Attenuators th ng

Khi nim c bn Attenuator th ng

Mt suy hao l mt loi c bit ca mch hai chiu in hoc in t to thnh t cc yu t hon ton
in tr. Mt suy hao l mt mng li cng hai in tr c thit k lm suy yu hoc "lm gim
bt" (v th tn ca h) quyn lc c cung cp bi mt ngun ti mt mc m l ph hp vi ti
trng kt ni.
Mt suy hao th ng lm gim lng in nng c chuyn giao cho cc ti trng kt ni
bi hoc l mt s tin c nh duy nht, mt s lng bin hoc trong mt lot cc bc
chuyn i c bit n. Suy hao thng c s dng trong pht thanh, truyn thng v
cc ng dng ng truyn lm suy yu mt tn hiu mnh.
Cc th ng suy hao l mt mng li in tr hon ton th ng (do khng cung cp)
c s dng trong mt lot cc thit b in t m rng phm vi hot ng ca thit b o
lng bng cch iu chnh mc tn hiu, cung cp tr khng ph hp ca dao ng
hay my khuch i gim tc ng ca khng ng cch chm dt u vo / u ra, hoc
ch n gin l cung cp cch ly gia cc giai on mch khc nhau ty thuc vo ng dng
ca h nh c hin th.
Suy hao kt ni


Mng suy hao n gin (cn c gi l "ming") c th c thit k to ra mt mc
c nh ca "suy gim" hoc cung cp cho mt s lng bin ca s suy gim trong cc
bc xc nh trc. Mng suy hao c nh tiu chun thng c bit n nh l mt "suy
hao pad" c sn trong cc gi tr c th t 0 dB n hn 100 dB. Suy hao bin v chuyn v
c bn mng li in tr c th iu chnh cho thy mt s gia tng hiu chun trong suy
gim cho mi bc chuyn, v d nh bc-2dB hoc-6dB mi chuyn i v tr.
Sau , mt suy hao l mt bn thit b u cui (hai cng) mng in tr th ng (loi hot
ng cng c sn trong s dng bng bn dn v mch tch hp) c thit k sn xut
"distortionless" s suy gim ca tn hiu in u ra tt c cc tn s bng mt s tin bng
khng c giai on chuyn i khng ging nh mt loi th ng mng b lc RC, v do
t c suy hao ny nn c to thnh t cc in tr thun khng quy np v khng
wirewound, v cc yu t phn ng s cung cp cho th tn s.
n gin th ng Attenuator

Suy hao l o ngc ca cc b khuch i trong h gim c vi in p in tr chia
mch l mt suy hao in hnh. S lng suy gim trong mt mng no c xc nh bi
t l: u ra / u vo . V d, nu in p u vo cho mt mch l 1 volt (1V) v in p u
ra l 1 milli-volt (1mV) sau s lng suy gim l 1mV/1V tng ng vi 0.001 hoc
gim 1.000.
Tuy nhin, s dng in p, dng in hoc thm ch t l xc nh hoc th hin s tin
ca suy gim m mt mng suy hao in tr c th c, c gi l yu t suy gim , c th
gy nhm ln, v vy cho suy hao th ng mc ca suy gim thng c th hin bng
cch s dng logarit quy m c a ra trong decibel ( dB ) lm cho n d dng hn i
ph vi s lng nh nh vy.
Mc suy gim
Mt hiu sut suy hao c th hin bng ca s decibel tn hiu u vo gim mi thp
k tn s (hoc qung tm). Cc decibel , vit tt l "dB", thng c nh ngha l logarit
hoc "ng nhp" thc o ca in p, t l hin ti hoc quyn lc v i din cho mt
phn mi 1/10th ca mt Bel.Ni cch khc phi mt 10 decibel lm cho mt bel. Sau
, theo nh ngha, t l gia mt tn hiu u vo (Vin) v mt tn hiu u ra (Vout) c
a ra trong decibel l:
S suy gim decibel

