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] [H
+
] pH pOH
1.2 10
10
3.4 10
10
3.1 10
10
1.58 10
14
2.08 10
10
8.51 10
05
7.12
13.26
10.9
2. A 25 C, el valor del pK
b
del NH
4
OH es de 4.70. Cul es el valor del pH en una solucin de dicha
base que se prepar disolviendo 25 mL 0.5 N y aforando a un volumen total de 250 mL con agua a la
misma temperatura?
3. A qu concentracin molar presentara cada soluto el porcentaje de ionizacin que se indica?
a. cido tricloroactico al 1.5%
b. cido actico al 12.5% y 1.5%
c. Amoniaco al 12.5% y 1.5%
4. Cul es el pH y el pOH de cada una de las disoluciones siguientes?
a. 0.0010 M HCl
b. 0.0010 M H
2
SO
4
c. 1.0 10
4
M NaOH
d. 3.4 10
4
M HCl
e. 0.06 M H
2
SO
4
f. 0.53 M KOH
g. 0.034 M Ca(OH)
2
h. 0.03 M de cido actico (HAc)
5. Cul es el pH de una disolucin de H
2
SO
4
, 2 10
8
M?
23 | P g i n a
APNDICE
24 | P g i n a
Formulario de qumica general
tomos y moles
PM
m
A
N atomos #
v
PM
PE
g
g
g
PE
m
PE n
Electroqumica
1 Faraday 1 PEg
1 Faraday = 96500 Coulombs
Useful Conversion Factors and Relationships
Length
SI unit: meter (m)
Mass
SI unit: kilogram (kg)
Temperature
SI unit: Kelvin (K)
Energy (derived)
SI unit: Joule (J)
Pressure (derived)
SI unit: Pascal (Pa)
Volume (derived)
SI unit: cubic meter (m
3
)
1 in
3
= 16.4 cm
3
1 cm
3
= 1 mL
= 3.7854 L
1 gal = 4 qt
= 1.0567 qt
= 10
3
cm
3
= 1 dm
3
1 L = 10
-3
m
3
1 torr = 1 mm Hg
1 bar = 10
5
Pa
= 14.70 lb>in
2
= 760 torr
1 atm = 1.01325 * 10
5
Pa
= 1 kg>m-s
2
1 Pa = 1 N>m
2
1 eV = 1.602 * 10
-19
J
1 cal = 4.184 J
= 1 C-V
= 0.2390 cal
1 J = 1 kg-m
2
>s
2
F =
9
5
C + 32
C =
5
9
(F - 32)
K = C + 273.15
= -459.67 F
0 K = -273.15 C
1 amu = 1.660538782 * 10
-24
g
= 16 oz
1 lb = 453.59 g
1 kg = 2.2046 lb
1 = 10
-10
m
1 cm = 0.39370 in.
1 in. = 2.54 cm (exactly)
1 m = 1.0936 yd
= 1.6093 km
1 mi = 5280 ft
1 km = 0.62137 mi
Ag
Silver
Au
Gold
C
Carbon
Cl
Chlorine
Generic metal
Ca
Calcium
Br
Bromine
Cu
Copper
F
Fluorine
I
Iodine
Mg
Magnesium
K
Potassium
H
Hydrogen
N
Nitrogen
Na
Sodium
P
Phosphorus
Si
Silicon
S
Sulfur
O
Oxygen
Color Chart for Common Elements
From Chemistry: The Central Science, Twelfth Edition, Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay Jr., Bruce E. Bursten,
Catherine J. Murphy, Patrick M. Woodward. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall.
All rights reserved.
