Epithelium, Neurosecretory

Cells, and Friends

Neuroendocrine cells secrete into capillaries

Interstitial cells have glial-like functions

Pineal Gland
Contain corpora arenacea: brain sand
Astrocytes
True Master Gland

Produces hormones stored in
Neurohypophysis

Produces regulatory hormones for
Adenohypophysis
Supraoptic
nuclei
Paraventricular
nuclei
Two glands: Adenohypophysis

Neurohypophysis

Inetermediate region
Pituitary gland
Produces trophic hormones:

Growth Hormone: stimulates growth and repair

Adrenocortical hormone: regulates cortex of adrenals

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: regulates thyroid gland

Prolactin: stimulates milk production; decreases
testosterone in men; estrogen in women. Responsible
for sexual refractory period (decreases dopamine)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone: causes ovarian follicles to
grow; stimulates spermatogenesis including Sertoli cells
.
Luteinizing Hormone causes ovulation; stimulates
testosterone production in males


Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone:
skin and hair color; main effects on
non-mammalian species

Adenohyphophysis
Neurohypohysis
Basophilic cells: produce 1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
2. Gondotrophins (FSH and LH)
3. Thyroid stimulating hormone

Acidophilic cells produce: 1. Growth hormone
2. Prolactin

Chromophobes: function unknown
Basophilic cell

Acidophilic cell

Chromophobe
Images from Blue Histology website
Pituocytes: regulate output from hypothalamic axons form the
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Pituocyte
Two glands in one from
distinct embryonic
origins:

Adrenal cortex:
produces steroids

Adrenal medulla:
a sympathetic ganglion




Adrenal Medulla






Adrenal Cortex
Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis
Three distinct regions:
Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis
Produces mineral coritocids such as Asldosterone
that maintain Na+ balance.

Aldosterone preserves Na+ at the expense of K+
Zona fasciculata
Produces Glucocorticoids

Produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such
as amino acids and fats.

Suppresses immune system and inflammatory response



Zona glomerulosa
Zona reticularis
Produces sex steroids

Dehydroepiandrosterone:
precursor to testosterone and
estrogen


Zona fasciculata
Adrenal
medulla
Found together lateral and
posterior and the basal
region of the larynx.
Parathyroid glands usually
reside on the posterior
region of thyroid.
parathyroid
Follicle cells Produces T3 and T4: Hormones
that regulate metabolism.


Parafollicular: Produce calcitonin: maintains
Ca++ in bone
Produces parathyroid hormone

Regulates Calcium balance in blood

Chief Cells: dark spherical cells with minimum
cytoplasm: produce parathyroid hormone

Oxyphils: Larger than chief cells with smaller
darker nuclei, with more cytoplasm that stains
with eosin (pink).

Found in clusters.

Oxyphils may be precursors to chief cells.

Also intermediate cells between the two that
are difficult to distinguish.

Oxyphil

Chief cells
Both Exocrine and Endocrine Gland

Endocrine: Panrceatic Islet or Islet of Langerhans

Beta cells produce insulin

Alpha cells produce glucagon

Delta cells produce somatostatin
Pancreas
Alpha cells produce glucagon (1520% of total islet cells)

Beta Cells produce insulin and amylin (6580%)

Delta cells produce somatostatin (310%)

PP cells (gamma cells) produce pancreatic polypeptide (35%)

Epsilon cells produce ghrelin (<1%)
Amylin slows gastric emptying to prevent spikes in glucose etc.

Ghrelin regulates hunger: more with low glucose levels,

Pancreatic Polypeptide: regulates secretions from pancreas
and other digestive system organs


Beta Cell

Alpha cell


Delta cell