LA Metro: Conversion to CNG

A study by Drshti LLC

MSE 604 Engineering Economics
Team 4
Prof. Gus Elias
CSUN
Anas Alsuwidan 105923192
Dinesh Reddy Suluguri 105903666
Kiran Kumar Dunna 106132232
Kulvinder Atwal 101897911
Maneesha Gandupalli 105925493
Saurabh Pillai 105880422
Varshini Lingam 105986190
Cover Letter
Dear Mr. Alatorre,
We at Drshti value the opportunity to aid you in your decision to
explore the possibility of converting your fleet to CNG, thereby
envisioning a sustainable future. We have combined your
valuable inputs, our intense research and analysis as well as our
combined experience to determine the recommended vision for
your organization.
This report aims to concisely present our findings, insights and
recommendations. Since it is critically important that this report
exceeds your expectations in both content and presentation, we
welcome any suggestions or comments that you may have to
offer for a revised statement of work.
At Drshti, we believe in serving our clients with honesty and
integrity, as well as in forging long standing relationships with our
clients. In this vein, we look forward to discussing this and other
projects with you in the future. Thank you once again for
choosing us.
Warm regards,
Co-founders & Equity Partners
Drshti LLC
1 Saurabh Pillai
The Team
Anas Dinesh Kiran Kulvinder
Maneesha Saurabh Varshini
2 Saurabh Pillai
Agenda
Executive Summary
Introduction
Background Information
Environmental Aspects
Social Aspects
Economic Aspects
Financial Analysis
Conclusion
3 Saurabh Pillai
Executive Summary
Drshti LLC has been given an
opportunity to evaluate the
possibility of LA Metro converting its
fleet from Diesel to CNG. After
investigating the situation based on
Environmental, Social, Economic
and Financial Analysis, it is
recommended that LA metro
convert its fleet to CNG as soon as
possible to maximize benefits for all
the stakeholders.
4 Saurabh Pillai
Introduction
Drshti LLC | LA Metro CNG Project | Strategic Approach
5 Saurabh Pillai
Drshti LLC
Consultancy Founded in 1987 Specialty: Sustainability Consulting
LLC in Delaware 7 Co-founders and Equity Partners
Business License in California Major Revenue: Service Fees
Business Type: Service
Headquarters: Los Angeles, CA
6 Saurabh Pillai
LA Metro CNG Project
The year is 1993
LA is troubled with smog and
unhealthy air quality
LA Metro would like to explore the
possibility of converting its bus fleet
to run on Compressed Natural Gas
(CNG) to run a cleaner fleet and to
save on operational cost
LA Metro has entrusted Drshti LLC to
investigate the matter on its behalf

7 Saurabh Pillai
Strategic Approach
Solution
Environmental
Social Economic
Financial
Inspired by the Balanced
Scorecard Framework that
deals with evaluating a
business strategy using
multiple viewpoints
We evaluate the project
based on the following
aspects:
Environmental
Social
Economic
Financial
8 Saurabh Pillai
Background Information
Diesel and LA Metro | CNG
9 Dinesh Reddy Suluguri
Diesel and LA Metro
! Largely a fractional distillate of petroleum
! Also created using other sources like biomass
! Diesel engines are purely mechanical
! No spark plugs; less likely to stall
! Used extensively in high torque applications
! Major downside is the high amount of harmful emissions
! Particularly carbon dioxide and particulate matter
! LA Metro facing accusations of playing a major role in the LA
smog problem due to its diesel fleet
10 Dinesh Reddy Suluguri
CNG - Basics
! Natural gas
! 95% methane
! Produced by natural transformation of organic material over
millions of years
! Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
! Gaseous fuel consisting of hydrocarbons
! Mainly methane
! Produced by compressing Natural Gas under 200-250 bar
! Compressed to less than 1% of its volume at STP
11 Dinesh Reddy Suluguri
CNG - Properties
Colorless, odorless, tasteless
Cleanest form of fossil fuel
Non toxic
Lighter than air
Doesnt catch fire easily from a
safety standpoint
Low flammability range

