Analyse Numérique Et Optimisation. (Grégoire - Allaire)

L'ouvrage complet est disponible auprès des Éditions de l'École Polytechnique
Cliquez ici pour accéder au site des Éditions

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O L E

ÉC

U

E
IQ

N

EC H

Y T

!
POL
" #
$ # %
O L E
&

'

( )

"
ÉC *

+

,

+

,
, .

"
-
" +

$
" / 0 0 &
" ')

.

1( )
,

E
1.

'
0 # 2

IQ
U

"
&
'.
H

N

"
.

$

T E C

$
O LY
3
"
P

, . "
LE

"
ÉC O

U E
N

IQ

EC H
T
4 $"
O LY

$"
P
2

$$
LE

, $&
ÉC O 3 .

2
4
2
.

$-
$-
&
5 67 &
' 0 &
3
&&

UE

. -
IQ
2 0 . 80 -

,
H N -
C
1. 80 -
T E
1) -$
LY
9 H 1 (Ω) -$

P O
9 H01 (Ω)
L E
5 8
4
ÉCO

&
" 9 H m (Ω) -

1
5 "
9 H(div)
9 W m,p (Ω) "
1
$
" . 0
-

"

"

U

E
IQ
" '
1
" '
/

H

N
-
" ': .0
" *
.

T

E C

"

O LY
" +
,

"
P
# ,
LE
"
% &
ÉC O

U E
IQ
HN

T E C
$ 3 .
$

"
"
LY
$ 3 "
P O
$ 7 4% ""
LE
$ 7 ) ;
< ""
$ ) N = 1 "$
ÉC O $ ) P1
$ '. ,

"$
$
$ ) P2 $$
$ *
. $-
$ " ) ,= &
$ ) N ≥ 2 &
$ )
&
$ '. ,
-$
$ )

U

E
IQ
$ )
%
H N
$" >

"

Y T EC
& 7.

&
P O L
&

+
0

L E
& 5
ÉCO
& 4
& 1 ,

"
& >
,
0
-
& *0 . -
& >

& 3
$
& 7

& 1 )
& '. ,

!

E
- 7. "
-

- 7 ,
0

IQ
U

"
$
H
- 7 ,
#0

N
&
T E C
- 9
0

- 2
.

-
-
-
O LY

P
- 3 "
LE
- 9
#0
"
ÉC O
.

U E
IQ
HN
- 2
. "
-
T E C

- 3

"
"
LY
- *
. 0
"&
P O - ' #

"&
LE
- *

"
- * ? . ) $
ÉC O - +
(

-"

,

$
$
-" *
. #0
$"
-" +.0 $"
-" ' #

, $$
-" > ) $&
-$ 7

0
$
-$ 6 $
-$ 1 6
U E &
IQ
-& 7

#0
&
-&
H N
6 &"
EC
-& 1 6 &$
"
!
LY T
O
7. -
E P

-
L
9 -
ÉCO
1) --
@ ) -
9 ,

)
9 6
3# .
+
, &
!

#
4

1(0
E
' , &

,9
.
7

IQ
U

&

*6A B
5
%A

H
N

5 B
5
%
T E C
*6

O LY
1

P
3 -
LE

-
ÉC O

.
U E
IQ
HN
'
T E C
@ # 0

" 3

"
&
LY
"
&
P O
" 3 # ; < -
LE
" 3 # ; . <
" 7 /C &
ÉC O

$%&'(% )* +,--./,0.1',* .2)+ 1%34.*) #.5/)016

"
* "
1) "
3
"&
3
$
1

U E $
IQ
*# $$
N
*
. $$
EC H
7

*0 D
$
&
Y T
* #
&$
POL
* , E &$
*0 F ) &&
L E
*0
G
A
,H
O
-
ÉC
" 3
-"
" 4

-"
" 3 B
%
0 ,0
.
G
-$
$ --
$ .
;0 0
< --
$ + 0 0
7

7
8

E
+
#
+

' 0

IQ
U

7
H
N
"
7 .
" 7
I

T
E C

-

O LY
'
.
.

P
7

LE
7 4.6=

ÉC O
.

U E
N IQ
7 F $
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC
U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
.
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC

!"#$ %% %
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC
U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
.
U E

N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
'

I A ,
A 6
ÉC

J ,#

, 3. H

A

,? .
,0I8

,

9,&%-':.1',* 9.14%9.1';5)
:'95-.1',* *59%0';5)

0

;
,
<
, ;
A
.
< ;
8<
#
6
0 0 ? ,#

A 0

#

U E
GA

A
N IQ
7A
,0 A

K 1
, ,
EC H

.

8
6
9 (A

Y T
0

, #
A , 6
POL

. 9
8A
. ,

L E

*

,

O
.

J (
.

.
A

ÉC

,
8

; 8 L

M ,
8
#
<A
,#

.

. 0
J , 6

'

,

? 0 0

A
. 6

)
A

? 8

.

. J ,

@

6

1 .
A 6

A
8
A #
A
A
A 06
U E

? ,

)
J
IQ

A
A ,
;
.0

N
E C H

( ,
,

A

, A )A < N B
LY T
:
8 0

L

I

0M .
8
P O

; ,
LE

, .

? L
M
ÉC O

U E
N

(

< IQ
EC H
9 ,
) 0A
*6

J &' ' $
Y T
( ") . 0 G #0

POL
; I )
,
<A
;
LE

I
) ? <A , . ,#

;

0

<
ÉC O 3 ; <

. .

,#

O #

*
, 6

, 8A A

,
#
8 ',

,/<)+1'=: &) +) +,50: 8
.
6
;

.

. <A
6
E

E GA ,0

U
IQ
0

8

0

,

N
. *,52).5> 9,&?-): *,52).5> .-(,0'149):
EC H
*59%0';5):
0

' A H

?
H ? 0
Y T
I

9 (A 0

POL

8

I
;5.-'1% @./'-'1%
L E

'

P
O

.

ÉC

. 3
,

L
M ?

A '
? ,

&'A%0)*+): @*'): '

, . .

6

. .

. ' A A
" ?

-!.330,+4) 2.0'.1',**)--) 6
;
<
0 ,

A %-%9)*1: @*':A

' $ ) ? 0 0

' & -

30,/-?9): '*:1.1',**.'0): ;
,.
<A
.
6
U E

- ? ,#

A
IQ
&!,31'9':.1',* '
,
N
E C H
0 ,
,
?
0 ' . ;

:< ,6
LY T

'
.

9 A ? 0
P O

. 2A '

LE

? 0)+4)0+4) ,3%0.1',**)--) 3 .

ÉC O

U E
N IQ
A

O
, 0 ;,6
EC H
?6 , .0 <

)
T

Q
'

Y
POL

,

J

LE

A
0
.6

L ,

M
ÉC O
8 . ,

.
,
,
,

. 8

*

,

1

0
, .

L
6
M
.
8
. ? ,

. '
0

0

,#

A
. ?
L0 M

L
M ) 1

0A
U E

.

A
? ,8

L #)M

,H

IQ

N
L M
EC H

$$ "" *$"$
T
$" $ "+ " &,

Y
POL
) ,

A

) ,

,

•
L E
0 ? ) ,
.
O

8

ÉC

.

)6

0
C0

R

0

(
)A
)
A

0 . ,/+3 0

C0

)

0
? ,
22SS . 2 = @ *

0

C0

U E
IQ
*
A
)
06 )
6
N
E C H
? ,

.
2O N
. ? ,9 *#

0

C0
LY

T
P O

C0

, .

,
LE

.

ÉC O

U E

!
N IQ
EC H

.

. 6
T

. 0) 7

Y
POL
3

LE

A # 8
3 76

ÉC O

.

8 ,

.

#
.6
+
, : 8
. 0

,

I I? 0

9
A
0
6

?

E

A *6 A
*63 +.

8 8
,

E

A 2 EA E

U
IQ
1A 4
0 ;
?
' <
N

? @. *F

,

.
EC H
0

,A
.)
,

6
? ,.

.
0
.0

Y T
8 A

? ,
POL

"

O L E
ÉC 4 3
*A N. "
U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC
U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T

E POL
O L
ÉC

U E
IQ

N
CH T E
Y
E POL
L

ÉC O
'

?
A A 6

J 9,&%-':.1',* 9.14%9.1';5) :'95-.1',* *5
9%0';5)

0 #

0 ? ,#

6

A

#
1
A

. ;
0 <A ,6?6

( ?

.0 ; ,A <
*
,

8 6

A ? . ,#
A

E
.

. 9

IQ U
A
.

A . I
)

,#
/
.A (A

H N

#
. 8
; 0<

E C

. ,
,.

0

T

+
8 8
6
LY

A

A

O
P
H
A
8
A ,

LE
E

0
. 6
ÉC O

U E
N IQ

8 *,*-'*%.'0): ;. TUA
EC H
T U<A

.
0

T
1 H 8OA
,.
0 A
Y
POL
,6?6
,

9)A .
6

8 8A

.

D
,

LE

,

J

ÉC O

. ?

? -!%;5.1',* &) -. +4.-)50

.

.
, 6

A #
A
,

F 8

? 6
&'A%0)*+): @*'): 9)A
" )
,
30,/-?9) /')* 3,:%
,
) ;<

.
U E
N IQ

EC H
Y T

0
.

POL

8 A

A
)
?
,
9
L E
(A 0

, 0A
0
O
8

0A
8

ÉC
)
/A

0
. I

, J 8
0
0

V ',

?
. ,
#

A
.#

, .
?
.

&!%;5.1',* &) -. +4.
-)50A
,
(

'
Ω , ? N ; RN A .
N = 1, 2A
<
,

A A
U E

@ x .0 ,A ,6?6
ΩA
IQ
t .0 1 Ω

;.

8
N
E C H
.0 <
8 f (x, t)A

8
θ(x, t)

LY T
?
θ .
cθ R c
#

;

#
<
)
*

P O

θA
. -,' &) +,*:)02.1',* &) -!%*)0(')

LE

1
.
V
ΩA .
ÉC O

U E
N IQ

0

EC

? . 3
A
H
T

Y
d
POL
cθ dx = f dx − q · n ds ;<
dt V V ∂V
LE
R ∂V 0 V ; ,
8 ds<A n

ÉC O
V A q .
D

4
A 0

q · n ds =

divq dx.
∂V V
+
( ;<
8
.

V

A
A
,
.
,
∂θ
c + divq = f ; <
E
∂t
U

x ∈ Ω ?
t +
,
.
IQ
N
)

H
N
EC
∂qi
divq = . q = (q1 , ..., qN )t .
T
∂x i
Y
i=1
POL
8
D

?
A 8 ?

,
-,' +,*:1'151'2) 1 A , 2

L E

D

O
ÉC
q = −k∇θ, ;<
R k
. ;

#
<
.

+
,
)
t
∂θ ∂θ
∇θ = , ..., .
∂x1 ∂xN
9 0 . ; <

. ;<A 0

θ
∂θ
c
∂t
− k∆θ = f,
U E
R ∆ = div∇ ,

N IQ
N
∂2θ
E C H
T
∆θ = .
Y
∂x2i
L
i=1
P O
8
I
?

