Page 1

Power of Magnification
Enlargement of the specimen seen through microscope
Calculate:
o Magnification = Power of Eyepiece x Power of Objective Lens
Microscope Handling Rules

Ocular viewing eyepiece
Coarse Adjustment
Rough Focus
Fine Adjustment
Fine Focus
High Power Objective (400x)
Low Power Objective (100x)
Scanning Power Objective (40x)
Base always hold
when carrying
Arm hold when
carrying
Stage holds slide
Stage clips holds
slide in place
Lamp light source
Diaphragm controls
amount of light
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When transporting, hold with two hands. One hand on the arm and the
other on the base.

ONLY use lens paper to clean the lens and objective.

ALWAYS begin focusing with the lowest power objective

ALWAYS look from the side changes lenses.

Raise the stage to the highest point WITHOUT crashing the slide into the
objective.

After completing your work, place the microscope on the lowest power
objective

Page 3
Cells

Cell Theory
1. All organisms (living things) are composed of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the smallest living things.
3. New cells are produced from existing cells.


Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic







Cells
Eukaryotic
(Nucleus)
Animal Plant Fungi Protista
Prokaryotic
(No nucleus)
Bacteria
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Prokaryotic Cells
Simplest single-celled organisms
o 1-10 micrometers thick
Enclosed by a plasma membrane
NO distinct interior compartments

Parts of the Prokaryotic Cell
o Cell Wall
Forms a rigid structure
Gives the bacteria shape
o Capsule may surround the cell wall of some bacteria
Made up of polysaccharides
Added protection
o Cytoplasm
Fluid inside the cell
o Ribosomes
Spherical structures throughout cytoplasm
Make proteins
No membrane boundary so not considered an organelle
o Nucleoid
Region of cytoplasm that contains DNA
o Flagellum (plural, flagella)
Used to move and feed
May be none, one, or more per cell
Can swim at speeds up to 20 cell diameters per second
o Pili (singular, pilus)
Hair-like projections on some cell surfaces
Assist in attaching to other cells and surfaces

Assume many shapes and arrangements

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Eukaryotic Cell
Cell Part/
Organelle
Name
Cells found
in:
Organelle Structure and
Function
Drawing
Cell
Membrane
(a.k.a. Plasma
Membrane)

Surrounds cytoplasm
Protects and supports cell
Controls what enters and leaves
cell
Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins- act as channels,
carriers, or pumps to pass
molecules into or out of the cell
Cholesterol molecules prevent
phospholipids from sticking to
each other


Cell Wall Some
prokaryotes,
plants,
algae, fungi

Supports and protects cell
Cellulose outer layer

Cytoplasm Eukaryotic
cells

Jelly-like substance
Holds organelles


Cytosol Eukaryotic
cells

Liquid of the cell
Mixture of substances dissolved
in water
Important in regulating cell
functions


Cytoskeleton Animal cell
Network of protein filaments
(scaffold)
Support organelles and cell
shape
Plays a role in cell motion


Nucleus
(plural, nuclei)
Eukaryotic
Cells

Command center of cell
o Directs all cell activities
Contains DNA (genetic material)
o Chromosomes (genetic
code)



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Nucleolus Eukaryotic
Cells

Inside the nucleus
Where ribosomes are produced
Made of RNA


Nuclear
Membrane
Eukaryotic
Cells

Double membrane between
nucleus and cytoplasm


Nuclear Pore Eukaryotic
Cells

Opening that has proteins that
regulate passage into and out of
the nucleus


Chromatin Eukaryotic
Cells

Mass of genetic material
composed of DNA and proteins
Forms chromosomes during cell
division
Located in the nucleus


Mitochondria Eukaryotic
Cells

Powerhouse of the cell
Site of Cellular Respiration
o Breaks down sugars for energy
o Converts ADP to ATP (energy)


Chloroplast Plant
Site of photosynthesis
o Converts Sun energy into
chemical energy
Contain chlorophyll
o Green pigment


Ribosomes Prokaryotic
and
Eukaryotic
Cells

Composed of RNA and protein
Smallest organelle
Site of protein synthesis
Attached to some membranes


Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Eukaryotic
Cells

Network of channels
Transports materials through
the inside of the cell






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Smooth ER Eukaryotic
Cells

No ribosomes
Detoxifies
o Breaks down drugs in the cell
Aids in manufacture of lipids
and carbohydrates


Rough ER Eukaryotic
Cells

Ribosomes cover
Carry out protein synthesis


Vesicles Eukaryotic
Cells

Membrane enclosed sac
Move material within the cell


Golgi
Apparatus or
Golgi Body
Eukaryotic
Cells

Stacks of flattened vesicles
Collect, package and distribute
molecules (proteins and lipids)
manufactured in the cell


Lysosomes Eukaryotic
Cells

Cleanup crew
Digest particles and worn out
organelles
o Contain enzymes
Engulf viruses and bacteria


Central
Vacuole
Plant
Storage for water, sugars, ions,
and pigments
Help maintain plant shape
Digestion, and waste removal
Smaller vacuoles in other types
of cells


Centrioles Animal
Pairs in cytoplasm
Near nuclear membrane
Involved in nuclear division
Cylindrical organelle
Anchor and assemble
microtubules used in cell motion





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Cilia/Flagella Prokaryote
and Animal

Flagella fine, long, threadlike
organelles protruding from cell
surface
Cilia hair-like projections,
numerous and organized dense
rows of flagella
Both used for movement


Microvilli Animal
Finger-like projections of the cell
membrane that increase the
surface are of cells
Used to increase absorption
and secretion




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Cell Membrane Transport

Food particles, water, and other materials must pass into the cell. Waste
materials must be eliminated.

Solution Mixture of 2 or more substances

Concentration mass of solute (substance) in a given volume of
solution
Example:
12g of salt in 3L of water = 4g/L concentration
12g of salt in 6L of water = 2g/L concentration

Passive Transport NO energy required

Diffusion
Net movement of molecules from areas of HIGH concentration to areas of
LOWER concentration as a result of random motion
*eventually achieving a state of EQUILIBRIUM

Small and uncharged molecules are allowed through the cell membrane
by diffusion.
Cell Membrane Transport
Passive Transport
(No energy)
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated
Diffusion
Active Transport
(Energy Required)
Bulk Transport
(Creating vesicles)
Exocytosis
(out of the cell)
Endocytosis
(into the cell)
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Isotonic solution same strength
Hypertonic solution more strength
Hypotonic solution less strength


Cell burst = lyse

Hypertonic
Solution
Hypotonic
Solution
Sugar
Molecules
Selectively Permeable Membrane
Movement of water
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Facilitated Diffusion
Use of a special carrier protein to diffuse across the cell
membrane from high concentration to low concentration
*glucose

Molecules that are too large to pass through the phospholipid
bilayer.



Active Transport
*Requires cell to use energy (ATP)
*Goes against concentration gradient
-Areas of LOW to HIGH

Example: Sodium-potassium pump


Bulk Transport
*Cell membrane making vesicles to bring materials in and out of the cell

1. Exocytosis: moving materials OUT of the cell


2. Endocytosis: moving materials INTO the cell

Pinocytosis: -- bringing small molecules or liquids into cell
cell drinking pinches around molecules

Phagocytosis: -- bringing large molecules into cell
cell eating -- engulf bacteria and break down


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Cell Chapter Vocabulary

Cell Theory
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleoid
Capsule
Pili
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear Membrane
Nuclear Pore
Chromatin
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Central Vacuole
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
Microvilli
Concentration
Passive Transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Isotonic Solution
Hypertonic Solution
Hypotonic Solution
Lyse
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Bulk Transport
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis