1. The document contains 125 items describing various medical topics, diseases, treatments, and mechanisms. Examples include treatments for hepatic encephalopathy, effects of different medications, cancer types and antigens, cytokine functions, and receptor actions.
2. Many items relate to specific diseases or conditions - for example, item 11 discusses interferon-gamma receptor deficiency explaining recurrent mycobacterial infections in brothers, and item 53 notes that cystic fibrosis patients are chronically infected with Pseudomonas due to biofilm formation.
3. Other items provide brief explanations of medical topics - for example, item 22 defines that tyrosine kinases phosphorylate targets by taking a phosphate from ATP, and item 109 describes that mitochondrial inheritance and expression can
1. The document contains 125 items describing various medical topics, diseases, treatments, and mechanisms. Examples include treatments for hepatic encephalopathy, effects of different medications, cancer types and antigens, cytokine functions, and receptor actions.
2. Many items relate to specific diseases or conditions - for example, item 11 discusses interferon-gamma receptor deficiency explaining recurrent mycobacterial infections in brothers, and item 53 notes that cystic fibrosis patients are chronically infected with Pseudomonas due to biofilm formation.
3. Other items provide brief explanations of medical topics - for example, item 22 defines that tyrosine kinases phosphorylate targets by taking a phosphate from ATP, and item 109 describes that mitochondrial inheritance and expression can
1. The document contains 125 items describing various medical topics, diseases, treatments, and mechanisms. Examples include treatments for hepatic encephalopathy, effects of different medications, cancer types and antigens, cytokine functions, and receptor actions.
2. Many items relate to specific diseases or conditions - for example, item 11 discusses interferon-gamma receptor deficiency explaining recurrent mycobacterial infections in brothers, and item 53 notes that cystic fibrosis patients are chronically infected with Pseudomonas due to biofilm formation.
3. Other items provide brief explanations of medical topics - for example, item 22 defines that tyrosine kinases phosphorylate targets by taking a phosphate from ATP, and item 109 describes that mitochondrial inheritance and expression can
Esophageal peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter
tone in scleroderma: both decreased 2. Tx of hepatic encephalopathy: lactulose 3. Ursodiol: reduces cholesterol absorption and can dissolve cholesterol gallstones 4. Lactulose: decreases NH3 production by bacteria and acts as a laxative for hepatic encephalopathy 5. Bisacodyl: stimulant laxative 6. 12 hours after birth baby begins sucking frantically and crying inconsolably, also overreacts to stimuli around him and has a marked startle response, symptoms resolve in 2-3 weeks, what was the mother using: heroin 7. cause of hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma: IL-1, TNF 8. structure that attaches to the cervical region and extends posteriorly: uterosacral ligament 9. a mutation in 50% of material mitochondrial DNA present in 100% of her children is explained by: heteroplasmy 10. painless blood-tingued uring and hx of smoking in 55 YO: bladder cancer 11. problem in brothers who die of mycobacterial infection: IFN-gamma receptor deficiency 12. Cardiac tumor with scattered mesenchymal cells in an abundant extracellular matrix: myxoma 13. Molecular problem if trismus and opisthotonos: blockade of inhibitory NT release 14. Micafungin targets: fungal cell wall 15. Megaloblastic anemia, increased methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine suggest a deficiency in: B12 16. Histological sign of diffuse alveolar damage: alveolar hyaline membrane 17. Virulence factor of E. coli causing pyelonephritis: adhesins 18. Major risk with too much metformin consumption: lactic acidosis 19. We can administer bevacizumab even though it is a foreign protein because: it is a humanized antibody 20. Cancer type and tumor antigen with high antibody titer: cervical cancer and HPV 16, E6 protein 21. Osteoporosis is associated with an increase in what cytokine: IL-1 22. Tyrosine kinases do what: phosphorylate targets by taking a phosphate from ATP 23. Defective protein if glucagon does not correct hypoglycemia in a strain of mice but epinephrine does: glucagon receptor 24. Erythromycin mechanism: interferes with amino-acyl translocation 25. Metabolic process impaired if rapid red fibers: oxidative phosphorylation 26. Best