CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

- Disease state characterized b !ersiste"t air#$%& $i'itati%" that is (s(a$$

!r%)ressi*e and associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response in
the airways and the lungs to noxious particles or gases.
Inflammation is the key component of COPD.
COPD is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States.
COPD i"c$(des+
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
- clinically defined condition with chronic cough & phlegm
- or at least months in each ! consecuti"e years associated with airflow
EMPYESEMA
- #natomically defined condition characteri$ed %y destruction & enlargement of the
lung al"eoli.
Symptoms of COPD include&
Dyspnea
Chronic cough
Chronic sputum production
CAUSES of COPD:
Cigarette Smoking
-to%acco smoke' cigarette' pipe' and other types of to%acco
smoking' as well as en"ironmental to%acco smoke ()*S+
Respiratory Infections
-effects on pre"ious,childhood respiratory illness on the su%se-uent
de"elopment of COPD
-association of %oth adult & childhood respiratory infections to the
de"elopment & progression of COPD remains to %e pro"en.
Occupational Eposures
-risk factors for chronic airflow o%struction' includes coal mining'
gold mining' and cotton textile dust.
Air Pollution
.increased respiratory symptoms in those in li"ing in ur%an areas
than in rural areas.
I"d%%r air !%$$(ti%" from %iomass fuel used for cooking and
heating in poorly "ented dwellings' risk factor that affects women.

C!I"ICA! PRESE"#A#IO"
Labaoratory Findings:
Spirometry $ clinical diagnosis of COPD
- Presence of post%ronchodilator )/0,/C 12.32 confirms the presence of airflow
limitation & COPD.
A%& an' Oimetry $ it pro"ides additional information a%out al"eolar "entilation %y measuring
the PCO! and p4.
Ele(ate' )ematocrit- the presence chronic hypoxemia and signs of right "entricular
hypertrophy
Ra'iograp*y - radiographic studies may assist in the classification of the type of COPD.
C#-Scan
C*est +-ray
o Increased lung "olumes and flattening of the diaphragm suggest hyperinflation