12 Dinesh Reddy Suluguri
CNG Good or Bad?
Advantages
! Cleaner Environment
! Reduced maintenance cost
! Cheaper than other fossil
fuels
! Safer than conventional fossil
fuels
! Tax credits in certain regions
for CNG users
Disadvantages
! CNG vehicles significantly
more expensive
! CNG tanks on vehicles are
bulky
! Limited availability
compared to gas/diesel
! Currently cheap, but may
become more expensive
13 Dinesh Reddy Suluguri
Environmental Aspects
Reduced Emissions | Environmental Effects
14 Varshini Lingam
Reduced Emissions
CNG burns with lesser CO
2
per mol
However, the energy released upon
burning is also lower

4CNG+4O
2
4CO
2
+8H
2
O

4Diesel+71O
2
48CO
2
+46H
2
O


15
Exothermic
900 kJ/mol
Exothermic
3300 kJ/mol
Varshini Lingam
Environmental Effects
16
CO
2
and CO
Affects plant physiology causing reduced oxygen generation
Green house effect leading to severe climatic change
Affects the carbon cycle
Health issues such as cancer
NO
x

Global Warming
Toxic chemicals that cause damage to life and property
Visibility impairment such as ground level ozone/smog
Acid rain causes large scale damage to life and property
Particulate Emissions
Health issues such as cancer, asthma, bronchitis
Visibility problems such as smog/haze caused even in far off
areas
Toxic nature harms life and property
Soiling and damage to property and materials
Varshini Lingam
Social Aspects
Social Benefits| Health Advantages| Safety Advantages |
National Interests
17 Maneesha Gandupalli
Social Benefits
18 Maneesha Gandupalli
Health Advantages
Minimizes lung damage and
respiratory infection
Minimizes cancer risk
No particulate emissions mean
reduced childhood illnesses and
respiratory problems
Cleaner air increases metabolism
and leads to overall good health
Reduced noise pollution reduces
stress
19 Maneesha Gandupalli
Safety Advantages
Fuel systems are sealed and storage
cylinders are strong
Safer than other fuels in case of
leaks because lighter than air
High ignition temperature
Relatively low flammability range
20 Maneesha Gandupalli
National Interests
Reduced dependence on foreign
oil since CNG is domestically
available
Domestic sources available for at
least 100 years
Job creation and increased
economic activity with countrywide
shift to CNG
21 Maneesha Gandupalli
Economic Aspects
Economic Benefits| Intangible Drilling Costs
22 Kulvinder Atwal
Economic Benefits
Price Fluctuation of CNG is less
CNG is cheaper than Diesel
Significant savings in operational
costs
All the CNG in America is domestic
Helps the economy
Secures jobs
Generates economies of scale
23
Fuel
Cost per 100
KM
Propane 18.98
Natural Gas (CNG) 20.83
Diesel 21.25
Gasoline 25.26
Gasoline with 10%
Ethanol 26.43
E85 (Gasoline with
85% Gasoline) 38.11
Kulvinder Atwal
Intangible Drilling Costs
Intangible drilling costs (IDCs)- key to
attract investments
IDCs- drilling and completing natural
gas wells with no salvage value
IDCs-I.e. clearing and surveying of
grounds, preparation of drilling
location, wages, fuel, repairs, drilling
muds, etc
IDCs-60-80% of drilling Cost
IDCS-Treated as expenses Tax