1123
Common Ions
Positive Ions (Cations)
ammonium
cesium
copper(I) or cuprous
hydrogen
lithium
potassium
silver
sodium
barium
cadmium
calcium
chromium(II) or chromous
cobalt(II) or cobaltous
copper(II) or cupric
iron(II) or ferrous
lead(II) or plumbous
magnesium
manganese(II) or manganous
mercury(I) or mercurous
mercury(II) or mercuric
strontium
nickel(II)
tin(II) or stannous
zinc
aluminum
chromium(III) or chromic
iron(III) or ferric
Negative Ions (Anions)
acetate
bromide
chlorate
chloride
cyanide
dihydrogen phosphate
fluoride
hydride
hydrogen carbonate or
bicarbonate
hydrogen sulfite or bisulfite
hydroxide
iodide
nitrate
nitrite
perchlorate
permanganate
thiocyanate
carbonate
chromate
dichromate
hydrogen phosphate
oxide
peroxide
sulfate
sulfide
sulfite
arsenate
phosphate (PO
4
3-
)
(AsO
4
3-
)
3
(SO
3
2-
)
(S
2-
)
(SO
4
2-
)
(O
2
2-
)
(O
2-
)
(HPO
4
2-
)
(Cr
2
O
7
2-
)
(CrO
4
2-
)
(CO
3
2-
)
2
(SCN
-
)
(MnO
4
-
)
(ClO
4
-
)
(NO
2
-
)
(NO
3
-
)
(I
-
)
(OH
-
)
(HSO
3
-
)
(HCO
3
-
)
(H
-
)
(F
-
)
(H
2
PO
4
-
)
(CN
-
)
(Cl
-
)
(ClO
3
-
)
(Br
-
)
(CH
3
COO
-
or C
2
H
3
O
2
-
)
1
(Fe
3+
)
(Cr
3+
)
(Al
3+
)
3
(Zn
2+
)
(Sn
2+
)
(Ni
2+
)
(Sr
2+
)
(Hg
2+
)
(Hg
2
2+
)
(Mn
2+
)
(Mg
2+
)
(Pb
2+
)
(Fe
2+
)
(Cu
2+
)
(Co
2+
)
(Cr
2+
)
(Ca
2+
)
(Cd
2+
)
(Ba
2+
)
2
(Na
+
)
(Ag
+
)
(K
+
)
(Li
+
)
(H
+
)
(Cu
+
)
(Cs
+
)
(NH
4
+
)
1
Fundamental Constants*
Atomic mass unit 1 amu
1 g
Avogadros number N
A
Boltzmanns constant k
Electron charge e
Faradays constant F
Gas constant R
Mass of electron m
e
Mass of neutron m
n
Mass of proton m
p
Pi
Plancks constant h
Speed of light in vacuum c
*Fundamental constants are listed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Web site:
http://www.nist.gov/physlab/data/physicalconst.cfm
= 2.99792458 * 10
8
m>s
= 6.62606896 * 10
-34
J-s
= 3.1415927 p
= 1.672621637 * 10
-27
kg
= 1.007276467 amu
= 1.674927211 * 10
-27
kg
= 1.008664916 amu
= 9.10938215 * 10
-31
kg
= 5.48579909 * 10
-4
amu
= 8.314472 J>mol-K
= 0.082058205 L-atm>mol-K
= 9.64853399 * 10
4
C>mol
= 1.602176487 * 10
-19
C
= 1.3806504 * 10
-23
J>K
= 6.02214179 * 10
23
>mol
= 6.02214179 * 10
23
amu
= 1.660538782 * 10
-27
kg
From Chemistry: The Central Science, Twelfth Edition, Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay Jr., Bruce E. Bursten,
Catherine J. Murphy, Patrick M. Woodward. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall.
All rights reserved.