.0
ΩA
A
LE
+,*&'1',* .5> -'9'1):A

? 8

ÉC O

U E
N IQ
n
EC H ∂Ω
Y T
POL Ω
O LE
ÉC
W >

. ,

0 ∂Ω
A

,
E

* .A , t = 0
H A

+,*&'1',* '*'1'.-)
IQ U
HN
θ(t = 0, x) = θ0 (x), ;<
T E C
R θ0 8 0

Ω 9
P O LY

A
#

0
?
A A
E

? ) ,
A
.)

L
ÉCO
1
θ(t, x) = 0

x ∈ ∂Ω t > 0. ;"<

0

,
A
D

0

.)

/

∂θ
(t, x) ≡ n(x) · ∇θ(t, x) = 0

x ∈ ∂Ω t > 0, ;$<
∂n
R n

Ω ;. 2
<
6

.
J D

0
U

,
,
A
.)
E

2

N IQ
∂θ
C H
(t, x) + αθ(t, x) = 0

x ∈ ∂Ω, t > 0
E
;&<
T
∂n
LY
R α
. *

, 8
;,
6
O
P
<A

1 ;"< +6
LE
0 ) ,
A A
8
ÉC O
"
U E

A 0 ,

N

IQ
⎧
⎪ ∂θ
EC H
T
⎪
⎨ c − k∆θ = f
(x, t) ∈ Ω × R+
Y
∗
∂t
POL
;-<
⎪
⎪ θ(t, x) = 0
(x, t) ∈ ∂Ω × R+
∗
⎩ θ(t = 0, x) = θ (x)
x ∈ Ω
LE
0
ÉC O
0 ;-<
,

.

,
3

A
;-<
30,/-?9) .5> -'9'1):A

,
30,/-?9) &) .5+4B ?

)9.0;5) CC 1

A
8

#
J
θ , B. ;K <A

)
c N
% B. ;J/(kg × K)<A
.

;
< k N
% B.
U E
;Jm2 /(kg × K × s)< 1,
.

A

IQ

.
0
A H A

c k .
; . ?
#
<
H N •
Y T EC
)9.0;5) CC /
. #
A 16
A /
A 2
; ,
<

,
POL
8 ∂Ω E GA

R

J 1
∂ΩD A /

∂ΩN A 2

∂ΩF A
L E
. ∂ΩD , ∂ΩN , ∂ΩF 8
8 ∂Ω
O
•
ÉC
)9.0;5) CC ,

;-< -'*%.'0)
R

θ (f, θ0 ) 9 #

.

8 ,

J
0
(f, θ0 )
?

θ
H 0

?

1,
.
#
A ,
,
# ,
9
(A
0 ? 8 .
A 2
8
A
8

.
k 8

θ ∇θ ;
0 6<
9 A
H ;A <
,0 H 2

U E
IQ

D

q .
∇θ 9 (A
N
# ;L
M ? .
< P
J
E C H

?
. ) Ω /
.

;. +
< 0 +
,

Y T
, 8 #
.
L
•
P O
)9.0;5) CC 0 ;-< ,

LE

8

.A
.
ÉC O
$

U E
N IQ
0

; 8
6
EC H
. .0
0< * A ;-<

T

&!%;5.1',* &) &'A5:',*A (

,

Y
POL

? . Ω ;

(

,A
0

0< 1 A θ
LE

A q D
A k (
6
.A c .

, 1 HA . ; <
ÉC O

0 A

. ;< 2% •
)9.0;5) CC 0 ;-< .

) R
9,&?-) &) -.+D )1 +4,-): . ;-<
.
, , ;
< ,

.
x
,

k

T '
u
⎧
⎨ ∂u ∂u ∂2u
E
− ru + 1/2rx + 1/2σ 2 x2 2 = 0
(x, t) ∈ R × (0, T )
; 0A ,8 x t = 0 @ σ .
, r
,H +

;<
0 .
POL
) A
. ?

;-< *
A .
;< 0

0

O L E •
ÉC
0
. ,

;-<
6
N

,
.

0

?
,

. A A
D
,
. V (x, t)
;
8 ? .
. RN < 3A 8

.
D

,
D
(
; <
,
D
. ; ? . V <A
?

?
0A +,*2)+1',*&'A5:',*
⎧
⎪
⎪ ∂θ
⎨ c + cV · ∇θ − k∆θ = f Ω × R+ ∗
E
∂t
;<
U
⎪
⎪ θ=0
∂Ω × R∗ +
IQ
⎩ θ(t = 0, x) = θ (x) Ω
N
0
C H
( ;-< ;< , ,
. @

E
T
0
.
. (

0
O LY
A *,9/0) &) %+-)1A )
P
OLE
cV L
Pe = , ;<
k
ÉC
&
U E
N IQ
R L

0 ;
6
EC H
Ω< 0 * A ( (
8
T
( .8A ;-<
:

Y
POL
0 * , A ;
, , ,
<A
;<

;-< * A 0 *
LE
A
) ;<
(
@ 0
,
&!.&2)+1',*
ÉC O ⎧
⎪
⎪
⎨ c
∂θ
∂t
+ cV · ∇θ = f Ω × R+ ∗
; <
⎪
⎪ θ(t, x) = 0
(x, t) ∈ ∂Ω × R+∗ V (x) · n(x) < 0
⎩ θ(t = 0, x) = θ (x) Ω
0
+
(
; < ?
;< J ,
?
θ ,H

0 ∂Ω

0 R . V
U E
/
.
.6
IQ
(
A ;-<A ;<A ; <A
.
N
? .
(
0 * E GA
#

H
EC

F ( , ? ,

6
T

J

8

. L
M
Y
POL
3)
( 8

E
A

.
R Ω = R ,

L
;
.

<A R
O
ÉC

f
A R . V @

* A ;< .
⎧
⎨ ∂θ ∂θ ∂2θ
+V − ν 2 = 0
(x, t) ∈ R × R+ ∗
∂t ∂x ∂x ;<
⎩
θ(t = 0, x) = θ0 (x)
x ∈ R
. ν = k/cA

+∞
1 (x − V t − y)2
θ(t, x) = √ θ0 (y) exp − dy. ;<
4πνt −∞ 4νt
E

;-< 8 0
8 V = 0 , ;)0+'+) CC

θ0
N IQ
E C H
R
T
3. H # )A ,
, . .
⎧
⎨ ∂θ ∂θ
O LY

(x, t) ∈ R × R+
P
+V =0 ∗
∂t ∂x ;"<
OLE
⎩ θ(t = 0, x) = θ (x)
x ∈ R
0
ÉC
-

U E
@ .)

N IQ
EC H
θ(t, x) = θ0 (x − V t) ;$<
Y T

,
;"<
POL
>)0+'+) CC

θ0

LE
R ! "
ÉC O

ν #
)9.0;5) CC , . ,

;-<

.
0 ;
,<A

,# 2
;.

T$U< '

LM
;< ) ,

) +

,

,

2
. ,#
•
U
)9.0;5) CC X
8 (
E
N IQ
;-< ; < 9 (A

A f = 0A
EC H

t
.A ,
, . ; <
;
A
< 3
A

Y T

,

;-<
H LM
POL

.
', 8 8

J ;$< .
L E
t V A
;< ;. V = 0 P

LDM
O

@
,
, . 0%2)0:'/-) A

ÉC
,

'00%2)0:'/-) ' 0.

8 ? ,
#
J .0 A
,
; (
,

< •
)9.0;5) CC

( 8
;-<
; <
&!'*2.0'.*+) 3.0 +4.*()9)*1 &!%+4)--)

A f = 0 8 .
θ(x, t)

,

;-<A A

λ > 0A θ( xλ , λt2 )

H
;

(< 1 HA

. V A θ(x, t)

,
, . ; <A
E
θ( λx , λt )

@ . 0
? , .0
, H
+

A
A
,
.
IQ U •
H N
E C
)9.0;5) CC
;
.
#
<
T
,

;-<

(x, t)
.

LY
R ;.A 8
;<< 9
A
O
P
;<A . ?
A

LE
t > 0 ;
6<
.

R J

ÉC O

U E
N IQ
A ,(
8 LM ? ,) @

EC H
30,3.() .2)+ 5*) 2'1)::) '*@*') ;
0 G

<
T
3
A ,
, . ;"< . ?
Y
. V ;. 8
;$<< J # 30,3.(.1',* E 2'1)::) @*')
POL
•
)9.0;5) CC 4Q

8
;< ;$<A .)
LE

,
.6 (
;< ,
, .6
O
ÉC
;"< .)
min θ0 (x) ≤ θ(x, t) ≤ max θ0 (x)

(x, t) ∈ R × R+ ,
x∈R x∈R
30'*+'3) &5 9.>'959 ' ; A

0
.

#
<
8

,
.6 (
;< ,
, . ; < /

,

•
U E

N IQ
EC H
1
8

6
T

0

Y
POL
,

.

A

I

X )

O L E
. 1

.0A

)
?
É C

'
. .A ,

.
0
0 ,
9 ,
⎧
⎪
⎪ ∂u
⎨ − ∆u = f Ω × R+ ∗
∂t
;&<
⎪
⎪ u=0
∂Ω × R∗ +
⎩ u(t = 0) = u Ω
0
, ,

, , ;,

U
.
.< @

0
E
IQ
;.

6 " < /
. I? .

N

E C H

J .0 A ? . )A
LY T
>)0+'+) CC

P O

$

%
&

LE

' $
( Ω = (0, 1)
ÉC O

U E
N IQ
f = 0 ) u(t, x) * & '
$

u
*

+ x(
$*

EC H 1 2
T
1
∂u
Y
1 d
POL
u (t, x) dx = −
2
∂x (t, x) dx
2 dt 0 0
" v(x) ,

[0, 1]( v(0) = 0(
LE
$*
-

O
ÉC

2
1 dv1
v (x) dx ≤
2
dx (x) dx.
0 0

1
'

0 u2 (t, x) dx

f(x)
U E
Nx IQ
Ω
EC H
Y T u(x)
POL
LE
ÉC O W 1 ,

,
,

.0 * A
,

.0 ,
0

;
,
0
< 9

,A

.0 3
A
0

Ω
, ,
8 ?
, f A 8 u ;. 2

< @

, )
0 A

1 ,
u

⎧ 2
⎪ ∂ u
E
⎪
⎪ − ∆u = f Ω × R+
⎪ ∗
U
⎪
⎪ ∂t 2
⎨ u=0
IQ

∂Ω × R+∗
;-<
⎪
⎪
⎪ u(t = 0) = u 0 Ω
H N
C
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ ∂u (t = 0) = u1 Ω
∂t
Y T E
P O L
+

, , ,

, 8

u @

#0
;.
LE

6 " <
ÉC O

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC
N = 1 $

EC H

u0 u1 *( f = 0
Ω = R U1
T
u1
Y
POL
1 1
u(t, x) = (u0 (x + t) + u0 (x − t)) + (U1 (x + t) − U1 (x − t)) , ;<
LE
2 2
ÉC O

.

