osc i=dkfjrk % Lo:i] volj

,oa pqukSfr;ksa dk v/;;u

Web Journalism : A study of pattern,
opportunities and challenges
ih,p-Mh-&tulapkj ds fy, izLrkfor kks/k&dk;Z dh :ijs[kk
l=&2013&14

lk fo|k ;k foeqDr;s

kks/k funZskd
MkW jfe cksgjk

kks/k Nk= % mekkadj feJ

vuqdzekad %VMOU/Ph.D/CWE/13/JM/21

foHkkx v/;{k
MkW lqcks/k dqekj

i=dkfjrk ,oa tulapkj foHkkx

o/kZeku egkohj [kqyk foofo|ky;
jkorHkkVk jksM] dksVk&324021] jktLFkku
http://www.vmou.ac.in

osc i=dkfjrk % Lo:i] volj

,oa pqukSfr;ksa dk v/;;u
Web Journalism : A study of pattern,
opportunities and challenges
izLrkouk (Introduction) :
yacs le; rd gekjs ikl lwpuk ds rhu izeq[k ek/;e ekStwn Fks] Vsyhfotu] jsfM;ks vkSj lekpkj i=A ysfdu chloha lnh
ds vafre nkd ds lkFk ,d dzkafrdkjh kq:vkr gqbZ] ftls ge baVjusV ds uke ls tkurs gSaA jsfM;ks ds vkxkt ds ckn 5
djksM+ Jksrkvksa rd igqap cukus esa bl ek/;e dks 38 lky yx x,A ogha] Vsyhfotu dks ;gka rd igqapus esa 13 lky yxs
FksA tcfd ^oYMZ okbM osc* us egt 4 lky esa bl vkadM+s dks Nw fy;k FkkA vkt baVjusV u dsoy lwpuk ds lcls rst
izokg dk tfj;k cu x;k gS] cfYd bZ&dkWelZ ,oa ukxfjd lsokvksa ds {ks= esa Hkh bldh Hkwfedk dkQh vge gks xbZ gSA
lwpuk ,oa lekpkj dh nqfu;k esa baVjusV dh nLrd us Hkh viuh Nki NksM+h gSA vkt lekpkj i=ksa ,oa i=dkfjrk ds Lo:i
esa cnyko ds u, :>ku lkeus vk jgs gSaA bZ&isij] vkWfM;ks ,oa ohfM;ks ls ;qDr dzkafrdkjh ek/;e baVjusV us osc i=dkfjrk
dh ubZ fo/kk dks tUe fn;k gSA igqap] izHkko ,oa mi;ksfxrk dh n`f"V ls osc i=dkfjrk dk nk;jk Hkh yxkrkj c<+ jgk gSA
orZeku nkSj esa eYVhehfM;k eksckby fMoklst bl cnyko dk izeq[k ek/;e cu jgh gSaA Hkkjr tSls fofo/krkvksa ls Hkjs
fofHkUu Hkkkkvksa vkSj cksfy;ksa ds nsk esa baVjusV i=dkfjrk ifjiDork dh vksj c<+ jgh gS] blesa ikBdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh Hkh
c<+ jgh gSA blds ckotwn HkkkkbZ ,oa tulka[;dh; fofo/krk dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr esa vHkh Hkh baVjusV i=dkfjrk dks yack
lQj r; djuk gSA

osc i=dkfjrk dk orZeku Lo:i

(Present scenario of web journalism)
o"kZ 2010 ds vkf[kjh fnuksa esa cgqpfpZr osclkbV fodhyhDl us vesfjdh fonsk foHkkx ds [kqfQ;k nLrkostksa dks lkoZtfud
djds nqfu;k Hkj esa rgydk epk fn;k FkkA 250]000 xksiuh; jktuf;d nLrkostksa ds [kqykls ls ,slk gM+dai epk fd
vesfjdh] ;wjksih; vkSj vkWLVsfy;kbZ ljdkjsa dB?kjs esa vk xbZaA mUgsa vius c;kuksa vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa dks ysdj lQkbZ nsuh iM+h
vkSj bu nskksa dh ljdkjsa fodhyhDl ds laLFkkid twfy;u vlkats dks dkuwuh fkdats esa dlus dks lfdz; gks mBhaA ,sls
esa LohMu dh ljdkj us ;kSu kksk.k ds fooknkLin vkjksiksa dks ysdj vlkats ds f[kykQ ;wjksih; fxjrkjh dk okjaV fudkyk
vkSj varr% vlkats us fczfVk iqfyl ds le{k vkReleiZ.k dj fn;k] ysfdu mUgksaus nqfu;k ls vihy djrs gq, dgk fd
muds dke dks xSj dkuwuh vkSj vuSfrd geyksa ls cpk;k tk,A vlkats dks tsy rks gqbZ] ysfdu Vkbe if=dk us tc lcls
egRoiw.kZ vkSj pfpZr O;fDr ds fy, 2010 ds ilZu vkWQ n b;j ds fy, vkWuykbu oksfVax djkbZ] rks twfy;u vlkats ds
i{k esa lcls T;knk oksV iMs+A mUgksaus yksdfiz;rk ds ekinaM ij ikWi LVkj ysMh xkxk vkSj vesfjdh jk"Vifr cjkd vksckek
dks Hkh ihNs NksM+ fn;kA iwjh nqfu;k esa ;s osc i=dkfjrk dk vius vki esa igyk mnkgj.k Fkk] ftlus osc i=dkfjrk dh
,d ubZ ifjHkk"kk dks tUe fn;kA Hkkjr esa Hkh dkWjiksjsV ykWfcLV uhjk jkfM;k ds m|ksxifr;ksa] eaf=;ksa] usrkvksa] izkkldksa vkSj
i=dkjksa ls Qksu ij gqbZ ckrphr ds luluh[kst [kqykls vkSj iwjh dh iwjh Qksu fjdkWfMZax ds osclkbV ij miyC/k gksus ls
osc i=dkfjrk dks ubZ lkFkZdrk feyuh kq: gks xbZA ysfdu osc i=dkfjrk ds Lo:i esa cnyko dh xawt dkQh igys gh
lqukbZ nsus yxh FkhA ckr 1999 dh gS] chchlh ds nf{k.k ,fk;k ds izeq[k lSe feyj fganh lsok dh ,d t:jh cSBd ys jgs
FksA bl cSBd esa mUgksaus dgk fd vc chchlh fganh lsok dh osclkbV kq: gksxh vkSj jsfM;ks ls T;knk tksj baVjusV ij
jgsxkA jsfM;ks izksM~;wllZ dks fgnk;r nh xbZ fd oks baVjusV ds utfj;s ls lkspuk vkjaHk dj nsa vkSj ,DlDywflo LVksjht

