Email Aress: coscott!cu"#ortlan.eu $after %0&0% cscott!sca##oose.'%2.or.us( Course Description )his course re*ie+s current, national trens an issues im#actin- eucators an #ro*ies a fresh o*er*ie+ of the teachin- #rofession. )he course also in*esti-ates ethical e.#ectations for eucators an /riefly e.#lores the ho+ an +hy of inte-ratin- character themes an strate-ies into the curriculum. Caniates +ill e*aluate the a*anta-es an lia/ilities of current eucational #ractice, trens an issues from the #ers#ecti*e of their e*elo#in- teachin- style, #ersonal coe of ethics an eucational /eliefs. )he class is hi-hly interacti*e an em#loys team #resentations, case stuies, role"#lay an small -rou# +or'. Course Goal )his course aims to connect caniates +ith the 0oys, emans an o##ortunities of teachin-, stimulate an informe e/ate re-arin- eucational issues, initiate a critical analysis of one1s ini*iual role in the eucational enter#rise, an reflect on one1s #ersonal ethics for the #rofession as +ell as one1s res#onsi/ility in the e*elo#ment of a chil1s character. University Mission Statement Concoria 2ni*ersity is a Christian 2ni*ersity #re#arin- leaers for the transformation of society. College of Education Mission Statement 3ith Christ as our teacher, the Colle-e of Eucation #re#ares eucators to ser*e i*erse communities, #romote moral leaershi#, emonstrate effecti*e teachin- s'ills an encoura-e lifelon- learnin-. 1 Concordia University College of Education MAT 501 !ssues " Et#ics $% credits& 4all 20%5: 6&3 5:30#m 7 8:00#m Au-ust 25 7 Se#tem/er 25 TS'C Standards 585"0%7"0%00 O/0ecti*es for Initial )eacher 9icense (unction ) Candidates demonstrate t#ey are a*le to $a( Affirm the i-nity an +orth of all stuents an #ro*ie the #ositi*e su##ort stuents nee to /e effecti*e learners: $( 6oel an reinforce classroom social /eha*ior that su##orts stuent learnin- an e*elo#ment: (unction % Candidates engage in planned learning activities and demonstrate t#ey are a*le to $c( Im#lement instructional #lans that em#loy 'no+le-e of su/0ect matter an /asic s'ills: $( 2se a *ariety of research"/ase eucational #ractices that #romote stuent learnin- an are sensiti*e to ini*iual ifferences an i*erse cultures: $e( Em#hasi;e instructional techni<ues that #romote critical thin'in- an #ro/lem sol*in-, an that encoura-e i*er-ent as +ell as con*er-ent thin'in-: (unction 5 Candidates e+#i*it professional *e#aviors, et#ics, and values and demonstrate t#ey are a*le to $a( =e e#ena/le, conscientious, an #unctual: $/( 6eet +or' scheule emans: $c( =e a+are of the im#ortance of ressin- a##ro#riately: $f( Interact constructi*ely an res#ectfully +ith stuents, collea-ues, aministrators, su#er*isors, school staff, families, an mem/ers of the community: $'( E.hi/it ener-y, ri*e an etermination to /ecome a #rofessional eucator Course -*.ectives and 'erformance !ndicators )hrou-h #artici#ation in 6A) 50%, eucation stuents +ill /e a/le to: /no0ledge %. E*aluate the effecti*eness of current school reforms an analy;e an criti<ue the im#lementation of such reforms a. P%: Stuents rea articles in Taking Sides an en-a-e in -rou# iscussion an analytical acti*ities re-arin- challen-es of these current reform initiati*es 2. Ientify current challen-es associate +ith American eucation an #ro*ie solutions to aress them a. P%: Caniates research an #resent a current issue in eucation, usin- the te.t an other resources as references /. P2: Caniates #artici#ate in the school reform 0i-sa+ acti*ity c. P3: Caniates #artici#ate in the =est Practices instructional acti*ity, an or-ani;e an e.ecute a #resentation re-arin- research"/ase /est #ractices +hose aim is to im#ro*e stuent learnin- an classroom instruction . P5: Caniates #artici#ate in the >reat ?e/ates 2 3. ?emonstrate familiarity +ith the le-al res#onsi/ilities of #u/lic an ine#enent school teachers, es#ecially in the area of re#ortin- of chil a/use a. P%: Caniates com#lete the 6anatory @e#ortin- *ieo an <ui; 5. Ientify an criti<ue current theories re-arin- the #romotion of character an *alues e*elo#ment in schools a. P%: 9ic'ona class iscussions /. P2: Character eucation essay Skills 5. 