Lu decibel ( dB ) l mt t l logarit v do khng c n v. V vy, mt gi tr ca-
140dB i din cho s suy gim ca 1:10,000,000 n v hoc mt t l 10 triu n 1!.
Trong mch suy hao th ng, n thng l thun tin gn gi tr u vo l im tham
chiu 0 dB.iu ny c ngha rng khng c vn gi tr thc t ca tn hiu u vo hoc
in p l g, c s dng nh mt ti liu tham kho no so snh gi tr sn lng
suy gim v do c gn mt gi tr 0 dB. iu ny c ngha rng bt k gi tr ca tn
hiu u ra in p di im thng tin ny s c th hin nh mt gi tr dB tiu cc, ( -
dB ).
V vy, v d nh s suy gim ca-6dB ch ra rng gi tr l 6 dB so vi tham chiu u vo 0
dB. Tng t nh vy nu t l u ra / u vo t hn mt (thng nht), v d 0.707, sau
iu ny tng ng vi 20 log (0,707) =-3dB. Nu t l u ra / u vo = 0,5, sau iu
ny tng ng vi 20 log (0,5) = -6 dB, v nh vy, vi cc bng in gim ting chun c
sn tit kim tnh ton.
Th ng Attenuators V d No1
Mt mch suy hao th ng c chn mt-32dB v mt in p u ra ca 50mV. Nhng g s
c gi tr ca in p u vo.


Cc antilog ( ng nhp
-1
) ca -1.6 c cho l:


Sau , nu in p u ra c sn xut vi 32 decibel ca suy gim, mt in p u vo
ca 2,0 volt l bt buc.
Suy hao mt Bng
Vout /
Vin
1 0,7071 0.5 0,25 0,125 0.0625 0,03125 0,01563 0,00781
ng
nhp
Gi tr
20log
(1)
20log
(0,7071)
20log
(0.5)
20log
(0,25)
20log
(0,125)
20log
(0,0625)
20log
(0,03125)
20log
(0,01563)
20log
(0,00781)
trong dB
ca
0 -3dB -6dB -12dB -18dB -24dB -30dB -36dB -42dB

v nh vy, sn xut mt bng vi nhiu gi tr decibel nh chng ti yu cu cho thit k
suy hao ca chng ti.
iu ny lm gim in p, dng in hoc th hin trong decibel bng cch chn cc suy
hao vo mt mch in c gi l mt chn v mt ti thiu mch thit k suy hao trn u
ca tr khng khng ng u vi tn tht ti thiu trong cc mng li kt hp.
By gi chng ta bit nhng g mt suy hao th ng l nh th no n c th c s dng
gim hoc "lm gim bt" sc mnh hoc cp in p ca mt tn hiu, trong khi gii
thiu t hoc khng c s bin dng v chn mt mt, bi mt s lng hin trong decibel,
chng ta c th bt u nhn vo thit k mch suy hao khc nhau c sn.
Thit k Attenuator th ng
C rt nhiu cch, trong in tr c th c sp xp theo mch suy hao vi tim nng
Divider vi mch l loi n gin nht ca mch suy hao th ng. Tim nng hoc in p
mch chia thng c gi l "L-pad" suy hao bi v s mch ca n tng t nh ca
mt o "L". Nhng c nhng loi ph bin khc ca mng suy hao cng nh "T-pad" suy
hao v "Pi-pad" () suy hao ty thuc vo cch bn kt ni vi nhau cc thnh phn in
tr. Ba loi suy hao thng c trnh by di y.
Cc loi suy hao

Cc mu thit k mch suy hao trn c th c sp xp theo mt trong hai "cn bng" hoc
"khng cn bng" vi hnh thc hot ng ca c hai loi l ging ht nhau. Phin bn cn
bng ca "T-pad" suy hao c gi l "H-pad" suy hao trong khi phin bn cn bng ca "-
pad" suy hao c gi l "O-pad" suy hao. Suy hao T-loi cu ni cng c sn.
Trong mt suy hao khng cn bng, cc yu t in tr c kt ni vi mt bn ca ng
dy truyn ti ch trong khi pha bn kia l c cn c trnh r r tn s cao. Ni chung l
bn cn c ca mng suy hao khng c yu t in tr v do c gi l "ng thng
thng".
Trong mt cu hnh suy hao cn bng, cng mt s cc yu t in tr c kt ni nh nhau
i vi mi bn ca ng dy truyn ti vi mt t t ti mt im trung tm to ra bi
cc in tr song song cn bng. Ni chung, cc mng suy hao cn bng v khng cn bng
khng c th c kt ni vi nhau nh kt qu ny trong mt na s mng cn bng c
qu thiu vi mt t thng qua cc cu hnh khng cn bng.
Attenuators chuyn
Thay v ch c mt suy hao t c mc cn thit ca s suy gim, c nhn ming suy
hao c th c kt ni hoc cascaded vi nhau tng s lng ca s suy gim trong cc
bc nht nh suy gim. Chuyn mch quay a cc, cng tc rocker hoc ghp b chuyn
mch push-nt cng c th c s dng kt ni hoc b qua c nhn c nh cc mng
suy hao trong bt k chui mong mun t 1dB 100dB hoc nhiu hn, lm cho n d dng
thit k v xy dng mng suy hao chuyn, cng c bit n nh mt bc suy
hao . Bng cch chuyn i trong suy hao thch hp, s suy gim c th c tng hoc gim
trong cc bc c nh nh hnh di y.
Attenuator chuyn


