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Tomporo|oro Rogolo|ors
Tochnicol lnlormo|ion
2
Por| 1: Fondomon|ols
Por| 2: Solloporo|od Rogolo|ors
Por| 3: Con|rol Volvos
Por| 4: Commonico|ion
Por| 5: Boilding Ao|omo|ion
Por| : Procoss Ao|omo|ion
5heu|d yeu hcve cny |urIher quesIens er suggesIens, p|ecse
de neI hesIcIe Ie cenIccI us:
SAMSM AG Phono |+4 ] 4 00 4 Z
VZ4 / Scholong Tololox |+4 ] 4 00 Z 1
WoismUllors|robo 3 EMoil: scholong@somson.do
D0314 Fronklor| ln|orno|: h||p://www.somson.do
Tochnicol lnlormo|ion
Tomporo|oro Rogolo|ors
Tomporo|oro rogolo|ors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Sonsors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liqoid oxponsion principlo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sonsor volomo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z
Filling modiom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Adsorp|ion principlo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vopor prossoro principlo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
How|ho sonsor dosign inllooncos |ho dynomic bohovior . . . . . . . . 12
Typos ol bolb sonsors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
So| poin| od|os|mon| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Excoss |omporo|oro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Moon|ing posi|ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Dynomic bohovior ol sonsors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Z
Volvos ond |hoir opplico|ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Forcoboloncing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Mixing ond divor|ing volvos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Globo volvos in cooling sorvico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Appondix A1: Addi|ionol li|oro|oro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Z
3
PcrI 2 L205 EM
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M
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1
2
C
O
N

E
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5
4
5e||epercIed kegu|cIers Tomporo|oro Rogolo|ors
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Tomporo|oro rogolo|ors
Tho choroc|oris|ic loo|oro ol solloporo|od |omporo|oro rogolo|ors is |hoir
compoc| dosign, incloding o sonsor, o volvo ond o copillory |obo. Thoir sim
plo oporo|ing principlo is bosod on londomon|ol mochonicol, physicol ond
|hormodynomic lows.
A |omporo|oro con|rol loop wi|h o hoo| oxchongor is shown in Fig.1. Whon
|ho wo|or hos lol| |ho hoo| oxchongor ond circolo|os in |ho domos|ic ho| wo|or
loop, i|s |omporo|oro mos| bo kop| cons|on|. ln |ho hoo|ing loop, o hoo| |rons
lor modiom, o.g. ho| wo|or, circolo|os |hroogh |ho hoo| oxchongor ond |rons
lors por| ol i|s hoo| |o |ho domos|ic ho| wo|or loop. ll wo ossomo |ho| |ho
|omporo|oro ol |ho ho| wo|or romoins cons|on|, |ho |ronslorrod hoo| qoon|i|y
doponds on |ho llow ro|o. Tho llow ol ho| wo|or is od|os|od by |ho
solloporo|od rogolo|or.
Tho sonsor moosoros |ho |omporo|oro ol |ho vorioblo |o bo con|rollod ond
convor|s |ho moosorod voloo in|o o |rovol signol which is osod os oo|po| vori
oblo. Tho sonsor oo|po| signol is |ronsmi||od vio |ho copillory |obo |o |ho volvo
whoro |ho signol chongos |ho posi|ion ol |ho plog os roqoirod. Tomporo|oro
rogolo|ors ob|oin |hoir oc|oo|ing powor lrom |ho modiom |o bo con|rollod, so
|hoy do no| nood sopply linos or ooxiliory dovicos. This is |ho mos| impor|on|
bonoli| ol solloporo|od rogolo|ors. Thoy koop cos|s low, whilo oxhibi|ing
high oporo|ionol roliobili|y.
5
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Fig. 1: Temperature control loop with heat exchanger
|omporo|oro
sonsor
hoo| oxchongor
hoo|ing loop
domos|ic ho|
wo|or loop
solloporo|od
rogolo|or
IempercIure
cenIre| |eep
Sonsors
Sonsors oro osod |o moosoro |ho |omporo|oro ol |ho modiom |o bo con|rollod.