6oel a Alearnin- communityA +ith cohort collea-ues to -ain s'ill in e*elo#in- such a community in their future classrooms a. P%: Caniates com#lete trust"/uilin- acti*ities on the im#ortance of e*elo#in- a Blearnin- communityC +ithin their classrooms /. P2: Caniates colla/orate on *arious #ro0ect teams D. E.ecute an analy;e a num/er of effecti*e /est #ractices teachin- strate-ies a. P%: Caniates o/ser*e the instructional moes use in #resentations -i*en /y classmates /. P2: Caniates +ill #re#are t+o Bu# frontC #resentations 7 one each from Best Practice an Taking Sides. 7. 2tili;e a -i*en curriculum as a rich source of to#ics for en-a-in- stuents in the ientification, iscussion, reflection, an #ractice of uni*ersally acce#te *alues an character attri/utes a. P%: )eam story #resentations 8. Create a safe, +elcomin- classroom en*ironment that /uils trust, illustrates care for chilren, an fosters character e*elo#ment a. P%: Com#letion of the BOur Classroom, Our EomeC an B4irst ?ay, 4irst 3ee'C acti*ities /. P2: Creatin- a -ra#hic re#resentation of B)he Euman ?imensionC of teachin- Attitudes %. En-a-e in a #ersonal reflection re-arin- s#ecific teacher attri/utes critical for success in toayFs classrooms an assess one1s #ersonal attainment of these characteristics a. P%: Caniates com#lete B6e as )eacherC essay&iPa #resentation, assessin- their o+n #ersonal attri/utes critical for success as a teacher in toay1s classroom 2. E.#lore one1s #ersonal Bethical reainessC for enterin- the teachin- #rofession a. P%: Com#letion of the Professional Stanars Self"Assessment form /. P2: 4inal assessment 3. ?e*elo# a career"lon- ha/it of see'in- strate-ies to #ursue an im#lement the e*elo#ment of character an *alues in the classroom 5. Culti*ate the ha/its of reflection, analysis, an e*aluation in teachin- a. P%: Stuents reflect an e*aluate their o+n learnin- throu-h #ersonal 0ournalin- an #ro*iin- an recei*in- fee/ac' from collea-ues 3 1e2uired Te+ts3!mportant 1esources Goonce, >lenn 9. $20%5(. Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial educational issues $%8 th e.(. 6c>ra+"Eill Eucation. @a*itch, ?iane. $20%0( The death and life of the great American school system: How testing and choice are undermining education $re*ise an e.#ane e.(. =asic =oo's. . 1e2uired Activities " Assignments Professional )eacher Stanars Assessment @e#ortin- Chil A/use Eanout: htt#:&&+++.ts#c.state.or.us&#f&?E80%0.#f Hieo an <ui; on manatory re#ortin-: htt#:&&+++.ore-on.-o*&?ES&a/use&manatoryIre#ort.shtml Attendance 'olicy Attenance an #unctuality are re<uire for all 6A) courses. In situations that necessitate an a/sence, notify the instructor prior to class if #ossi/le. Please note that tariness or a/senteeism may affect your -rae an caniates +ho miss more than 25J of the total class time must reta'e the course. If you ha*e <uestions a/out this #olicy, #lease consult your instructor. 4ate Assignments Arran-ements for e.tensions are mae +ith your instructor. Please ma'e e*ery effort to re<uest an e.tension #rior to the class session the assi-nment is ue, es#ecially if the assi-nment in*ol*es others. Appropriate Usage Electronic Device 'olicy =e #re#are to use your mo/ile learnin- e*ices +hen neee for acti*ities an iscussions in class. Eo+e*er, +e as' that you follo+ reasona/le e.