*
,
. ,
, . ; < 6
30,3.(.1',* E 2'1)::) @*') 9 (A ,9

(x, t)
.

.

. &,9.'*) &) &%3)*
&.*+) ;
X
Y . 2
< +
,
,

, A ? . 8
;<A

(x, t)
.

U E

,
.
N IQ

t −tA 8 ,
@

L M ,
. 8
8 H
EC H
@
,
0%2)0:'/-) )* 1)93:
Y T
POL
>)0+'+) CC
/
(x, t)

u0 u1 $+

* [x − t, x + t]

u1 (x)
O L E
u(−t, x) .
Ω × R− ∗ + %
* *

ÉC t
(x,t)
x−t x+t x
U E
W 1
X ,

N IQ
E C H
LY T
>)0+'+) CC
$*
P O
$
.

/ '
LE
$
( Ω = (0, 1) f = 0 ) u(t, x) *
ÉC O

U E
. '
$

∂u
N IQ
*

+ x(
$*

H
∂t
EC
$* 2 2
T
d 1 ∂u 1 ∂u
Y
(t, x) dx + (t, x) dx = 0.
POL
dt ∂t ∂x
0 0
0
+
$

%

O LE
ÉC

*

f A
,

;&<

:1.1',**.'0)A ,6?6
u(t, x)
u∞ (x)

t . ,)
.A

1 A

f (x)
A

E
−∆u = f Ω
; <
u=0
∂Ω,
IQ U
H N

,

@

EC

;.

6 " < +

T
. ,
;< .

Y
POL
0
,
* A ; < 6
. ,
0

?
8
L E
f )

O

C
É
,
! ,.
8 , u ,

?
V +
u(t, x)
8 R+ ×RN ? .

C

|u|2 , 00

.
(t, x) V (x)

8 ? .
8 , u

⎧
⎨ ∂u
i + ∆u − V u = 0 RN × R+ ∗
∂t ; <
⎩ u(t = 0) = u RN
0
,#
; <

,

U E

, ;
, 0 < /A
.
,

N IQ
E C H
L0M , 8

P
8
? ,) u

,

? ,)
LY T
P O
>)0+'+) CC
$*
LE
$
)%1* 2 ) u(t, x) * 2
ÉC O

U E
IQ
HN
$
3 #
∂x
∂u
|x| → +∞ "
T C

v(t)
E
LY
∂v 1 ∂|v|2
R v = ,
P O ∂t 2 ∂t
LE
4 R *

v 5* v '
$

ÉC O

u *

+ x(
$*
$*

2
|u(t, x)| dx =

|u0 (x)|2 dx.
R R
'

$

∂t (
∂u

2 2
∂u ∂u0
(t, x) + V (x) |u(t, x)| dx =
2 2
∂x ∂x (x) + V (x) |u0 (x)| dx.
E
R R

IQ U
H N
EC
#

,6

8 ,

,#
Y T
8 ;.
6 "

POL

< *
0 # A

, )
0 ( . 6
L E

, , ,
:B:1?9) ,
A ,6?6

O
ÉC

Ω ,
RN
, ,
8 f 8A
x x+ u(x)
8 f (x)
8 . Ω RN A u(x)
'

−µ∆u − (µ + λ)∇(divu) = f Ω
; <
u=0
∂Ω
R λ µ
A A

6

*

.) µ > 0 2µ + N λ > 0
1
u

8

) 0
0 ∂Ω
# ; < . fi ui A

U E
IQ
1 ≤ i ≤ N A f u 0
RN A ; <

. ?
H N
C
−µ∆ui − (µ + λ) ∂(divu) = fi Ω
E
∂xi
T
ui = 0
∂Ω
LY

1 ≤ i ≤ N +

A (µ + λ) = 0A

O
P
ui
. . A
LE
N = 1A # ,
,

ÉC O

U E

N IQ
EC H
T
# % ,
,
D
.

0
Y
? . @

D

Ω
, ?
POL

6A ,6?6
.

;

?

1<
, ,
8 f (x) ;
8 Ω
LE
RN <A . u(x) ;
.
< p(x) ;
<

O
ÉC

⎧
⎨ ∇p − µ∆u = f Ω
divu = 0 Ω ; <
⎩
u=0
∂Ω
R µ > 0 .
D
+

,
N
∇p −
µ∆u = f ; ? +,*:)02.1',* &) -. ;5.*1'1% &) 9,52)9)*1<A
#

divu = 0 +,*&'1',* &!'*+,930)::'/'-'1% ;

U E
? +,*:)02.1',* &) -. 9.::)< , N = 1A
N IQ
# % H . 8
.

. 8 * N ≥ 2A #
EC H
% 0
J
A . 0
T
.
; A A
<
Y

P
OL
L E
ÉCO
@ 8
,

,
;6
0 .
< Ω
8 #
A
f (x) ;
8 Ω R<
8A 6

u(x) ;
<
,

; D<
⎧
⎨ ∆ (∆u) = f Ω
u=0
∂Ω ; <
⎩ ∂u
∂n = 0
∂Ω
R ∂n = ∇u·n . n .

? ∂Ω +

,
E
∂u
, ,

.

;
IQ U

06< ',

,.

H N
'

,
;

0
<
T E C
+

, 0 I
) ,

; <

LY
#
?
# ; <
8
O
P
,

. F , ? ,

LE

ÉC O

!!
! "
U E

N
IQ
!
C
E H
Y T
OL
3

A 0
6
P

( 6

LE
,.

.
ÉC O

.

6

. ,0 .

;,6?6 0 )<
F.330,+4)*1G ;
.0 ?
<
1 8
0 H

8
J A

6
Y
A &':+0%1':) 0 8

0 ) .
A ,6?6
-!,* 3.::) &5 F+,*1'*5G .5 F&':+0)1GC
0
,

,
6
E

. /

IQ U

A ( ) ;
.

A )< *
) A

H N
?
, ;.
6 $

EC

< /
,0
,

6
T
A ,6?6

, :+4%9.: *59%0';5):
Y
POL
/
.
' I
)
A ,6?6
,

. ;

O L E

<
ÉC
t
n∆t (tn, x j)
U E
IQ
x
j∆ x
H N
T E C
W 7 ( )
LY
*

6A

3.: &!):3.+)
O
P
∆x > 0
3.: &) 1)93: ∆t > 0

LE

@ )

ÉC O
$

U E
,
;. 2
<
N IQ
EC H
(tn , xj ) = (n∆t, j∆x)
n ≥ 0, j ∈ Z.
Y T
POL
@ unj .
,

(tn , xj )A u(t, x)

;
< ( )
LE
. ( )
8
5#
ÉC O

* A .
;
<
∂ 2u −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1
− 2
(tn , xj ) ≈ ; "<
∂x (∆x)2
R , P 8
5#
∂2u
−u(t, x − ∆x) + 2u(t, x) − u(t, x + ∆x) = −(∆x)2 (t, x)
E
∂x2
U
; $<

IQ
(∆x)4 ∂ 4 u
− O 6
N
(t, x) + (∆x)
H
12 ∂x4
EC
∆x LMA 8
; "<
L0M ;

T

< 8
; "< +)*10%) #
j
Y
POL
*
,
.6 (

E
∂u ∂u ∂2u
L
+V −ν 2 =0 ; &<
O
∂t ∂x ∂x
ÉC
8

. 8

V
∂u
(tn , xj ) ≈ V
unj+1 − unj−1
∂x 2∆x

,? 8 H
. @
8
( ) J A 9
8
L
M
9
A ( )
∂u un+1
j − un−1
j
(tn , xj ) ≈
∂t 2∆t
U E
IQ

#
? n j ;

:+4%9. &) '+4.0&:,*<
H N
un+1
j − un−1
j unj+1 − unj−1
T E C
−unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1
; -<
Y
+V +ν = 0.
L
2∆t 2∆x (∆x)2
P O
3
L
M . 6A +) :+4%9. ):1 '*+.3./-) &) +.-+5-)0
LE
&): :,-51',*: .330,+4%): ,
.6 (
; &< ;.
ÉC O

!!
! &
U E
N IQ
,

2
"< V /
I
)
EC H
?
*
,A 6
T

:
.
(
Y
POL
)
.

( ) ;
LE
Y
:+4%9. &!5-)0 0%10,(0.&)<
ÉC O ∂u
∂t
(tn , xj ) ≈
unj − un−1
∆t
j

unj − un−1
j unj+1 − unj−1 −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1
+V +ν = 0. ; <
∆t 2∆x (∆x)2
U E
#

J ( )
IQ
. ; . Y
:+4%9. &!5-)0 30,(0)::'=<
N
∂u
EC H
un+1 − unj
T
j
(tn , xj ) ≈
Y
∂t ∆t
POL

O L E
un+1
j − unj unj+1 − unj−1 −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1
;<
ÉC
+V +ν = 0.
∆t 2∆x (∆x)2
(

; < '9
3-'+'1) 8

# ,

.

(unj )j∈Z 8 .
(un−1
j )j∈Z A
;< )>
3-'+'1)

, .
(un+1j )j∈Z 8 (unj )j∈Z

, n ; < ;< , .

,

,

. ;<
8
unj − un−1
j j+1 − uj−1
un−1 n−1
−un−1 n−1
j−1 + 2uj − un−1
j+1
+V +ν = 0.
E
∆t 2∆x (∆x)2
1

. )A # 0 G

IQ U
H N

n J .
(u0j )j∈Z )A
E C
A u0j = u0 (j∆x) R u0 ,
.6
T
(
; &< +

L
.M ; -< #

LY
:

J
n = 1
0 P
O
P
.
(u1j )j∈Z
, 8

; A
LE
,

<
ÉC O
-

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC

U E
" W N IQ
H
0 . ν∆t = 0.1(∆x)2
EC
Y T
"
#

POL
'O 8

R V = 0
E
L
ν = 1A ,6?6
-!,* 0%:,51 *59%0';5)9)*1 -!%;5.1',* &) -. +4.-)50C
O
ÉC
@ 8
u0 (x) = max(1 − x2 , 0).
*

.

.

;<A
.
.
) Ω = RA ,6?6
A

n ≥ 0A
) .
(unj )j∈Z A ,

) V 9 A
O R
L M Ω = (−10, +10)

1
/
. ;
) 6

6
< /
) , ? ∆x = 0.05 J #
E
.
(unj )−200≤j≤+200 ?
+

.

IQ U
unj
,
,
,
.
J A
A
H N

, 0

E C

(

0.

)

T

A
. 8
;<A

O LY
P
+

; -< J
,. 6
LE
A 0

,

ÉC O

!!
!
U E
N IQ

∆tA '*:1./-)A ,6
EC H
?6

0 ,

T
.
∆x ∆t '
; ,
Y
<
2
"
8
;5)- ;5) :,'1 -) +4,'>
POL
∆t ∆xA 0. ; #
A 0 G< @

LE
0 I
)

. ;. <
ÉC O

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC $ W . ν∆t = 2(∆x)2
3 ,
A ; <
L0M

,

;5)- ;5) :,'1 ∆t ;.
2
$< 9
A ,0. I ,

∆t ∆x @

0
' ;< J

8
.