ij dke djsaA ;g ,d pkSadkus okyh ?kks"k.kk Fkh] D;ksafd chchlh jsfM;ks ds Jksrkvksa dh ,d vPNh [kklh la[;k ml nkSj esa
FkhA ,sls esa ;s lkspuk dYiuk ls ijs Fkk fd Hkfo"; esa jsfM;ks dh ctk; osc vk/kkfjr lekpkjksa ,oa lwpukvksa dks T;knk
rjthg nh tk,xhA ,d nkd ls Hkh vf/kd le; chr tkus ds ckn chchlh fganh dh osclkbV gj lIrkg yk[kksa fgV~l ik
jgh gSA ml ij jsfM;ks dk;Zdze Hkh gSa] ykbo Vhoh] ykbo desaVh vkSj ohfM;ks ,oa rLohjsa Hkh ekStwn gSaA bl rjg chchlh
iwjh rjg baVjusV ij fkV gks x;k gSA
kkWVZoso jsfM;ks ij teZu jsfM;ks MkW;ps osys dh fganh lsok Hkh can gks pqdh gS vkSj iwjk daVsV osclkbV ij vk pqdk gSA okW;l
vkWQ vesfjdk esa ;s dke dkQh igys gh gks pqdk Fkk vkSj jsfM;ks LVsku can djds flQZ vkWuykbu :i dks gh cjdjkj
j[kk x;kA rdZ ;s fn;k x;k fd kkWVZoso ds Jksrkvksa dh la[;k ?kVrh tk jgh gS vkSj vkWuykbu ;wtlZ c<+rs tk jgs gSaA
ehfM;k laLFkkuksa dks vc oks Jksrk pkfg,] tks baVjusV ij Hkh jsfM;ks lqu ldsa] ,sls nkZd pkfg,] tks vkWuykbu Vhoh U;wt
ns[k ldsa vkSj ,sls ikBd pkfg,] tks leku osc IysVQkeZ ij gh [kcjsa i<+ ldsaA baVjusV ij fizaV] n`; ,oa JO; ek/;eksa
ds bl leUo; dks ehfM;k dUotsZal dgk tk jgk gSA fofHkUu lekpkj i= vius baVjusV laLdj.kksa ij [kklk /;ku ns jgs
gSa vkSj baVjusV dks /;ku esa j[kdj eYVhehfM;k izksMDku fd;k tk jgk gSA Hkkjr esa vkWuykbu tuZfyTe dk pyu rsth
ls c<+ jgk gSA djksM+ksa yksxksa rd igqap j[kus okys lekpkj i= vkSj Vsyhfotu pSuy Hkh vius osc laLdj.kksa ij vPNk
[kklk fuosk dj jgs gSaA v[kckjksa ,oa Vhoh pSuyksa esa ijaijkxr laikndh; foHkkx ds vykok ,d fMftVy ehfM;k dh ,d
vyx Vhe dke dj jgh gSA mudk viuk rduhdh liksVZ flLVe vkSj ekfdZfVax Vhe gSA iksVsZcy eksckby fMoklst ds
vkus ckn baVjusV dh igqap Hkh rsth ls yksxksa ds chp c<+ jgh gS vkSj bu rduhdh midj.kksa dk bLrseky cM+s iSekus ij
lwpuk ,oa lekpkj lsokvksa ds fy, fd;k tkus yxk gSA lwpuk ds yksdra=hdj.k esa baVjusV dh Hkwfedk dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk
tk jgk gSA jktuhfrd ny vkSj ljdkjsa xkao&xkao esa baVjusV igqapkus dh ckr dj jgh gSaA t+kfgj gS lwpuk ,oa lekpkjksa
ds izokg esa baVjusV dh Hkwfedk vkSj yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh yxkrkj c<+ jgh gSA
osc i=dkfjrk esa dqN le; igys vaxzsth dk ,dkf/kdkj FkkA fiNys dqN lkyksa esa blesa cnyko gq, gSaA vc fganh lekpkj