#ectations for uni*ersity learnin- an courtesy. Please turn off or silence cell #hones, 'ee# la#to#s&ta/lets close unless they are neee for research or note ta'in-, refrain from te.t messa-in-, etc. 6oel the same /eha*iors in our class that you +ill e.#ect from your future stuents. Assessment >raes shoul not cause an.iety nor #re*ent learnin-, so #ut the issue of -raes asie an concentrate on #artici#atin-, listenin- an -ro+in-. Assi-nments +ill ha*e s#ecific learnin- criteria $ru/rics( #ro*ie /eforehan so you1ll 'no+ e.actly ho+ you +ill /e assesse. All assi-nments are -rae on a #oint /asis. 4 Grading Scale 8D"%00J A 83" 85J A" 80" 82J =K 87" 88J = 85" 8DJ =" 80 7 83J CK 77 7 78J C 75 7 7DJ C" 7% 7 73J ?K D7 7 70J ? D5 7 DDJ ?" MAT students must score an 84% or higher in order to pass the class. Any grade below a B- is considered non-passing at the graduate leel. Citations )he #ro#er format for reference an citation for COE -rauate +or' is foun in the latest APA #u/lication manual $D th eition(. Eel#ful sites: +++.a#astyle.or- L htt#:&&o+l.en-lish.#urue.eu&o+l&resource&5D0&0%& 4i*rary 1esources )o fin articles an other resources for your assi-nments, /e-in at the Concoria 2ni*ersity 9i/raries +e/site: htt#:&&+++.cu"#ortlan.eu&li/rary 4or more information on ho+ to use the resources #ro*ie /y the li/rary, *ie+ the 9i/rary @esearch )utorial: htt#:&&li/-uies.cu"#ortlan.eu&researchtutorial Concordia University Code of Academic !ntegrity )his course em#o+ers stuents for ine#enent learnin-, resourcefulness, an reflection. All +or' su/mitte shoul /e -enuine e.am#les of ini*iual achie*ement. Pla-iarism or ishonesty of any sort su/*ert these -oals are not acce#ta/le an +ill /e treate in accorance +ith #olicies state in the Stuent Ean/oo'. As a Christian community, our coe of acaemic inte-rity reflects the *alues e.#resse in Phili##ians 5:8"8: B3hate*er is true, +hate*er is honora/le, +hate*er is 0ust, +hate*er is #leasin-, +hate*er is commena/le, if there is any e.cellence an if there is anythin- +orthy of #raise, thin' a/out these thin-s. Gee# on oin- the thin-s that you ha*e learne an recei*e an hear an seen in me. . . .C 5 Special !ssues )here may /e a time +hen it is necessary to iscuss a #ro/lem re-arin- this class or the instructor. Stuents often feel an.ious or em/arrasse to re<uest hel# or to eal +ith a -rou# #ro0ect issue or concern, feelin- it reflects #oorly on them an may /e hel a-ainst them at -rain- time. Please do not feel this way Me*er hesitate to as' for clarification re-arin- material #resente in class, -rou# #ro0ect issues or concerns, or any other issues. It is /etter to meet, clarify, an recei*e hel# than to -et /y +ithout it, or #ercei*e that the instructor oesn1t care. =ottom line: #lease contact your instructor at the first si-n of an issue. 3aitin- until the en of the semester or a##roachin- someone else +ith the #ro/lem oes not correct it, sol*e it, or hel# e*elo# #ositi*e relationshi#s. =e Asolution"focuseA an sol*e #ro/lems to-ether. 4earning Disa*ilities " Accommodations Any stuent +ith a ocumente learnin-, #hysical or mental isa/ility +ho feels his or her isa/ility may im#act acaemic success may /e <ualifie to recei*e accommoation. Stuents neein- acaemic a0ustments are re<uire to contact the 9earnin- Ser*ices Coorinator, no later than the secon 4riay of the semester for +hich accommoation is /ein- sou-ht. All iscussions +ill remain confiential. Shoul an issue arise mi"semester, stuents shoul contact the coorinator as soon as #ossi/le. Eo+e*er, not all mi"semester re<uests can /e -uarantee. Once your