∆t
6
U E

;. 2
&< 0 8 ?

. J

∆t ∆x
2%0'@)*1

N IQ
2ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2
E C H ;<
LY T
0A
;< , .)A 6
0 @
0
P O
0 ;< 5*) &): 0)9.0;5): -): 3-5: :'93-): )1 -): 3-5: 30,=,*&):
LE
&) -!.*.-B:) *59%0';5) 9 8

. - ;. , 6
ÉC O

U E
N IQ

V< '
A 2 A C# 9

EC H
+,*&'1',*
,5 +,*&'1',* &) ,50.*1H 0')&0'+4:H )1
)IB
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC #

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

& W . ν∆t = 0.4(∆x)2 ;

< ν∆t = 0.51(∆x)2 ;0<
U E
IQ
/
I
) 0. 0 ;
#

6
N
(

< +.
8
ν∆t n

ν∆t

E C Hν∆t n
T
n+1
uj = uj−1 + 1 − 2 unj + u . ; <
Y
(∆x) 2 (∆x) 2 (∆x)2 j+1
P O L
'2 .)A ; <
un+1
0
LE
j
. .

unj−1 , unj , unj+1 ;
:
ÉC O

!!
!
U E
N IQ
0 ; < 8
.
< 9
A
EC H
u0 0
m M

Y T m ≤ u0j ≤ M

j ∈ Z,
POL

8
H .

LE

ÉC O m ≤ unj ≤ M

j ∈ Z

n ≥ 0. ;<
;< H , 0 J
0
'2 ;<

J , ,
. &':+0)1

+,*1'*5

. .
? +

'2 .)A ,6?6

2ν∆t > (∆x)2 .

U E
N IQ
3A
0 ;
H 0

)

EC H
LM J A u0 ≡ 0 V< *
Y T u0j = (−1)j
POL

0
8 0

O L E
unj = (−1)j 1 − 4
ν∆t
n
ÉC
(∆x)2

. ,)
n . ,) 1 − 4 (∆x)
ν∆t
2 < −1
0 '2 , 8
>)0+'+) CC %

2/(

V = 0(

6% ( $ +
2/

1 ≤ j ≤ J
un0 = unJ+1 = 0 n ∈ N )
m ≤ 0 ≤ M
m ≤ u0j ≤ M 1 ≤ j ≤ J $

un+1 unj " n ≥ 0

E
j
*
m ≤ unj ≤ M 1 ≤ j ≤ J
∆t ∆x
IQ U

. ?

0
A
H N

,.
. A ,6?6
? 6
E C

/

?

T
+

0 A 0 GA

LY
. A
: '

, .) 6
O
P
.
A ,6?6

,
LE
.

ÉC O

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC

U E
- W N IQ
H
. ν∆t = 0.4(∆x)2
. .
∆x
EC
Y T
POL
.

0
;

. .) 6

,
0<
2
-
.)
O L E

A , : , ∆x ;
.
0.5A 0.1A
0.05<
∆t ν∆t/(∆x)2 ;
ÉC
0 '2<A

; ,(

H ) t = 1A 0

∆t
< ' F2%0'@+.
1',* *59%0';5) &) -. +,*2)0()*+)G I
? ,
8

;,6?6 ,#
.
0
:<
"

#
#$
9(

,

-!%;5.1',* &) +,*
2)+1',*&'A5:',* ; &< .
. V = 1
/

H

.
U E
IQ
ν∆t = 0.4(∆x)2 /
,D
.
(
6
N
E C H
ν ;
.
0 *<
0
2

0
ν = 1A 0
ν = 0.01A

LY T
.
ν = 0.1A 0 0

(
@ 0

,.
P O
0 * ν A
.8

LE
(
8 *
A '2 ;<A 0

. V
ÉC O

!!
!
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
OLE
#

ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
T

Y
E POL
O L
ÉC

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
O
W
,
.6 (
. ν∆t =
P
LE
0.4(∆x)2 V = 1 9
A ν = 1A

ν = 0.1A 0 ν = 0.01
ÉC O

U E
N IQ

A .0
8
?

ν

EC H
*
A -!%;5.1',* &!.&2)+1',*
,06
T
? ν = 0 +

,0
'2 ;<
Y
POL

8 ν = 0 ;

∆t ∆x<A
0 6
.

0 2

O LE
ÉC
#

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
L
W
,
, . . ∆t = 0.9∆xA
O
ÉC
V = 1A ν = 0
*
,
, . ;,6?6 ; &< . ν = 0<A
;<

V ∆t n V ∆t n
un+1 = uj−1 + unj − u . ;<
j
2∆x 2∆x j+1
'

2
H 6

0 2
@ . 0
un+1 j , I ;

∆t<
0 . unj−1 A unj A unj+1
# .

A

6
E
0 ;

.

<
IQ
.8 /

. U
, 0
A ;<A
.
H N

,. 8
. 1
0 J
E C
.
.
. V 0 G
J
T

V > 0 ;

#
.0 V < 0< *

LY
V > 0A ? &%+)*10)9)*1 .2.- J 0
O
P unj+1 − unj
LE
∂u
V (tn , xj ) ≈ V
∂x ∆x
ÉC O

!!
! "
U E
N IQ
L,8M
.
'
?

. L
M
EC H
Y T un+1 − unj unj+1 − unj
POL
j
+V =0 ;"<
∆t ∆x
LE

0
3
&%+)*10)9)*1
.9,*1 ;,6?6 ?
V > 0<A
. L,8M
ÉC O

V
∂u
(tn , xj ) ≈ V
unj − unj−1
∂x ∆x

un+1
j − unj unj − unj−1
+V =0 ;$<
∆t ∆x

2
@ .)
;$<
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

W

,
, . . ∆t =
0.9∆xA V = 1
U E
IQ
0

. '2 ; ( '2
N
;<<
|V |∆t ≤ ∆x.
E C H ;&<
Y
9 (A
;$<
8
L T
P O
V ∆t n

V ∆t

LE
un+1 = u + 1 − unj ,
j
∆x j−1 ∆x
ÉC O
$

U E
N

A ;&< 8Aun+1 IQ

0 .
H
j
EC
unj−1 unj *
A ;$< .)

T

A
P 0 ,
&%+)*10)
Y
9)*1 .9,*1 ):1 5*) .510) '&%) 9.<)50) &) -!.*.-B:) *59%0';5) 9
POL

0
D
R 8

,0
. ; 53I'*&'*(A ,6?6
LE
.

<A P 0 ,

O
ÉC

,
, .

.6 (
. 80 .
(
ν A 8
0

. , .8
. '2 ;&<
X

;< 3

2

>)0+'+) CC " (

07 & $

( %

$
$

u0j = (−1)j
U E
N IQ
EC H
>)0+'+) CC 8 %

$

. $

-

Y T

$ $ 9

* +
POL

7* ' ( %
*(

$

: 07 ∆t ≤ ∆x
O L E
ÉC

0
.
D

5
,0 A

L0M
8 A , 8
@ 0 0 ;
. <
,# J , ,H
,#

0I8

9)A
L0M

.
0 ;
A

A
<

;
.
< #

,

. * *) 3)51 &,*+ 3.: =.'0) -!%+,*,9')
&!5*) /,**) +,930%4)*:',* &) -. 9,&%-':.1',* 34B:';5) )1 &): 30,30'%1%:
9.14%9.1';5): &): 9,&?-): :' -!,* 2)51 0%.-':)0 &) /,**): :'95-.1',*:
*59%0';5):C
U E
N IQ

E C H
LY T
/

0 )

P O

,#
. .0
#
.
LE

,#

ÉC O
"

&
U E
%
& &

N IQ
%@*'1',* CC
EC H
$ )) 30,/-?9) .5> -'9'1): $ "$ & - )
T
" $ $ "$ & " """ $"+ $
Y
POL
" ),
LE
* A ; <
0
3 A ,

(
ÉC O dy
dt = f (t, y)
0 < t < T
y(t = 0) = y0
;-<
,
0

,

(0, T )A .
0 < T ≤ +∞A , L
0 M
, t = 0 ; t = T <
%@*'1',* CC $ )) 30,/-?9) &) .5+4B $ "$ & - )
" .' ) $ $ -/ 0$$" ") t' $ "$ 1
/ 2 $" $ "$ $" " $ )"$" $ / t = 0' "
) $ t = T ,
U E
N IQ
* A ,
( ;-<
0 '
#A
EC H
; < ;

.0 ,
T
x ?
8 I
X
<
Y
POL
1 0
? 8 0
0
'
# 3A ,

;-<
0 '
#
E
? .0 t
0
? .0 ,
O L
x 5

ÉC

0
8
,

0 '
#

0

,

, , ,
L0M ,6
/,* 9,&?-) , #
#

A

'

.

.

. H .

#

N
=
)
,
L0M
A 30,/-?9) /')* 3,:% ;
0
,
0 0 < @ f ; 0A
E
A A <A u
A A L,
M

U
IQ

u , 0A A ? 8 ,

N
. #

0

. u

A(u) = f
E C H ;<
%@*'1',* CC
LY T
$ " )/+ ,3 " /')* 3,:% ) " " $$
f
P O
" $ "$ $ u' " "" "$ u )$ $"$4$"
LE
$$ f ,
ÉC O
-

U E
N IQ
9 ) = J 8
EC H

,
0 0 *A 8

,
T

J , 0 ? ?

Y
POL
V 1
A 8

J ,

A ,
A
.
LE

, . 8 A .

. LM
L
M ;.
L
M

8<
. A ,
0

ÉC O
L0M

)
* A
0

.

J

X

X
.A HA
.
* ? /C Z%A . .# .
8 X E

A
X
,
I A

.

6

=
) # 0

J
)

A

;
, . L
6
E
0M I

?< A I

80 ',
U
IQ

J

N

A 8

I

L0M
;.
EC H
, #
#
F T-U< 5A ,
. A 8

G
Y T
3
0 A 0
8 A ,

POL

. &!.330,>'9.1',* *59%0';5) 9 (A 8

,

;< . ?
0 ;

L E

. < ?
;<

0
O

0
?
0
ÉC

A ,#

;

< *
A

0

.

+

,
.
#

#

,
,
. J , 0

? (A
;< ,

.
.A
H
?

5 .

,? .
1) ;"< 0
D
A

8
0 G
U E
IQ

8
A

N

, (
,

,
8 ( V
E C H
, ;0 )0+'+) CC
P O
0
%:
LE

)
Ω = (0, 1) × (0, 2π)
ÉC O
"

U E
N
0
%: x
y
IQ
⎧
∂2u ∂2u
EC H
T
⎪
⎪
Ω
⎨ − ∂x2 − ∂y 2 = 0
⎪
O LY
u(x, 0) = u(x, 2π) = 0 0 < x < 1
P
⎪
⎪
⎪ √
⎩ u(0, y) = 0, ∂u (0, y) = −e− n sin(ny)
LE
0 < y < 2π
∂x
ÉC O −
√
n
u(x, y) = e n sin(ny)sh(nx) "

x = 0 * ;(
(
x > 0(
u(x, y)

n
$ 0
' (

) $

U E
N IQ
!
"

"
"

"
#!
"

"
$

%
EC H
& %' t & %' x
Y T
"
"
"
(
)!

