SURVEYOFARCHITECTURE

I
nformati
on Gui
de

Deborah Mauldi
n ART3020SMI
I08
 Desi
gned By
Deborah Mauldin
ForART3020
SurveyofArchitecture
ArtI
nstituteofPi
ttsburgh
 THEI
NDUSTRI
ALERA

Magasi
n au Bon Marche
Constructed i n 1876
Located at22RuedeServres,
75007Paris,France.

LeMagasin Au Bon Marchewasconstructed

byL.A.Boileau and GustaveEi
ffeli
n 1876asan
additi
on to TheComplexthatwasdesi gned
byM.A.Laplanchei n 1872.

Thestyleoftheconstructi on i
sVictorian,
buttheconstruction system isiron,Glass
and masonry.Theuseofi ron and glassFor
TheRoofcreated an interiorcentralspace
thatisillumi
nated bydaylight.

theopen,ai ryfeelofthestructuraldesi gn
lentto thesuccessofdepartmentstoreand
theconceptofstai rcases,flyi
ng bridgesand
dayli
ghti llumination can beseen in shoppi
ng
mallstoday .

Sources:
http:
//lyceeduparc.free.fr/cms/spi
p.php?arti
cle45
http:
//www. greatbuildings. com/buildings/Magasin_au_Bon_Marche.
html
http:
//shannonsmi tna. blogspot.com/2008/05/orginal-
le-bon-
marche.
html

Deborah Mauldi
n ART3020SMI
I08
 THEVI
CTORI
AN ERA

Wi
lli
am WattsSherman House
Constructed From 1874-1875
Located On Shepard AvenueIn
Newport,RhodeI sland,USA.

TheWi lli
am WattsSherman Housewas
desi
gned and constructed byHenryHobson
Richardson in theshi
nglestyleofvi
ctorian
architecture.

Thehousei sconstructed with masonryfor

thefirstfloorand ti
mberfortheUpper
Floors.Stoneworkisvisiblei
n theMasonry ,
giving awonderfultextureand reliefto the
exteri
orwalls.Theexterioroftheupper
floorsarealso gi
ven form and texture
through panelsofsmallti mbersand shingles.

Thehousehashugechi mneysand alarge

gable.With thechoi ceofconstructi on
Materialsand thewaywhi ch theywere
employed,thishousei sconsidered to bethe
fi
rstofAdaptati onsoftheQueen Annestyle
ofarchi tectureto becalled theShingleSyle.

Deborah Mauldi
n ART3020SMI
I08
Oneofthecharacteri sticsofthi sstyleof
architecturethati sstilli n usetodayisthe
useofbui lding materialsto createtextureon
theexteriorwalls.Bri ckand stucco are
popularmateri alsused in theSouthwest
United Statesforthi spurpose.

Anothercharacteri sti
c thatcan beseen sti
ll
in usetodayisthearrangementoftherooms.
TheWi lli
am WattsSherman Househasi n
interioroflargeli ving spacesthatflow into
each other.Thiscan beseen i n contemporary
FloorplanswheretheLi ving,Di ni
ng and
kitchen areasarecombi ned into whati s
called aGreatRoom.

Shinglestylehomeswerepopulari n thelate
nineteenth and earlytwenti eth centures.
shinglestylehomescan befound mostlyi n
theNortheastern Uni ted States.The
unassumi ng ai
roftheshi nglestylehomei sa
timelesselementthati sstilldesirabletoday.

Sources:
http://www. sal
ve.edu/virtualtour/bui ldings/watts_sherman. html
http://architecture.about.com/od/housestyles/ss/shi ngle_2.
html
http://www. sal
ve.edu/virtualtour/bui ldings/watts_sherman. html
http:
//www. brynmawr. edu/Acads/Ci ties/imgb/nextone/med/1058. jpg
http:
//www. greatbuildings.com/cgi -bin/building_ map.
cgi ?
W_ Watts_
Sherman_ House
http:
//en.wiki
pedi a.
org/wi ki
/Image: William_Watts_ Sherman
_House_(Newport, _RI)_-
_from_ southwest.jpg
http://commons. wikimedi a.
org/wi ki
/Image: William_Watts_ Sherman
_House_ (
Newport, _RI)
_-_from_ southeast.
jpg
 THEBeaux-
ArtERA

TheBi
ltmoreHouse
Constructed From 1888-1895
Located I
n Ashevi
lle,North Caroli
na
BuiltforGeorgeVanderbi lt.