1125
26 | P g i n a
Constante de los gases ideales
K mol
m Pa
31451 . 8
3
R
K mol
L atm
082 . 0
R
K mol
cal
9872 . 1
R
27 | P g i n a
Datos termodinmicos
PROPERTIES OF WATER
Density:
Heat (enthalpy) of fusion:
Heat (enthalpy) of vaporization:
Ion-product constant, :
Specific heat:
for steam at 100 C 1.841 J/g-K = 1.841 J/g
#
C
4.184 J/g-K = 4.184 J/g
#
C for water at 25 C
2.092 J/g-K = 2.092 J/g
#
C for ice at -3 C
5.47 * 10
-14
at 50 C
1.01 * 10
-14
at 25 C
1.14 * 10
-15
at 0 C K
w
40.67 kJ/mol at 100 C
44.02 kJ/mol at 25 C
44.94 kJ/mol at 0 C
6.008 kJ/mol at 0 C
0.95838 g/mL at 100 C
0.99707 g/mL at 25 C
1.00000 g/mL at 4 C
0.99987 g/mL at 0 C
Vapor Pressure (torr) at Different Temperatures
T(C) P T(C) P T(C) P T(C) P
0 4.58 21 18.65 35 42.2 92 567.0
5 6.54 22 19.83 40 55.3 94 610.9
10 9.21 23 21.07 45 71.9 96 657.6
12 10.52 24 22.38 50 92.5 98 707.3
14 11.99 25 23.76 55 118.0 100 760.0
16 13.63 26 25.21 60 149.4 102 815.9
17 14.53 27 26.74 65 187.5 104 875.1
18 15.48 28 28.35 70 233.7 106 937.9
19 16.48 29 30.04 80 355.1 108 1004.4
20 17.54 30 31.82 90 525.8 110 1074.6
A P P E N D I X
1112
AQUEOUS EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS
TABLE 1 Dissociation Constants for Acids at 25 C
Name Formula K
a1
K
a2
K
a3
Acetic acid CH
3
COOH (or HC
2
H
3
O
2
) 1.8 * 10
-5
Arsenic acid H
3
AsO
4
5.6 * 10
-3
1.0 * 10
-7
3.0 * 10
-12
Arsenous acid H
3
AsO
3
5.1 * 10
-10
Ascorbic acid H
2
C
6
H
6
O
6
8.0 * 10
-5
1.6 * 10
-12
Benzoic acid C
6
H
5
COOH (or HC
7
H
5
O
2
) 6.3 * 10
-5
Boric acid H
3
BO
3
5.8 * 10
-10
Butanoic acid C
3
H
7
COOH (or HC
4
H
7
O
2
) 1.5 * 10
-5
Carbonic acid H
2
CO
3
4.3 * 10
-7
5.6 * 10
-11
Chloroacetic acid CH
2
ClCOOH (or HC
2
H
2
O
2
Cl) 1.4 * 10
-3
Chlorous acid HClO
2
1.1 * 10
-2
Citric acid HOOCC(OH) (CH
2
COOH)
2
(or H
3
C
6
H
5
O
7
) 7.4 * 10
-4
1.7 * 10
-5
4.0 * 10
-7
Cyanic acid HCNO 3.5 * 10
-4
Formic acid HCOOH (or HCHO
2
) 1.8 * 10
-4
Hydroazoic acid HN
3
1.9 * 10
-5
Hydrocyanic acid HCN 4.9 * 10
-10
Hydrofluoric acid HF 6.8 * 10
-4
Hydrogen chromate ion
HCrO
4
-
3.0 * 10
-7
Hydrogen peroxide H
2
O
2
2.4 * 10
-12
Hydrogen selenate ion
HSeO
4
-
2.2 * 10
-2
Hydrogen sulfide H
2
S 9.5 * 10
-8
1 * 10
-19
Hypobromous acid HBrO 2.5 * 10
-9
Hypochlorous acid HClO 3.0 * 10
-8
Hypoiodous acid HIO 2.3 * 10
-11
Iodic acid HIO
3
1.7 * 10
-1
Lactic acid CH
3
CH(OH)COOH (or HC
3
H
5
O
3
) 1.4 * 10
-4
Malonic acid CH
2
(COOH)
2
(or H
2
C
3
H
2
O
4
) 1.5 * 10
-3
2.0 * 10
-6
Nitrous acid HNO
2
4.5 * 10
-4
Oxalic acid (COOH)
2
(or H
2
C
2
O
4
) 5.9 * 10
-2
6.4 * 10
-5
Paraperiodic acid H
