1

Constants and Formulas

R = 8.31451 J K
1
mol
1
= 0.08206LatmK
1
mol
1
; 1 bar = 10
5
Pa
1 L = 1 dm
3
= 10
3
m
3
; 0

C = 273.15 K
w =

P
ext
dV ; H = U + (PV )
=
1
V

V
T

P
; =
1
V

V
P

T
H = U +PV ; A = U TS ; G = H TS
U = C
V
T ; H = C
P
T
=
T
hot
T
cold
T
hot
dS dq/T ; dS = dq
rev.
/T
S = nRln(V
f
/V
i
) +nC
V m
ln(T
f
/T
i
) for a ideal gas
S = nRln(P
f
/P
i
) +nC
Pm
ln(T
f
/T
i
) for a ideal gas
S = C
V
ln(T
f
/T
i
) +/(V
f
V
i
) for solids and liquids
S = C
P
ln(T
f
/T
i
) V (P
f
P
i
) for solids and liquids
S
tr
= H
tr
/T
tr
; ln K
P
= G

R
/RT
lnK
P
(T
2
) = lnK
P
(T
1
) (H

R
/R) (1/T
2
1/T
1
)
G(T
2
)/T
2
= G(T
1
)/T
1
+ H(T
1
)(1/T
2
1/T
1
)
G
mixing
= nRT

i
x
i
lnx
i
; S
mixing
= nR

i
x
i
lnx
i