A good sonsor mos| lollill |wo impor|on| roqoiromon|s. l| mos| rospond
qoickly |o |omporo|oro chongos ond provido occoro|o voloos ol vorioblos
|ho| chongo ovor |imo. Tho solloporo|od rogolo|or moosoros vorioblos oc
cording |o |ho |hroo lollowing principlos:
4liqoid oxponsion
4odsorp|ion
4vopor prossoro
Thoso principlos o|ilizo |ho chongo in volomo, in s|roc|oro or |ho convorsion ol
o mo||ors s|o|o ol oggrogo|ion.
|qud expcnsen prncp|e
Whon moosoring |ho oxponsion ol o liqoid, |ho qooli|y ol |ho rosol|s doponds
|o o groo| ox|on| on |wo loc|ors: |ho sonsor volomo ond |ho spocilic hoo| co
poci|y ol |ho lilling modiom.

5e||epercIed kegu|cIers Tomporo|oro Rogolo|ors

S
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1: senser
2: epercIng e|emenI
3: cy|nder
mecsuremenI s bcsed
en Ihree meIheds
h
h
2
,
0
D1
V1
V1,0
D2
V2,0
V2
1
3
2
h
1
h
1
,
0
h
2
Fig. 2: Expansion of a liquid in a cylinder
h
1
< h
2
h
1.0
< h
2.0
V
1
=V
2
V
1.0
=V
2.0
h
1.0
V
1.0
V
2.0
h
2.0
Sonsor volomo
Solids, gosos ond olmos| oll liqoids oxpond whon |ho |omporo|oro incroosos.
This physicol principlo ol oxponsion is o|ilizod by |hormomo|ors. An incrooso
in |omporo|oro coosos |ho liqoid lovol in o copillory |o riso ond |ho hoigh| ol
|ho liqoid colomn indico|os |ho moosorod |omporo|oro.
A sonsor oporo|ing on |ho liqoid oxponsion principlo is shown in Fig. 2. Tho
liqoid oxponds in |ho cylindor whon |ho |omporo|oro risos. As |ho woll ol |ho
cylindor provon|s lo|orol oxponsion, |ho liqoid oxponds only in |ho oxiol di
roc|ion, poshing |ho pis|on ond |ho connoc|od pin opword.
Tho incrooso in volomo con bo colcolo|od os lollows:
Tho oxponsion ol |ho lilling modiom is do|orminod by |wo loc|ors |ho spo
cilic coollicion| ol oxponsion which doponds on |ho |ypo ol lloid osod ond
|ho chongo in |omporo|oro T.
Tho hoigh| ol |ho pin pro|roding lrom |ho cylindor is o moosoro lor |ho oxpon
sion ond roproson|s o lonc|ion ol |ho |omporo|oro |h=l|T]]. To ochiovo o por
|icolor |rovol ol |ho pin h, |ho shopo ol |ho oporo|ing olomon| mos| bo
considorod ond odop|od os roqoirod. Gonorolly, smoll sonsor volomos yiold
lorgor |rovols |hon lorgo volomos |Fig. 2]. ln ins|romon|o|ion, smoll sonsor
volomos oro prolorrod sinco |ho moosoring spon is bo||or roproson|od whon
|ho pin |rovol is lorgo. ln |his woy, moro occoro|o moosoromon| rosol|s oro
ob|oinod. Howovor, o disodvon|ogo ol smollvolomo sonsors is |ho low
powor |ronsmission. Whon sizing o sonsor, o compromiso mos| bo loond bo
|woon |ho chongo in |rovol ond |omporo|oro os woll os |ho incrooso in lorco.
7
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expcnsen n Ihe
cy|nder
V = V
0
T
expcnsen cs c |uncIen
e| IempercIure
Filling modiom
To qoickly ob|oin occoro|o moosoromon|s, |ho qoon|i|y ol hoo| o sonsor mos|
obsorb ond rolooso shoold bo os low os possiblo. This con bo ochiovod oi|hor
by kooping |ho volomo or |ho moss low, or by choosing o lilling lloid wi|h o
low spocilic hoo| copoci|y. Tho qoon|i|y ol hoo| s|orod in |ho lloid colcolo|os
os lollows:
c
p
is |ho spocilic hoo| copoci|y, m |ho moss ond T |ho chongo in |omporo|oro
in C. Mo|o |ho| |ho spocilic hoo| copoci|y is no| cons|on|, bo| chongos wi|h
|ho |omporo|oro.