5
IO
6
2.8 * 10
-2
5.3 * 10
-9
Phenol C
6
H
5
OH (or HC
6
H
5
O) 1.3 * 10
-10
Phosphoric acid H
3
PO
4
7.5 * 10
-3
6.2 * 10
-8
4.2 * 10
-13
Propionic acid C
2
H
5
COOH (or HC
3
H
5
O
2
) 1.3 * 10
-5
Pyrophosphoric acid H
4
P
2
O
7
3.0 * 10
-2
4.4 * 10
-3
2.1 * 10
-7
Selenous acid H
2
SeO
3
2.3 * 10
-3
5.3 * 10
-9
Sulfuric acid H
2
SO
4
Strong acid 1.2 * 10
-2
Sulfurous acid H
2
SO
3
1.7 * 10
-2
6.4 * 10
-8
Tartaric acid HOOC(CHOH)
2
COOH (or H
2
C
4
H
4
O
6
) 1.0 * 10
-3
A P P E N D I X
1114
TABLE 2 Dissociation Constants for Bases at 25 C
Name Formula K
b
Ammonia NH
3
1.8 * 10
-5
Aniline C
6
H
5
NH
2
4.3 * 10
-10
Dimethylamine (CH
3
)
2
NH 5.4 * 10
-4
Ethylamine C
2
H
5
NH
2
6.4 * 10
-4
Hydrazine H
2
NNH
2
1.3 * 10
-6
Hydroxylamine HONH
2
1.1 * 10
-8
Methylamine CH
3
NH
2
4.4 * 10
-4
Pyridine C
5
H
5
N 1.7 * 10
-9
Trimethylamine (CH
3
)
3
N 6.4 * 10
-5
TABLE 3 Solubility-Product Constants for Compounds at 25 C
Name Formula K
sp
Name Formula K
sp
Barium carbonate BaCO
3
5.0 * 10
-9
Lead(II) fluoride PbF
2
3.6 * 10
-8
Barium chromate BaCrO
4
2.1 * 10
-10
Lead(II) sulfate PbSO
4
6.3 * 10
-7
Barium fluoride BaF
2
1.7 * 10
-6
Lead(II) sulfide* PbS 3 * 10
-28
Barium oxalate BaC
2
O
4
1.6 * 10
-6
Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)
2
1.8 * 10
-11
Barium sulfate BaSO
4
1.1 * 10
-10
Magnesium carbonate MgCO
3
3.5 * 10
-8
Cadmium carbonate CdCO
3
1.8 * 10
-14
Magnesium oxalate MgC
2
O
4
8.6 * 10
-5
Cadmium hydroxide Cd(OH)
2
2.5 * 10
-14
Manganese(II) carbonate MnCO
3
5.0 * 10
-10
Cadmium sulfide* CdS 8 * 10
-28
Manganese(II) hydroxide Mn(OH)
2
1.6 * 10
-13
Calcium carbonate (calcite) CaCO
3
4.5 * 10
-9
Manganese(II) sulfide* MnS 2 * 10
-53
Calcium chromate CaCrO
4
4.5 * 10
-9
Mercury(I) chloride Hg
2
Cl
2
1.2 * 10
-18
Calcium fluoride CaF
2
3.9 * 10
-11
Mercury(I) iodide Hg
2
I
2
1.1 * 10
-1.1
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)
2
6.5 * 10
-6
Mercury(II) sulfide* HgS 2 * 10
-53
Calcium phosphate Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
2.0 * 10
-29
Nickel(II) carbonate NiCO
3
1.3 * 10
-7
Calcium sulfate CaSO
4
2.4 * 10
-5
Nickel(II) hydroxide Ni(OH)
2
6.0 * 10
-16
Chromium(III) hydroxide Cr(OH)
3
1.6 * 10
-30
Nickel(II) sulfide* NiS 3 * 10
-20
Cobalt(II) carbonate CoCO
3
1.0 * 10
-10
Silver bromate AgBrO
3
5.5 * 10
-13
Cobalt(II) hydroxide Co(OH)
2
1.3 * 10
-15
Silver bromide AgBr 5.0 * 10
-13
Cobalt(II) sulfide* CoS 5 * 10
-22
Silver carbonate Ag
2
CO
3
8.1 * 10
-12
Copper(I) bromide CuBr 5.3 * 10
-9
Silver chloride AgCl 1.8 * 10
-10
Copper(II) carbonate CuCO