TheBiltmoreHousewasdesi gned and

constructed byRichard Morri sHunti n the
Beaux-Artstylereflecti
ng French châteaux
architecturalinfluences.

TheBiltmoreHousei sknown asAmeri ca'

slargesthome,
si
tuated on amassive8,000acreestate.Itisamansion
constructed on agrand scalei n theBeaux-Artstyle
which cannotbemi staken amongsti tssurroundings
dueit'
shaving been modeled aftera16th- century
French châteaux.

Though therearemanyattri butesofthi shomethat

wereconsi dered modern marvelswhen i twasbui l
t,itis
thestyleand grandi osityofthedesi gn and
constructi on whi ch fi
rmlyidenti fi
esitasaBeux- art
design,consi dering thedateofconstructi on and the
owner' sdesireto bring alanded baronyto theUni ted
States.Thehi gh,pointed gabled roofs,bearing masonry
oftheconstructi on,and themassi venessofthei nterior
spacesand decorarerecogni zablecharacteristicsofthe
French archi tecturalinfluenceson thearchi tect.

Deborah Mauldi
n ART3020SMI
I08
Theinteriordecorcannotbedescri bed as
anything lessthan magni ficentand eclecti c.
Therei san i
mmenselyextensi vecollecti on of
artand artobj ectsfrom alloverEuropeand
otherpartsoftheworld.Theli braryi sthe
mosti nclusivepersonalcollecti on i
n theUS,
and thelargeroomsarefi lled with furniture
and decorthatfi tsthespaceand atmosphere,
with classi
caland gothi ci nfluencesseen
throughout.

Although homesarenottypi callybui l

ton
such agrand scaleastheBi ltmorehouse,
modern homebui ldersworkto recreate
element
n alcharmsoftheBi ltmorehousei nto
suburban homeswi th tall,pointed gables,
spaci
ousi nteriors,grand stai rcases,marble
and leaded glasswi ndowsthroughout,and
decorthathearkensbackto earli erGreekand
French influences.

Sources:
http://www. biltmore.com/medi a/photo- preview.asp? pid=98
http://www. bil
tmore. com/medi a/photo-previ ew.asp?pi d=103
http://www. bil
tmore. com/medi a/photo-previ ew.asp?pi d=102
http://www. bil
tmore. com/medi a/photo-previ ew.asp?pi d=150
http://www. biltmore.com/medi a/photo- preview.asp? pid=90
http:
//www. biltmore.com/our_ story/
http:
//www. greatbuildi ngs.
com/buildi ngs/Bil
tmore_ House. html
http:
//www. essortment. com/all/biltmorehousea_ rguh. htm
 THEARTDECO ERA

TheChryslerBui
ldi
ng
Constructed from 1928to 1930
Located at405Lexi
ngton Avenue
New York,New York,USA.

TheChryslerbui lding wascommi ssi

oned by
Wi lli
am P.Chryslerwho wanted notj usta
skyscraperbutaskypi ercer.William Van
Alan designed abui lding fortheNew York
skylinethatwould evokealltheenergyof
theti me,along wi th alittlebi
tofageless
myth- making.

Thebui lding i
si sconstructed ofasteel
framewi th abeauti ful,shi
nystainlesssteel
claddi ng.Theri sesstraightupfor77floors
and featuresastepped- backshape.The
decorati vetreatmentoftheexteri or
changeswi th each stepand an i
coni c ri
ng
ofstainlesssteelgargoylesenci rclethe
building justbelow thebaseofthepi nnacle.

Deborah Mauldi
n ART3020SMI
I08
 Thepinnacleofthebui lding isastepped spi
re
thatreaches7stori es.Thisspirewas
constructed insi
deofthebui lding and then
dramaticallyrevealed to theskyli
newhen i t
washoisted into positi
on and anchored to
thetopofthebui lding in undertwo hours!

The
h shapeand i conic statureofthebui ldi
ng
isaccentuated when thesun goesdown.Not
onlydoesthestai nlesssteelreflecttherays
oftheri si
ng and setting sun,thebui lding
itselfi
slitatni ghtwi th colored lightsthat
givetheNew Yorkskyli neafancyand uni que
appearance.TheChryslerbui ldi
ng simply
cannotbemi staken!

