Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Dao Ham - Khao Sat Ham So Hk1
Dao Ham - Khao Sat Ham So Hk1
Phan I. AO HAM
1. nh ngha ao ham: Cho ham so y=f(x) xac nh tren (a;b) va x0(a;b).
f (x 0 + x) f (x 0 )
y
= lim
a) f(x0) = lim
la ao ham cua f(x) tai x0.
x 0
x x 0
x
y
b) f(x0+) = lim+
la ao ham ben phai cua f(x) tai x0.
x 0 x
y
c) f(x0) = lim
la ao ham ben trai cua f(x) tai x0.
x 0 x
S co ao ham: f(x0+) = f(x0) = A f(x0) = A
d) f(x) co ao ham tren khoang (a;b) f(x) co ao ham tai x0(a;b).
f (x) co ao ham tren (a; b)
+
e) f(x) co ao ham tren [a;b] f' (a )
f' (b )
2. Dung nh ngha e tnh ao ham cua ham so y=f(x) tai x (a;b) D (Tap xac nh
cua ham so):
Cho x so gia x, tm y = f(x+x) f(x).
y
Lap ty so
.
x
y
= f ' (x) , neu gii han ton tai.
Tm lim
x 0
x
3. Tiep tuyen cua ng cong phang (C): y = f(x):
A. Y ngha hnh hoc cua ao ham:
He so goc cua tiep tuyen cua (C): y = f (x) tai tiep iem M0(x0;y0) la k = f(x0).
B. Phng trnh tiep tuyen: Cua (C): y = f(x) tai M0(x0;y0) co dang:
yy0 = f(x0)(xx0)
(1).
Viet c (1) la phai tm x0; y0 va f(x0).
4. Bang quy tac tnh ao ham:
Cho u,v,w...la cac ham so co bien so x, lan lt co ao ham theo x la u,v,w....Ta co:
1) (u v) = u v.
M rong :(u v w) = u v w.
2) (u.v) = uv+u v.
He qua : (ku) = k.u
, k: hang so.
u
u' v u v'
3) ( ) =
.
v
v2
k
kv'
He qua : ( ) = 2 , v0, k: hang so.
v
v
4) (y[u(x)]) = yu.ux
( ao ham cua ham so hp )
(tgx )' =
= 1+tg2x (x + k , k Z )
cos 2 x
2
1
(cot gx)' =
= (1+cotg2x)
sin 2 x
(x k , k Z )
(ex) = ex
(ax) = ax.lna
(0<a 1)
1
(ln|x|) =
( x0)
x
1
(loga|x|) =
(0<a 1, x0)
x ln a
(u ) = u 1.u
1
u'
( ) = 2
u
u
u'
( u ) =
2 u
(sinu) = u.cosu
(cosu) = u.sinu
u'
(tgu)' =
= u' (1 + tg 2 u)
cos 2 u
u'
(cot gu)' =
= u' (1 + cot g 2 u)
sin 2 u
(eu) = u.eu
(au) = u.au.lna
u'
(ln|u|) =
u
u'
(loga|u|) =
u ln a
Quy tac II
Phng phap:
Tm tap xac nh D cua ham so
Tnh f(x) va giai phng trnh
f(x)= 0 e tm cac nghiem xi
(i=1,2.)
Tnh f(x)
T dau cua f(xi), da vao dau
hieu II, suy ra tnh chat cc tr cua
f(x).
2
b2
bc
(c
)x + d
3
3a
9a
ax 2 + bx + c
co phng trnh :
a' x + b'
y=
x D : f (x) m
Min f (x) = m
D
x 0 D : f (x 0 ) = m
Han nhien la : Neu D=[a;b] th M va m ong thi ton tai va m f(x) M vi x[a;b]
2. Cach tm gia tr ln nhat va gia tr nho nhat cua ham so:
Xac nh tap D
Cung
la mot cung loi cua (C) neu tai moi iem cua cung
nam pha tren (C). Khoang (a;c) goi la khoang loi cua o th.
tiep tuyen eu
Cung
la mot cung lom cua (C) neu tai moi iem cua cung
tiep tuyen eu
nam pha di (C). Khoang (c;b) goi la khoang lom cua o th.
iem C phan cach gia cung loi va cung lom c goi la iem uon cua o th. Tai
iem uon tiep tuyen xuyen qua o th.
a. Neu f(x) < 0 vi moi x(a;b) th o th cua ham so loi tren khoang o.
b. Neu f(x) > 0 vi moi x(a;b) th o th cua ham so lom tren khoang o.
2) nh ly 2 : Cho ham so y = f(x) lien tuc tren mot lan can nao o cua iem x0 va co
ao ham ti cap hai trong lan can o. Neu ao ham cap hai oi dau khi x i qua x0 th
iem M0(x0;f(x0)) la iem uon cua o th ham so a cho.
3) Tom tat :
a) Tnh loi, lom cua o th:
x
a
b
X
a
b
y
y
+
o th
o th cua
loi
cua ham
lom
ham so
so
b) iem uon cua o th:
x
y
o th cua
ham so
x0
+
()
(+)
iem uon
M0(x0;f(x0))
V. TIEM CAN
1) nh ngha :
a) Gia s M(x;y)(C):y = f(x). Ta noi (C) co mot nhanh vo cc
neu t nhat mot trong hai toa o x, y cua iem M(x;y) dan ti .
Khi o ta cung noi iem M(x;y) dan ti (v OM=
x 2 + y 2 + ). Ky hieu M .
b) Gia s o th (C) co nhanh vo cc. Cho ng thang d.