learnin- nees ha*e /een esta/lishe, the 9earnin- Ser*ice Coorinator +ill +or' +ith you an $+ith your consent( your #rofessors an acaemic a*isor to o/tain a##ro#riate learnin- accommoations. )he 9earnin- Ser*ice Coorinator1s office is locate in Stuent Ser*ices. Course Assessment Nou +ill assess this course an the instructor at the conclusion of the course. In orer to com#lete that assessment, you +ill nee to access a lin' on the intranet, htt!:""intranet#cu$!ortland#edu"!rovost"eval", usin- your net+or' user name an #ass+or. Nou +ill recei*e an e"mail messa-e +ith a lin' to the intranet assessments a##ro.imately t+o +ee's /efore finals. Please com#lete the assessment once you recei*e the lin'. )he assessments are anonymous an confiential, an I +ill not recei*e collate results until the follo+in- semester. Nour fee/ac' a/out the class is im#ortant to me, an your comments often hel# sha#e the future irection of assi-nments an acti*ities. 6 1e2uired Assignments " Activities Unless s!ecified otherwise% !lease email assignments to coscott&cu$!ortland#edu '#ilosop#ies of Education Activity $55 points& 7 It may soun /orin-, /ut it1s notO Stan /y for some hi-h"ener-y acti*ity urin- our first session. Apps for Education $)5 points&PNou +ill research ifferent eucational a##s an o+nloa one that you thin' +oul /e of *alue in the classroom. 3e +ill share each a## +ith one another an choose the a##s +e fin the most hel#ful. 67#y ! 7ant To Teac#8 $%0 points& 7 Nou may either craft a short, thou-htful essay or -et creati*e an create an i6o*ie, Pre;i or EuCreation #resentation on your iPa. 3hiche*er format you choose to use for this assi-nment, the en #rouct shoul e.#lain +hy you1*e /een calle to teach, tell me a /it a/out your /ac'-roun, an inclue your #ersonal insi-hts re-arin- your role in the teachin- #rofession. Ea*e fun +ith thisO 3e +ill share them +ith the class. 9igsa0 Activity American Sc#ool 1eform !nitiatives $50 points& : Qi-sa+ is the /est +ay to escri/e this acti*ity, /ecause the reform mo*ement is in many +ays a hu-e #u;;le. 9et1s ma'e it less #u;;lin- an issect the *arious initiati*es in an interestin-, emanin- class acti*ity that is -uarantee to s#in your hea an ta'e your /rain to #laces it hasn1t /een /efore. C#ild A*use ;ideo, <andout and =ui> $)5 points& : 3e +ill +atch the 25"minute *ieo entitle B)he @ole of 6anatory @e#orters in Chil A/use CasesC at htt#:&&+++.ore-on.-o*&?ES&a/use&manatoryIre#ort.shtml. After+ars, you +ill ta'e a short <ui; T#e Great De*ates $50 points& 7 Another e.citin- o##ortunity to +or' +ith a small -rou# of your collea-ues. Nou +ill #re#are an e.ecute a #resentation&iscussion of an issue chosen /eforehan in class. Select a to#ic an team urin- our first or secon class session, an #lan to conuct a 20" 30 minute informati*e an entertainin- #resentation utili;in- strate-ies that +ill maintain our attention. T#e !nfomercial $50 points& 7 6a'e a case for character eucation in a fun, creati*e format. 2sin- the iPa $i6o*ie, etc.(, you an your teammates +ill create a 2"3 minute infomercial to BsellC us on character eucation. )he Infomercial shoul inclue a catchy slo-an or motto, an #o+erful <uotes from your research. ?est 'ractices $100 points& @@Nour o##ortunity to shine uner the s#otli-htO 3ith a num/er of other caniates, you +ill esi-n an im#lement a #resentation +hose #ur#ose is to inform an stimulate us all re-arin- the /est #ractice in the curricular isci#line you ha*e selecte to in*esti-ate. S#ecific instructions for this re<uirement are inclue in your =est Practices #ac'et. #re#arations early since it is often ifficult to fin time to meet +ith your team. (inal 1eflection and Assessment $1)5 points&)his is your o##ortunity to synthesi;e your learnin- in a #ractical rather than theoretical manner, as +ell as a chance to reflect on your continuin- 0ourney as an eucator. Su/mit electronically to your instructor /y the Saturay after your last class. 