Sources:
http://www. greatbui ldings.com/bui ldings/Chrysler_ Building.html
http://www. visi
tingdc. com/i mages/chrysler- buildi ng-address.jpg
http:
//wi
rednewyork.
com/skyscrapers/i mages/chrysler_ empire_state_building_ 23march02. jpg
http:
//www.gotheregui de.com/I mages/USA/NY/Chrysler_ Building_ new_ york.jpg
http:
//www. hauteli ving.com/wp- content/uploads/chrysler- building.jpg
http://upload. wikimedi a.org/wi kipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chrysler_
Bui lding_ detail.j
pg/450px-Chrysler_ Building_ detail.
jpg
http://www. jeffbuschdesi gn. com/travel/photos/ny_ november_ 2004/
Chrysler%20Bui lding%20030075. J
PG
 THEI
NTERNATI
ONALMODERN ERA

TheAcademi
cBookshop
Constructed FROM 1962TO 1969
Located I
N HELSINKI,FI
NLAND
Desi
gned byAlvarAalto

TheAcademi c Bookshopi ssituated on astreet

wherei tharmoni zeswith thebui ldings
located on each sidebyvi rtueofi t'
sshape
and therhythm ofthewi ndowsplacement
on thefacadeofthebui lding.

TheAcademi c Bookshopi sdifferenti n several

respects.I
ti ssheathed wi th acopper- clad
curtain wall.Moresubtledetai lscome
through wi th thewhi temarblethatli ne
theexteriorwi ndowsbutfrom theoutsi de
thebui ldi
ng looksto bequi tetradi ti
onal,
functional,and strai ghtforward i n design
and purpose.Enteri ng thebuilding and
beholdi ng thei nteriorgi vesaqui te
unexpected surpri se,however.

Deborah Mauldi
n ART3020SMI
I08
 Thei nteri orofthebui lding isspli
tinto
threestori es,dedicated to thefuncti on of
theAcademi c Bookstore.Booksareshel ved
and di splayed and patronswanderthethree
storieswi th viewsto each levelfrom the
centralopen space.Thecentralspacei slit
brilliantlywi th threeskylightswhi ch look
to bean i nverted form oftradi tional
skylights.Theylookli keshardsofglassthat
wereembedded i n theroofofthebui lding.

Thecreation offuncti onalspacehighlighted

byobservation decksaround alargecentral
spaceand litfrom withoutthrough bri lli
ant,
largeskylightsgivesthisbuilding amodern
character,cleverlyhidden behind asi
mple
facade.

Sources:
http:
//www.greatbui ldings. com/buildings/Academi c_Bookshop .html
http:
//farm2.static.flickr.com/1419/907756512_ec72bb2d14.j
pg? v=0
http://www. refinery29.
com/edi torial/img/cafeaal to.jpg
http:
//www.gali
nsky.
com/bui ldings/academi cbookshop/academi cbookshop1. jpg
http://data.greatbui ldings.
com/gbc/i mages/ci d_3126646.jpg
http:
//www.gali
nsky.
com/bui ldings/academi cbookshop/academi cbookshop2. jpg
 THEPOST-
WAR MODERNI
STSTYLE

TheGuggenhei
m Museum
Constructed FROM 1956TO 1959
Located at1071Fi
fth Avenue
New York,NYUSA

TheGuggenhei m Museum isan iconic New York

structurethathousesan extensi vean
ever-
rotating artcollection.Designed bythe
famed FrankLloyd W right,theGuggenhei m si
ts
likeastrangeri n astrangeland amongstthe
traditionalli
nesofthenei ghboring buildi
ngs.

Using concrete,W rightdesi gned thestructureof

thebui lding to actasan integralpartofthe
viewer'sexperienceoftheworksofartheld i nsi
de.
The
h galleryi samassi vespiralaround acentral
open spacethati slitfrom abovebythecei li
ng
skyli
ght.Thearti sdisplayed i
n thespiraland
viewerscan lookoverthebalustradeto thefloor
ofthemuseum below orto theskyli ghtabove.

Thisexpressi
veuseofspacewhi lstcreating a
uniquesculpturalidentitywith ingenioususeof
geometrymaketheW ri ght'sGuggenhei m Museum a
pri
meand memorableexampleofPost- War
Moderni sm.

