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Fundamental Concepts
1-1
.
. .
.
)(
)( .
. .
) 3 (4
. 1 " " The Zeroth Law
2 " "
. "
" ) (3
) ( .
.
1 -
2-1
.
.
.
(
" " .
.
.
.
) (.
Surrounding
. "
" ) universe .(1-1
2 -
1-1 .
Open and closed systems
3-1
Properties
. .
.
)(extensive variables
m Etot = EK + Ep
= V
EK Ep .
3 -
) .(intensive variables
specific value )
.(mass unit
value per
= v .
.
molal specific value
. mole .
32 g
NA=6.0231023
.
.
) ( : .
. 1-1
.
) (
:1-1 .
4 -
:1-1
.1
.2
.3 ) (
:
.1 :
E = j
.
.
.2 :
V
m
=
A
A
= l
V A
l .
.3 :
Fs
l
:2-1
:1 g cm-3
.1 MKS
.2 MKS
:
5 -
.1
= 1 g cm-3 = 1 10-3 kg 106 m-3 = 1000 kg.m-3 = 1 ton m-3
:
1
= 10 3 m3 kg1
= v
.2 1 kilomole .18 kg m
.n kilomole
V
m
18
=
=
18 10 3 m3 kg1
n
m 18
4-1
= v
Hydrostatic Pressure
) (
.
(1 : (2
. area element
dA .
) ( )
( .
. MKS
.1 dyne = 10-5 N
N m-2 cgs cm-2 dyne
6 -
)(1-1
= 1.01325 10 dyne cm
76 cm Hg mm Hg
.760
1 Torr
) (Torricelli
1 mm
1 Torr = 1 atm/760 = 133.3 N m-2
7 -
5-1
-
Thermal Equilibrium, Temperature The Zeroth Law
1-5-1
"" "" .
: ...
" " .
)
(.
) (
.
.
" ".
.
.
.
.
8 -
2-5-1
:
stable equilibrium "
" .
metastable equilibrium
.
neutral equilibrium
.
unstable equilibrium
.
3-5-1
" " .
) A ( ) B ( .
( A .C
A ) C
9 -
B C
.
.
:
.
:
.
.
.
.Thermometers
" " thermoscope .
4-5-1
.
. : .
.
.
10 -
.
" " "
".
:
.
) (diathermal boundary
.
6-1
1-6-1
Thermometers
) (
. " "
thermometric property
.Thermometer
:
-
- )
(Thermocouple
- )(
11 -
-
- - .
2-6-1
.
-3-1 .
(
:3-1 :(
( )As(Ge
)(
)) As(Ge -3-1(.
T
.
12 -
3-6-1
(
)
) .(4-1 )..( ) A
B ( .
:4-1
.
) ( standard junction
A) test junction (5-1
G) potentiometer (.
:5-1
13 -
4-6-1
:
) .(constant gas volume thermometer C
) .(6-1
B .A A B
.D
B E
.
:6-1
].[-200 , 1500 C
5-6-1
Temperature scales
X X . R
.
. 1
14 -
X1) X (X2 :
1
X
= 1
2
X2
)(2-1
.
) triple point of water .
: . .(4.58 mm Hg
3 X3 X
X :
X
3
X3
)(3-1
. X .
PS/P3 -
s ) - (steam )(
P3 =1.3660 :
.PS/P3
) P3=0 (
" "extrapolation .
. "" :
15 -
Pg
g = 3 lim
P3 0 P
3 V
)(4-1
PS/P3 :7-1 P3
. g
V P
. . 1954
:
) 1atm
.(ice point
4-1 g s 3 i
:
)(5-1
S - i = 100
16 -
P
s
= lim s
P
0
i
i
Pi V
100 Pi
100
=
Ps
Ps Pi
1
Pi
)(6-1
= i
P
lim s
PS 1.3661
P3 V
Pi
P3 0
. :
S= i + 100 = 373.15 degrees
)(7-1
100
"= 273.15 " deg rees
0.36611
= i
.
T .
T .
:3-1
5 cm
X ""
.
- .6 cm
- .
- X 0.01 cm
17 -
:
-
X6
6
= 273.16 = 327.8 degrees
X5
5
S
327.80
= 5
= 6.84cm
273.16
5
6 = 5
X S = X5
Xi X 3 = X 3 i 1 = 3
3
3
0.01 K
5
0.01 = 1.834 10 4 < 0.01
273.15
= X
K .K
T3 = 273.16 K : :
)(8-1
P
T = 273.16 K lim
P3 0 P3
V
) Celsius ( :
t C = T - Ti
)(9-1
Ti .273.15 K "
"C
100 C ti = 0 C
.tS = 100 C
) (
18 -
Ts - Ti 180
.100 ) (
) Fahrenheit ( . :
9
K
5
)(10-1
= 1R
:
9R
273.15 K = 491.67 R
5K
)(11-1
= Ti
t:
)(12-1
t = T - 459.67 R
T . F
.R
: Ti = 0 C
tF = 491.67 - 459.67 = 32 F
Ts= 100 C :
9 R
373.15 K - 495.67 = 212 F
5 K
180.
:
19 -
= ts
:8-1
:4-1
tt* = a 2 + b :
a b .3
- a b
t i* =0
*t
s = 100
- * t .X = 7.0 cm
- * t .50
- * t X.
:
-
= 0 = a (273.15) + b
2
= 100 = a (373.15) + b
*t i
100
t *s
:
b = -115.4 K a = 1.547 10-3 K-2
20 -
t i* ( X ) = a X 2 + b
X
-
-
-
273.16 2
t i* ( X = 7) = a 5 72 + b = 1.547 10-3
7 115.4
5
X5
= + 110.85K
t * b X5
X(t * = 50 0 ) = 5.98 cm
a
5
t*(X) K
X cm
-115.4
-110.8
-97.0
-73.9
-41.6
910-3
=X
:5-1
)(
-
( .
9R
73.15 K = 123.23 R
5K
9
t + 32 = 320.44 F
5
21 -
= tF
= R
K 77.36
7-1
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
.
.
elastic stress )(
.
. .
.
.
.
)(.
.
8-1
1-8-1
Processes
.
.
22 -
:quasistatic process
. .
.1
:nonelastic process .
: )
( . .
.
.
.
: T1 .T2 > T1
.T2
.
T1
T1
.
.
.1
isochoric .isovolumic
.2
.isobaric
.3
.isothermal
23 -
9-1
.
:1-9
.
2-8-1
Adiabatic Processes
.
.
.
3-8-1
24 -
T2
.
.
.
25 -