1a.

Acids- substance capable of donating a proton and yields Hydrogen ions (H

+
) when dissolved
in water
1b. Bases- substance capable of accepting a proton and yields Hydroxide ions (OH
-
) when
dissolved in water
1c. Buffer- is a solution of a weak acid or a weak base and its salt; thus both component must be
present. It has the ability to resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of either
acid or base.

2a. Strong acids are strong electrolytes that, for practical purposes are assumed to ionize
completely in water while weak bases are weak electrolytes thus; ionizes to a very limited
extent in water.
2b. Strong bases are also strong electrolytes that ionize completely in water while weak acids
ionize only to a limited extent in water like the weak base.

3a. pH is the negative logarithm of the Hydrogen ion concentration (in mol/L). The importance
of pH would point out to its different functions like for example, low pH (high acidity) of gastric
juices facilitate digestion whereas a higher pH of blood is necessary for the transport of Oxygen

3b. pKa are values that express the strengths of weak acids. Its importance states that the net
charge of an amino acid which is the algebraic sum of all the positively and negatively charged
groups present depends on pKa values of its functional groups and on the pH of the surrounding
medium.
3c. Constant of ionization of an acid expressed as (Ka) is the equilibrium constant for the
ionization of an acid. It is only the weak acids that have the Ka values associated with them. The
importance of Ka is when it has a larger value, the stronger the acid, thus the greater the
concentration of H
+
ions at equilibrium due to its ionization.

3d. Equilibrium Constant (K) is a number equal to the ratio of the equilibrium concentrations of
products to the equilibrium concentrations of reactants, each raised to the power of its
stoichiometric coefficient. The importance of knowing the equilibrium constant is that when (K)
is much greater than 1 (eg. 10) the equilibrium will lie to the right and favors the products
whereas if the equilibrium constant is much smaller than 1 (eg. 0.1), the equilibrium will lie to
the left and favors the reactants.

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is derived from the equilibrium constant expression. The
equation is stated this way:





Where: [A
-
] is the conjugate base; [HA] is the acid