"
"
)!

POL

%'

% "

%

'%
L E
"

%

*
O

%' u(x, y)
(( '
& +

ÉC
"

! , "

a
∂2u
+ b
∂2u
+ c
∂2u
+d
∂u
+e
∂u
+ f u = g. # !
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y

"
a, b, c, d, e, f

b − 4ac < 0

2
b − 4ac = 0
2

b − 4ac > 0
2
%'
' - "

"

. // "
0 + '
"
"

ax2 + bxy + cy 2 + dx + ey + f = 0
U E
N I Q

' "

* !
b − 4ac < 0
2
' b2 − 4ac = 0
(' b2 − 4ac > 0
E C H
1 "
. //
%

"

%
LY T
%"
( 2
(x, y) %' (t, x)

!

"

O
"
"
%+
! "
"

P
LE
, "

ÉC O

U E
"
"
% ('"
"
IQ
H
N

"
"
0

! C
"
13
'
%

4
%
"
Y T E
'"

"
"
'

('"

P L

O

% "

'
'
"

"
' 5
(

O L E

('"
6
'

"

% '"

+
ÉC
"

"
'"

('"
"
# !

( %' 1 (x, y) → (X, Y )
(
%'
& "
7' J = Xx Yy − Xy Yx

Zz % Z & z! ,

"
# ! %
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
E
∂u ∂u
U
A 2
+B +C +D +E + F u = G,
∂X ∂X∂Y ∂Y 2 ∂X ∂Y
% A
IQ
= aXx2 + bXx Xy + cXy2 B = 2aXx Yx + b(Xx Yy + Xy Yx ) + 2cXy Yy
N
C = aYx2
EC H
+ bYx Yy + cYy2 % "
B 2 − 4AC = J 2 (b2 − 4ac) 0

( %' "
"

%
T
# !

* 8"
9
"
"

Y
POL

∂X ∂ 2
2
∂
+ ∂Y
"
'"
& "
(

2
2
∂
− ∂2

"
('"
& "
∂X
∂ 2
− ∂Y
∂
2
•
E
∂X ∂Y2 2 2
L
$ ' "
"
"

'O
É
C
%
:

"

'

%
%
"

% # ! "
∂2u
%
= 1
a = 1
∂x2
b=c=d=e=f =0 '"

' "
b2 − 4ac = 0!
"

%' y ;

<! 6 *
*

%

"
8 9 •
U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC

U E
N IQ

EC H
Y T
POL
1
#

( ) /

) :1./'-'1% +,*:':1.*+) ,

A

L E

. ? : A 0 0
O
ÉC
? ,

+,*2)0()*+)

. ,

'

,

,
, . 0

8

,# ( )

0

. . ?
? 8 ? .

5

( )

A , ;

6
U

<

D
0 *
,
A E
IQ

D
0A
8
.
N
E C H
) /A 0
( )

.

3A
6
LY T

' - 0 )

( )

P O
( ) . 0

LE

.
ÉC O

!!
!
U E

N
! " IQ
E C
*$ ) H
L Y T
O
/

?
,
.# ?
6
P
$

, /
,

LE

0 (0, 1)
ÉC O ⎧
⎨ ∂u ∂2u
− ν 2 = 0
(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × R+
∗ ; <
∂t
⎩ u(0, ∂x
x) = u0 (x)
x ∈ (0, 1).
*
(0, 1)×R+ A

, ∆x = 1/(N +1) >
0 ;. N
8<
∆t > 0A )
,

(tn , xj ) = (n∆t, j∆x)

n ≥ 0, j ∈ {0, 1, ..., N + 1}.
U E
N IQ
@ unj .
,

(tn , xj )A u(t, x)
EC H

; <
Y T
POL
u0j = u0 (xj )
j ∈ {0, 1, ..., N + 1}.
E

; <
. H

#A

L
,. ) A

O
ÉC
1
u(t, 0) = u(t, 1) = 0

t ∈ R+
∗

un0 = unN +1 = 0

n > 0.
*
A ?

. ?
.
(unj )1≤j≤N

8
.
RN /

0

,

; < 5
) N

;
xj A 1 ≤ j ≤ N <

/ .
unj 3
'
. I?
:+4%9. )>3-'+'1)
U E
un+1 − unj −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1
IQ
HN
j
+ν =0 ; <
C
∆t (∆x)2
T E

n ≥ 0 j ∈ {1, ..., N }A

:+4%9. '93-'+'1)
Y
un+1 − unj
PO
−un+1L n+1
j−1 + 2uj − un+1
LE
j j+1
+ν = 0. ; <
∆t (∆x)2
ÉC O
!!
!
#

U E
N IQ
8 .)
; < (. 0 )A ,6
?6
,

.
un+1
j
EC H 8 unj J (A 8

.
T
N
Y
POL
⎛ ⎞
1 + 2c −c 0
⎜ −c 1 + 2c −c ⎟
LE
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ν∆t
⎜ ⎟ . c = ; <
O ⎜ ⎟ (∆x)2
,
ÉC
⎝ −c 1 + 2c −c ⎠
0 −c 1 + 2c
.) ) 8A .0 9 8

0 . ; < ; <A
0 ≤ θ ≤ 1A 0 θ:+4%9.
un+1
j − unj −un+1 n+1
j−1 + 2uj − un+1
j+1 −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1
+ θν + (1 − θ)ν = 0. ; "<
∆t (∆x)2 (∆x)2
U E
E GA
. ; < θ = 0A ; <
IQ
θ = 1 θ6 ; "<
θ = 0 *
.
θ = 1/2A
N
A
EC H
0 :+4%9. &) 0.*D'+4,-:,*
A ?
Y T
POL
j+1 − uj+1
un+1 5(un+1 − unj ) un+1
j−1 − uj−1
n n
j
+ +
12∆t 6∆t 12∆t
E
; $<
L −un+1 − un+1 −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1

n+1
j−1 + 2uj
O
j+1
+ν + ν = 0.
ÉC
2(∆x)2 2(∆x)2
>)0+'+) CC " %

2 $ $
θ%

θ = 1/2 − (∆x)2 /12ν∆t
5

E &)5> *'2).5> 8 .

@
0 G

.
J

? .
9

;0< +
.

' A :+4%9. &) 5,010.*D)-
un+1
j − un−1
j −unj−1 + un+1
j + un−1
j − unj+1
+ν = 0, ; &<
E
2∆t (∆x)2
:+4%9. &) #).0
IQ U
3un+1 − 4unj + un−1 −un+1 n+1
− un+1
H N
C
j j j−1 + 2uj j+1
; -<
E
+ν = 0.
T
2∆t (∆x)2
LY
/
.? 8 0

V 9 6
,
O
P

. V 0
,#

. H
LE

. A GA
0

ÉC O

!!
!
U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC , #
0 f (t, x) ,

EC H
; <A ) O F
0

T
f (t, x)
(tn , xj ) * A
Y
POL
, f (tn , xj )A ; < .
un+1 − unj −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1
LE
j
+ν = f (tn , xj ).
O
∆t (∆x)2
ÉC
•
)9.0;5) CC 6

A
,6?6
, 8 .
0 )A

A .
unj

(n , j )
. ,

(n, j) :1)*+'-
;
,
#

:533,01< 9 A
A
G
:
? ; ?
L( 0 MA ,6?6 R

(n , j )

<
U E •
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC @

1
EC H
; <
/
A
0

T
;
< 'O
(
Y
/

POL
∂u ∂u
(t, 0) = 0
E
(t, 1) = 0.
L
∂x ∂x
ÉC O
5
,0 A

un1 − un0 un − unN
= 0 N +1 =0
∆x ∆x

, .
un0 unN +1

N .

(unj )1≤j≤N ' /
,

A

0 ',

;

<
un1 − un−1 un − unN
= 0 N +2 =0
2∆x 2∆x
E

A ,I
L )8M x−1 xN +2 @
U
IQ
.
un−1 unN +2 A ? )8A N +2
N
.
?
A ? . (unj )0≤j≤N +1
E C H
1,
A
,.
LY T
u(t, x + 1) = u(t, x)

x ∈ [0, 1], t ≥ 0.
P O
9 un0 = unN +1

n ≥ 0A

LE
unj = unN +1+j •
ÉC O
!!
!
#
"
U E
'

N IQ
EC H
E GA 8
6

J
Y T

,
,
. 5#

POL
,.

' *
8 ,

. ( )A
+,*:':1.*+)
LE
30%+':',* E

,

,

ÉC O
; <A

) .0
,

.

F (u) = 0 +

F (u)

8 u .
(t, x)
1

( ) )A

0 n, j A 8

F∆t,∆x {uj+k
n+m
}m− ≤m≤m+ , k− ≤k≤k+ = 0 ; <
R m− , m+ , k − , k + )

;.
+
<
U E
%@*'1',* CC Q-
' ' ) " " "$N I 6$"
# & 5$ *$ , " " $"$"
"$ & - )"
0 + "" "$'
F (u) = 0
-!)00)50 &) 10,*+.150)
E C H
#'
u(t, x)
*$ )

Y T
L ' " "$ $" - 7
F∆t,∆x {u(t + m∆t, x + k∆x)}m− ≤m≤m+ ,

, ; <
O
k− ≤k≤k+
"$ - 7' $$"

$ )$ $", E P ) ))" (t, x) ∆t ∆x
$ "L
8 ) ' O # " ) $ ) " $ ")
É C "$" , "$ - 7
p q
O (∆x) + (∆t)
p
q
∆t
" "$ $" - 7,
∆x
)9.0;5) CC 8
8
; < ?
0
[

? )
9 (A

I

,

8

: . ∆t ∆x ?
,

. F ' ,
V *

. .A

I

8
F∆t,∆x ({uj+k n+m
}) = 0

A

8
u(t, x)
,

,

A ,

,

•
U E
'
,

,
O uj+k
n+m

N IQ

.
E C H
8
; < u(t + m∆t, x + k∆x) ' 1) A
LY T

)99) CC # &)" , " $"$"' ) $ ")
O
" $ ), 8 ) ' $ #" 0 $"$" ))" ν∆t/(∆x)2 = 1/6'
P
LE
# " ) $ ") " 9 $ ),
ÉC O
$
!!
!
U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC 1
,
$ 6
EC H
) ) ) ∆t ∆x
T

, . F ' ,.