i=ksa dh osclkbVsa yxkrkj c<+ jgh gSa vkSj mudk j[kj[kko] [kcjksa dk viMsku Hkh igys ls csgrj gks jgk gSA bankSj ds
ubZ nqfu;k v[kckj us osc nqfu;k ds uke ls fganh esa igyk lkepkj iksVZy kq: djds fagnh esa baVjusV i=dkfjrk ds ,d
u, ;qx dk vkjaHk fd;kA blds ckn fnYyh ds i=dkj gfjkaj O;kl us fganh iksVZy usV tky kq: fd;kA blds vykok
fjfMQ MkWV dkWe] lR;e vkWuykbu MkWV dkWe] foesu baQksykbu MkWV dkWe tSls dqN cMs+ iksVZYl us Hkh fganh ds lsDku kq:
fd,A vc rks yxHkx lHkh izeq[k fganh lekpkj i=ksa dh osclkbV ekStwn gSaA buesa fganh v[kckj nSfud tkxj.k dh osclkbV
tkxj.k MkWV dkWe dkQh etcwrh ds lkFk viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djkrs gq, Alexa jsfVax vkSj Webtrend ds vuqlkj Hkkjr
esa ikap osclkbVksa esa ls ,d vkSj foo dk uacj ,d fganh U;wt iksVZy cu x;k gSA blds vykok vej mtkyk] nSfud
HkkLdj] jkVzh; lgkjk] fganh feyki] ubZ nqfu;k] izHkkr [kcj] jktLFkku if=dk] uoHkkjr VkbEl vkSj chchlh fganh lsok dh
osclkbVsa gSaA fganh esa dqN lkIrkfgd lekpkj i=ksa dh Hkh osclkbVsa gSa buesa bafM;k VqMs vkSj ikUptU; izeq[k gSaA
osc i=dkfjrk us kgjh e/;oxZ dh fokky vkcknh esa viuk yf{kr miHkksDrk oxZ <wa< fy;k gS vkSj bls Hkkjr dh 60
izfrkr ls vf/kd xzkeh.k vkcknh ds chp viuk vk/kkj rS;kj djuk gSA ;g uo&vkS|ksfxd fodkl gS vkSj blds ihNs
Xykscy foo dh rduhdsa Hkh tk,axhA baVjusV muesa ls ,d gksxkA baVjusV tk,xk] czkWMcSaM tk,xk vkSj daI;wVj ,oa eksckby
Qksu ij lc dqN miyC/k gksxk&v[kckj Hkh] jsfM;ks Hkh vkSj Vsyhfotu HkhA Hkkjr esa vHkh vf/kla[; vkcknh ds ikl baVjusV
;qDr daI;wVj ;k vR;k/kqfud eksckby Qksu ugha gSaA mu rd [kcj ,oa lwpuk igaqpkus dh ftEesnkjh Hkh u, ehfM;k dks
rykk djuh gksxhA bu gkykrksa esa osc i=dkfjrk ds tfj;s lekpkj dh nqfu;k ls tqMs+ yksxksa ds lkeus u, pSysat vk x,
gSaA u, dkSky dh ekax c<+h gSA isks ds fygkt ls ns[ksa rks Vhoh] jsfM;ks ;k fizaV ds i=dkjksa dh ctk; vkus okys le; esa
eYVh&ehfM;k i=dkjksa dh ekax c<+ ldrh gSA vkt ftl rjg ls fofHkUu lekpkj i=] Vhoh pSuy vkSj jsfM;ks LVsku
lwpuk ,oa lekpkjksa ds izlkj&izpkj ds fy, baVjusV dks tfj;k cuk jgs gSa] mlls loky mBuk ykfteh gS fd D;k Hkfo;
esa jsfM;ks] Vhoh ;k fQj fizaV ds i=dkjksa dh ctk; eYVh&ehfM;k tuZfyLVksa dh ekax c<+ tk,xh\ loky ;g Hkh gS fd
ehfM;k dUotsZal ds bl nkSj esa D;k osc i=dkfjrk v[kckjksa ,oa Vsyhfotu ds fy, pqukSrh isk djus tk jgh gS\