Deborah Mauldi
n ART3020SMI
I08
 TheW hi
tneyMuseum
Constructed in 1966
Located at945Madi son Avenueat75th Street
New York,NY10021

Desi
gned byMarcelBreuer,TheW hitneyMuseum of
American Artsitson a100x125footlot.Breuertook
arelativelysmalllotand bui
ltahighlyuni queand
functionalstructureforthepurposeofhousi ng
changing artexhibiti
ons.

Breuercleverlyi ncreased thegalleryspaceby

steppi
ng outthesecond and thi rd storyofthe
building overthefrontcourtofthebui lding.
Thi
h sin turn hasadded to thesculpturalquali tyof
thebui lding.Enhanci ng thatquality,thebuilding
isconstructed i n concretewi th agranitefacade
and thewi ndowsareplaced seemi nglyarbitrarily
with bevelsthatmakethem i nto threedimensional
elementsboth i nsideand out.

Thei nteriorofthebui lding clearlyembodi esthe

M oderni stphi losophy.Breurcreated completely
open spacesto di splayworksofartfreelybutbui lt
in thecapabi li
tyto erecttemporarywallsthrough
thei nstallation oftheconcretegri d ceili
ngs.
Thi sgivesthemaxi mum amountofflexi bi
lityin
planning artexhi bitsand displaystheModerni st
idealofsi mpleyetflexi bledesign with character.

Sources:
http://www. greatbui ldi
ngs. com/bui ldings/Guggenhei m_Museum. html
http:
//www.greatbuildings.com/cgi-bin/gbi .
cgi/Guggenhei m_ Museum. html/ci d_ 1175899479_03350005.
html
http://www. greatbuildings.
com/cgi -bin/gbi
.cgi/Guggenhei m_ Museum. html/ci d_cr1037_ b.
html
http:
//www.
desti nati
on360.com/north- ameri ca/us/new- york/i mages/s/new- york- guggenhei m-museum. jpg
http: //www. greatbui ldings.com/bui ldings/W hi tney_Museum. html
http://www2. preservationnati on. org/magazi ne/_images/current/mj 06essay.
jpg
http://www. bridgeandtunnelclub. com/bigmap/manhattan/ues/whi tney/06945madi sonave.jpg
http://backissues.textezurkunst.de/Bi lder62/Mansoor_ low.jpg
 THEPOST-
MODERN STYLE

ThePortland Bui
ldi
ng
Constructed in 1980
Located Portland,Oregon
USA

MichaelGravesdesi gned thePortland Bui lding

whi ch housesthemuni cipalofficesoftheci ty
.
h bui
The ldi
ng si
tson a200- footsquarei n the
downtown areaand i ssi
tuated wi th with the
CityHalland theCountyCourthouse.Housed
amongsttheclassi callinesofthesetwo
buildings,thedistinctivemassofthePortland
Building i
sunmi stakable.Theexteri orofthe
building i
sdecorated wi th tallblocksofdeep
red,blueand brown colorwhi ch i sanother
anomalyagai nstthesurroundi ngs.

Thebui ldi
ng isessentiallyalargeblockthatsi ts
on athree- ti
ered pedestal.Thatsituati
on i
s
remini scentofGreekarchi tectureand
sculpture,buttheuseofcolors,thesystemati c
arrangementofwi ndowsand theseemi ngly
frivoloususeofconcreteri bbonsto decorate
thefacademovethi sstructurefi rmlyawayfor
classicalri ghtinto therealm of
Post-Modern desi gn.

Deborah Mauldi
n ART3020SMI
I08
 THEDECONSTRUCTI
VISTSTYLE

TheVi
traDesi
gn Museum
Constructed i
n 1990
Located i
n Weil-
am-Rhei
n,Germany

TheVi traDesign Museum wasdesi gned byFrahnk

Gehryand i safantastic exampleofthe
Deconstructi onistmovement.Thebui lding appears
from to beformed from thecolli si
on ofseveral
dissoluteforms.To furtherthei mpression the
wallsarepainted completelywhi teand so thes
hapesand colormakethi sbuilding astarkand
surprisi
ng appari
tion thatri sesfrom theground
and issurrounded bythegreen flatlandscape.

Thegeni usofthi sbuildi

ng howeveri show the
exteriorsculpturei strulythewallsofthei nterior
spaceswhi ch havebeen designed spacesforthe
museum.Thi smuseum isdedicated to theexhibitand
educati on ofcurrentdesi gn trends.The
functi onalityand characterofthebui lding suit
thispurposeso wellthatwhen contemplati ng the
building and itspurpose,onemi ghtj ustthinkthat
thei nsensiblestructurecompletelymakessense!