Y
POL
,

9
A 0. (6
. 0
LE
∆t ∆x •
ÉC O
%9,*:10.1',*C v(t, x)
8 C 6 * . 5#

(t, x)A
,

; <
v(t + ∆t, x) − v(t, x) −v(t, x − ∆x) + 2v(t, x) − v(t, x + ∆x)

+ν
∆t (∆x)2
∆t ν(∆x)2
= vt − νvxx + vtt − vxxxx + O (∆t)2 + (∆x)4 ,
2 12
U E
R vt , vx . v v

,

IQ

; <A 0
? ,
N

ν∆t/(∆x)2 = 1/6A
H
EC
∆t (∆x)2 ) vtt = νvtxx = ν 2 vxxxx
Y T
POL
9

0

9 ; < O ∆t + (∆x)2 0 L2 L∞
O L E '2 2ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2
ÉC
; < O ∆t + (∆x)2 0 L2 L∞

'%6/ ; "< O (∆t)2 + (∆x)2 0 L2
;. θ = 1/2<
θ6 ; "< O ∆t + (∆x)2 0 L2
;. θ = 1/2< '2 2(1 − 2θ)ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2
? $ ; $< O (∆t)2 + (∆x)4 0 L2

1
262% ; &< O ( ∆x
∆t 2
) + (∆x)2 0 L2

4 ; -< O (∆t)2 + (∆x)2 0 L2
W 9

0 .
,

U E

N IQ
E C H
LY T
>)0+'+) CC - %
%

) 22( $
P O

:

<

2

LE
%

67 7
=
ÉC O
!!
!
#
&
U E
&
+
N IQ
EC H
1 '
. .
0 ( )
Y T

) 5

.

A
6
POL

A ,0 8 0

)
06
LE
*

. 0 )

ÉC O
un = (unj )1≤j≤N /

RN

, ∆x J
⎛ ⎞1/p
N
un p = ⎝ ∆x|unj |p ⎠
1 ≤ p ≤ +∞, ; <
j=1
R p = +∞ H un ∞ = max1≤j≤N |unj |

+

) ∆x ? .
E

? . , N ∆x = 1/(N +1) 4Q ? ∆xA
U
IQ
un p
? Lp (0, 1)
8

N

6. [xj , xj+1 [ [0, 1]
.A , L Lp M
H
"C
9

.
p = 2, +∞
%@*'1',* CC :$ # & 5$T

Y E
*$ " ) $ '
:1./-)
O L
*$ ) ,' &" $ $"$" K>0 $ )$ $" "
∆t ∆x
P
- "$ $" - 7 "
E
O L un ≤ Ku0 ) " " n ≥ 0, ; <
É
C" $$ $" ,
u0
, $ ) ) " "$" "$ $0"' $
∆t ∆x
" # " +,*&'1',**)--)9)*1 :1./-),
)9.0;5) CC *

. RN A

0 ?

06
?
7

,

0 ?
?

;.
,
6\ ( . 9 <
9 (A
1) -
I
8
? ∆x H
) ; < ∆x •
U E
%@*'1',* CC :$ # & 5$ *$ " " -'*%.'0)
N IQ
n+m
F∆t,∆x ({uj+k
E C H
}) = 0 *$" " $ ) ))" 0 $" uj+k
n+m
,
LY T
0 ,
?
.
8 ? 9
(A
?
.

,
8

P O
LE
un+1 = Aun , ; <
ÉC O
-
!!
!
U E
N IQ
R A

;
A ,< RN RN *
EC H
A
; < A .

⎛
1 − 2c
Y T ⎞
POL
c 0
⎜ c 1 − 2c c ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ν∆t
LE
⎜ ⎟ . c = , ; <
⎜ ⎟ (∆x)2
O
⎝ c 1 − 2c c ⎠
ÉC
0 c 1 − 2c

; < A ,.
; < 3 , ,A un = An u0 ;A
An
n6 A<A
0

. ?
An u0 ≤ Ku0 ∀ n ≥ 0, ∀ u0 ∈ RN .
E

0 ;. 1) <
M u
IQ U
N
M = sup ,
u∈RN ,u=0 u
EC H
T
0

. ?
Y
POL
An ≤ K ∀ n ≥ 0, ; "<
L E

.

A 0
O
ÉC
1./'-'1% )* *,09) L∞C
0 L∞ .

. I? .

' + )
%@*'1',* CC :$ # & 5$ *$ -* 30'*+'3) &5 9.>'
959 &':+0)1 ) " " n ≥ 0 " " " 1 ≤ j ≤ N $

min 0, min u0j ≤ unj ≤ max 0, max u0j
0≤j≤N +1 0≤j≤N +1
" $$ $" u0 ,

U E
IQ
)9.0;5) CC 1 1)
6

u0
F
.

H N
C

0
1 '

Y E
u0 .)
1 ;
, <A
T •
P O L
'
,. .

' ;. ;< ,9 <A .)6
LE

.
ÉC O
!!
!
#

U E

)99) CC
N Q ,3
I)"
# &)" , " "/ $ $ " $"
L∞
" H
$ "$ ;< " "", # " "/ $
" ) ") C
2ν∆t ≤ (∆x) 2
$ L∞
"$$$" "/,
Y T E ) $ " " $$
∆t ∆x
P OL
>)0+'+) CC " %
0
=>% 2!
θ = 1/2
O LE

L∞ ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2 ( %
67 7
= 2&

ÉC
L∞ 2ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2
1./'-'1% )* *,09) L2 C
1 0
.)

L0M *

6?A 8
.) 0

L∞ L2 H 0 ? ,
0 Q
? ,

,# 2

*

8A

,

E

+,*&'1',*: .5> -'9'1): &) 3%0',&'+'1%A
,. u(t, x+ 1) =
U
IQ
u(t, x)

x ∈ [0, 1]
t ≥ 0 *

A

N

un0 = unN +1

n ≥ 0A
unj = unN +1+j
?
N + 1 .
unj
EC H
3
.
un = (unj )0≤j≤N
8 un (x)A
Y T

A
A )
[0, 1]
POL
un (x) = unj xj−1/2 < x < xj+1/2
L E
. xj+1/2 = (j + 1/2)∆x
0 ≤ j ≤ N A x−1/2 = 0A xN +1+1/2 = 1 3
O
ÉC
)A 8 un (x) ? L2 (0, 1) @A , ,# 2
A

8 L2 (0, 1)

2
;.
" T$U< *

un (x) = ûn (k) exp(2iπkx), ; $<
k∈Z

1
. ûn (k) = 0
un (x) exp(−2iπkx) dx 8
*
1
|un (x)|2 dx = |ûn (k)|2 . ; &<
0 k∈Z
U E
+

H un
8 A : ûn (k)
IQ
2

8
N
2
8

. J v n (x) = un (x + ∆x)A
H
v̂ n (k) = ûn (k) exp(2iπk∆x)
T E C
9

,
; < 3.
LY
A
A
0 ≤ x ≤ 1A
O
un+1 (x) − un (x)
P
−un (x − ∆x) + 2un (x) − un (x + ∆x)
LE
+ν = 0.
∆t (∆x)2
ÉC O

!!
!
U E
N
* 8 2
A . IQ

ν∆t
EC H
(k) = 1 −
T (− exp(−2iπk∆x) + 2 − exp(2iπk∆x)) ûn (k).
n+1
û
Y
(∆x)2
POL
3

OLE
4ν∆t
ûn+1 (k) = A(k)ûn (k) = A(k)n+1 û0 (k) . A(k) = 1 − (sin(πk∆x))2 .
ÉC
(∆x)2
*
k ∈ ZA : 2
ûn (k) 0
n . ,)

8
,) .) |A(k)| ≤ 1A ,6?6
2ν∆t(sin(πk∆x))2 ≤ (∆x)2 . ; -<
'2 ;<A 2ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2 A 8A , ; -<
.

2
k ∈ ZA 8
*
E

u 2 =
n 2
1
|u (x)| dx =
n 2

|û (k)| ≤
n 2

|û (k)| =
0 2
1
IQ U
|u0 (x)|2 dx = u0 22 ,
0
H N 0
EC
k∈Z k∈Z
T

, ,

0 L2
'2
Y
, 8A 0 9 (A
: ∆x ;.
6
POL

: < k0 ;
: <
#
E

2

û0 (k0 ) = 0 . πk0 ∆x ≈ π/2 ;
π <
L

|A(k0 )| > 1 @
.
O # &)" , " "/ $ $
É C;<

)99) CC
$ "$ 2ν∆t ≤ (∆x) 2
" "",
L2 " $"
1 H 8O . 0

)99) CC # )" ,3 " "/ $ $ L2 ,
)9.0;5) CC *
; < ; <
0 L2 H
0 L∞ ' ,
I

,
•
%9,*:10.1',*C
?

U E
IQ

A
0 ≤ x ≤ 1A ?
un+1 (x) − un (x)
H
−un+1 (x − ∆x) + 2un+1 (x) − un+1 (x + ∆x)
N
C
+ν = 0,
E
∆t (∆x)2
Y
8 2

L T

ν∆t
P O
LE
ûn+1 (k) 1 + (− exp(−2iπk∆x) + 2 − exp(2iπk∆x)) = ûn (k).
(∆x)2
ÉC O
!!
!
#

U E
3

N IQ
EC H
4ν∆t
−1
T û (k) . A(k) =

n+1 n n+1 0 2
û (k) = A(k)û (k) = A(k) 1+ (sin(πk∆x)) .
Y (∆x)2
POL
' |A(k)| ≤ 1

2
k A 8
*
LE

? 0 L2

ÉC O
)9.0;5) CC ,# 2

@

,(
,

.

R

[0, 1] ; ( ?
2

X
,?

2
< /A ,

R

0 ) .
unj ?

n
,

0 ) .

0 L2

1 8
,# 2
* A

U E
8 2

0
IQ
.
, ; <

.
un

.
un+1
H N •
Y T EC
)9.0;5) CC $::)*1')--) &!5* 3,'*1 &) 25) 30.1';5)6 5

8 LM ,# 2

. 0 L2
POL
,
@ I
2

O L E unj = A(k)n exp(2iπkxj ) . xj = j∆x,
ÉC

.

8
,) A(k) +
A
,6
A

A ,6?6
A(k)
0
C @ +,*&'1',* &) :1./'-'1% &) ,* )59.** ,
|A(k)| ≤ 1

k ∈ Z. ; <
0 > /
8 ;. .

∆t ∆x<A 0
L2 A
0
9 A
0 ; < . ;.
6
< 9
A
0 L
0M 9 (A H
,
?
,

U E
2
0 A .0
,
N IQ
.
;0
<

E C H
0 0 P
,

LM . LM

Y

L T •
P O
>)0+'+) CC " θ%
2!
L2
LE
1/2 ≤ θ ≤ 1(
07 2(1 − 2θ)ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2 0 ≤ θ < 1/2
ÉC O

!!
!
U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC " %
+ 2

L2
EC H
T
! 5

'
Y
POL
% "
. )
. (
'

T > 0
K(T ) > 0
LE
∆t ∆x "
ÉC O un ≤ K(T )u0

0 ≤ n ≤ T /∆t,
"
"
u0 5
% &
=
%

"

∂2u
∂u
∂t
− ν 2 = cu
∂x

(t, x) ∈ R+ × R,
"
(
v(t, x) = e−ctu(t, x) & "
(

c > 0

u = ! %
E

' ' > 4
%
U
|A(k)| ≤ 1 + C∆t

k ∈ Z.
N IQ
EC H

*
& . ) ' •
Y T
POL
'
$

E
/
.