diet for obese person wanting to avoid diabetes: low calorie 27. Staghorn caliculus think: Proteus mirabilis 28. AATAAA at 3' end encodes: cleavage and polyadenation 29. Muddy brown cast of ATN is a type of: granular cast 30. Two weeks after granular cast seen and none since then, we expect to see: regenerating tubular epithelium 31. Greatest risk for death a few weeks after strep infection and PE that reveals pericardial friction rub and quiet heart sounds, but not pathogens: myocarditis 32. Seminal vesicles secrete: fructose, glandins all the other stuff 33. Cause of hyperglycemia in a type I diabetic: activation of hepatic adenylyl cyclase 34. ANP function: opposite of aldosterone (inhibits renin) 35. Where do the adductors of the hip attach: femur and ischium 36. Cough suppressant treatment that does not cause constipation and has a low potential for substance abuse: dextromethorphan 37. Aspirin induced asthma is due to: leukotrienes 38. Watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria: VIPoma 39. Tx of fetal pulmonary hypertension: nitric oxide (monitor for methemoglobinemia) 40. Receptor causing uterine relaxation: B2 41. Receptor causing increased myocardial contractility: B1 42. Receptor causing internal urethral sphincter contraction: A1 43. Receptor causing lipolysis: B1, B2 44. Receptor causing pilomotor contraction: A 45. Receptor causing pupillary dilation: A1 46. Hypochondriasis requires: disproportionate fear of serious illness 47. Laryngeal neoplasm in a smoker: squamous cell 48. Decreased MCV, red, swollen, tender tongue, angular stomatitis, spoon-shaped nails: iron deficiency 49. Neutropenia, giant granules in neutrophils, white hair, pale skin, blue irises, red pupils: Chediak Higashi (defect on phagolysosome fusion) 50. Neuraminidase inhibitor mechanism of action: prevents release of virus from infected epithelial cells 51. Baby gets GBS from a vaccinated mother, means mother only made one ab isotype: IgM 52. Parasitic drug that increases the permeability of the cell membranes to calcium causing paralysis, dislodgement, and death: praziquantel 53. Why are patients with CF chronically infected with pseudomonas: biofilm formation in the lower respiratory tract 54. Cuboidal lung epithelial cells with dense lamellar bodies 1-2 u in diam: surfactant NBME 13 Study online at quizlet.com/_eiyp2 55. Erectile dysfunction is caused by decreased: testosterone 56. Everything has been normal for a woman but she cannot conceive, what should we give her next: clomiphene 57. Trisomy 21 associated with increased risk of which cancers?: ALL and AML 58. Hydronephrosis causes?: Increased tubular hydrostatic pressure from blockage 59. Chronic HTN, heavy heart?: Hypertrophy of heart 60. Valproic Acid MOA: inhibits HISTONE ACETYLASE - Histones were in DNA - transcription error 61. Chloroquine, primaquine MOA: Chloroquie kills malaria/ Primaquine kills hypnozoites 62. Pain with thumbs down, shoulders up: Arm up Thumbs down sign... supraspinatus... 63. Left Axillary line holosytolic murmur: Mitral Regurg - Left Axillary line holosystolic murmur 64. Oculomotor palsy from aneurysm?: Posterior Communicating Artery Anuerysm 65. Dental procedure, bug?: Strep Mitis - alpha hemolytic 66. HDL with age in woman?: HDL of a 25 year old vs. 55 year old, high in 25, low in 55 (estrogen) 67. Organophosphate poisoning- first antidote: Atropine first/Pralidoxime second 68. Partial vs complete mole: Partial 1 egg two sperm 69XXY vs paternal complete 46XX 2 sperm no egg 69. EPO doping = ?: EPO will increase RBC's erythroid precursors 70. Ammonia source in ammonioagenesis: Aspartate & GLUTAMINE donate NH4 ( amonia ) in renal ammoniaagenesis 71. long-chain-fatty-acids?: LCFA - peroxisomes 72. Salmonella post antibiotic?: prolonged fecal excretement post antibiotic 73. Hypokinesis of Posterior Left Ventricle?: Stenosis of the right coronary artery 74. Pain upper abdomen, refered to shoulder: Diaphram ulceration phrenic nerve 75. Oligomenorrhea: increased estrogen in adipose tissue 76. metabolic alkalosis with volume contraction: loop diuretic 77. drug overdose?: respiratory acidosis 78. suprasellar mass, hormone excess?: prolactin 79. RNA splice error: skipping of exons 80. metastaic colon cancer spread MOA: Hematogenous spread of Liver Tumor from Colon via Portal Venous System 81. Diabetic neuropathy pain?: burning pain 82. pinpoint pupils, unconscious: heroin OD 83. Why deoxyHB can carry CO2 better than OxyHB?: DeoxyHB = better buffer 84. Recurrent severe mycobacterial diseases: INF-gamma receptor defect 85. Insulin increases?: glucokinase activity 86. Stain Drug effects: Upregulates