Sources:
http://www. greatbui ldings.com/bui ldings/Portland_ Building.html
http://www. wal tlockley.com/archi tecturalsculpture/portlandi a%2001.jpg
http://plaidnet. greenwi chacademy .org/arthi storysli
des/slideidgal/MODERNI SM/
LATE20THCENTURY/LATE20THCENTURY- Images/late20th45. jpg
http:
//www.
greatbui
ldings.com/cgi -bi
n/gbi .
cgi /Portland_ Buildi
ng. html/ci d_1109295603_Portland_ Buildi ng_noi d.gbi
http://www. greatbui ldings.com/bui ldings/Portland_ Building.html
http: //www. greatbuildi ngs.
com/bui ldings/Vitra_Design_ Museum. html
http: //www. vitra.com/_ images/campus- calendar/overlays/4. jpg
http:
//upload. wiki
medi a.org/wi kipedia/commons/2/2a/Vi tra_ Design_Museum, _factory_ side_vi
ew. jpg
http://upload.wikimedi a.org/wi kipedia/commons/9/98/Vi tra_Design_Museum, _front_ vi
ew. jpg
Illustrated Architectural Terms
Arcuated: A building that has been
Erected using arches to bear and
distribute weight, rather than
columns and lintels. Arches can be
found in entryways or vaulted
chambers.
Beam: A long horizontal structural
elements that is supported at both
ends and serves to support weight.
Beams can be found over doorways.
Cladding: Material used to finish the
Exterior of a building. Can be anything
From clap board to vinyl siding.
Fenestration: A pattern created by
the arrangement of the windows on
the face of a building. Windows can
be arranged in a number of different
patterns, including crosses on the
sides of churches.
Definitions Source:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. James Stevens Curl. Oxford University Press
2006. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Art Institute of Pittsburgh. 23 August 2008
Plaster: A mixture of lime and other
binding agents that creates a soft
mixture used for sculpture and for
lining walls. Plaster is easy to work
with and dries hard, holding the
shape it is given.
Spire: The terminated point of a
turret, tower or roof that is either
pyramidal, polygonal or conical.
Spires are a common structural
element on churches.
Trabeated: A building that has been
Constructed using columns and
lintels to transfer weight. This sort
of construction method can be seen
in ancient cities of the middle east.
Truss: A frame made of timber That is
Supported on both ends and is used
to provide support for the roof. The
trusses can be seen during
construction of new homes in sub-
developments across america.
Deborah Mauldin ART3020 XA Sm II 08
 I
LLUSTRATED TERMS
Cori nthian-columned porches:Porchesthatfeaturecolumnsofthe
Cori nthian OrderstyleofRoman archi tecture.Theseporchescan be
found on homesbui ltin theneoclassi
calstyle.Thecolumnsareused
to supporttheroofoftheporch.

Mansard roof:acurbed roofwi th aapi

tched upperroofand acurved
lowerroof .Can befound on homesand ci
tybuildingsbui
ltin the
Second Empirestyleofarchitecture.

Cornered quoins:Thestonesattheexteriorcornersofbuildings
constructed with bri
ckorstone.Can befound in bui
ldi
ngsconstructed
ofstoneand masonry ,orfaked on thecornersofmodern suburban
American homes.

Cornice:Classi
cally
,thecorni ceistheuppermostprojection from
theroofofabui ldi
ng.Today ,corni
cescan befound i
nsideofrooms
asthecrown moldi ng attheseamsofthewallsand ceiling.

Deborah Mauldi
n ART3020SMI
I08
 I
LLUSTRATED TERMS
Eave:Theareaundertheporti on oftheroofthatproj ectsoutbeyond
thesupporting wall.Eavescan befound on nearlyanytraditi
onal
homestructure.

Gabled:aroofbuiltwi th aslopethatformsatri angle.Manystylesof

homesfeaturegabled roofs,and can befound nearlyeverywherein
nei
ghborhoodsacrossNorth Ameri ca,Europeand otherplacesin
theworld.

Pilaster:acolumn thatisincorporated i
nto awalland projects
from thewallonlysli ghtly.Pi
lasterscan befound i
n GreekRevival
buildingsand homes.