3
2.3 * 10
-10
Silver chromate Ag
2
CrO
4
1.2 * 10
-12
Copper(II) hydroxide Cu(OH)
2
4.8 * 10
-20
Silver iodide AgI 8.3 * 10
-17
Copper(II) sulfide* CuS 6 * 10
-37
Silver sulfate Ag
2
SO
4
1.5 * 10
-5
Iron(II) carbonate FeCO
3
2.1 * 10
-11
Silver sulfide* Ag
2
S 6 * 10
-51
Iron(II) hydroxide Fe(OH)
2
7.9 * 10
-16
Strontium carbonate SrCO
3
9.3 * 10
-10
Lanthanum fluoride LaF
3
2 * 10
-19
Tin(II) sulfide* SnS 1 * 10
-26
Lanthanum iodate La(IO
3
)
3
7.4 * 10
-14
Zinc carbonate ZnCO
3
1.0 * 10
-10
Lead(II) carbonate PbCO
3
7.4 * 10
-14
Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)
2
3.0 * 10
-16
Lead(II) chloride PbCl
2
1.7 * 10
-5
Zinc oxalate ZnC
2
O
4
2.7 * 10
-8
Lead(II) chromate PbCrO
4
2.8 * 10
-13
Zinc sulfide* ZnS 2 * 10
-25
*For a solubility equilibrium of the type MS(s) + H
2
O(l) M
2+
(aq) + HS
-
(aq) + OH
-
(aq)
Appendix: Aqueous Equilibrium Constants
1115
29 | P g i n a
Principales iones
30 | P g i n a
Smbolos y valencias
31 | P g i n a
P
e
r
i
o
d
i
c
T
a
b
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
E
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
6
.
9
4
1
3
L
i
2
2
.
9
8
9
7
7
0
1
1
N
a
3
9
.
0
9
8
3
1
9
K
8
5
.
4
6
7
8
3
7
R
b
1
3
2
.
9
0
5
4
5
5
5
C
s
[
2
2
3
.
0
2
]
8
7
F
r
9
.
0
1
2
1
8
2
2
4
.
3
0
5
0
1
2
M
g
4
0
.
0
7
8
2
0
C
a
8
7
.
6
2
3
8
S
r
1
3
7
.
3
2
7
5
6
B
a
[
2
2
6
.
0
3
]
8
8
R
a
R
f
D
b
S
g
B
e
4 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
3
4
A
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
2
A
4
4
.
9
5
5
9
1
0
2
1
S
c
4
7
.
8
6
7
2
2
T
i
8
8
.
9
0
5
8
5
3
9
Y
1
3
8
.
9
0
5
5
5
7
L
a
[
2
2
7
.
0
3
]
8
9
A
c
[
2
6
1
.
1
1
]
1
0
4
5
0
.
9
4
1
5
2
3
V
5
1
.
9
9
6
1
2
4
C
r
9
1
.
2
2
4
4
0
Z
r
9
2
.
9
0
6
3
8
4
1
N
b
7
2
H
f
1
7
8
.
4
9
1
8
0
.
9
4
7
9
7
3
T
a
1
8
3
.
8
4
7
4
W
[
2
6
2
.
1
1
]
1
0
5
[
2
6
6
.
1
2
]
1
0
6
1
0
7
1
0
8
1
0
9
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
5
4
.
9
3
8
0
4
9
2
5
M
n
5
5
.
8
4
5
2
6
F
e
9
5
.
9
4
4
2
M
o
[
9
8
]
4
3
T
c
1
0
1
.
0
7
4
4
R
u
1
8
6
.
2
0
7
7
5
R
e
7
6
O
s
1
4
0
.
1
1
6
5
8
C
e
1
4
0
.
9
0
7
6
5
5
9
P
r
1
4
4
.
2
4
6
0
N
d
[
1
4
5
]
6
1
P
m
1
5
0
.
3
6
6
2
S
m
2
3
2
.
0
3
8
1
9
0
T
h
2
3
1
.
0
3
5
8
8
9
1
P
a
2
3
8
.
0
2
8
9
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From Chemistry: The Central Science, Twelfth Edition, Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay Jr., Bruce E. Bursten,
Catherine J. Murphy, Patrick M. Woodward. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall.
All rights reserved.
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