K hieu MH la khoang cach t iem M(x;y)(C) en ng thang d.
lim MH = 0
d la tiem can cua (C) (MM (C ))
2) Cach xac nh tiem can cua (C): y = f(x) :
1.Tiem can ng :
nh ly :
f (x) = th d: x = x0 la mot tiem can ng cua (C)
Neu xlim
x
0
M rong :
lim f (x) =
f (x) = ) th d: x = x la mot tiem can ng ben
Neu x x +0
(hoac xlim
0
x0
trai (ben phai) cua (C):y = f(x)
lim
[f (x) (ax + b)] = 0
x
[f (x) (ax + b)] = 0 th d:y=ax+b (a0) la tiem can xien ben phai cua
Neu xlim
+
(C):y=f(x).
[f (x) (ax + b)] = 0 th d:y=ax+b (a0) la tiem can xien ben trai cua
Neu xlim
(C):y=f(x).
[f (x) (ax + b)] = 0 th d:y=ax+b (a0) la tiem can xien hai ben cua
Neu lim
x
(C):y=f(x).
Cach tm cac he so a va b cua ng tiem can xien y = ax+b:
f (x)
[f (x) ax]
Tm cac gii han : a= lim
va b= lim
x
x
x
Chu y :
f ( x)
[f (x) ax] th d:y = ax+b (a0) la tiem can xien ben trai
Neu a= xlim
va b= xlim
x
cua (C):y = f(x).
f ( x)
[f (x) ax] th d:y = ax+b (a0) la tiem can xien ben phai
Neu a= xlim
va b = xlim
+
+
x
cua (C):y = f(x).
VI. KHAO SAT HAM SO
A.ng loi chung :
1.Tap xac nh. Tnh chan, le, tuan hoan ( neu co) cua ham so.
2.ao ham y: e khao sat tnh n ieu, cc tr cua ham so.
3.ao ham y : e tm cac khoang loi, lom va iem uon cua o th.
4.Cac gii han, tiem can cua o th ( neu co ) ham so.
5.Bang bien thien: Ghi chieu bien thien va cac ket qua cua y, y.
6.Gia tr ac biet : Thng cho x = 0 e tm giao iem cua o th vi Oy (neu co). Cho
y=0 e tm cac giao iem cua o th vi truc Ox (neu co). ta co the tm them mot vai
iem khac na.
7.Ve o th va nhan xet o th : Net ve manh, ep va ung, u. The hien ung cc tr,
iem uon , loi, lom, tiem can (neu co) cua o th. Nhan xet tnh chat ac trng cua o th.
B.Khao sat va ve o th :
I.Ham so y = f(x) = ax3+bx2+cx+d (a0) :
Dang c ban cua o th :
Stt
Tnh chat
1
2
ad-bc > 0
Tnh chat
Dang
d
c
a
Tiem can ngang y =
c
Tiem can ng x =
Dang
a>0
ad-bc < 0
b'
ax 2 + bx + c
2
(ieu kien: ax 0 + bx 0 + c 0 vi x0= va a 0)
a'
a' x + b'
Dang c ban cua o th : o th cua ham so hu t 2/1 nhan giao iem I cua hai tiem
b'
a
can x =
va y= x + p lam tam oi xng va co mot trong bon dang:
a'
a'
IV. Ham so y = f(x) =
y> 0 ( hoac y 0)
y = 0 x = x1 V x = x2
a<0
Stt
y< 0 ( hoac y 0)
Stt
He so
1
a>0
3
a<0
Tnh chat
He so
y = 0 x = x1 V x = x2
3
4
Stt
Tnh chat
b<0
b>0
b>0
b<0
Dang
ax + b
(ieu kien: ad-bc0 va c0) :
cx + d
Dang c ban cua o th :
aa>0
y> 0
3
y = 0 x = x1 V x = x2
III.Ham so y = f(x) =
o th cua ham so hu t 1/1 nhan giao iem I cua hai tiem can x =
y = 0 x = x1 V x = x2
4
d
a
va y =
c
c
aa<0
y< 0
Dang
Dang 1: Cho hoanh o x0 (hoac tung o y0) cua tiep iem, t phng trnh y0 = f(x0) tm
y0 ( hoac x0). Tm f(x) f(x0) roi thay vao (1) e co phng trnh tiep tuyen.
Dang 2: Cho he so goc cua tiep tuyen la f(x0) = k, t o tm hoanh o x0 cua tiep iem
t phng trnh f(x0) = k y0 = f(x0) roi thay vao (1) e co phng trnh tiep tuyen.
Mot so kien thc can nh:
1
, a0
a
th f (x0) = k = tg.
2
B. Tiep tuyen cua (C) : y = f(x) di qua iem M1(x1; y1 ) :
1) Vi (C): y = f(x) = ax2+bx+c (a0) co o th la 1 parabol:
Phng phap :
Goi d la ng thang i qua M1(x1; y1 ) va co he so goc k, phng trnh
d : y = k(x x1)+ y1 (1).
Phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua d va (C) : ax2+bx+c = k(x x1)+ y1
Ta bien oi phng trnh nay ve phng trnh bac 2 an x dang :
a1x2+b1x+c1 = 0
(2).
d tiep xuc (C) phng trnh (2) co nghiem so kep :
a1 0
.
2
= b 1 4a 1 c1 = 0
T he ieu kien nay ta tm c k.
Thay k tm c vao (1) e co phng trnh tiep tuyen.
f(x) = k(x - x 1 ) + y 1
f' (x) = k
y = h(m )