HistoShelfo

Wednesday, September 21, 2005

5:56 PM

1. A drawing is shown for you to identify the process of adding to the plasma membrane,
similar to exocytosis, but does not have granules.

2.In which part or structure does the process of protein translocation to a membrane occur
most frequently. AN! r"#
3. ra!in" of #onne#ti$e tiss%e !ith different #ells. &dentify the plasma #ell that
ma'es the anti"en bindin" protein.


This is a plasma cell with prominent cytoplasmic rough endoplasmic reticulum.
The nucleus has radially arranged clumps of chromatin. The perinuclear Golgi
apparatus does not appear in this plane of sectioning.


$.Identify the myelinated axon.


%. Identify where the A&' synthase is.
AN! inner membrane of the mitochondria
(he mito#hondrion #onsists of fo%r ma)or se#tions * the o%ter membrane, the
intermembrane spa#e, the inner membrane, and the matri+.
,(P synthase -- .peppers. the inner mito membrane

(. Identify where the proton pumps are.
a. Inner membrane space











, proton pump is an inte"ral membrane protein that is #apable of mo$in" protons
a#ross the membrane of a #ell, mito#hondrion, or other s%b#ell%lar #ompartment,
thereby #reatin" a differen#e or "radient in both pH and ele#tri#al #har"e /i"norin"
differen#es in b%ffer #apa#ity0 and tendin" to establish an ele#tro#hemi#al potential.

Pasted from <http://www.answers.com/proton%20pump>


). Identify where the paneth cells are *small intestine+


Paneth #ell

,. Identify enteroendocrine cells. *somatostatin, serotonin+
(he enteroendo#rine #ells of the

PC = paneth cells



Enteroendocrine cells
Scattered endocrine cells of the gut. Similar cells may occur in the respiratory and
reproductive systems. Produce hormones such as somatostatin and serotonin. Taken
together these cells constitute a very large endocrine gland.


(he ima"e at left sho!s the nat%re of the endo#rine #ells /EC0 e$en more #learly. (he
se#retions are seen here as eosinophili# "ran%les /SG0. (hey !ill e$ent%ally be
released from the #ell by the pro#ess of e+o#ytosis, and diff%se a#ross the basement
membrane into the inter#ell%lar spa#e #lose by the nearest #apillary. (hen they1ll
diff%se into the #apillary and be #arried a!ay to their tar"et #ells. ,lso sho!n in this
ima"e are t!o Paneth cells, an entirely different type of se#retory resident #ell of
the intestine2 and one that1s not any sort of endo#rine #ell at all, despite some
similarities of appearan#e. Paneth #ells se#rete their prod%#t into the l%men2 and
their "ran%les /PCG0 are m%#h lar"er and #oarser than those of the tr%e endo#rine
#ells.

Hormones and edo#rine #ells:
Hypothalamus: 3n4H - (4H - 54H - 3H4H - somatostatin
Posterior pituitary: ,H - o+yto#in
Anterior pituitary: 3H - ,5(H - (SH - 6H - 7SH - prola#tin - MSH
Thyroid: thyroid hormone - #al#itonin
Parathyroid: parathyroid hormone
Adrenal medulla: epinephrine - norepinephrine
Adrenal cortex: aldosterone - #ortisol
Pancreas: ins%lin - "l%#a"on
Ovary: estradiol - pro"esterone - inhibin - a#ti$in
Testis: testosterone - ,MH
Pineal gland: melatonin
Stomach: "astrin
Duodenum: 558 - 3&P - se#retin - motilin - 9&P
leum: entero"l%#a"on



-. A drawing with arrows pointing to cells as.s you to indicate which cell produces
hormones which affect this structure/




10. Identify in the seminiferous tubule the cells that came out from the cells which
migrated from the yol. sac.*primordial germ cells, spermatogonia+









11. Identifiy late spermatids.






12. 1hat cells ma.e up the blood2testis barrier/ AN! ertoli 3ells

14. 1hat can happen if you bloc. the production of 56 in a man/ AN! &esticles
atrophy

1$. If you in7ect choline it will rapidly be visible in type 2 pneumocytes, 1hy/

,ns!er: S%rfa#tant prod%#ed lo!erin" s%rfa#e tension allo!in" "as e+#han"e.

