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rKI qJA w

sOdA b r tOU s rK37 bF vK U uKF wI_ j vK 2 1 sOdA b


t WOKH WuKF sOU s rK 24 bF vK U d_ wd j vK 4 3
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? WF_

84

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72

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r wU_ jIL eO qLL qODL vK qBM 5 s U O U D 7 s U OI U D rd 7 WDIM
wU jIL eO qLL qODL vK qBM 6 s U O U D rd

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

1
3

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W j UL UNKb rd w ODL vK qB pc

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

1
3

2
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qJA w
wd HB rKI W j ULK U rUFLdNE r 2H rKI se q JA W j UL rd b
lDI j WOzdL dO u r
UUO b WF qLJ WdC dO bze uD ULLU qe

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

Dimensioning

UF_ WU

w wU d WuK vK UF_ WUJ UNOK UEL UF_ WUJ WObMN WuK qLJ
wK U UF_ WU sLC tUKDB bu t wUMB rd
d d bF bF wUN l b1 2H rKI rd qB lO j u Extension Line b j
.rK 2-1 bI

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wK U0 UF_ j
bF WU d* jK U u bF j rd
rK 10 jI* s bF j) WU d
rK 8 iF s ULNCF 5u* bF wD) WU d ?
.bF j WUN w t vK2 YKL bF j wd w HB rKI rN_ rd Arrows rN_
.rK 1 wu tbU rK 3 wu rN u uJ

w wd bF j U vK wI_bF j u ud U _ VJ ed bF r WU


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Ued v dOA UNDO f rN wNM dzb U b F j U dzb UF VJ
ed b UF w qb s jO; U 5LN wNM ed*U d1 bF j
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rd vK UF_ WU qJA

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WO dOUMLK W jUL r VUM r UOIL sUL

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

WLzU W

wI j

{_ U YK

sOKUI sOFK{ q

sOU U YK

w j

WU {

90 U sOU

UFK{
UU

90 UNMO

qOD
Wdz WFD

ld

{
WU

jOL

dDI
dDI nB

dz

dz l

UH

dzb d

UH

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U W

du

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WU {

sOF

UL j

dz UD

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WdHM W

{_ nK YK

WU WKUI {

{_ u
uL j

UL WDI

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

lKC u

VFJ

uD

OD u

lKC u

rEM wUL

dF

bUI

d

rzU w uAM

bUI

wU d

lKC

d

h U lD

WLzU WuD

bUI

rzU d

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lKC u

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sONu sO WUL

UH

UH

UH

UH

ldL WLzU
WOM_ ld*
1

Frederick E. Giesecke & others, Technical Drawing, 2th ed. Prentice Hall, 2003.

Jackson E, Advanced Level Technical Drawing, 3ed. London: Longman Group Ltd., 1975.

WOdF ld*
lu dAMK dA UL wbMN r w ld* `U uL uL
lu dAM WUDK UU tK wbMN rd U vO WOC
aU b WOFU' Vd dO wbMN rd U sb w AI
lu dAMK UH UL wbMN rd u u
WdF* U b dH wbMN rd bOL( b dJ

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?

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