Doo |o i|s high spocilic hoo| copoci|y, wo|or is no| soi|oblo os lilling modiom.
l| hos yo| ono|hor disodvon|ogo. Wi|h |ho oxcop|ion ol wo|or, oll liqoids ox
pond con|inooosly wi|h incroosing |omporo|oros ond condonso whon |ho
|omporo|oros loll. Wo|or, howovor, roochos i|s highos| donsi|y o| 4 C ond
oxponds o| highor os woll os lowor |omporo|oros. Thoroloro, |ho |omporo|oro
moosorod in |hoso rongos woold no| bo cloor.
SAMSM |omporo|oro sonsors oso lowviscoos, syn|ho|ic oil os lilling mo
diom. This liqoid is hormloss, i.o. i| ondongors noi|hor hool|h nor onviron
mon|. l| con bo dischorgod wi|h |ho wos|o wo|or il lookogo occors |wo|or
dongor closs 0]. Formorly osod silicono oils woro no| occop|od by |ho oo|o
mo|ivo indos|ry sinco silicono oils cooso wo||ing probloms wi|h wo|orbosod
locqoor.
Apor| lromliqoids, rosins ond olos|omors con olso bo osod os lilling lloid. Ex
ponsion rosins oro por|icolorly lovoroblo whon o groo| chongo in volomo is
|o bo ochiovod wi|hin o norrow |omporo|oro rongo.
8
5e||epercIed kegu|cIers Tomporo|oro Rogolo|ors
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W = c
p
m T
wcIer neI suIcb|e cs
|||ng medum
smc|| hecI ccpccIy |er
|csIrespendng sensers
AdserpIen prncp|e
Tho odsorp|ion principlo is bosod on o physicol mo|hod. Tho |omporo|oro
sonsor con|oins oc|ivo|od corbon ond corbon dioxido. Whon |ho sonsor is
hoo|od by |ho modiom |o bo moosorod, |ho oc|ivo|od corbon roloosos singlo
C
2
molocolos. Tho prossoro insido |ho sonsor |Fig. 3] incroosos, roproson|
ing o signilicon| voloo lor ooch |omporo|oro voloo. Whon |ho in|ornol pros
soro is |ronsmi||od vio o con|rol lino |o |ho oporo|ing bollows, |ho volvo
posi|ion is chongod wi|h rospoc| |o |ho |omporo|oro.
Tho mos| impor|on| bonoli| ol |ho odsorp|ion principlo is i|s good odop|o|ion
|o |ho rospoc|ivo opplico|ion. Tho moosoring spon ol on odsorp|ion sonsor
con bo so| in |wo woys:
4dilloron| |ypos ol oc|ivo|od corbon ond gosos yiold dilloron| pros
soro|omporo|oro corvos,
4voriod lilling condi|ions yiold dilloron| oporo|ing rongos. Foor ovorlop
ping so| poin| rongos oro ovoiloblo, covoring |ho rongo lrom0 |o 150 C.
Tho disodvon|ogo ol odsorp|ion sonsors is |ho| |hoir |hros| is moch smollor
|hon |ho| dovolopod by voporprossoro or liqoidoxponsion sonsors.

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C2 C2
Fig. 3: CO
2
molecules depositing on activated carbon
oc|ivo|od corbon
T
1
,p
1
T
1
> T
2
p
1
> p
2
||exb|e cpp|ccIen...
... buI smc|| IhrusI
ccIvcIed ccrben
re|ecses CO
2
me|ecu|es
Vcper pressure prncp|e
Tho vopor prossoro principlo is bosod on o |hormodynomic mo|hod. Whon o
liqoid is sob|oc|od |o hoo|, i| bogins |o boil o| o cor|oin |omporo|oro ond
s|oom is gonoro|od. Tho boiling |omporo|oro, howovor, doponds on |ho pro
voiling prossoro. Tho lowor |ho prossoro, |ho lowor |ho |omporo|oro o| which
|ho liqoid s|or|s |o boil.
Exomplo: ln on opon vossol, wo|or boils o| 100 C. Tho boiling |omporo|oro
in o prossoro cookor, howovor, is considorobly highor bocooso |ho prossoro
croo|od in |ho oir|igh| cookor is moch highor.
Tho s|oom prossoro corvos ol hydrocorbons oro plo||od in Fig. 4. Whon |ho
|omporo|oro ol |ho modiom |o bo moosorod incroosos, |ho boiling prossoro in
|ho closod sonsor sys|om incroosos os woll, lollowing |ho rising s|oom corvo.