24 Kulvinder Atwal
Financial Analysis
Initial Conditions | Options | Analysis | Comparison | Best Option
| Recommendation
25 Kiran Kumar Dunna
Initial Conditions
!"# %&'&(")"'*
+)&'),-. /"&' !""#
01* 2,3" 4/"&'*5 !$
+)16# 2,3" 4/"&'*5 $%
+)&'),-. 7 83 91*"* $%&%
+)&'),-. 7 83 91*"* ,- "&:; &." #"&' !'%
<'8=); '&)" ,- 7 83 91*"* !(
>?@@ !%(
!"#"$%"
&'()'*$+ -()" !"#"$%" ./0 !"#$%&$#
1)23'4 *$ -()" !"#"$%" '"()*
!"#"$%" 56 1)($'7 8*"7"9 ./0 +"$$%&$(
!"#"$%" 56 1)($'7 :;1 ./0 ,"-$%&$#
!"#$%&$&
'(%)$*&+(% '(&- ./012&3 !""""
42*567&$ '(&- 8+$&$9 :2& ./012&3 #"""""
42*567&$ '(&- ';< :2& ./012&3 #$""""
8+$&$9 =#$*7-+%> '(&-& ./0?+9$3 "%&
';< =#$*7-+%> '(&-& ./0?+9$3 "%#
@-7*-+%> A (B ?+9$& #$* C$7* '%!"()"*
<*(D-6 *7-$ +% ?+9$& #$* C$7* '+
@-7*-+%> E7+%-$%7%5$ 8+$&$9 ./3 '%,$()"-
@-7*-+%> E7+%-$%7%5$ ';< ./3 '%-"()"-
<*(D-6 +% E7+%-$%7%5$ '+
F2$9+%> @-7-+(% '(&- ./0&-7-+(%3 '%""()".
26 Kiran Kumar Dunna
Options
Current buses stay diesel
New buses purchased are diesel
1. Stay Diesel
Current buses stay diesel till they retire
New buses purchased are CNG
2. Only New Buses CNG
Convert all current buses to CNG now
New buses purchased are CNG
3. CNG Now
Convert half the current fleet to CNG now
The remaining fleet is allowed to retire over six years
New buses purchased are CNG
4. Phased CNG
27 Kiran Kumar Dunna
Analysis Option 1
28
ear 0 1 2 3 . 17 18 19 20
key arameters
Number of 8uses !"#" !"$" !"%& !&"! ' !#&$ !##" !#$( !#%)
Number of 8uses ket|r|ng &*" &*" &*" &*" ' &)& &)! &)! &)!
Number of New 8uses &*" &)" &)& &)& ' !&( !&$ !&$ !&*
Number of D|ese| 8uses !"#" !"$" !"%& !&"! ' !#&$ !##" !#$( !#%)
Number of CNG 8uses " " " " ' " " " "
kat|o of D|ese| 8uses & & & & ' & & & &
kat|o of CNG 8uses " " " " ' " " " "
Number of M||es (1ota|) &+!",-") &+!&,-") &+!!,-") &+!#,-") ' &+#!,-") &+##,-") &+#(,-") &+#$,-")
Ma|ntenance Lxpense (Cn|y D|ese|) &+.(,-"$ &+.$,-"$ &+.%,-"$ &+.),-"$ ' &+$",-"$ &+$&,-"$ &+$.,-"$ &+$(,-"$
Ma|ntenance Lxpense (Cn|y CNG) &+$",-"$ &+$!,-"$ &+$.,-"$ &+$(,-"$ ' &+%),-"$ &+)&,-"$ &+).,-"$ &+)(,-"$
Number of New CNG Iue||ng Stat|ons " " " " ' " " " "
Lxpenses
Convers|on Lxpense " " " " ' " " " "