.
L
( )

6 5
O
ÉC

:
A

A +,*:':1.*+) )1 :1./'-'1% '93-';5)
+,*2)0()*+)
8 0

( ) *

; ( )A )A
< . I

J 0 6
;
) . ,
? ,
< 1,
.

A 5
J ,

;

<
, ,0. ,
6

;,6?6
, 0<A

; . <
4%,0?9) CC $
.>6 " u(t, x) "$ 6$" 0 + "$
# , - $ "$ & " ))), " unj "$
$ +" /"$ ) $ # 5$ *$ - $$ $" U E
u0j = u0 (xj ), $ )) # " $' & $- &' $"$"' "
N IQ
"/ ) $ $ , # " $-0$" $ .
E C H
T

∀ T > 0, lim
O
∆t,∆x→0
L Y sup en
tn ≤T
= 0, ; <
-" 1 2 *$ )P

- en
O L E )$" enj = unj − u(tn , xj ),
ÉC
!!
!
#

U E
8 ) ' # " ) $ ) "IQ
&" $ $"$" H N
p $ ")' q
) " " ") "
T >0
T E C
CT > 0

O L Y sup en ≤ CT (∆x)p + (∆t)q .

tn ≤T
; <
P
LE
)9.0;5) CC /
,. , ,

ÉC O
,

; < ;.
1

< *
,
8 ,# , ,

,

;

<A
.
' -

. •
%9,*:10.1',*C *
)A

1 H
.0

/
;

. H
< ?

.

,
8 ; <A
U E
u n+1
= Au , n
N IQ
EC H
R A , ; N < u
;

Y T

:
< ,

; < @ ũn = (ũnj )1≤j≤N
POL
. ũnj = u(tn , xj ) ' A
.
n

O L E ũn+1 = Aũn + ∆tn . lim

∆t,∆x→0
n = 0, ; <
ÉC
. n
8

0 ≤ tn ≤ T
? , p ? , q A n ≤ C((∆x)p + (∆t)q )
9 enj = unj − u(tn , xj ) 0
; < ? ; <
en+1 = Aen − ∆tn
,R

n
en = An e0 − ∆t An−k k−1 . ; <
k=1
E
@A 0
.

un = An u0 ≤ Ku0

A ,6?6
An ≤ K R K n 1,

A e0 = 0A ; <
IQ U
H N
C

n
en ≤ ∆t
E
An−k k−1 ≤ ∆tnKC (∆x)p + (∆t)q ,
Y T
L
k=1
P O

, ; < . CT = T KC
LE
; <
ÉC O

!!
!
U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC 5 8 .0

EC H

.

R

T
?
.

. 0 +

Y
POL
. . ; <
9)A
0
; < , .0

. 0
LE
[0, T ]
,
0
N •
O
É C
$)
N

,
. # ?
.
A ,6?6

.
un+1 ? un
@

8 .
.
A

. I?

? .
R un+1 un un−1 ;
+ A 1
262%A
4< 9

? .
<
U E

.
;

N IQ
1) - 0 ,
0
EC H
.
5
8A , 0 ,

? .
9 (A un+1
Y T
un un−1 A
; < *
POL
A
un
E
Un = , ; <
L
un−1
ÉC O

, N A A1 A2 A

A1 A2

U n+1
= AU =n
U n, ; "<
Id 0
R , A 2N ' A U n = An U 1

0
. ?
An U 1
An = sup ≤K ∀ n ≥ 1.
U 1 ∈R2N ,U 1 =0 U
1
1 H ,# 2

,
?
U
.
Q ? . ; < 9
,A

E

'
N IQ

)99) CC
E C H
# $" , " $"/ $ $ L2 ,
Y T
%9,*:10.1',*C 3.

; -< ,A
x ∈ [0, 1]A
L
un+1 (x) − un−1 (x)
P O
−un (x − ∆x) + 2un (x) − un (x + ∆x)
LE
+ν = 0,
2∆t (∆x)2
ÉC O
!!
!
#
"
U E
8 2

N IQ
8ν∆t
EC H
T
û n+1
(k) + (sin(πk∆x))2 ûn (k) − ûn−1 (k) = 0.
Y
(∆x)2
POL
3
A
OLE
n+1
û (k) − (∆x)
8ν∆t
2 (sin(πk∆x))
2
1
Û n+1 (k) = = Û n (k) = A(k)Û n (k),
ÉC
n
û (k) 1 0
Û n+1 (k) = A(k)n Û 1 (k) A A(k)

,

?
.
,
*
k ∈ ZA .
Û n (k)A
: 2
ûn (k)A 0
n . ,)

,) .)
A(k)n U 2
A(k)n 2 = sup ≤K ∀ n ≥ 1, ; $<
U 2
E
U∈R2 ,U=0
IQ U
R U 2
R2 *
A , ; $<

H N
.

2
k ∈ ZA 8
*

EC

un 22 = |ûn (k)|2 ≤ K |û0 (k)|2 + |û1 (k)|2 = u0 22 + u1 22 ,
k∈Z
Y T k∈Z
POL
,6?6 0 L2
3 ,.A , k0
A(k0 )n ,
E
0
n . ,)A .0
L
.

û0 (k0 ) ;
û1 (k0 )<A 0 ,0 L2
O
ÉC

' ,) A(k) #
A
A(k)2 = ρ(A(k)) A(k)n 2 = A(k)n2 A R ρ(M ) #
M ;. $< 1A , ; $< 8

ρ(A(k)) ≤ 1 .
A(k)
#X

8ν∆t
λ2 + (sin(πk∆x))2 λ − 1 = 0
(∆x)2

I

.
−1 * 6

A ,

;< .
0
A
ρ(A(k)) > 1 *
A 0
L2
U E
)9.0;5) CC ,# 2

. ,

N IQ
C H

E
T

.

?
.
;. +
-<
n+1
O
1 Y

, I
2
A 0
L
uj
P
uj
LE
n
= A(k) exp(2iπkxj )
unj u0j
ÉC O
$
!!
!
U E
N IQ
R A(k)
9.10'+) ,) ;

8
<
EC H
@ +,*&'1',* &) :1./'-'1% &) ,* )59.**
LY T
ρ(A(k)) ≤ 1

k ∈ Z, ; & /

+,*&'1',* *%
+)::.'0) 0 L2
; . <
A(k)
A .) A(k)2 = ρ(A(k)) A(k)n 2 = A(k)n2 ;.
$<A > /
; &<
: ;

.
LM
0
8.0< ' A A(k) , A
0 > /
, 3.: :5J:.*1) 8
8
# 0

A(k) ;
< •
U E
)9.0;5) CC 5 :

6
N IQ

.
L2 6
EC H
J
,# 2
. ; < •
T
)9.0;5) CC 5

.
0 .
Y
POL

.

#6
,
1 A
( ?

.
<
O E

; "< ?
,) ;

,
8

L •
ÉC
>)0+'+) CC " %
?
2.

* L2
>)0+'+) CC " %
67 7
= 2&

L2 " (
∆t ∆x ;

∆t/(∆x)2 (
%
67 7
= *
$ @ A *

E
( ) , :

0
6
IQ U

, ' ,

, ;

, ,
6
H N

A
<
Ω = (0, 1) × (0, L) .

1
⎧
T E C
Y
⎪ ∂u
⎪ ∂2u ∂2u
L
⎨ − ν 2 − ν 2 = 0
(x, y, t) ∈ Ω × R+ ∗
O
∂t ∂x ∂y ; -<
⎪
⎪
P
u(t = 0, x, y) = u0 (x, y)
(x, y) ∈ Ω
LE
⎩
u(t, x, y) = 0
t ∈ R∗ , (x, y) ∈ ∂Ω.
+
ÉC O
!!
!
#
&
U E
N IQ
*
ΩA

, ∆x = 1/(Nx + 1) > 0
EC H
∆y = L/(Ny + 1) > 0 ;. Nx Ny
8< 3.
T
∆t > 0A )
,

;. 2
<
Y
POL
(tn , xj , yk ) = (n∆t, j∆x, k∆y)
n ≥ 0, 0 ≤ j ≤ Nx + 1, 0 ≤ k ≤ Ny + 1.
LE
@ unj,k .
,

(tn , xj , yk )A
u(t, x, y)
; -<
ÉC O y
(x j, y k)
k ∆y
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
x
j∆ x
O L E
ÉC
W 7 ,
( )

1
A
n > 0A
un0,k = unNx +1,k = 0, ∀ k, unj,0 = unj,Ny +1 = 0, ∀ j.

u0j,k = u0 (xj , yk ) ∀ j, k.

0
:+4%9. )>3-'+'1) .
j,k − uj,k
un+1 −unj−1,k + 2unj,k − unj+1,k −unj,k−1 + 2unj,k − unj,k+1
n
+ν + ν = 0 ; <
E
∆t (∆x)2 (∆y)2

n ≥ 0A j ∈ {1, ..., Nx} k ∈ {1, ..., Ny }
( 0 .
IQ U

8
. '2
H N
E C
>)0+'+) CC " %
22/
L∞
T
O LY
B $

07
P
ν∆t ν∆t 1
+ ≤ .
LE
(∆x)2 (∆y)2 2
ÉC O
-
!!
!
U E
N IQ
/

; < ;

I

EC H
.< 2

.6 (
,
L0M ;
T
: (
.
0.01 . (1., 0.)<
Y
POL
O LE
ÉC

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

W

,
.6 (

6
U E
IQ
J ;
<
;0<
1 HA :+4%9. '93-'+'1)

H N
un+1
j,k − unj,k −un+1
j−1,k + 2uj,k − uj+1,k
n+1 n+1
−un+1
T E C
j,k−1 + 2uj,k − uj,k+1
n+1 n+1
= 0. ; <
Y
+ν +ν
L
∆t (∆x)2 (∆y)2
P O
+

A

un+1 8 un A
LE

,
# 0

,

ÉC O
!!
!
#

U E
N IQ
, ;
< +
, 6
EC H

A
: ,.
/
.
,
T

,
unj,k
Y
POL

j k A

% un

8 ,
.
,
; :<
LE

.

unj,k ,
ÉC O un = (un1,1 , ..., un1,Ny , un2,1 , ..., un2,Ny , ..., unNx ,1 , ..., unNx ,Ny ).
+

,
L MA
,

0
8 L M L
M ,0 , j
X
k
;Nx 0 Ny
< 3. .A
; <
,. #
L 0M
⎛ ⎞
D1 E1 0
⎜ E1 D2 ⎟
E
⎜ E2 ⎟
U
⎜ ⎟
IQ
M =⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
N
⎝ ENx −2 DNx −1 ENx −1 ⎠
0 ENx −1 DN x
EC H
Y T
R 0
Dj Ny
POL
⎛ ⎞
1 + 2(cy + cx ) −cy 0
⎜
⎜
⎜
O L E−c y 1 + 2(c

y + c x ) −c

y

⎟
⎟
⎟
ÉC
Dj = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ −cy 1 + 2(cy + cx ) −cy ⎠
0 −cy 1 + 2(cy + cx )
. cx = (∆x)
ν∆t
2 cy = (∆y)2 A 0 6
Ej = (Ej )
ν∆t t

Ny
⎛ ⎞
−cx 0 0
⎜ 0 −cx 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
Ej = ⎜ ⎟.
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
E
0 −cx
0 0 −cx
IQ U
H
3
M #
'
N
T E C

]A
P

0
G

,
# ? M ;. ,
,#

LY
+
<

O
P

O LE
ÉC
"
!!
!
U E
N
>)0+'+) CC " %
-

C
% IQ
n+1/2
− unj,k
n+1/2 n+1/2
−uj−1,k + 2uj,k
EC H
n+1/2
− uj+1,k −unj,k−1 + 2unj,k − unj,k+1
T
uj,k
Y
+ν +ν =0
L
∆t 2(∆x)2 2(∆y)2
P O
LE
n+1/2 n+1/2 n+1/2 n+1/2
j,k − uj,k
un+1 −uj−1,k + 2uj,k − uj+1,k −un+1
j,k−1 + 2uj,k − uj,k+1
n+1 n+1
+ν +ν = 0.
ÉC O ∆t 2(∆x)2 2(∆y)2
$ 2

L2

%

3
G
.A
.

?