'rofessional Teac#er Standards Assessment $no point value& In con0unction +ith state" re<uire test scores, acaemic #erformance, an assessments urin- clinical e.#eriences, the Professional )eacher Stanars Assessment $P)SA( is a <ualitati*e tool e*elo#e to hel# etermine a caniate1s #otential to succee as a classroom teacher. Nou +ill com#lete this self"e*aluation in your first course an your last course of the 6A) #ro-ram. T-TA4 '-!ATS A44-7ED 500 7 MAT 501 C4ASS ACT!;!T!ES AAD ASS!GAMEATS Session 1 Topics, Activities and Assignments Monday, August )5 T-'!C C#arting our Course and Creating a Community C4ASS ACT!;!T!ES %. =uilin- our community 2. >reat E.#ectations: Sylla/us, E.#ectations, Nour @ole 3. 9earnin- Acti*ity: )he Philoso#hies of Eucation 5. Si-nin- u# +ith teams a. ?eterminin- our >reat ?e/ate )eams /. Creatin- our Qi-sa+ >rou#s c. Or-ani;in- our =est Practice Presentation )eams 5. Eouse'ee#in- items D. A##s for Eucation o*er*ie+ 7. ?e/rief, @eflection an Closure
ASS!GAMEATS for ne+t session %. @e*ie+ your sylla/us an /rin- <uestions re-arin- any re<uirements to class. 2. Please rea Cha#ter % in Best Practice an @a*itch Cha#ter % an /e reay to #ro*ie either an BahaC moment, insi-ht, fa*orite <uote or #er#le.in- <uestion. Also, consier ho+ NO2 +oul aress these t+o <uestions: a. 3hat o the authors mean /y ArealA reformR /. 3hat o you see as the funamental chan-es in the +ays stuents are /ein- as'e to learn an +e are /ein- as'e to teachR 3. Com#lete your A##s for Eucation assi-nment. (or personal reflection: Are -oo teachers /orn or maeR Is teachin- an art, a science, or a craftR 8 Session ) Topics, Activities and Assignments 7ednesday, August )B T-'!C Transforming t#e Classroom 7#ere does it really *eginC !A C4ASS %. En-a-in- our Stuents a. 3hat insi-hts for NO2 oes she #ro*ie a/out EO3 you shoul teach an ho+ you nee to relate to stuents in your classroomR 3hat o NO2 thin' it means to /e AhumanA in your classroomR 2. Chec'in- for the etails a. @a*itch an Best Practices Cha#ter % $3hat i NO2 isco*erR( i. 3hat o the authors mean /y ArealA reformR ii. 3hat o you see as the funamental chan-es in the +ays stuents are /ein- as'e to learn an +e are /ein- as'e to teachR /. >reat E.#ectations i. Clarifyin- the >reat ?e/ate #resentation re<uirements ii. Aressin- your <uestions re-arin- the sylla/us 3. )eam time: a. >reat ?e/ate )eams $meet to or-ani;e( 5. Closure an reflection ASS!GAMEATS for ne+t session %. @a*itch Cha#ters 2"5 $#a-es 3%"D8( 2. B3hy I 3ant to )eachC assi-nment: Either craft a %.5"#a-e thou-htful essay, or -et creati*e an create an i6o*ie&Pre;i&EuCreation #resentation on your iPa. It shoul e.#lain +hy you1*e /een calle to teach, tell me a /it a/out your /ac'-roun, an inclue your #ersonal insi-hts re-arin- your role in the teachin- #rofession. =asically, I +ant to 'no+ +hat1s le you here an +here you ho#e to -o. Ea*e fun +ith thisO 3e +ill share them +ith the class. 3. @esearch for >reat ?e/ate 9 Session % Topics, Activities and Assignments 7ednesday, Septem*er % T-'!C Conflicting ;ie0s of !mproving Education C4ASS ACT!;!T!ES %. )eachers, teachin- an a #lace calle school a. B3hy I 3ant to )eachC essays&#resentations /. In*esti-atin- my role in the eucational enter#rise throu-h a #ersonal an #rofessional lens 2. Chec'in- for the etails a. @a*itch Cha#ter 2"5 $3hat i NO2 isco*erR( /. >reat E.