Doponding on |ho moosorod |omporo|oro, o signilicon| prossoro is croo|od in
|ho sonsor. Tho in|ornol sonsor prossoro oc|s on o bollows in |ho |hormos|o|,
gonoro|ing o |hros|. Tho lilling modiom in sonsors lor solloporo|od rogolo
|ors ol|on is o mix|oro ol hydrocorbon compoonds |HCcompoonds].
10
5e||epercIed kegu|cIers Tomporo|oro Rogolo|ors
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100
10
1
0,1
50 0 50 100 150 200
Fig. 4: Steam pressure curves of hydrocarbons
propono nbo|ono
npon|ono
nhop|ono
p
v
[
b
o
r
j
T [Cj
0.1
senser sysIem uI|zes
sIecm pressure curve
Tho moximom ombion| |omporo|oro mos| bo minimom 15 K lowor |hon |ho
so| poin| |o provon| |ho lilling modiom lrom voporizing in |ho con|rol lino.
Tho bosic propor|ios ol |ho dilloron| moosoromon| mo|hods oro comporod in
|ho lollowing |oblo.
11
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5enser |qud
expcnsen
se|ds
expcnsen
vcper
pressure
cdserpIen
IhrusI s|rong s|rong modiom wook
expcnsen
behcver
linoor olmos| linoor no| linoor linoor
excess Iemp.
sc|eIy
low low modiom high
meunI. pesIen ony ony dolinod ony
Ime censIcnI modiom lorgo smoll smoll
Table 1: Properties of different sensor systems
How |ho sonsor dosign inllooncos
|ho dynomic bohovior
ypes e| bu|b sensers
Bolb sonsors oro in diroc| con|oc| wi|h |ho modiom. Tho rosol|ing hoo| ox
chongo is choroc|orizod by |ho hoo| |ronslor coollicion|.
Tho hoo| |ronslor coollicion|s ol liqoids oro romorkobly highor |hon |hoso ol
gosos. Tomporo|oro chongos ol o liqoid oc| |horoloro los|or on |ho sonsor
coso, |ho lilling modiom ond linolly |ho volvo posi|ion. Whon sizing |ho |om
poro|oro sonsor, |ho sorloco providod lor hoo| |ronslor mos| bo os lorgo os
possiblo. Whilo |ho cylindricol sorloco ol o bolb sonsor is sollicion| lor moo
soring wo|or ond o|hor liqoids, gosos roqoiro o spociolly monoloc|orod
loorbolb sonsor. ln |his sonsor, |ho ro|io bo|woon |ho sonsor sorloco ond |ho
volomo ol |ho lilling modiom is lorgor |hon |ho| ol |ho bolb sonsor.
12
5e||epercIed kegu|cIers Tomporo|oro Rogolo|ors
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Fig. 5: Unit step response of a bulb sensor and a four-bulb sensor
Y
oir
wo|or
Y
oir
wo|or
loorbolb
sonsor
bolb sonsor
1
200
0.2
0.
00 400 800
| [sj
| [sj
1
200
0.2
0.
00 400 800
sensers requre |crge
hecI Ircns|er sur|cces
Fig. 5 comporos |ho oni| s|op rosponso ol o bolb sonsor wi|h |ho| ol o
loorbolb sonsor ol|or |hoy hovo boon immorsod in|o worm circolo|ing wo|or
ond in|o on oir doc|. Tho |omporo|oro dilloronco is so big |ho| |ho pin possos
|hroogh i|s on|iro |rovol. Por|icolorly in |ho oir doc|, |ho lorgor sonsor volomo
provos lovoroblo. Tho pin ol |ho loorbolb sonsor olmos| roochos i|s linol |ro
vol ol|or |wolvo mino|os, whilo |ho bolb sonsor |okos 40 mino|os, which is |oo
slow lor los| con|rol loops.
5eI penI cdjusImenI
Solloporo|od rogolo|ors osoolly oxhibi| propor|ionol con|rol oc|ion |P rogo
lo|ors]. ln |ho coso ol solloporo|od |omporo|oro rogolo|ors, |ho P oc|ion
coosos |ho volvo |rovol |o chongo propor|ionolly wi|h |ho moosorod |omporo
|oro T. Tho propor|ionoloc|ion coollicion| is K
P
|lormorly: propor|ionol bond
x
P
, x
P
= 100/K
P
]. Tho lollowing oqoo|ion doscribos |ho con|rol oc|ion ol
|omporo|oro rogolo|ors.