Hkkjrh; Hkkkk,a vkSj osc i=dkfjrk

(Indian Languages & web journalism)
1-2 vjc vkcknh okys Hkkjr nsk esa 22 vkf/kdkfjd Hkkkk,a cksyh tkrh gSaA buesa fganh cksyus okys yksxksa dh la[;k djhc
32 djksM+ gSA tcfd nqfu;k Hkj esa 4-71 izfrkr yksx fganh cksyrs gSaA blh rjg iatkch Hkh Hkkjr dh izeq[k Hkkkkvksa esa kqekj
dh tkrh gSA iatkch cksyus okys yksx Hkkjr ds jkT; iatkc lesr nsk ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa QSys gq, gSaA vesfjdk] dukMk
vkSj ikfdLrku esa Hkh iatkch yksxksa dh vPNh [kklh rknkn gSA nqfu;k Hkj esa 1-44 izfrkr yksx iatkch cksyrs gSaA ejkBh
Hkkkh yksxksa dh la[;k Hkh nqfu;k Hkj esa 1-10 izfrkr gSA bl vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd fganh lesr Hkkjr dh fofHkUu
Hkkkkvksa esa osc i=dkfjrk ds Qyus&Qwyus dh vikj laHkkouk,a gSaA

fganh osc i=dkfjrk esa laHkkouk,a

(Scope of hindi web journalism)
phuh] vaxzsth] LiSfuk] vjch] Qzsap vkSj caxkyh dh rjg fganh nqfu;k esa lcls T;knk cksyh tkus okyh Hkkkkvksa esa ls ,d gSA
Hkkjr esa 41 izfrkr yksx fganh dks izFke Hkkkk ds rkSj ij bLrseky djrs gSa] 25 izfrkr yksx bls nwljh Hkkkk ds :Ik esa
bLrseky djrs gSaA Hkkjr ds vykok vesfjdk] [kkM+h nsk] baXySaM] dukMk] fQth] lwjhuke] ekWfjkl] usiky] ikfdLrku] esa Hkh
fganhHkkfk;ksa dh vPNh rknkn gSA nf{k.k ,fk;k esa fganh fizaV ehfM;k vkSj fganh bysDVkWfud ehfM;k dh igqap vkSj izHkko
lcls vf/kd gSA ;gh ugha] fganh osc ehfM;k Hkh lwpuk ,oa lekpkj ds lkDr ek/;e ds :Ik esa mHkj jgk gSA fganh v[kckj
,oa Vhoh pSuyksa ds dk;kZy;ksa esa ijaijkxr laikndh; foHkkx ds lekukarj osc iksVZy dh vyx laikndh; Vhe dke dj
jgh gSA osc ehfM;k vfHkO;fDr dk eqDr ,oa lLrk ek/;e gS] ftlesa dkjiksjsV n[ky ds fcuk Hkh dbZ iksVZy O;fDrxr
iz;klksa ls pyk, tk jgs gSaA bls oSdfYid ehfM;k dgk tk jgk gSA buesa i=dkfjrk ds izfr izfrc)rk gS] ysfdu buesa
iwath dk izokg ugha gS] ftl otg ls oks cMs+ ehfM;k lewgksa dks VDdj ugha ns ik jgs gSaA vkWuykbu fjVsy ekfdZV c<+us ds
lkFk foKkiunkrk Hkh vkWuykbu foKkiuksa esa :fp ys jgs gSaA bl rjg dg ldrs gSa fganh osc i=dkfjrk ,d u, nkSj esa
izosk dj jgh gSA

baVjusV vkSj Hkkjrh; Hkkkk,a

(Internet and regional languages )
8 Google tSlh rduhdh daiuh ds eqrkfcd lwpuk dk ;g lalkj flQZ vaxzsth Hkkkk ds nk;js esa fleVdj ugha jg
ldrkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Google vc Hkkjrh; Hkkkkvksa esa ,aMkW;M ,Ik cuk jgh gS] ftuesa fganh izeq[k gSA fofHkUu daifu;ka
lLrs nkeksa esa eksckby xStsV~l isk dj jgh gSa] ftlls baVjusV dh igqap rsth ls c<+us dh mEehn dh tk jgh gSA
8 bZesy] lwpuk] lekpkj] kSf{kd [kkst] kkWfiax] E;wftd] ohfM;ks] VsDLV pSV] tkWc lpZ] xsfeax] Qkbusafk;y bUQkWesZku]
Vsoy xkbM vkSj vkWuykbu cSafdax lesr reke xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, baVjusV dk bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gSA
8 Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI ) ds eqrkfcd ekpZ 2013 rd Hkkjr esa baVjusV ;wtlZ dh
la[;k djhc 164-81 fefy;u Fkh] tks yxkrkj c<+ jgh gSA
8 Internet Mobile Association of India (IAMAI ) ds eqrkfcd Hkkjr esa LekVZQksu ;k VScysV tSls ek/;eksa dk
bLrseky djus okys eksckby baVjusV ;wtlZ dh la[;k Hkh 155 fefy;u gS] tks twu 2014 rd c<+dj 185 fefy;u gksus
dk vuqeku gSA
8 Comscore (Xykscy fMftVy estjesaV QeZ) ds eqrkfcd vesfjdk vkSj phu ds ckn Hkkjr baVjusV ;wtlZ ds ekeys
esa rhljs LFkku ij gSA
8 Assocham ds eqrkfcd Hkkjr esa 75 izfrkr baVjusV ;wtlZ 15&34 okZ ds ;qok gSa] ftu ij cktkj dh utjsa fVdh
gqbZ gSaA

baVjusV ij ekStwn lokZf/kd jhMjfki

okys fganh ds nSfud lekpkj i=
(Hindi daily newspapers on internet having largest readership)
dz la12345678910-

lekpkj i=
nSfud tkxj.k
fganqLrku
nSfud HkkLdj
jktLFkku if=dk
vej mtkyk
if=dk
gfjHkwfe
izHkkr [kcj
uoHkkjr VkbEl
iatkc dsljh

jhMjfki
15,526,000
14,245,000
12,855,000
7,665,000
7,071,000
4,628,000
2,757,000
2,718,000
2,291,000
2,480,000

lzksr % bafM;u jhMjfki losZ

ehfM;k fjlpZ ;wtlZ dkmafly

(MRCU)

lkfgR; iqujkoyksdu
(Overview Of Literature)
fganh iqLrdsa
dqekj] lq-] (2004). baVjusV i=dkfjrk- fnYyh% r{kfkyk izdkku- bl iqLrd esa baVjusV dh fodkl ;k=k ds
ckjs esa flyflysokj rjhds ls crk;k x;k gSA
tkskh] kk-- (2012). osc i=dkfjrk u;k ehfM;k] u, :>ku - fnYyh% jk/kkd`.k izdkku- bl iqLrd esa
rduhdh cnykoksa ,oa osc i=dkfjrk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nh xbZ gSA
kqDyk] vkj-- (2008). lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vkSj lekpkj i=- fnYyh% jk/kkd`.k izdkku- bl iqLrd esa lekpkj
i= txr esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh Hkwfedk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nh xbZ gSA
jRrw] MkW- d`.k dqekj . (2006). foo ehfM;k cktkj- t;iqj % uskuy ifCyfkax- bl fdrkc esa crk;k x;k gS
fd orZeku lkbcj ;qx esa fdl rjg rduhd fdl rjg gj iy cny jgh gS vkSj lapkj dh izk.kok;q cudj
mHkj jgh gSA
fupy] MkW-vkse- u, O;kikj dks fodflr djus rFkk O;fDrxr thou esa baVjusV dh Hkwfedk- la-feJk- ,oa
vU;- (2013). osc ehfM;k vkSj fganh dk oSfod ifjn`;- ist ua-268-ubZ fnYyh- fgUn ;qXe] 1&ft;k ljk;
gkSt [kkl] ubZ fnYyh- bl iqLrd esa lksky ehfM;k ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dks crk;k x;k gSA