y, c bn mng in tr suy hao c lp cascaded vi nhau trong mt mng li lot bc
thang vi mi suy hao c gi tr gp i so vi ngi tin nhim ca n, (1-2-4-8). Mi mng
suy hao c th c chuyn "trong" hay "ra" ca cc ng dn tn hiu theo yu cu ca
vic chuyn i lin quan n sn xut mt mch suy hao iu chnh bc c th c
chuyn t 0dB n 15dB trong 1dB bc.
V vy, tng s tin ca suy gim cung cp bi mch s l tng ca tt c bn mng suy hao
c chuyn sang "IN". V vy, v d nh s suy gim ca-5dB s yu cu chuyn
mch SW1 v SW3 c kt ni, v s suy gim ca-12dB s yu cu chuyn
mch SW3 v SW4 c kt ni, v nh vy.
Tm tt suy hao
Mt suy hao l mt thit b bn thit b u cui lm gim bin hay sc mnh ca
mt tn hiu m khng lm mo m cc dng sng tn hiu, mt suy hao gii thiu mt
s tin nht nh ca mt mt.
Mng suy hao c chn vo gia mt ngun v mt mch ti gim cng tn
hiu ngun bng mt khon tin gi ph hp vi ti.
Suy hao c th c c nh, hon ton bin hoc bin trong cc bc c bit n
ca s suy gim,-0.5dB,-1dB,-10dB, vv
Mt suy hao c th i xng hoc khng i xng v hnh thc v th cn bng hoc
khng cn bng.
Suy hao c nh cn c gi l "pad" c s dng "ph hp" tr khng khng
ng u.
Mt suy hao l c hiu qu tri ngc vi mt b khuch i. Mt b khuch i cung
cp tng trong khi mt b suy gim cung cp mt, hoc t c t hn 1 (thng nht).
Suy hao thng cc thit b th ng thc hin t cc mng chia in p n
gin. Vic chuyn i gia cc in tr khc nhau sn xut suy hao bc iu chnh v
nhng iu chnh lin tc s dng chit p.
n gin ha vic thit k cc b suy hao, mt "K" (i vi lin tc) gi tr c th c s
dng. Ny"K" gi tr l t s ca in p, dng in hoc tng ng vi mt gi tr nht nh
ca dB suy gim v c cho l:

Chng ti c th sn xut mt tp hp cc gi tr hng s gi l "K" gi tr cho s tin khc
nhau ca suy gim nh c a ra trong bng di y.
Suy hao mt Bng
dB 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 10,0 20.0
"K" gi tr 1,0593 1,1220 1,2589 1.4125 1,5849 1,7783 1,9953 3,1623 10.000
v nh vy, sn xut mt bng vi nhiu " K "gi tr nh chng ti yu cu.
Suy hao gi tr c nh, c gi l "ming suy hao" c s dng ch yu tn s v tuyn
( RF ) ng dy h p, tiu tan quyn lc, hoc ci thin tr khng ph hp gia mch
khng ph hp khc nhau.
Suy hao dng cp trong pre-ampli hoc khuch i cng sut c th n gin nh mt chit
0,5 watt, hoc in p chia L-pad c thit k lm gim bin ca tn hiu m thanh
trc khi n t n loa, gim khi lng u ra.
Trong o tn hiu, ming m in cao suy hao c s dng lm gim bin ca tn
hiu mt khon tin gi cho php o lng, hoc bo v cc thit b o t mc tn hiu
cao m nu khng c th lm hng n.
Trong hng dn tip theo v suy hao , chng ti s xem xt cc loi hnh c bn nht ca
mng suy hao in tr thng c gi l "L-loi" hoc "L-pad" suy hao c th c thc
hin ch s dng hai thnh phn in tr. "L-pad" mch suy hao cng c th c s dng
nh mt in p hoc tim nng mch chia.