13
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Fig. 1: Effect of K
P
on measuring span
H
100
H
0
H
100
H
0
T
E
T
A
T
E
T
A
moosoring spon lor K
P1
moosoring spon lor K
P2
K
P2
> K
P1
cenIre| ccIen e|
se||epercIed regu|cIers
h = K
P
' T
As doscribod in |ho Con|rol Enginooring Fondomon|ols |soo olso Li| [2j], P ro
golo|ors hovo o s|oodys|o|o orror. Whon |ho s|oodys|o|o orror is |o bo kop|
smoll, o lorgo propor|ionoloc|ion coollicion| is roqoirod |smoll propor|ionol
bond]. This moons lor |ho |omporo|oro rogolo|or |ho| o lorgo |rovol mos| bo
ochiovod o| o smoll T. Tho moosoring spon ol |ho sonsor bocomos occord
ingly smollor |Fig. ].
Howovor, norrow moosoring spons oro on obs|oclo |o |ho onivorsol opplico
|ion ol sonsors. Thoroloro, |ho |omporo|oro rogolo|or in Fig. Z is oqoippod
wi|h o so| poin| od|os|or. ln |ho sonsor, on ox|ornolly od|os|oblo pis|on con bo
movod |o chongo |ho volomo ol |ho sys|om. Whon |ho pis|on is poshod in|o
|ho righ| cylindor, |ho pin in |ho oporo|ing olomon| is lil|od, providing |ho ro
qoirod volomo. As o rosol| ol |ho chongod pin posi|ion, |ho |rovol posi|ion ol
|ho volvo is chongod, |oo.
Excess IempercIure
Whon |ho |omporo|oro roochos |ho oppor limi| ol |ho so| poin| rongo, |ho pin
is lolly ox|ondod. Tho volvo is in i|s ond posi|ion ond |ho liqoid lills |ho sonsor
complo|oly. Whon |ho |omporo|oro risos obovo |his voloo, |ho liqoid in |ho
sonsor conno| oxpond lor|hor. ll no oqoolizing volomo is providod, |ho rising
14
5e||epercIed kegu|cIers Tomporo|oro Rogolo|ors
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Fig. 7: Set point adjustment at temperature sensor
pis|on
oporo|ing
olomon|
pin
unversc|
cpp|ccIen requres
seI penI cdjusIer
|crge Ircve|
cI smc||
senser preIecIed
cgcnsI excess
IempercIure
in|ornol prossoro will domogo |ho sonsor. To provon| |his, o prossoro roliol li|
|ing is ins|ollod |Fig. 8].
Whon oxcoss |omporo|oros occor, |ho rising lilling prossoro oc|s on |ho pis|on
bo||om ond poshos |ho pis|on oo| ol |ho sonsor ogoins| |ho lorco ol |ho oxcoss
|omporo|oro spring. This incroosos |ho sonsor volomo. Tho oxcoss |omporo
|oro spring hos no olloc| on |ho so| poin| od|os|mon|.
MeunIng pesIen
A proroqoisi|o lor |ho propor lonc|ioning ol |omporo|oro con|rol sys|oms is
|ho op|imom loco|ion ol |ho sonsor. l| shoold bo |o|olly immorsod in |ho mo
diom |o bo moosorod. Fig. illos|ro|os vorioos moon|ing posi|ions. ll |ho son
sor is moon|od porpondicolor |o |ho llow diroc|ion |Fig. d], |ho sonsor
sorloco is in con|oc| wi|h |ho modiom only shor|ly. ln |his coso, |ho obsorbod
hoo| qoon|i|y con bo |oo smoll |o yiold occoro|o moosoromon| rosol|s.
Ano|hor impor|on| roqoiromon| is |ho| |ho sonsor moosoro noorly wi|hoo|
dood |imo. Dood |imos occor, lor oxomplo, in o hoo|ing sys|om whon |ho son
sor is no| loco|od diroc|ly o| |ho hoo| soorco, o.g. |ho hoo| oxchongor, bo| lor
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Fig. 8: Pressure relief fitting at sensor
pis|on
so| poin|
od|os|or
connoc|ion |o
oporo|ing olomon|
gosko|
oxcoss
|omporo|oro
spring
wreng pesIen c||ecIs
mecsuremenI resu|Is
decd Imes musI be
cveded
owoy in |ho hoo|ing pipo. ln |his coso, |omporo|oro chongos oro moosorod
wi|h doloy.