vaxzsth iqLrdsa
Craig, Richard. Online journalism: reporting, writing, and editing for new media. Southbank, Victoria, Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2005.
Kohli, Vanita. The Indian media business. New Delhi: Sage, 2003. Print.
Sharma, Jitendra Kumar. Digital Broadcasting Journalism. Delhi, Authorspress.2003.
Kumar, Keval J.. Mass communication in India. 3rd completely rev. & updated ed. Mumbai: Jaico Pub. House, 2000.
Wysocki, Anne Frances. Writing new media theory and applications for expanding the teaching of composition. Logan:
Utah State University Press, 2004.

kks/k i=
Thakur, K. (2007, December). Online journalism in india : An expoloratory study of indian newspaper on Net. Paper presented at Indo-Russia Conference, Moscow.
Keshwani, N. (2000, January. Trends in online newsroom : A study of the Straits Times Interactive. Paper published in
Research Online, retrieved from http://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss9/8

vkys[k
fi=ksnk] lSe- lwpuk dk yksdra=hdj.k] ;kstuk- ist ua-7] ebZ 2013- laik- dqekjh] jseh- izdk-tkskh-bZjk-ubZ
fnYyh-lwpuk foHkkx Hkou] lhthvks dkWEiySDl] yks/kh jksM] ubZ fnYyh

kks/k izu (Research Questions)

fganh v[kckjksa ds osc laLdj.kksa dk yf{kr miHkksDrk oxZ dkSu gSa\
fganh v[kckjksa ds osc laLdj.kksa ds ;wtlZ dk tulka[;dh; Lo:i dSlk gS\
fganh v[kckjksa ds osc laLdj.kksa dk Lo:i fdl rjg dk gS\
fganh v[kckjksa ds osc laLdj.kksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dSlh gS\
fganh v[kckjksa ds osc laLdj.kksa esa dkSu ls volj fNis gSa\
fganh v[kckjksa ds osc laLdj.kksa dh pqukSfr;ka D;k gaS\
fofHkUu fganh v[kckjksa ds osc laLdj.k vkSj muds eqfnzr laLdj.k esa D;k varj vFkok lekurk,a gSa\
D;k Hkfo; esa eYVh&ehfM;k i=dkjksa dh ekax c<+ tk,xh\
budk jsosU;w] ekuo lalk/ku] foRrh; ,oa izca/kdh; ekWMy D;k gS\
lwpuk ds yksdra=hdj.k ,oa voljksa dh lekurk ds fy, osc ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk D;k gks ldrh gS\
laikndh; foHkkx dh Hkwfedk esa D;k cnyko gks jgs gSa\

kks/k leL;k (Research Problem)

,d le; Fkk tc vaxzsth Hkkkk ds lekpkj i= gh izeq[krk ls baVjusV ij ekStwn gqvk djrs Fks vkSj xq.koRrk
,oa daVsaV dh miyC/krk ds vk/kkj ij vaxzsth lekpkj i=ksa ds osc laLdj.k gh vxz.kh gksrs FksA ysfdu vkt
ifjfLFkfr;ka cny jgh gSaA fofHkUu fganh nSfud lekpkj i=ksa ds osc laLdj.kksa esa lacaf/kr ehfM;k laLFkku [kklk
/;ku ns jgs gSaA lekpkj i=ksa ds ijaijkxr laikndh; foHkkx ds vykok ,d i`Fkd laikndh; Vhe lekukarj
:i ls osc laLdj.k ds fy, dke dj jgh gSA tcfd vaxzsth ds v[kckjksa esa ;g dke dkQh igys gh fd;k
tk pqdk gSA ,slh rduhdh eksckby fMokblst dh igqap yksxksa ds chp c<+ jgh gS] tks fganh ds bLrseky dh
lgwfy;r nsrs gSaA Hkkjr esa fganh lesr ntZuksa {ks=h; Hkkkk,a gSa vkSj bu Hkkkkvksa dks cksyus okys djksM+ksa yksx gSaA
daifu;ka bu yksxksa ds chp miHkksDrk oxZ rykk jgh gSaA Hkkjrh; Hkkkkvksa ds v[kckj Hkh vc osc laLdj.kksa ds
ysdj dkQh lathnk gSa vkSj muesa cMs+ iSekus ij fuosk dj jgs gSaA fganh Hkkjr esa lokZf/kd cksyh tkus okyh
Hkkkk gS vkSj bls cksyus okys yksx vU; nskksa esa Hkh gSaA ftl rjg ls baVjusV dh igqap c<+ jgh gS] ,sls esa ;g
tkuuk t:jh gks tkrk gS fd fganh Hkkkk ds lekpkj i=ksa ds osc laLdj.kksa dk Lo:i D;k gS] mudk izca/kdh;
ekWMy D;k gS] foRrh; vk/kkj D;k gS] ekuo lalk/ku dh D;k fLFkfr gS] yf{kr miHkksDrk oxZ dkSu gSa vkSj oks
fdl rjg ds lwpuk ,oa lapkj ek/;eksa dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA bu osc laLdj.kksa dh leL;k,a D;k gSa vkSj
fdl rjg ds volj blesa fNis gSa\ ;g ns[kuk Hkh t:jh gS fd foHkUu fganh lekpkj i=ksa ds osc laLdj.kksa
dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dSlh gS ,oa mudk foLrkj fdruk gSA ;g Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd fganh v[kckjksa ds osc
laLdj.kksa esa D;k lekurk,a vFkok fHkUurk,a gS\ bl rjg ds kks/k izuksa ds mRrj [kkstus dk iz;kl izLrkfor
kks/k ds varxZr fd;k tk,xkA

