Direct Routing: - It occurs when the source and destination of the packet are on same physical

network. In direct routing the final destination of the packet is a host connected to the same
physical network.In direct routing, the sender extracts the network address of the destination
packet and compares this address with the addresses of the network to which it is connected.
If match is found, then packet is delivered directly. The sender uses the destination IP address to
find the destination physical address. ARP maps the address of final destination to its
corresponding physical address.
Indirect Routing: - In an indirect delivery, the data packet goes from router to router until it
reaches to its final destination connected to the same physical network.In an indirect routing, the
sender uses the destination IP address and a routing table to find the IP address of the
next router to which the packet should be delivered. ARP protocol is also used to find the
physical address of next router. ARP maps the address of the next router and the physical
address of the next router
(i) Substitution cipher,
(ii) Mono alphabetic cipher,
(iii) Play fair cipher,
(iv) Hill cipher, &
(v) Transposition cipher.