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Fig. 9: Sensor locations
o] corroc| b] s|ill possiblo
d] wrong c] loss soi|oblo
Dynomic bohovior ol sonsors
Tho dynomic bohovior ol o solloporo|od rogolo|or doponds on |ho dynomic
bohovior ol i|s sonsor. Tho dynomic bohovior is choroc|orizod by |ho |imo
cons|on| . Tho cons|on| doscribos |ho |imo |ho pin noods |o rooch opproxi
mo|oly 3 porcon| ol |ho now oporo|ing poin| whon lorcod by o s|op chongo
in |omporo|oro.
Whon looking o| |ho sonsor lrom |ho viowpoin| ol con|rol onginooring, |ho
sonsor con bo rogordod os onorgy s|oro. l|s dynomic bohovior con bo do
scribod by moons ol on oxponon|iol lonc|ion osing |ho |imo cons|on| T
1
=
|lirs|ordor doloy]. Whon moon|ing o |hormowoll, ono|hor onorgy s|oro is
oddod |o |ho sys|om. Honco, o socondordor sys|om is croo|od. To doscribo
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sensers:
A: vcper pressure
8: cdserpIen
C: |qud expcnsen
Fig. 10: Unit step responses of sensors
|[sj
sonsors
C
B
A
Y
0.3
1
0.2
0.8
20 100 80
0 40

A
C

B
sonsors wi|h
|hormowoll
Y
|[sj
C
B
A
20 100 80
0 40
1
0.
0.2
Y
senser cnd Ihermewe||
beIh exhbI P
1
ccIen
soch o sys|om, |ho |imo cons|on| T
o
ond |ho boildop |imo T
g
con bo osod. For
lor|hor do|oils, plooso rolor |o |ho Tochnicol lnlormo|ion L102 EM.
As con bo soon in Fig. 10, smoll |imo cons|on|s oro |ypicol |o los|rosponding
sonsors.
Toblo 2 lis|s |ho |imo cons|on|s ol |ho dilloron| SAMSM sonsors. Moosoro
mon|s hovo boon modo in wo|or. Yoo con soo lrom |ho |oblo bolow |ho| o
|hormowoll osod wi|h on odsorp|ion ond o vopor prossoro sonsor coosos
long doloys. So |ho los| rosponso |imos inhoron| |o |hoso sonsors oro proc|i
colly olimino|od ond |hoy oro olmos| os slow" os liqoidoxponsion sonsors.
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Principlo |ypo wi|hoo| |hormowoll wi|h |hormowoll
liqoid oxponsion 2213 Z0 120
2231 Z0 120
2232 5 110
2233 25
2234 15
2235 10
odsorp|ion 2430 15 30 40 80
2212 40
2430L 8
243 40
vopor prossoro 24303 3 3 55
2403 40
sonsor diomo|ors d= .5 1 div. .5 1 div.
Table 2: Effect of thermowell on time constant
Ihermewe||s pre|eng
Ihe respense Ime
S|ondord mo|oriols lor sonsors ond |hormowolls oro osoolly coppor or bron
zo bocooso ol |hoir oxcollon| condoc|ivi|y. For oggrossivo modio, s|oinloss
s|ool vorsions oro osod which, howovor, incrooso |ho |imo cons|on|s ol |ho
sonsors by opproximo|oly |on porcon|. Wi|h |hormowolls, s|oinloss s|ool doos
no| olloc| |ho |imo cons|on|.
Thormowolls oro no| soi|od |o bo osod wi|h sonsors lor oir. Doo |o |ho spociol
sonsor shopo, o norrow oir gop is lormod bo|woon |ho |hormowoll ond |ho
sonsor, which hos on insolo|ing olloc|. Tho |imo cons|on| ol on oir sonsor wi|h
|hormowoll woold bo moch highor |hon |ho| ol o s|ondord sonsor wi|h
|hormowoll.
MTE: Yoo moy lind |ochnicol li|oro|oro whoro vorioblos, soch os T
0.5
|hollvoloo poriod] or T
0.
|0 voloo] oro osod |o doscribo |ho dynomic bo
hovior ol sonsors. Thoso voloos con bo colcolo|od lor lirs|ordor sys|oms os
ing |ho oqoo|ion bolow ond |ho |imo cons|on| :
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O A
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= | ] 1

T
0.5
= 0.Z
T
0.