:+periment:
&ntratra#heal in)e#tion of 3-day-old rabbits !ith radioa#ti$ely labeled palmiti# a#id
and #holine res%lts in an ;-10-fold in#rease in the effi#ien#y of their in#orporation
into s%rfa#tant phosphatidyl#holine !hen #ompared to the intra$eno%s in)e#tion of
these pre#%rsors.


1%. If you in7ect something into the veins in which capillary bed will it end up in/
AN! 5ungs

1(. 1hat does not cross the blood brain barrier/ AN! Albumin

Possibly d%e to si<e of pore in the bbb -- does not allo!

,lb%min thro%"h b=# lar"e protein

1). Identify in a drawing which is the structure or protein that 8gets fuc.ed up8 in red
blood cells and causes spherocytes to appear/ &he protein is spectrin, but the
answer is being able to identify it.



1,. 1hich cell has the nucleus very compacted because it has more histones/ AN/
I9m not sure but I answered spermatids.
Spermatids have lots of histones that convert to protamines in the final stages
of spermatogenesis. Oocytes keep their histones. If the question has oocytes,
go with that, but otherwise, the correct answer is spermatids.

1-. :ou give someone something 46 hydrocortisone and $0; will go to the
nucleolus, what is it/ AN! r#NA *found in chromatin of the nucleolus which
ma.es this r#NA+

6ydrocortisone is a glucocorticoid produced in the <ona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex.
It depresses the immune and inflammatory response by suppressing interleu.in=1 and I5=
2 production by lymphocytes and macrophages. >lucocorticoids also stimulate the
destruction of lymphocytes in lymph nodes and inhibit mitosis by transformed
lymphoblasts.

Hydrot#ortisone
, steroid hormone, prod%#ed by the adrenal #orte+, that re"%lates
#arbohydrate metabolism and maintains blood press%re. ,lso #alled
cortisol.
, preparation of this hormone obtained from nat%ral so%r#es or
prod%#ed syntheti#ally and %sed to treat inflammatory #onditions and
adrenal fail%re.

>o free ?3H@hydro#ortisone !as fo%nd in n%#lei, in isolated n%#lei it is fo%nd in
the fra#tion of n%#lear membranes, n%#leoplasm, n%#leol%s and #hromatin

20. Identify the quantity of ?NA in a cell undergoing metaphase II of meiosis in a
table with the following values which define the content of ?NA in the cells
during spermatogenesis. AN! N








21. @asophillic staining erythroblast has lots of/ Identify it on a graphA AN! #NA
Basophilic structures are stained by basic dyes!
@asic dyes are positive
Basophilic structures are negative *ex. ?NA, RNA, ribosomes, #"#+
Bnemonic! Basophilic C @lue
?NA and #NA are basophillic due to the presence of phosphate group


22. troma cells of the cortex of the thymus which help with & lymphocyte
maturation are derived from/ 'ossible AN/ Besenchymal mesoderm, endoderm,
or neural crest cells

(he stroma !ithin the #orte+ is a net!or' of epithelial #ells deri$ed from embryoni#
e#toderm /third bran#hial #left0 and endoderm /third pharyn"eal po%#h0.

24. 1hat phase comes after ?NA replication/ AN! >2 and B phase
a.
i. 5ell #y#le - all #ell "ro!th - #he#' points - p53 /et#.0

2$. 1hat is the amount of ?NA in a cell which was produced by mitosis and of a cell
that was 2n/ Ans. 1N

2%. "mphysema is caused by the loss of alveolar ducts.
&.
A. Alveolar ducts
a. Cubiodal cells with and without cilia
b. No goblets


2(. &risomy is due to non dis7unction !
Non-disunction can occur during meiosis I or meiosis II


2A. Where are "ly#oprotein se#retory $esi#les )%st before e+o#ytosis. (he plasma
membrane and #ytoplasm !ere not an option. ,>S: trans "ol"i

(hese and many other #ells sim%ltaneo%sly %tili<e t!o different #lasses of $esi#les to
mo$e proteins from the trans!Golgi to the #ell s%rfa#e: se#retory $esi#les for
re"%lated se#retion and transport $esi#les for #onstit%ti$e /#ontin%o%s0 se#retion.