kks/k ds mn~ns; (Objective of Research)

12346-

fganh Hkkkk ds Hkkjrh; lekpkj i=ksa dh igpku djuk] ftuds vkWuykbu laLdj.k orZeku esa lapkfyr fd, tk jgs gSaA
baVjusV ij ekStwn fganh lekpkj i=ksa dh fLFkfr dk nLrkosthdj.k djukA
baVjusV ij ekStwn fganh lekpkj i=ksa dh jhMjfki esa gks jgs tulka[;dh; cnyko dk v/;;uA
baVjusV ij ekStwn lekpkj i=ksa ds laLFkkxr <kaps esa gks jgs cnyko dk v/;;uA
baVjusV laLdj.kksa ds vkus ds ckn bu laLFkkuksa esa izksMDku esa gks jgs cnyko dk v/;;uA

ifjdYiuk (Hypothesis) :fganh osc i=dkfjrk dk mRFkku orZeku VsDuksdzsV lkslk;Vh ds vuq:i gSA
bldh igqap] oguh;rk vkSj miyC/krk lwpuk ds yksdra=hdj.k esa egRowi.kZ gSA
fganh lekpkj i=ksa ds ikBdksa dh izo`fRr;ksa ,oa :fp;ksa esa cnyko gks jgk gSA
{ks=h; Hkkkk dh osc i=dkfjrk ds fodkl esa rduhdh ,oa vkfFkZd lhek,a vkMs+ vk jgh gSA

kks/k dk vkSfpR; (Relevance of Research) :fganh Hkkjr dh izeq[k Hkkkkvksa esa kqekj dh tkrh gS vkSj blesa osc i=dkfjrk dk fodkl rsth ls gks
jgk gSA ,sls esa blds Lo:i] blesa fufgr volj vkSj pqukSfr;ksa dk v/;;u t:jh gSA
fganh Hkkkk esa vkWuykbu i=dkfjrk dks etcwr vk/kkj iznku djus ds mn~ns; ls v/;;u gksuk pkfg,A
fganh osc i=dkjksa ds rduhdh ,oa laikndh; dkSky esa lq/kkj ds mn~ns; ls ;g v/;;u vko;d gSA
ikBdksa dh izo`fRr;ksa dks tkudj mudh t:jrksa ds eqrkfcd daVsV rS;kj djus ds mn~ns; ls ;g
v/;;u vko;d gSA
fganh lekpkj i=ksa ds osc laLdj.kksa ds ikBdksa dk tulka[;dh; vk/kkj irk djus ds fy, ;g
v/;;u t:jh gSA

kks/k izjpuk (Research Design)

izLrqr kks/k dk;Z osc i=dkfjrk % Lo:i] volj ,oa pqukSfr;ksa dk v/;;u ds fy, lacaf/kr fganh
lekpkj i=ksa ds osc laLdj.kksa ls tqM+h tkudkfj;ka tqVkus ds fy, lacaf/kr v[kckjksa ds dk;kZy;ksa ls laidZ
fd;k tk,xkA lekpkj i=ksa ds <kaps] mudh dk;Ziz.kkyh] daVsaV eSustesaV bR;kfn ds ckjs esa ir djus ds
fy, lacaf/kr izca/kdksa dks bZesy ls izukoyh Hksth tk,xh vkSj O;fDrxr rkSj ij Hkh laidZ fd;k tk,xkA
blh rjg bu Hkkkkvksa ds osc ;wtlZ dk tulka[;dh; Lo:i irk djus ds fy, izuoyh dk mi;ksx
fd;k tk,xkA

(d-) kks/k izfof/k

(Research Methodology) :-

izLrqr 'kks/k dh izo`fRr ek=kRed ,oa xq.kkRed nksuksa rjg dh gSA blfy, bldh izo`fr ds vk/kkj ij
foojk.kkRed losZ{k.k ,oa vUos"k.kkRed fof/k dk p;u fd;k tk,xkA izLrkfor kks/k v/;;u esa fooj.kkRed
losZ{k.k i)fr dk pquko fd;k x;k gS] D;ksafd bl fof/k ds vUrxZr lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa] iz.kkfy;ksa rFkk
lajpukvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA blesa izukoyh fof/k rFkk lk{kkRdkj fof/k ls vkadM+ksa dks laxzfgr
fd;k tk,xkA kks/k dh izfof/k dzeokj bl rjg gksxh%&
1- xwxy vkSj ;kgw tSls lpZ baftu dh enn ls baVjusV ij ekStwn fganh lekpkj i=ksa ds osc laLdj.kksa dh
lwph rS;kj dh tk,xhA blesa mUgha lekpkj i=ksa dks fy;k tk,xk] ftudh jhMjfki] bafM;u jhMjfki losZ