#ectations i. Clarifyin- the =est Practice Assi-nment ii. Aressin- your <uestions 3. >reat ?e/ate )eam )ime 5. =est Practices )eam time 5. ?e/rief, @eflection an Closure ASS!GAMEATS for ne+t session %. @ea @a*itch Cha#ters 5"D $#- D8"%%%( 2. Continue #re#arations for your #resentations +ith your team collea-ues. 3. Pre#are for our u#comin- 0i-sa+ acti*ity on school reform /y reain- an /ecomin- an e.#ert on your selecte issue. 5. As you re*ie+ your selecte issue, as' yourself: a. Am I in tune +ith the rationale an #ur#ose of these reformsR /. 3ill such reform initiati*es effect chan-e, transform our schools, an im#ro*e the teachin-"learnin- #rocessR c. 3hich of these reform initiati*es am I in fa*or of or o##osition toR 10 Session 5 Topics, Activities and Assignments Monday, Septem*er D T-'!C Sc#ool 1eform or Sc#ool 1evolutionC C4ASS ACT!;!T!ES %. 6anatory @e#orter Hieo an Sui; 2. Qi-sa+: School @eform Phases I L II 3. Qi-sa+: School @eform Phases III"H 5. >reat ?e/ate )eam )ime 5. =est Practice )eam )ime D. ?e/rief, @eflection an Closure ASS!GAMEATS for ne+t session %. @ea @a*itch Cha#ter7 $#- %%3"%57( 11 Session 5 Topics, Activities and Assignments 7ednesday, Septem*er 10 T-'!C Merit 'ay, -nline ?e#avior, and Cultural Competency C4ASS ACT!;!T!ES %. Eo+ to ?o Character Eucation 2. )he =I> <uestions: a. Shoul +e teach *alues an characterR /. Can +e teach *alues an characterR 3. Infomercials >rou# )ime 5. >reat ?e/ate: 6erit Pay an Online =eha*ior 5. ?e/rief, @eflection an Closure ASS!GAMEATS for ne+t session %. @ea @a*itch Cha#ters 8"8 $#- %58"%85(. =est Practices Cha#ter 2 $#- 28"85( 2. Infomercial ue ne.t session 3. =est Practice )eam Pro#osals
Session E Topics, Activities and Assignments 12 Monday, Septem*er 15 T-'!C Et#ics and t#e Educator Class Activities %. IEPs an 505s 2. Best Practice cha#ter 2 iscussion 3. P)SA form 5. >reat ?e/ate: Arme )eachers an P=)9 5. Infomercials ue ne.t class D. =est Practice >rou# )ime 7. ?e/rief, @eflection, an Closure ASS!GAMEATS for ne+t session %. @a*itch Cha#ter %0"%% $#- %85"252( 2. Infomercials Aote Nour =est Practice )eam Pro#osal is ue toay. Please sen me an electronic co#y. Session B Topics, Activities and Assignments 13 7ednesday, Septem*er 1B T-'!C ?est 'ractice in 4iteracy 1eading and 7riting C4ASS ACT!;!T!ES %. Infomercials 2. Character an Ethics of teachin-: final thou-hts a. Professional )eacher Stanars Self"Assessment 3. =est Practice )eam )ime 5. ?e/rief, @eflection an Closure 7 finin- meanin- for oursel*es ASS!GAMEATS for ne+t session %. @a*itch E#ilo-ue $#- 253"288( 2. =est Practice )eams are u#: @eain-, 3ritin-, an Social Stuies Session D Topics, Activities and Assignments 14 Monday, Septem*er )) T-'!C ?est 'ractice 1eading, 7riting, and Social Studies C4ASS ACT!;!T!ES %. =est Practice Presentation: )eam @eain- 2. =est Practice Presentation: )eam 3ritin- 3. =est Practice Presentation: )eam Social Stuies 5. ?e/rief, @eflection an Closure 7 finin- meanin- for oursel*es ASS!GAMEATS for ne+t session %. =est Practice )eams are u#: 6ath, Science, an Arts Session F Topics, Activities and Assignments 15 7ednesday, Septem*er )5 T-'!C ?est 'ractice in Mat#, Science, and t#e Arts C4ASS ACT!;!T!ES %. =est Practice Presentation: 6ath 2. =est Practice Presentation: Science 3. =est Practice Presentation: )eam PAHA $Performin- L Hisual Arts( 5. ?e/rief, @eflection an Closure 7 finin- meanin- for oursel*es ASS!GAMEATS for ne+t session 1. Hisit the course an re*ie+ the final assessment, +hich +ill /e ue /y Se#tem/er 25. If you ha*e <uestions, feel free to email me. ASS!GAMEAT for your futureG 3hat +ill you ta'e into your classroom from this courseR 1eminder Please remem/er to email me your final reflection an assessment. 16