2-. Identify the organelle where glycosylation begins r"#
>-lin'ed "ly#osylation be"ins in the l%men of the ro%"h :4.
B-glycosylation o##%rs in the 3ol"i.


40. Identify organelle that contains circular ?NA.*mitochondria+

41. Identify the mitochondria of s.eletal muscle with sarcoplasmic reticulum. AN!
s"#

5ardia# muscle has a m%#h ri#her s%pply of mitochondria than s"eletal muscle.
(his refle#ts its "reater dependen#e on #ell%lar respiration for ,(P



42. 5eydig cells, testosterone, have many "#

44. 3ross sectional s.eletal muscle proportional to contracting force in the same
s.eletal muscle.
4$. Belanosomes are given to the cells of the epidermis . AN! Deratinocytes
After ben! produced n the melanoc"tes# pac$ets of melann called melanosomes
transfer to the $eratnoc"tes. %here the" are arran!ed to protect the deo&"rbonuclec
acd '()A*# or !enetc materal# of the $eratnoc"tes.

4%. Beissner corpuscle=light touch. AN! ?ermal papilla
the dermal papillae for o$al-shaped, li"htly stainin" "ro%ps of #ells

4(. 'acinian corpuscle E &he vibrations of a tuning for.
, $ibratin" t%nin" for' a#ti$ates pa#inian #orp%s#les $ery rapidly and !idely a#ross
the perioste%m of the s'%ll or the stern%m.
PAC#A# CO$P%SC&ES: (hey mediate the sensation of vi'ration.
o
$apidly!Adapting( Phasic response: (he re#eptor stops firin" after
the stim%l%s has been present for a !hile.
o
S(4C5(C4:: &t is li'e an onion.
&f yo% remo$e the layers of the onion, then the receptor
becomes slowly-adapting. (he onion-layers th%s ser$e the
p%rpose of adaptation -- they ma'e it so the %nderlyin" ner$e
fiber is only dis#har"ed temporarily.
(he onion layers also filter out the low-frequency stimuli, s%#h
that Pa#inian 5orp%s#le has freD%en#y spe#ifi#ity for high
)re*uency vi'rations

4). 1here would you expect to see the primary squamous cancer/ AN! Anus
>e#' #an#er is asso#iated !ith sD%amo%s #ell #an#er, no an%s
fo%nd.
4,. 1ho produces chylomicrons/1hite adipose tissue *stores+, are produced by
enterocytes
:ntero#ytes assemble #hylomi#rons from absorbed lipids and
transfer them to lymphati# #apillaries /la#teals0 in the lamina
propria.

4-. @y what mechanism is protein returned to the #ough "ndoplasmic #eticulum/
3F' I coated vesicles
$0. ?yenin arms involved in transportation of vesicles down the axon.
AN! #etrograde &ransport
The motors for retrograde transport are dyneins, similar to the motors of flagella.

$1. 1hat organelle does not have the axon/ >olgi was not an option, I answered
#"#
$2. Bicrovilli are made of/
AN! actin
microvilli!
=core made of actin filaments with fimbrin and villin crosslin.ing the filaments, myosin I attaches
filaments to the membrane, actin filaments of the microvilli are lin.ed into the actin filaments of
the terminal web, the terminal web is made of other actin filaments associated with tropomyosin,
spectrin and myosin II

$4. 1hat protein is involved in anchoring the endothelial cell of the basement
membrane/ 5aminin
$$. >GA' *>lial fibulary acidic protein + are of the astrocyte
!"#$ is the marker used to identify astrocytes.