urchase Lxpense $+%",-"* *+$!,-"* *+$!,-"* *+$.,-"* ' %+$&,-"* %+$.,-"* %+$(,-"* %+$*,-"*
Cperat|ng Lxpense (D|ese|) )+$",-"% )+*",-"% )+*),-"% )+%),-"% ' &+&#,-") &+&(,-") &+&$,-") &+&*,-")
Cperat|ng Lxpense (CNG) " " " " ' " " " "
Ma|ntenance Lxpense (D|ese|) &+.(,-"$ &+.$,-"$ &+.%,-"$ &+.),-"$ ' &+$",-"$ &+$&,-"$ &+$.,-"$ &+$(,-"$
Ma|ntenance Lxpense (CNG) " " " " ' " " " "
Infrastructure Lxpense " " " " ' " " " "
kevenue
Iare kevenue &+%",-"% &+%(,-"% &+)",-"% &+)(,-"% ' !+%(,-"% !+).,-"% .+"&,-"% .+&",-"%
Grants (D|ese|) )+"",-"* )+!(,-"* )+(",-"* )+*$,-"* ' &+#.,-"% &+#*,-"% &+(&,-"% &+((,-"%
Grants (CNG) " " " " ' " " " "
Cash I|ow Ana|ys|s
Net Cash I|ow /*+(),-"% /*+*",-"% /*+*!,-"% /*+*#,-"% ' /*+)$,-"% /*+)$,-"% /*+)$,-"% /*+)(,-"%
D|scounted Cash I|ow /*+(),-"% /*+"",-"% /$+.%,-"% /(+%&,-"% ' /&+(%,-"% /&+#.,-"% /&+.",-"% /&+&%,-"%
NV -7.41L+09
Anas Alsuwidan
Analysis Option 2
29
ear 0 1 2 3 . 17 18 19 20
key arameters
Number of 8uses !"#" !"$" !"%& !&"! ' !#&$ !##" !#$( !#%)
Number of 8uses ket|r|ng &*" &*" &*" &*" ' &)& &)! &)! &)!
Number of New 8uses &*" &)" &)& &)& ' !&( !&$ !&$ !&*
Number of D|ese| 8uses &%*" &*"" &(+" &+$" ' " " " "
Number of CNG 8uses &*" +$" ((& *#! ' !#&$ !##" !#$( !#%)
kat|o of D|ese| 8uses ",)&* ",%!( ",*+( ",$#* ' " " " "
kat|o of CNG 8uses ","%+ ",&*( ",!$( ",+(+ ' & & & &
Number of M||es (1ota|) &,!"-.") &,!&-.") &,!!-.") &,!#-.") ' &,#!-.") &,##-.") &,#(-.") &,#$-.")
Ma|ntenance Lxpense (Cn|y D|ese|) &,+(-."$ &,+$-."$ &,+%-."$ &,+)-."$ ' &,$"-."$ &,$&-."$ &,$+-."$ &,$(-."$
Ma|ntenance Lxpense (Cn|y CNG) &,$"-."$ &,$!-."$ &,$+-."$ &,$(-."$ ' &,%)-."$ &,)&-."$ &,)+-."$ &,)(-."$
Number of New CNG Iue||ng Stat|ons & " & " ' " & " "
Lxpenses
Convers|on Lxpense " " " " ' " " " "
urchase Lxpense *,$(-."* %,(*-."* %,(%-."* %,()-."* ' ),$)-."* ),*&-."* ),*+-."* ),*(-."*
Cperat|ng Lxpense (D|ese|) %,%"-."% %,""-."% *,!"-."% $,#"-."% ' ",""-."" ",""-."" ",""-."" ",""-.""
Cperat|ng Lxpense (CNG) #,""-."* %,#%-."* &,+"-."% &,*(-."% ' (,$%-."% (,*#-."% (,%"-."% (,%$-."%
Ma|ntenance Lxpense (D|ese|) &,!#-."$ &,&+-."$ &,"&-."$ ),""-."( ' " " " "