Sources:
http://www.archi
tecturaldepot.
com/c/quoi ns/
Pile,J
ohn.AHistoryofI nteriorDesign.2nd.Hoboken,NJ:John W i
ley& Sons,2005.
ADi
cti
onaryofArchi
tectureand LandscapeArchi tecture.J
amesStevensCurl.Oxford Universi
tyPress2006.Oxford
ReferenceOnline.Oxford Universi
tyPress.ArtInsti
tuteofPittsburgh.2September2008
 I
LLUSTRATED TERMS
Egg and Dartmoldi ng:Amoldi ng madeofal ternati
ng shapesofeggsand
darts.Theegg and dartshapesmayvary ,butthemoti fisclearand repeati
ng.
Thissortofmoldi ng can befound around theinteriorortheexteri orof
bui
ldings,goi ng around asacrown moldi ng attheceili
ng and walljoints.
Thispattern comesfrom anti qui
tyand isused todayin commercialcrown
molding treatments.
Modi lli
on course:repeated useofmodi
llionsundertheeavesto support
and embelli
sh thejointsoftheroofand wall.Modi lli
onscan also beseen
on asmallerscalein classicalGreekorItali
an Ren i
nspired fi
replaces,
supporting themantle.

Piers:Uprightsupportswhi ch lookli
kecolumns,butbearmuch morewei ght
than do columns.Thebestmodern examplesofpi ersarethosewooden
structuresbui ltoutfrom theshoreextendi ng i
nto thesurforshallow
waterofthecoast.Thepi eristhesupportofthestructurewhi ch i
sdesigned
to wi thstand greatamountsofverticalpressure.

Pilaster:acolumn thatisincorporated i
nto awalland projects
from thewallonlysli ghtly.Pi
lasterscan befound i
n GreekRevival
buildingsand homes.

Deborah Mauldi
n ART3020SMI
I08
 I
LLUSTRATED TERMS
Rusticati
on:amasonrymethod thatsi nksstonej oi
ntsinto achannelso thatthe
faceofthestonei sexposed and projectsbeyond thewall.Thefacesmaythen be
shaped orroughened to gi vethem atexture.Theground leveloflargepubli c
buildingsaregiven rustication treatmentsto add to thepresenceand personali
ty
ofthebui ldi
ng.Rusti cated elementsareusuallyfound on theouterwallsofthe
firstfloorsofbui ldi
ngs,butarecertai nlynotli mi
ted to theexteri
orastheycan
beused forinteriorarchi tecturaldecorati veelementsto aroom.

Spandrels:theterm used to referto thespacebetween two arches,orthearea

between theri bsofadomed cei ling.Thiselementi sfound i
n thewalls
between two archesori n thecei li
ng between theribssupported byei
ther
columnsorpi ers.Pai
nted decoration,mosai c ti
lesorotherformsof
decoration havebeen putin theseareas.

Soffi
t:Thestructurethatmakesuptheundersi deoftheeavesiscalled the
soffi
t,butonlyi ftherearesoffi tmaterialsi
nstalled.Otherwi
se,i
ti s
considered to bean "
open-eavesstyle"
.Thesoffi
tisfound on theundersi de
oftherafterstai lon aresidentialconstruction and isdoneforcosmeti c
purposes.

Sources:
http:
//www. pi
tt.edu/~medart/menuglossary/I NDEX. HTM
Pile,J
ohn.AHistoryofI nteriorDesi gn.2nd.Hoboken,NJ :John W i
ley& Sons,2005.
ADi
cti
onaryofArchi
tectureand LandscapeArchi tecture.J amesStevensCurl.Oxford Uni versi
tyPress2006.Oxford
ReferenceOnline.Oxford Uni versityPress.ArtI nsti
tuteofPi ttsburgh.8September2008
http://www.vi
ntageseattle.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/957_22nd_ ave_ext_11.
jpg
http:
//www. infoforbuildi
ng. com/Soffit_Fascia_N.html
 I
LLUSTRATED TERMS
CastI ron:Ametalmateri almadefrom i ron alloysthatcan becasti nto moldsor
shapesaspartofamassproducti on cycle.Castiron isused extensi
velyforscreens,
gates,fences,benchesand otheroutdoorfurni ture.Castiron isstilli
n greatuse
todayforarchi tecturaldetai
ling and accessoriesthatareexposed to theweather.