= 2.3
senser mcIerc|:
brenze cnd cepper
Volvos ond |hoir opplico|ions
Fercebc|cncng
Tho signol prossoro ol solloporo|od rogolo|ors is gonoro|od by |ho oxpon
sion ol |ho lilling modiomin |ho oporo|ing olomon|. To moko |ho in|oroc|ion ol
|ho dilloron| lorcos ondors|ondoblo, o volvo boloncod by o bollows is do
scribod in |ho lollowing oxomplo |soo olso Li| [3j].
Tho ops|room prossoro p
1
ond |ho downs|rom prossoro p
2
oc|ing on |ho volvo
plog oro boloncod by |ho bollows. As o rosol|, |ho oc|oo|ing lorco F
A
is op
posod only by |ho proloodod spring F
F
|Fig. 11]. Bo|h lorcos oro boloncod in
o s|o|o ol oqoilibriom.
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sprng cnd ccIucIng
|erce cre bc|cnced n c
sIcIe e| equ|brum
Fig. 11: Force balance after increase in temperature
F
F1
F
A2
F
F2
F
A1
T
1
= cons|.
T
2
= T
1
+ T
Tho solloporo|od rogolo|or is osod |o rodoco or incrooso |ho llow ro|o whon
|ho |omporo|oro o| |ho moosoring poin| risos or lolls.
Tho |omporo|oro is rogolo|od os lollows:
4Whon |ho modiom is hoo|od, |ho lilling liqoid in |ho oporo|ing olomon| ox
ponds ond oxor|s |ho oc|oo|ing lorco F
A
on |ho volvo.
4Tho volvo closos ogoins| |ho spring lorco F
F
, rodocing |ho llow ol |ho hoo|
ing modiom.
4Whon |ho llow is rodocod, |ho |omporo|oro lolls on|il o now oqoilibriom ol
lorcos ond, honco, o now volvo posi|ion is roochod.
MTE: Whon sizing o sys|om incloding o hoo| oxchongor, |ho ops|room |om
poro|oro mos| bo minimom 10 K obovo |ho so| poin| |omporo|oro |o onsoro
solo closing ol |ho volvo.
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Mxng cnd dverIng vc|ves
Hoo|ing ond cooling con|rol sys|oms roqoiro dilloron| volvo s|ylos. Globo vol
vos con|rol ono llow |o od|os| |ho dosirod |omporo|oro. Throowoy volvos, on
|ho o|hor hond, mix or divor| |wo hoo| llows.
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A AB
B
Fig. 12: Three-way mixing valve
B
A AB
Fig. 13: Three-way diverting valve
Throowoy volvos hovo |hroo por|s |A, B, AB], whilo globo volvos hovo |wo.
Whon no oc|oo|ing lorco is oxor|od on |ho volvo, o ro|orn spring onsoros |ho|
|ho dooblo plog is lirmly plocod on ono ol |ho |wo soo|s. ln mixing volvos
|Fig.12], |ho hoo|ing modiom on|ors o| por| B vio |ho soo|/plog ossombly ond
loovos |hroogh por| AB. Por| A is closod. Whon on oc|oo|ing lorco oc|s on |ho
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Fig. 14: Example of a heating system
con|rol |osk: cons|on| |omporo|oro in |ho consomor loop
llow con|rol divor|ing
volvo closos
globo volvo
|hroowoy
mixing volvo
|hroowoy
divor|ing volvo
A opons
B closos
A closos
B opons
whon |omporo|oro incroosos
mixing
medum ||ew Ihreugh
mxng vc|ves
plog s|om, |ho volvo movos |owords i|s o|hor ond posi|ion, rodocing |ho llow
|hroogh |ho inlo| por| B ond oponing |ho inlo| por| A.
Tho llow |hroogh divor|ing volvos |Fig. 13] is qoi|o dilloron|. Horo, |ho cool
ing modiom on|ors o| por| AB. Tho s|rooms oro divor|od occording |o |ho
volvo posi|ion ond linolly loovo |hroogh |ho por|s A ond B.
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Fig. 15: Example of a cooling system
con|rol |osk: cons|on| |omporo|oro in |ho consomor loop
llow con|rol
divor|ing
volvo opons
globo volvo
|hroowoy
mixing volvo
|hroowoy
divor|ing volvo
A opons
B closos
A closos
B opons
mixing
whon |omporo|oro incroosos
medum ||ew Ihreugh
dverIng vc|ves
Tho oporo|ing principlo ol |ho volvos ond |hoir opplico|ion in o hoo|ing ond o
cooling sys|om oro illos|ro|od in Figs. 13 ond 14.