LDL receptors 87. Lithium induced Nephrogenic DI, where?: Collecting tubule 88. MOA IKB: lkb --> NF-KB post phosphorylation for IL-1/IL-6 fever induction 89. Zanamavir MOA: Zanamivir MOA - inhibit virion release 90. CML treatment: Imatinib. BCR-ABL 9:22 91. Low blood solubility = slow or fast induction?: 141) low blood solubility --> rapid induction, low potency 92. Screening for CD markers?: Immunohistochemistry 93. acute ischemic injury = kidney findings?: Acute Tubular Necrosis - Muddy Brown Casts with epithelial cells 94. cyt a/a3 blocked by: CO poisoning (requires oxygen) 95. capillary hemangioma embryological origin: endothelial 96. Lambert-Eaton MG: Autoantibodies to presynaptic Ca2+ channel = proximal muscle weakness, improves with use 97. Highest immunogenic tumor cell response: cervical cancer to HPV 16, E6 protein 98. bevacizumab properties: humanized antibody inhibiting VEGF 99. metformin overdose: lactic acidosis 100. erythromycin MOA: Bind 50S, prevent release of uncharged tRNA after it has donated its amino acid (aka translocation) 101. relative risk under/over 1: under one = decreased risk, over one = increased risk 102. pulmonary vs bronchial circulation: pulmonary circulation = larger percentage of CO (=CO vs. bronchial circ is much less of CO) 103. muscle misuse: increased protein degradation not myosin activity 104. MPO deficiency: decreased production of bleach aka hydroxy- halide radicals = susceptibility to yeast infections 105. features of apoptosis: cell shrinkage, eosinophilia, condensed cytoplasm, apoptotic bodies 106. amphetamine intox: pupillary dilation, diaphoresis, agitation, confusion 107. heroin intox: euphoria, resp, CNS depression, pupillary constriction, seizures 108. seminal vesicle secretions: fructose (bulbourethral gland/Cowper = mucous, prostate =acid phosphate and PSA ) 109. mitochondrial inheritance expression: heteroplasmy = variable expression 110. treatment for hepatic encephalopathy: lactulose 111. location of bone that heals fracture: periosteum (includes osteoblasts) 112. CREST achalsia: dysmotility and decreased LES pressure 113. Hypercalcemia in MM vs Sarcoid: MM = IL1 (osteoclast activating factor), Sarcoid = elevated 1,25 vit D 114. ab pain, nausea, vomiting after party, normal temp, low BP: enterotoxin ingestion (S. aureus, usually rapid onset in 1-8 hours) 115. cerebellar vermis damage: truncal ataxia, dysarthria (vermis is tree like) 116. cerebellar hemisphere: intention tremor, limb ataxia, loss of balance, fall towards side of lesion 117. hyochondriasis: fear of serious disease 118. aspirin induced asthma mediated by? Treat with?: leukotrienes (montelukast, zirlukast) 119. Nephrogenic DI (PCT, DCT, CT): PCT = always isotonic, DCT and CT = hypotonic because ADH acts here and action is blocked in DI 120. nitric oxide: reduces pulmonary vascular resistance (watch for metglobinemia) 121. Beta2 agonists: decrease uterine tone 122. bupivicaina MOA: amide local anesthetic = decreased permeability of Na 123. blood supply of esophagus: branches off aorta 124. cough suppressant without constipation and low addiction: dextrometorphan 125. suspensory ligament: connects ovaries to lateral pelvic wall, contains ovarian vessels 126. carcinoid tumors (3 most common sites): appendix, ileum, rectum (once mets outside GI tract = carcinoid syndrome) 127. Hunter's syndrome accumulation: iduronate sullfatase deficiency = heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate (mild developmental delay, gargoylism, airway obstruction + aggression) 128. protease inhibitor MOA: inhibits cutting up of long enzyme chain into smaller pieces = no new viruses, lack mature core 129. Excess IL1 in elderly woman: osteoporosis 130. diabetes lipid levels: low HDL, high TG, high free fatty acids 131. placenta accreta: placenta attahed to myometrium after birth = massive bleeding 132. increased UC bilirubin: Gilbert syndrome 133. gestational trophoblastic disease: high hCG, nausea, vomiting, large uterus, associated with complete mole (male, male, no egg parts, 46 complete, 69 Partial) 134. uterosacral ligament: attaches to cervical region and extends posteriorly 135. Limited healing in lateral collateral ligament tear: impaired blood supply 136. thoracentesis location: above the 9th rib, midscapular line 137. micafungin/caspofungin MOA: cell wall inhibitor, blocks B-glucan synthesis 138. staghorn calciulus bugs: urease-positive (Proteus, Staph, Klebsiella) 139. praziquantel MOA: increased cell membrane permeability 140. partial beta agonists: pindolol, acebutolol (PAPA) 141. musculocutaneous nerve: sensation on lateral forearm, loss of elbow flexion