Ma|ntenance Lxpense (CNG) &,++-."( !,%+-."( #,+!-."( (,%!-."( ' &,%)-."$ &,)&-."$ &,)+-."$ &,)(-."$
Infrastructure Lxpense &,""-."* " &,""-."* " ' " &,""-."* " "
kevenue
Iare kevenue &,%"-."% &,%(-."% &,)"-."% &,)(-."% ' !,%(-."% !,)+-."% +,"&-."% +,&"-."%
Grants (D|ese|) %,!(-."* *,$+-."* $,))-."* $,+!-."* ' ",""-."" ",""-."" ",""-."" ",""-.""
Grants (CNG) +,""-."* $,#*-."* &,"&-."% &,+%-."% ' (,*&-."% (,%*-."% $,"+-."% $,&)-."%
Cash I|ow Ana|ys|s
Net Cash I|ow /*,&(-."% /$,#$-."% /(,%$-."% /(,"$-."% ' &,%)-."% &,)*-."% !,!(-."% !,##-."%
D|scounted Cash I|ow /*,&(-."% /(,%*-."% /#,%(-."% /+,%"-."% ' +,*#-."* +,(#-."* +,$%-."* +,$!-."*
NV -2.70L+09
Anas Alsuwidan
Analysis Option 3
30
!"#$ % & ' ( ) &* &+ &, '%
-". 0#$#1"2"$3
4516"$ 78 953"3 !"#" !"$" !"%& !&"! ' !#&$ !##" !#$( !#%)
4516"$ 78 953"3 :"2;$;<= &*" &*" &*" &*" ' &)& &)! &)! &)!
4516"$ 78 4"> 953"3 &*" &)" &)& &)& ' !&( !&$ !&$ !&*
4516"$ 78 ?;"3"@ 953"3 " " " " ' " " " "
4516"$ 78 A4B 953"3 !"#" !"$" !"%& !&"! ' !#&$ !##" !#$( !#%)
:#2;7 78 ?;"3"@ 953"3 " " " " ' " " " "
:#2;7 78 A4B 953"3 & & & & ' & & & &
4516"$ 78 C;@"3 DE72#@F &+!",-") &+!&,-") &+!!,-") &+!#,-") ' &+#!,-") &+##,-") &+#(,-") &+#$,-")
C#;<2"<#<G" HIJ"<3" DK<@. ?;"3"@F &+.(,-"$ &+.$,-"$ &+.%,-"$ &+.),-"$ ' &+$",-"$ &+$&,-"$ &+$.,-"$ &+$(,-"$
C#;<2"<#<G" HIJ"<3" DK<@. A4BF &+$",-"$ &+$!,-"$ &+$.,-"$ &+$(,-"$ ' &+%),-"$ &+)&,-"$ &+).,-"$ &+)(,-"$
4516"$ 78 4"> A4B L5"@;<= M2#2;7<3 &" " " " ' " " " "
HIJ"<3"3
A7<N"$3;7< HIJ"<3" .+*#,-"* " " " ' " " " "
05$GO#3" HIJ"<3" *+$(,-"* %+(*,-"* %+(%,-"* %+(),-"* ' )+$),-"* )+*&,-"* )+*.,-"* )+*(,-"*
KJ"$#2;<= HIJ"<3" D?;"3"@F " " " " ' " " " "
KJ"$#2;<= HIJ"<3" DA4BF #+%",-"% #+%(,-"% #+)",-"% #+)(,-"% ' (+$%,-"% (+*#,-"% (+%",-"% (+%$,-"%
C#;<2"<#<G" HIJ"<3" D?;"3"@F " " " " ' " " " "
C#;<2"<#<G" HIJ"<3" DA4BF &+$",-"$ &+$!,-"$ &+$.,-"$ &+$(,-"$ ' &+%),-"$ &+)&,-"$ &+).,-"$ &+)(,-"$
P<8$#32$5G25$" HIJ"<3" &+"",-"% " " " ' " " " "
:"N"<5"
L#$" :"N"<5" &+%",-"% &+%(,-"% &+)",-"% &+)(,-"% ' !+%(,-"% !+).,-"% .+"&,-"% .+&",-"%
B$#<23 D?;"3"@F " " " " ' " " " "
B$#<23 DA4BF .+$",-"% .+*",-"% .+%",-"% .+)&,-"% ' (+*&,-"% (+%*,-"% $+".,-"% $+&),-"%
A#3O L@7> Q<#@.3;3