$%. ?escription of what part of the cell does not permit movement of material in
intercellular space and connective tissue/ AN/ I answered tight 7xns
$(. Dnow all the types of capilaries and where they are found

continuous, : muscle, lung, central nervous system
fenestrated, : endocrine glands, sites of fluid absorption
gallbladder and intestinal tract!
sinusoidal : liver, spleen, bone marrow

$). 3ollagen type II is hyaline cartilage and it9s found in the nose.
a. "" helf question 2 above *cocaineH+
$,. In organ re7ection which is the cell of the epidermis which migrates to start this
process/
AN! 5angerhans
Bne ma)or me#hanism in the inititiation of allo"enei# or"an re)e#tion is mediated by
spe#iali<ed anti"en-presentin" #ells !ithin the "%t asso#iated lymphati# tiss%es
/3,6(0. Eesides the #ommonly des#ribed professional anti"en presentin" #ells /,P5s0
li'e 6an"erhans #ells...

$-. 6ow can you distinguish a neutrophillic myelocyte from the non differentiated
myelocytes/
AN! A<urophillic granules.

>e%trophili# myelo#yte




%0. 1hat part is responsible for the growth of longitudinal of the bone/ AN!
"piphyseal plate *secondary ossification center+
"ongitudinal bone growth measured with weekly radiographs! occurred at the
epiphyseal, not at the metaphyseal, surface of the growth plate
Secondary ossification centre is established



%1. 1here is the secondary ossification center/
AN! "piphysis


%2. 1hat type of cartilage does not receive nutrients from synovial fluid. AN/
medial meniscus was one of many options.
%4. #ed s.eletal muscle has 6I>6 levels of succinate dehydrogenase which is low in
white muscle cells.
%$. 1hen a muscle gets fuc.ed up what is responsible for it9s regeneration/
AN! satellite cells, which were among the options.
(he ans!er is satellite #ells

%%. 1hen the s.in closes in a few days it is because of/ AN! Deratinocytes
%(. &here are low calcium serum levels, and the muscle continues contracting as a
result of / AN! &etany
(he pro#ess of #ontra#tin" ta'es some 50 mse#2 rela+ation of the fiber ta'es another 50*100 mse#.
Ee#a%se the refra#tory period is so m%#h shorter than the time needed for #ontra#tion and rela+ation, the
fiber #an be maintained in the #ontra#ted state so lon" as it is stim%lated freD%ently eno%"h /e."., 50
stim%li per se#ond0. S%#h s%stained #ontra#tion is #alled tetanus.
&n the fi"%re,
When sho#'s are "i$en at 1=se#, the m%s#le responds !ith a sin"le t!it#h.
,t 5=se# and 10=se#, the indi$id%al t!it#hes be"in to f%se to"ether, a phenomenon #alled
clonus.
,t 50 sho#'s per se#ond, the m%s#le "oes into the smooth, s%stained #ontra#tion of
tetan%s.
5lon%s and tetan%s are possible be#a%se the refra#tory period is m%#h briefer than the time needed to
#omplete a #y#le of #ontra#tion and rela+ation. >ote that the amo%nt of #ontra#tion is "reater in #lon%s
and tetan%s than in a sin"le t!it#h.
,s !e normally %se o%r m%s#les, the indi$id%al fibers "o into tetan%s for brief periods rather than simply
%nder"oin" sin"le t!it#hes.

%). ?ense body of the smooth muscle is li.e the I band.

o
&n ea#h sar#omere, the broad band !hi#h appears dar' in standard
histolo"i#al pro#ed%res is #alled the A!'and. (his band indi#ates the
lo#ation of thic" )ilaments /myosin02 it is dar'est !here thi#' and
thin filaments o$erlap.
o
(he broad li"ht band bet!een the dar' bands is the !'and. (he &-
band indi#ates the lo#ation !here thin )ilaments +actin0 e+tend
beyond the thi#' filaments.
o
, distin#t dar' line r%nnin" do!n the middle of the &-band is the ,!
line, !here thin filaments are atta#hed end to end. Where thi#'
filaments are atta#hed end-to-end in the #enter of the ,-band is the
-!line.
o
When m%s#le is stret#hed, an H!'and appears alon" the middle of the
,-band, bet!een the free ends of the thin filaments.