ds eqrkfcd lokZf/kd gks vkSj tks vkj,uvkbZ esa iathd`r gksaA

2- osc laLdj.kksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ysus ds fy, lekpkj i=ksa ds laikndksa ,oa izdkkdksa dks izukoyh
bZesy dh tk,xhA
3- lekpkj i=ksa ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa LVkQ ls feydj osc laLdj.kksa ds ckjs esa dsl LVMh rS;kj dh tk,xhA
4- vkWuykbu lekpkj i=ksa dh osclkbV ds [kkaps esa ekStwn About Us, What is new, Sitemap vkSj advertisng
tSls fcanqvksa ls tkudkjh bdV~Bh dh tk,xhA
5- daVsaV rS;kj djus] viMsku vkSj ,fMfVax izfdz;k ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dh tk,xhA
6- baVjusV ,oa O;fDrxr rkSj ij jhMjfki losZ ds tfj;s ;wtlZ dh izo`fRr;ksa ,oa tulka[;dh; vk/kkj
rS;kj fd;k tk,xkA
6- jhMjfki losZ ds fy, O;fDrxr rkSj ij Hkh ;wtlZ ls feydj vkadMs+s ,df=r fd, tk,axsA

([k-) vkadM+ksa dk laxzg.k

(Data Collection) :-

1- izkFkfed vkadM+s %&

izkFkfed vkadM+ksa ds laxzg.k ds fy, izukoyh o lk{kkRdkj fof/k dk p;u fd;k tk,xkA
2- f}rh;d vkadM+s %&
kks/k esa f}rh;d vkadM+ksa ds fy, fofHkUu fganh lekpkj i=ksa ds osc laLdj.kksa dh Feasibility Report ,oa
Performance Reports dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,xkA blds vykok iwoZ v/;;u] fofHkUu iqLrdky;ksa esa
miyC/k iqLrdksa] i=&if=dkvksa] kks/k i=ksa ,oa baVjusV ij miyC/k tkudkfj;ksa ls lkefxz;ksa dk p;u
fd;k tk,xkA

(x-) U;knkZ fof/k (Sampling Method) :izLrkfor kks/k v/;;u esa izdkkdksa ls tkudkfj;ka ,df=r djus ds fy, mn~ns;ijd lSaifyax fof/k dk
mi;ksx fd;k tk,xkA tcfd O;fDrxr rkSj ij jhMjfki losZ ds fy, izukoyh rS;kj djds vkadMs
,df=r fd, tk,axsA blds fy, fganh Hkkkk ds 30&35 ;wtlZ dk p;u fofHkUu vkk/kkjksa ij fd;k
tk,xk] tks bl izdkj gSa%&
1- fyax 2- O;olk; 3- vk;q 4- {ks= 5- daVsaV ls tqM+h :fp;ka 6- VsDuks&lsoh 7- kgjh&xzkeh.k

(?k-) kks/k midj.k (Research Tools) :vkadM+ksa ds laxzg.k ds fy, fganh v[kckjksa ds osc laLdj.kksa ds ;wtlZ ls tkudkfj;ka tqVkus] osc laLdj.kksa
laikndh;] rduhdh] foRrh;] izca/kdh; vkSj ekuo lalk/ku laca/kh rF; tqVkus ds fy, izukoyh ,oa
lk{kkRdkj tSls kks/k midj.kksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,xkA

(x-) vkadM+ksa dk foysk.k (Data Analysis) :izkIr vkadM+ksa dks izfrkr foysk.k ,oa dkbZ&oxZ ds ek/;e ls foysfkr fd;k tk,xk rFkk mudk
fp=e; izLrqfrdj.k fd;k tk,xkA

(M+) kks/k ifjlheu (Research Delimitation) :mijksDr rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd baVjusV dk nk;jk rsth c<+ jgk gS vkSj blh ds lkFk osc i=dkfjrk ds foLrkj dh laHkkouk,a Hkh c<+ jgh gSaA izLrkfor kks/k v/;;u esa baVjusV ij ekStwn izeq[k fganh nSfud lekpkj i=ksa ds osc laLdj.kksa
dks kkfey fd;k x;k gSA ;g lgh gS fd vkt vaxzsth ds vykok fganh lesr vU; Hkkjrh; Hkkkkvksa ds osc laLdj.k Hkh baVjusV
ij ekStwn gSaA ysfdu] le; lhek vkSj lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk dks ns[krs gq, flQZ baVjusV ij ekStwn fganh nSfud lekpkj i=ksa ds
osc laLdj.kksa dks izLrkfor v/;;u esa kkfey fd;k tk jgk gSA

faganh lekpkj i=ksa ds osc laLdj.kksa dk v/;;u djus ds fy, ftu v[kckjksa dks pquk tk,xk] mlds fy, dqN vk/kkj fu/kkZfjr
fd, x, gSa] tks bl izdkj gSa%&
1- flQZ mUgha fganh lekpkj i=ksa dks izLrkfor v/;;u esa kkfey fd;k tk,xk] ftudk iathdj.k *jftLVkj U;wtisilZ vkWQ
bafM;k^ esa gqvk gksA
2- bafM;u jhMjfki losZ (IRS) ds vuqlkj fganh ds ftu lekpkj i=ksa dh eqfnzr izfr;ksa dh ikBd la[;k lokZf/kd gks vkSj muds
osc laLdj.k baVjusV ij ekStwn gksa] dsoy mUgha dks izLrkfor v/;;u esa kkfey fd;k tk,xA