W roughtI ron:Amalleableform ofi ron thatcontai ns1to 3percentofslag,

ori mpuriti
es.Thisform ofiron can beshaped with high heatthrough
heating and hammering orweldi ng techniques.W roughti ron isgreatlyused
fordecorati vearchitecturalelementsbecauseoftheeasei n shapi
ng the
metal.

BayW i
ndow:Thewi ndowsthataresi tuated i
n asection ofahousefront
thatisprojected outfrom themain wallofthehousearecalled baywi ndows.
Theycan bemadei n manydifferentshapesi
ncludi ng ci
rcular,rectangular,
orsegmented.

CastIron Cresting:Decorativeflourishesmadefrom casti ron thatsitatop

fences,rai
lings,gatesorroofedges.Usuallyornatei n desi
gn,casti ron
crestingswereused in Victori
an erahomes.Now,casti ron cresting i
s
considered and architecturalarti
factand isbei
ng repurposed forusein
modern homes.

Deborah Mauldi
n ART3020SMI
I08
 I
LLUSTRATED TERMS
Oriels:Asection ofabuilding thatisbui
ltoutfrom an upperstoryfloorand
issupported bycolumnsorpi ersorbycorbels.Ori
elsmaycontain windows
and ifso thosewi ndowswould notbecalled baywi ndows,theywould be
called orielwi ndows.Orielsareacommon wayto gain squarefootagein
upperstori es.

CarriageHouse:An smallbui
lding usuallylocated on somesortofestatethat
isancillaryto themai
n house.Thepurposeofthebui lding wasthestorage
and maintenanceofhorse-drawn carriages,buti smostli kelybei
ng used as
an automobilegarageorhasbeen turned into living quarters.

HipRoof:Ahi pped roofisonethathasfourpi tched slopesthatare

connected atthetopofeach slope.Thattopi scalled thehi p
,and from the
hipeach slopeextendsto theeaves.Hi
pped roofsarecommon i n home
construction becauseoftheadded squarefootagethatcan begai ned over
theuseofastandard pi tched roof.

Sources:
Pi
le,John.AHi storyofI nteri
orDesi gn.2nd.Hoboken,NJ :J
ohn W iley& Sons,2005.
http://www.architecturali
ron. com/DW Gcresti ngs.htm
VisualEngli
sh Dictionary.QAI nternationalLtd,2002.Oxford ReferenceOnli ne.Oxford University
Press.ArtInsti
tuteofPi ttsburgh.23September2008
ADi
cti
onaryofArchi
tectureand LandscapeArchi tecture.JamesStevensCurl.Oxford Uni versi
tyPress2006.Oxford Reference
Online.Oxford Uni versityPress.ArtInsti
tuteofPi ttsburgh.23September2008
 I
LLUSTRATED TERMS
Terracotta:Themateri althatbri
cksand decorativepotteryismadefrom.Usually
ofadarkred orbrown color,hardened and unglazed.Terracottacan befound
on roofsand wallsasdecorativetilesand bri
cks,and i
tcan also befound i
n
sculptureand pottery
.

Dormer:Adormeri sawindow seton asloping roofwi th awindow ofi t'

s
own.Dormersarestillin usetodayin housi
ng construction becauseofthe
addi
tionalspacethatcan beadded to aroom on asecond storyunderthe
roof
.

Foliated:Theword foli ated i

saderi vati
veof" foli
age"and iti
sused to
describeleaf-typeornamentati on ordecoration.Thi ssortofdecorationsi
s
populari n classi
calstatuereproducti ons.Itisquitepossi
blethatsome
viewersofMi chelangelo'sDavid would preferthatitwerestrategically
foliated.

Fini
als:Thedecorati veknobthatcan befound attheapexorcornerofa
structure,i.
e.gablesand spires.Theknobcan besi
mplyorelaborately
decorated.Finialsarefound on theendsofcurtai n rodsand anti
quefi
nials
havebeen reused asbuil
t-in bookendsforbookshel ves.

Deborah Mauldi
n ART3020SMI
I08
 I
LLUSTRATED TERMS
Fluti
ng:Takealookatnearlyanyclassi calcolumn and observetheconcave
groovesthatrun from topto bottom.Theconti nuousgroovi ng isa
decorati
veelementofthestructureand i tisreferred to asfluting.Home
constructed i
n theFederalstyleorthatemployttheuseofpi lastersor
columnsmayverywellfeaturefluting.