%,. #igor mortis! A&' is needed for muscle relaxation.
%-. &hey show you different experiments to choose which show that muscles generate
a substance that acts on the axons and influences ==== which muscles innervate
best.
(he terminals of motor a+ons #ontain tho%sands of $esi#les filled !ith
acetylcholine /ACh0.

When an a#tion potential rea#hes the a+on terminal, h%ndreds of these
$esi#les dis#har"e their ,5h onto a spe#iali<ed area of postsynapti#
membrane on the fiber. (his area #ontains a #l%ster of transmembrane
#hannels that are opened by ,5h and let sodi%m ions />aF0 diff%se in.


a. .eletal
b. mooth
c. 3ardiac

(0. Intrafusal fibers have sensory stretch receptors.
(1. 6eart has an atrial natrieuretic peptide. Byocardial endocrine cells are secreted in
response to high blood volume or venous pressure.

ANG is released by walls of the cardiac atrium in response to high sodium concentration, high extracellular
fluid volume, or high blood volume. It then acts via various mechanisms to excrete Na, and to cause
vasodilation in the circulatory system. Notably, it is secreted in response to immersion of the body in water,
which causes an atrial stretch due to altered distribution of intravascular fluid. It has been shown that in
horses, it is also released in response to exercise.
Physiological Effects
Renal
?ilates the afferent glomerular arteriole, constricts the efferent
glomerular arteriole, and relaxes the mesangial cells. &his increases the
glomerular filtration rate, resulting in greater excretion of NaJ and
water.
?ecreases Na resorption in the renal distal convoluted tubule and
cortical collecting duct.
Inhibits renin secretion.
Vascular
#elaxes vascular smooth muscle in arterioles and venules and opposes
the pressor effects of catecholamines and Angiotensin=II




(2. 1hat is the type of epithilium of the apocrine sweat gland/ AN! imple
cuboidal
(4. Identify myelinated axons.
== see questions $ above
($. chwann cells are in charge of/
,ny of the #ells that #o$er the ner$e fibers in the peripheral ner$o%s system
and form the myelin sheath.
(%. 'ur.un7e cells are the only output of the cerebellum




&he 'ur.in7e cell *left+ compares and processes the varying inputs it gets, and finally sends its own axons
out through the white matter and down to the deep nuclei. Although the inhibitory Purkinje cells are the
main output of the cerebellar cortex, the output from the cerebellum as a hole comes from the deep
nuclei! &he three deep nuclei are responsible for sending excitatory output bac. to the thalamus, as well as
to postural and vestibular centers.
&here are a few other cell types in cerebellar cortex, which can all be lumped into the category of inhibitory
interneuron. &he "olgi cell is found among the granule cells. &he stellate and basket cells live in the
molecular layer. &he bas.et cell *right+ drops axon branches down into the 'ur.in7e cell layer where the
branches wrap around the cell bodies li.e bas.ets.


((. 1hat causes the blood to stop going to the capillaries of a pregnant woman/
AN! Betarterioles with their precapillary sphincters.
(). Identify one of the cells of the intra alveolar septum, the ones that produce
surfactant. AN! pneumocyte type II.
(,. A pain in the following tissue ma.es you feel referred pain. AN/ I answered the
belly button because it reminded me of the appendix.
Pain that is felt in a part of the body at a distan#e from the area of patholo"y, as pain
in the ri"ht sho%lder deri$ed from the presen#e of a "allstone in the bladder.
Myo#ardial is#hemia is the heart tiss%e that is the best 'no! #a%se of referred pain.

(-. Identify in a picture with all the tubules of the .idney, 1hich is the part of the
tube on which A?6 has it9s action2effect. Ans. 3ollecting duct



Antidiuretic hormone 'inds to receptors in the distal or collecting tu'ules o)
the "idney and promotes rea'sorption o) .ater 'ac" into the circulation/

)0. 'rimary convoluted tubule E reabsorption of proteins via microvilli
)1. 3apillaries that surround the tubules of the .idneys came from where/ "fferent
arteriole