Tho Figs. 13 ond 14 show |ypicol ins|ollo|ion oxomplos whoro |ho volvos con
bo ins|ollod oi|hor in |ho llow pipo or in |ho ro|orn pipo. ln hoo|ing sys|oms
wi|h high |omporo|oros ond low prossoros, covi|o|ion con cooso probloms,
|horoloro |ho volvo shoold bo ins|ollod in |ho coolor ro|orn pipo.
Whon onginooring |ho hoo|ing or cooling ins|ollo|ion, moko soro |ho| |ho
procoss modiomllows in |ho oponing diroc|ion ol |ho plog ol |ho mixing or di
vor|ing volvo so |ho| "vibro|ions" noor |ho closing posi|ion oro provon|od.
|horwiso |ho smoll sorloco, |ho high voloci|y ond |ho low prossoro woold
cooso |ho plog |o bo soizod in |ho soo| ond roloosod ogoin whon |ho llow is
in|orrop|od.
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nsIc||ng vc|ves n
hecIng er cee|ng
sysIems
G|ebe vc|ves n cee|ng servce
Tho globo volvos doscribod obovo closo whon |ho |omporo|oro o| |ho sonsor
risos, honco, |hoy oro soi|oblo lor hoo|ing sorvico. ln cooling ins|ollo|ions,
howovor, o volvo is roqoirod |ho| opons wi|h incroosing |omporo|oro. This
con bo ochiovod oi|hor by chonging |ho soo|/plog posi|ion or by ins|olling o
rovorsing dovico |Fig. 1] bo|woon |ho sonsor ond |ho bollows hoosing ol o
normol" globo volvo. ln |ho lo||or coso, |ho volvo is closod by |ho spring lorco
ond opons whon |ho |omporo|oro risos.
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Fig. 16: Reversing device
plog s|om
rovorsing dovico
connoc|ion |o
oporo|ing
olomon|
reversng devce
chcnges
epercIng drecIen
Appondix A1:
Addi|ionol li|oro|oro
[1j Torminology ond Symbols in Con|rol Enginooring
Tochnicol lnlormo|ion L101 EM, SAMSM AG
[2j Con|rollors ond Con|rollod Sys|oms
Tochnicol lnlormo|ion L102 EM, SAMSM AG
[3j Solloporo|od Rogolo|ors
Tochnicol lnlormo|ion L202 EM, SAMSM AG
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Figoros
Fig. 1: Tomporo|oro con|rol loop wi|h hoo| oxchongor . . . . . . . . . 5
Fig. 2: Exponsion ol o liqoid in o cylindor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig. 3: C
2
molocolos doposi|ing on oc|ivo|od corbon . . . . . . . . .
Fig. 4: S|oomprossoro corvos ol hydrocorbons . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Fig. 5: Uni| s|op rosponso ol o bolb sonsor ond o loorbolb sonsor . . . 12
Fig. : Elloc| ol K
P
on moosoring spon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fig. Z: So| poin| od|os|mon| o| |omporo|oro sonsor . . . . . . . . . . 14
Fig. 8: Prossoro roliol li||ing o| sonsor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Fig. : Sonsor loco|ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Fig. 10: Uni| s|op rosponsos ol sonsors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Z
Fig. 11: Forco bolonco ol|or incrooso in |omporo|oro. . . . . . . . . . 20
Fig. 12: Throowoy mixing volvo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Fig. 13: Throowoy divor|ing volvo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Fig. 14: Exomplo ol o hoo|ing sys|om. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Fig. 15: Exomplo ol o cooling sys|om. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Fig. 1: Rovorsing dovico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
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U
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5
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5
5AM5ON rghI en quc|Iy ceurse
ISO9001
Our quc|Iy cssurcnce sysIem,
cppreved by 8VQ, gucrcnIees c hgh
quc|Iy e| preducIs cnd servces.
S//SC| /C /|SS U|D ||C|||CH||| \osuo||o|s||u|o o Dc0o^ ||ur||o|| uu /ur
||uro +^' c'} ^ 00 '0 o|o|ux +^' c'} ^ 00 '' 0. |r|o|ro|. |||p.//vvv.suusur.uo

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