4"2 A#3O L@7> /&+($,-"% /&+*!,-"* /$+)#,-"$ .+*.,-"$ ' &+%),-"% !+"*,-"% !+!(,-"% !+##,-"%
?;3G75<2"R A#3O L@7> /&+($,-"% /&+(*,-"* /(+*#,-"$ !+%",-"$ ' .+*#,-"* .+*!,-"* .+$%,-"* .+$!,-"*
40S (TU'HV%+
Anas Alsuwidan
Analysis Option 4
31
ear 0 1 2 3 . 17 18 19 20
key arameters
Number of 8uses !"#" !"$" !"%& !&"! ' !#&$ !##" !#$( !#%)
Number of 8uses ket|r|ng &*" &*" &*" &*" ' &)& &)! &)! &)!
Number of New 8uses &*" &)" &)& &)& ' !&( !&$ !&$ !&*
Number of D|ese| 8uses &"!" %(" $%" (&" ' " " " "
Number of CNG 8uses &"!" &!&" &#"& &()! ' !#&$ !##" !#$( !#%)
kat|o of D|ese| 8uses "+("" "+#&, "+,!* "+!#, ' " " " "
kat|o of CNG 8uses "+("" "+(%* "+$*, "+*(* ' & & & &
Number of M||es (1ota|) &+!"-.") &+!&-.") &+!!-.") &+!#-.") ' &+#!-.") &+##-.") &+#(-.") &+#$-.")
Ma|ntenance Lxpense (Cn|y D|ese|) &+,(-."$ &+,$-."$ &+,%-."$ &+,)-."$ ' &+$"-."$ &+$&-."$ &+$,-."$ &+$(-."$
Ma|ntenance Lxpense (Cn|y CNG) &+$"-."$ &+$!-."$ &+$,-."$ &+$(-."$ ' &+%)-."$ &+)&-."$ &+),-."$ &+)(-."$
Number of New CNG Iue||ng Stat|ons ( " & " ' " " " "
Lxpenses
Convers|on Lxpense &+*"-."* " " " ' " " " "
urchase Lxpense *+$(-."* %+(*-."* %+(%-."* %+()-."* ' )+$)-."* )+*&-."* )+*,-."* )+*(-."*
Cperat|ng Lxpense (D|ese|) #+%"-."% #+""-."% ,+!"-."% !+#"-."% ' " " " "
Cperat|ng Lxpense (CNG) !+#"-."% !+%(-."% ,+,"-."% ,+*(-."% ' (+$%-."% (+*#-."% (+%"-."% (+%$-."%
Ma|ntenance Lxpense (D|ese|) $+*(-."( (+$,-."( #+("-."( ,+,%-."( ' " " " "
Ma|ntenance Lxpense (CNG) %+""-."( )+#)-."( &+&"-."$ &+!(-."$ ' &+%)-."$ &+)&-."$ &+),-."$ &+)(-."$
Infrastructure Lxpense (+""-."* " &+""-."* " ' " " " "
kevenue
Iare kevenue &+%"-."% &+%(-."% &+)"-."% &+)(-."% ' !+%(-."% !+),-."% ,+"&-."% ,+&"-."%
Grants (D|ese|) #+("-."* ,+%&-."* ,+&"-."* !+,*-."* ' " " " "
Grants (CNG) &+%"-."% !+&*-."% !+($-."% !+)$-."% ' (+*&-."% (+%*-."% $+",-."% $+&)-."%
Cash I|ow Ana|ys|s
Net Cash I|ow /#+$"-."% /,+,!-."% /!+*"-."% /&+%*-."% ' &+%)-."% !+"*-."% !+!(-."% !+##-."%
D|scounted Cash I|ow /#+$"-."% /,+"&-."% /!+!,-."% /&+#&-."% ' ,+*#-."* ,+*!-."* ,+$%-."* ,+$!-."*
NV -7.38L+08
Anas Alsuwidan
Comparison
32
-1.00L+09
-8.00L+08
-6.00L+08
-4.00L+08
-2.00L+08
0.00L+00
2.00L+08
4.00L+08
0 3 10 13 20
!
"
#

