....
86
The young man had wanted a new car very much. Therefore, when his father gave him
one for his birthday, he was ecstatic.
++u.+.+a : ecstatic
. .- a. : Therefore
+.. .v .. : The young man had wanted a new car very much
+...v+++ur : when his father gave him one for his birthday, he was ecstatic
a.+...a. ecstatic + a!
++.u.+ :aa..ur (..v.v. : 2) a...a.v..a+...-a.v.... .-
The ship hit a big rock and began to sink, so the sailors got out the boats and abandoned
the ship.
++u.+.+a : abandoned
. .- a. : so
+.. .v .. : The ship hit a big rock and began to sink
+...v+++ur : the sailors got out the boats and abandoned the ship
a.+...a. abandoned + . +..
4. a J
..+...a.++uaa+a:.: (Context) .v.r.-.av..aa..+
!.. .u... . .. a..+.:...v a+...a.u ... +.!:.:....
. .- a. (Clue) .v..:.:.+...a.++u.+.+a a.a.+...!...
..-a.!:.: (Context Clue) .!....a.a+...a.++ua a. .
+...a......:!u... a..a.+.!.+.+a.. +...vv..a-...
.va...
uav
.+a + .. . a+.a..a .ur . (..v.v.). Advanced Reading Comprehension.
.. ..u.+. : ..:a+..
..+. ++. + a+....a .. ++. +. (..v.v.). navavrav. ....u.+. :
..:a+..
a.a . ....a. (2534, .+.). Compound Words. a .Jaa a aJ. 4, 4.
________. (2535, ...+.). Prefix-Suffix. a .Jaa a aJ. 4, 9.
..aua .+... (..v.v.). navaaavn ENGLISH. .. ..u.+. : u:+ .
________. (..v.v.). +v .av i-2-3 TEST. .. ..u.+. : u:+ .
u a ..a.+ a+.v.-. - -. a. .. (..v.v.). Modern English in Action.
.. ..u.+. : a.au:+--..
u.+ :aa..ur . (..v.v.). Readings in English for General Purposes. ....u.+. :
+a..u.ua....+.
u.a .+... (2538, . ++.). Compound Words. a .Jaa a aJ. 8, 6.
________. (2538, r.+.). Prefix & Suffix. a .Jaa a aJ. 8, 8.
... ..v... a+.-+ u.+ur. (2533). navaaavna++a Vocabulary Made
Easy. .. ..u.+. : v..+....
. +u. ...:.a+..u+ v. .a.. . (997). Concentrate of Critical Reading 6.
.. ..u.+. : . +u -.
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