B%tflo! from the "lomer%li is $ia the e))erent arterioles, !hi#h are
some!hat smaller than the afferent ones. (hese almost immediately brea' %p
into the fine #apillary net!or's !hi#h s%rro%nd the loops of the nephrons. (he
#apillaries are $ital to maintainin" the "radient of sodi%m #on#entration in the
'idney1s interstitial spa#es2 the #on#entration is hi"hest in the deep med%lla
and lo!est in the #orte+. Go%1ll see some pla#es !here the #apillaries are
arran"ed in a net-li'e #onfi"%ration, #lose to the "lomer%li from !hi#h they
arise2 and others !here #apillary beds are arran"ed as lon" strai"ht
se"ments. Within these strai"ht re"ions are re#%rrent loops. Ey appropriate
openin" and #los%re of $eno%s sh%nts the 'idney #an re"%late sodi%m
#on#entrations by re"%latin" the flo! of blood in the #apillaries that s%rro%nd
the nephrons proper /the rete mira'ile0 or their e+tension, the strai"ht and
re#%rrent $essels of the vasa recta.
#$! If the hypothalamus is destroyed what cells of the hypophysis are going to
increase their secretions/ 3hoices acidofiles, basofiles, chromophobes, follicle
stillate cells!
#%! Dnow suprarenal gland parts and their secretions*fasc= glucocorticoides+
#&! 1hat happened to a woman which has thic.er hair/ *maybe androgens I#et+
#'! 'ineal gland synthesi<es serotonin during the day and melatonin at night.
#(! 'erson loses something in the phalanges *maybe merc.el cells+ *ee question 2
from helf ite+
##! Identify respiratory passageways.





),. Identify where respiration occurs for the first time *resp epth+,
?FNK& 3FNGL" 1I&6 A5M"F5A# ?L3&.
If the question asks about where gas e%change occurs, it is after the terminal
bronchiole, beginning with the respiratory bronchiole.
)-. omatostatin inhibits secretion of/ AN! somatotropin *growth hormone+
>rowth hormone, also .nown as somatotropin, is a protein hormone of about 1-0 amino acids that is
synthesi<ed and secreted by cells called somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary. It is a ma7or participant in
control of several complex physiologic processes, including growth and metabolism. >rowth hormone is
also of considerable interest as a drug used in both humans and animals.

o "roth hormone)releasing hormone *>6#6+ is a hypothalamic peptide that stimulates both the
synthesis and secretion of growth hormone.
o *omatostatin *+ is a peptide produced by several tissues in the body, including the
hypothalamus. omatostatin inhibits growth hormone release in response to >6#6 and to other
stimulatory factors such as low blood glucose concentration.
o "hrelin is a peptide hormone secreted from the stomach. >hrelin binds to receptors on
somatotrophs and potently stimulates secretion of growth hormone.



E+,RA- *omatostatin appears to act primarily in a paracrine manner to inhibit the
secretion of both insulin and glucagon. It also inhibits 3a




,0. 33D stimulate pan dig en< secretion
,1. 5actose digests mil. = beta galactolidase activity at the cell surface of enterocytes
*see question 1 from shelf site+
,2. Identify bile cannaliculi in a longitudinal manner
.
.%! Identify the layer which is continuous with the proximal convoluted tubule in an
"B of a renal corpuscle. /oop of 0enle





,$. Dnow the epithelium of the renal tubules, I thin. the .ey was that one of them did
not have microvilli or did not interact with something of 8absorcon8. &he ones
that have the brush border are the proximal convoluted tubules and the descending
loop of henle
,%. 1here are the N> cells found which secrete renin/ AN! Near the macula densa,
*N>A+ 7uxtaglomerular aparatus.
,(. 'roliferative phase, secretory phaseHwhat hormone controls2regulates/ AN!
'roliferative *estrogen2G6+ and secretory *56 and 'rogesterone+
,). I thin. they describe the histo of the secretory phase and you have to answer
something respect to what is happening in that phase . . . &hey have spiral arteries.
$rogesterone starts the secretory phase.
,,. &he 3ones are those of the fovea centralis
,-. Identify basilar membrane. :FL "" A ?#A1IN> FG &6" "A#.


-0. Identify a cell of the organ of corti which has something that9s related to axons.
AN. 6air cells
















myelo#yte