%
&
'
(

)
*
+
,

-
.
/

0"&1'
!"# %&'( )*+, %+23&14'+5
SLay ulesel
Cnly new 8uses CnC
CnC now
hased CnC
Varshini Lingam
Best Option
33
Cpt|on NV
1. Stay D|ese| -7.41L+09
2. Cn|y New 8uses CNG -2.70L+09
3. CNG Now 3.62L+08
4. hased CNG -7.38L+08
Operational
Cost
NPV
Option 3 has
the highest NPV
and is
recommended
Varshini Lingam
Best Option IRR
The IRR was evaluated iteratively for
option 3 CNG Now! and found to
be 20.7983929%
Since the IRR is greater than MARR,
option 3 is a sound financial
investment
34 Varshini Lingam
Best Option Payback Period
35
The payback
period for
option 3 is 11
years
!"#$$%&$'
!)#$$%&$'
!*#$$%&$'
$#$$%&$$
*#$$%&$'
)#$$%&$'
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$ * ) " + , - . ' / *$ ** *) *" *+ *, *- *. *' */ )$
!
"
#

%
&
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789.* : ; "43<4=> ")5?.2
Varshini Lingam
Financial Recommendation
Each CNG bus presents massive
operational savings over Diesel
Comparison in Option 3 and Option
4 indicates that the earlier the fleet
is converted, the greater the
savings
Option 3, CNG Now! is
recommended from a financial
standpoint

36 Varshini Lingam
Conclusion
Final Recommendation | LA Metro Today | Thank You
37 Saurabh Pillai
Final Recommendation
! Financially, Option 3 is recommended
! Practical constraints may pose a problem
! A large fleet cant be converted all at once
! Disruption in service
! However, the earlier the change is executed, the greater the
benefit
! Environmental
! Social
! Economic
! Financial
! It is recommended that the LA Metro fleet be converted to CNG as
quickly as practical constraints allow
38 Saurabh Pillai
LA Metro Today
39 Saurabh Pillai
References
! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas
! http://www.treehugger.com/cars/la-metro-retires-last-diesel-
bus-now-relies-on-cleaner-cng-buses.html
! http://anga.us/blog/2013/5/16/cleaner-transportation-
powered-with-natural-gas
! http://www.metro.net/news/simple_pr/metro-retires-last-
diesel-bus/
! www.marcelluscoalition.org/.../Final-2011-PA-Marcellus-
Economic-Impacts
40 Saurabh Pillai
References
! https://www.encana.com
! http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/effects-
of-rising-atmospheric-concentrations-of-carbon-13254108
! http://www.extraordinaryroadtrip.org/research-library/air-
pollution/understanding-air-pollution/nitrogen-dioxide/
health.asp
! http://www.epa.gov/region7/air/quality/pmhealth.htm
! http://www.examiner.com/article/volatile-organic-
compounds-affect-air-quality-and-human-health
41 Saurabh Pillai
References
! https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/bifueltech.shtml
! http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/
afvs/cng.html
! http://anga.us/issues-and-policy/natural-gas-taxes-
idcs#.U2rsL_ldVjI
! http://pinnacleexploration.com/Tax%20advantages
%202.htm
! http://aboutnaturalgas.com/content/key-benefits/
economic-impact/
42 Saurabh Pillai
References
! http://www.ladowntownnews.com/news/metro-
replaces-last-diesel-bus-in-fleet/
article_27aa076e-90a2-51e0-9b6e-975e3837e8c9.html
! http://media.metro.net/about_us/finance/images/
cafr_2009.pdf
! http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/
Useful_Life_of_Buses_Final_Report_4-26-07_rv1.pdf
! http://www.omnitekcorp.com/projectmanage.htm
43 Saurabh Pillai
Thank You
Any questions?
44