Balconies:Balconiesareplatformsthatextend outfrom thesi deofa

buildi
ng and areaccessed through awi ndow ordoorwayi n thewallatthe
levelofthebalcony .Balconi
esarebeauti fuladditionsto buildingswith the
intentofofferi ng aconveni entlyaccessiblevi
ew and experi
enceofthe
outdoors.

Swags:Ornamentation created from draping arti

clesthatdroopi n acurve.
Swagscan becreated from fabric,greenery
,plantsand flowers,oranyother
decorati
veelementthatcan behung and draped i nto aswag.Swagscan be
found aswindow dressingsi n manyhomes.

Sources:
Pi
le,J
ohn.AHi storyofI nteriorDesign.2nd.Hoboken,NJ :John W i
ley& Sons,2005.
ADi
ctionaryofArchitectureand LandscapeArchi tecture.JamesStevensCurl.Oxford Uni versi
tyPress2006.Oxford
ReferenceOnline.Oxford UniversityPress.ArtI nstituteofPi ttsburgh.23September2008
http:
//www.
pli
nthandchintz.
com/mambo/i ndex.
php?opti
on=com_ glossary&func=display&letter=F&Itemid=46&cati
d=24&page=1
 I
LLUSTRATED TERMS
Corbel:An elementalpartofthestructureofawallthatproj ectsoutto support
aload such asan oriel,balcony,parapet,etc.Acorbelactsasacantileverand is
used i
n placeofcolumnsorpi ers.

Parapet:thebarrierplaced attheedgeofbalconi es,bri

dges,roof
,decks,etc.
thathasasteepdropi n orderto protectpeoplefrom falli
ng.Aparapetcan
behiglydecorated orveryplai n and arei
n common usetodayforbalconi es,
terraces,etc,though theymaybereferred to asrailingsorlow walls.

Vesti
bule:Thespacej ustinsi
deofan outerdoorofabui lding iscalled a
vesti
bule.Thi sspacecan bessmallhallorlobbyori tmaybeasmalldedi cated
room.Vesti bulesaren'tenti
relycommon i n modern American homes,butmost
publi
c buildingshaveavesti bule,though i
tmaybereferred to assimplythe
lobby.

Gypsum:Plasterofpari sismadefrom mi xi
ng waterwi th calci
um sulphate.
Thecalcium sulphatei salso known asgypsum,whi ch formsapowderwhen
heated to boi
ling temperature.Alabasterisavari etyofgypsum.Gypsum isused
to makeplastermoldsorsculpturalarchi tecturalforms.

Deborah Mauldi
n ART3020SMI
I08
 I
LLUSTRATED TERMS
Acousti
calCei li
ng Tiles:Squareorrectangularshaped panelsconstructed
ofacombi nation ofmateri alsand designed to absorborblocksound
transmissi
onsi n aroom.Theyarei nstalled in theceili
ng and areused asa
partofthedesi gn ofaroom i n termsofdi recting qualityofsound
transmissi
on throughouttheroom.

Cartouches:Decorati veelementsconstructed ofstone,marble,concreteor

othermateri alsthatisusuallyin ashapethatresemblesascrollorasheet
ofparchmentwi th thecornerscurled up.Cartouchesgenerallybearan
inscri
pti
on and areplaced on abui ldi
ng'sexteri
orgiving i
nformation as
to thehistoryorsi gnifi
canceofthebui lding.

ModularBaySpans:

Sources:
Pile,John.AHi storyofI nteriorDesi gn.2nd.Hoboken,NJ :John W i
ley& Sons,2005.
ADictionaryofArchi
tectureand LandscapeArchi tecture.J
amesStevensCurl.Oxford Uni versi
tyPress2006.Oxford
ReferenceOnli ne.Oxford Uni versityPress.ArtInstituteofPi ttsburgh.23September2008
TheOxford Dicti
onaryofEnglish (
revised edition).Ed.Catheri neSoanesand AngusStevenson.Oxford Uni versi
tyPress,2005.
Oxford ReferenceOnli ne.Oxford Uni versityPress.ArtInstituteofPi ttsburgh.23September2008
http:
//www. acousticalceili
ngtiles.com/tufcore.htmlGypsum:
http://www. webelements.com/calcium/hi story
.html