laHkkfor v/;k;hdj.k (Tentative Chapterisation) :Hkwfedk

d[kx?kM+-

kks/k dk;Z dh i`BHkwfe

kks/k ds mn~ns;
kks/k dk;Z{ks= dk ifjp;
lacaf/kr lkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu
kks/k izfof/k o lhek,a

v/;k; &1
baVjusV dh fodkl ;k=k

v/;k; &2
osc i=dkfjrk
2-1 mRifRr ,oa fodkl
2-2 osc i=dkfjrk dk Lo:i ,oa dk;Ziz.kkyh
2-3 osc i=dkfjrk ls tqM+h rduhd] ehfM;k dUotsZal ,oa ;wtlZ baVjQsl
2-3 Hkkjr esa osc i=dkfjrk dh fLFkfr
2-4 vaxzsth lekpkj i=ksa ds osc laLdj.k
2-5 Hkkjrh; Hkkkkvksa ds lekpkj i=ksa ds osc laLdj.k
2-6 Hkkjrh; Hkkkkvksa ds v[kckjkas ds osc laLdj.kksa dh leL;k,a

v/;k; &3
fganh
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
4-7

v[kckjksa ds osc laLdj.k dk Lo:i

fganh v[kckjksa ds osc laLdj.k dk laikndh; xBu
fganh v[kckjksa ds osc laLdj.k dk izca/kdh; xBu
fganh v[kckjksa ds osc laLdj.k esa ekuo lalk/ku
fganh v[kckjksa ds osc laLdj.k dk foRrh; vk/kkj
fganh v[kckjksa ds osc laLdj.k esa rduhd
fganh v[kckjksak ds osc laLdj.k ds ikBd ,oa mudh izo`fRr;ka
fganh v[kckjksa ds osc laLdj.k dh leL;k,a

v/;k; &4
lekpkj i=ksa ds osc laLdj.kksa ds varjjkVh; vuqHko

v/;k; &5
fudkZ ,oa lq>ko
7-1 kks/k ifj.kke
7-2 vko;d lq>ko

lanHkZ xazFk
d[kx-

vk/kkj xzaFk
dksk xzaFk
lgk;d xzaFk

i=&if=dk,a
fganh lekpkj i= ,oa if=dk,a
vaxzsth lekpkj i= ,oa if=dk,a

ifjfkV
d[k-

izukoyh
lk{kkRdkj

lanHkZ xzaFk lwph

lanHkZ xazFk lwph (References) :fganh iqLrdsa

jRrw] MkW- d`.k dqekj . (2006). foo ehfM;k cktkj- t;iqj % uskuy ifCyfkaxprqosZnh] txnhoj- (2008). oSdfYid ehfM;k] yksdra= vkSj ukWe pksEldh- fnYyh % vukfedk
ifCyklZ ,aM fMLVhC;wVlZdqekj] lq-] (2004). baVjusV i=dkfjrk- fnYyh% r{kfkyk izdkkutkskh] kk+-- (2012). osc i=dkfjrk u;k ehfM;k] u, :>ku - fnYyh% jk/kkd`.k izdkkuMk- n;ky] eukst 2010- ehfM;k kks/k- iapdqyk% gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh
dksyh] y{ehukjk;.k 2010- fjlpZ eSFkMksykWth- vkxjk% okbZ- ds- ifCyklZ
flag] dqekj] v:.k 2012- euksfoKku] lektkkL= rFkk fk{kk esa kks/k fof/k;kW- okjk.kklh% eksrhyky cukjlhnkl

vaxzsth iqLrdsa
Craig, Richard. Online journalism: reporting, writing, and editing for new media. Southbank, Victoria, Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2005.
Kohli, Vanita. The Indian media business. New Delhi: Sage, 2003. Print.
Sharma, Jitendra Kumar. Digital Broadcasting Journalism. Delhi, Authorspress.2003.
Kumar, Keval J.. Mass communication in India. 3rd completely rev. & updated ed. Mumbai: Jaico Pub. House, 2000.
Wysocki, Anne Frances. Writing new media theory and applications for expanding the teaching of composition. Logan:
Utah State University Press, 2004.

oscfy;ksxzkQh
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-30/news/33499765_1_active-internet-mobile-associationiamai
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-01/news/45764553_1_mobile-association-iamai-rural-india
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/india-is-now-worlds-third-largest-internet-user-after-uschina/article5053115.ece
http://www.labnol.org/internet/favorites/internet-usage-and-broadband-connections-in-indian-homes/1510/
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/india-beats-china-on-internet-user-additions/article3893370.ece
http://www.komli.com/in/content-in/press/2-crore-mobile-internet-users-have-cut-their-newspapers-and-tv-consumption-50
http://www.digitalstrategyconsulting.com/india/
http://www.digitalstrategyconsulting.com/india/
http://www.digitalstrategyconsulting.com/documents/DSC-Research-Market_Overview-India_with_intro.pdf
http://www.dazeinfo.com/2013/03/13/internet-users-in-india-97-of-them-use-facebook-report/
http://www.nextbigwhat.com/mobile-internet-users-in-india-297/
http://www.nextbigwhat.com/digital-divide-in-india-and-bric-countries-297/
http://www.nextbigwhat.com/internet-usage-in-india-market-statistics-297/
http://www.nextbigwhat.com/mobile-internet-statistics-for-india-297/
http://www.exchange4media.com/54389_new-irs-2013-dainik-jagran-tops-dailies-list.html

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