,
A 06

&'0)+1',*: .-1)0*%): ;
,
A

:3-'11'*( < ,
A

,
0
; -<A .

U E
∂u ∂2u
− 2ν 2 = 0
∂u ∂2u
N
− 2ν 2 = 0
IQ
H
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y
T EC
L#M ; -< * A

Y
'%6/

∆/2A 0
:+4%9.
POL
&) &'0)+1',*: .-1)0*%):
uj,k
n+1/2
− unj,k
O L E+ν
n+1/2 n+1/2
−uj−1,k + 2uj,k
n+1/2
− uj+1,k
+ν
−unj−1,k + 2unj,k − unj+1,k
=0
ÉC
∆t 2(∆x)2 2(∆x)2
n+1/2 n+1/2 n+1/2 n+1/2
j,k − uj,k
un+1 −un+1
j,k−1 + 2uj,k − uj,k+1 −uj,k−1 + 2uj,k − uj,k+1
n+1 n+1
+ν +ν =0
∆t 2(∆y)2 2(∆y)2
; <
,. #
,
:A ?
A ,.

#
;,

< 9
A
: 8 6

'
0 . ,

0 ; -<
>)0+'+) CC " %

2 $
U E
IQ
2

L2

%

H N
E C
'

? 6
T
( ) .
0 6
LY

. 8
9
0
O
P
8

A
0
0 A
8 8 ,
6
LE
) ;. ' $ -<
ÉC O

"
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC
zone où l’on veut de la précision
W +: ( ) J F

R
, .

U E
N IQ
EC H

, 8

A
T
0)+1.*(5-.'0): ,
I
8 .

Y
POL
,
V *
A , 0 :

.

O L E

0 8 .
,6
.
8
;∆x ∆y
ÉC

. x y A .A .
6
8 Y . 2
< :
( )
F ,H *

A
( )

6

:

. .0

0 6

#

#$
U E
IQ
/
,
, .
, 6
N

E C H
0 (0, 1) .
. V > 0

⎧
⎪
⎨
∂u
+V
∂u
LY T
= 0
(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × R+
O
∗
∂t ∂x
P
u(t, x + 1) = u(t, x)
(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × R+ ; <
⎪
LE
⎩ ∗
u(0, x) = u0 (x)
x ∈ (0, 1).
ÉC O
"
!!
!
U E
N IQ
@
I
, .
∆x = 1/(N +1) > 0 ;N 8<
EC H
. ∆t > 0A (tn , xj ) = (n∆t, j∆x)
n ≥ 0, j ∈ {0, 1, ..., N + 1}A
T
unj .
,

(tn , xj )A u(t, x)

Y
POL
; <

un0 = unN +1

n ≥ 0A
unj = unN +1+j *
A ,6
LE

?

.
un = (unj )0≤j≤N ∈ RN +1 /

0
,
, . ; < 3
'
ÉC O

. I?
.

:+4%9. )>3-'+'1)
+)*10%
un+1
j − unj unj+1 − unj−1
+V =0 ; <
∆t 2∆x

n ≥ 0 j ∈ {0, ..., N } 0 )

.

)99) CC # &)" $" ,33 " $"$" - "$
$"/ $ $ L2, U E

-"$ ,3' ) $ ") " $ )' $$ "$$$"
N IQ
H
%9,*:10.1',*C 3 , ,
. 5#

(tn , xj )A
EC
.) 8
A ? ,
T
* # 2
A
0 L2 3.
Y
POL

6 A 2
ûn (k) un .)

E
V ∆t
ûn+1 (k) = 1 − i sin(2πk∆x) ûn (k) = A(k)ûn (k).
O L ∆x
ÉC
@ .)

8
,)
I

A
2
V ∆t
|A(k)| = 1 +
2
sin(2πk∆x) ≥ 1,
∆x
.
2k∆x , 1 0
@

.

. 0 J ,
:+4%9. '93-'+'1) +)*10%
un+1
j − unj j+1 − uj−1
un+1 n+1
+V = 0. ; <
∆t 2∆x
E
>)0+'+) CC " %
2

$

U
IQ
$
22( + $ 2
(

L2 ( *
H N
E C
, 0
? A :+4%9. &)
.>0')&0'+4:
T
2un+1
j − unj+1 − unj−1
O LY
+V
unj+1 − unj−1
=0 ; "<
P
2∆t 2∆x
LE

A 0
A
ÉC O

"
U E

)99) CC # &< # ,3= " I
N Q$ $
"/ L2
$ "$ ;<
C H
E " "$ $" - 7' "
T
|V |∆t ≤ ∆x.
))"
L Y
" 0 $"$"
"O
∆t/∆x ∆t ∆x
$ $"' P

$"$" - "$ -"$ ,3 " ) $ ) " "),
LE
$ "$$$" $-0$",
ÉC O %9,*:10.1',*C * # 2

V ∆t
ûn+1 (k) = cos(2πk∆x) − i sin(2πk∆x) ûn (k) = A(k)ûn (k).
∆x

8
,)
2
V ∆t
|A(k)|2 = cos2 (2πk∆x) + sin2 (2πk∆x).
∆x
U E
IQ
@ .)
|A(k)| ≤ 1

k |V |∆t ≤ ∆x 8A
N
EC H

, 0 k
|A(k)| > 1
0 *

A (

.
T
5#

(tn , xj )

u J
Y
POL
2u(tn+1 , xj ) − u(tn , xj+1 ) − u(tn , xj−1 ) u(tn , xj+1 ) − u(tn , xj−1 )
E
+V =
L
2∆t 2∆x
ÉC O
(ut + V ux ) (tn , xj ) −
(∆x)2
2∆t

1−
(V ∆t)2
(∆x)2

u xx (t n , xj ) + O

(∆x)2
+
(∆x)4
∆t
. ; $<

' ,

O (∆x)2 /∆t A ,
∆t . F
.
(∆x)2 * A
, ∆t/∆x *
0 .

5 ,
en
I

I ,

A
(∆x)2
en ≤ ∆tnKC + ∆t .
∆t
) ∆x/∆t ,
I
8 ∆t
U E

0 . FA ,R .
N IQ
E C H
)9.0;5) CC 62 , ;
LY T

. 1) < / .6
8
8
∆t 0

P O

'2 0A .
LE
9
62 , •
ÉC O
"
!!
!
U E
N IQ
A A
:+4%9. &)
.>K)*&0,A
− unj unj+1 − unj−1

EC H
unj−1 − 2unj + unj+1
T
un+1
j V 2 ∆t
; &<
Y
+V − = 0.
L
∆t 2∆x 2 (∆x)2
P O
. , A

@
LE

. ? ,

O
ÉC (∆t)2
u(tn+1 , xj ) = u(tn , xj ) + (∆t)ut (tn , xj ) + utt (tn , xj ) + O (∆t)3 .
2
9
,
, . . .

(V ∆t)2
u(tn+1 , xj ) = u(tn , xj ) − (V ∆t)ux (tn , xj ) + uxx (tn , xj ) + O (∆t)3 .
2
9)A . 8
,
U E
N IQ
H
u(tn , xj+1 ) − u(tn , xj−1 )
EC
u(tn+1 , xj ) = u(tn , xj ) − V ∆t
2∆x
Y T
(V ∆t)2 u(tn , xj+1 ) − 2u(tn , xj ) + u(tn , xj−1 )
POL
+ + O (∆t)3
+ ∆t(∆x)2
.
2 (∆x)2
L E
@
. 0 6\ (

O
O u(tn , xj ) unj +

A

ÉC
A L
M . ,
6
, . *
A 6\ ( ? ,
@

, .)

;. ,9 < * A 0 L2 .

'2 |V |∆t ≤ ∆x
>)0+'+) CC " %

DE
*
L2 |V |∆t ≤ ∆x
>)0+'+) CC " %

7%

07 |V |∆t ≤ ∆x

(
%

DE

V ∆t/∆x
−1, 0, 1
U E
N IQ
+ $ 2
:
E C H
>)0+'+) CC " %

DE 2& %

LY T
O
un+1 = αunj−1 + βunj + γunj+1 ,
P
j
LE
4 α, β, γ V ∆t/∆x
ÉC O

""
U E
N IQ
'
,. I?
' A
8
0
EC H
L0M
,
, . ; < &%+)*10)9)*1 .9,*1
T
/
8
:+4%9. &%+)*10% .9,*1
Y
POL
un+1
j − unj unj − unj−1
+V =0 V >0
OLE
∆t ∆x
; -<
un+1 − unj unj+1 − unj
ÉC
j
+V =0 V < 0.
∆t ∆x
@ I? .

'
0 L∞
'2A |V |∆t ≤ ∆xA 8 '
, A . L∞ ,
H
. L2 . H '2
>)0+'+) CC " %

2.

E

$
$
22( + $
(

U
IQ
* L2
07 |V |∆t ≤ ∆x

H N
EC
)9.0;5) CC *
0 6 ;R . V 6
T
H ,
u<A
,
D
A
Y
POL
.

?

0
A 0

, ;. ?
I
E

T-U< 9
A 0

, A
O L
. , •
ÉC 0 9

9 ; < 0 O ∆t + (∆x)2

; < 0 L2 O ∆t + (∆x)2
2

62 ; "< 0 L2 L∞ O ∆t + (∆x)
∆t
'2 |V |∆t ≤ ∆x
6\ ( ; &< 0 L2 O (∆t)2 + (∆x)2
'2 |V |∆t ≤ ∆x
1 ; -< 0 L2 L∞ O ∆t + ∆x
U E
'2 |V |∆t ≤ ∆x
N IQ

C H
W +
.
,
, .
E
LY T
*
. ,
.

A

P O
;

8<
,

.
O LE
ÉC
"$
!!
!
U E
%@*'1',* CC$ ))
N
%;5.1',* %;5'2.-)*1) IQ
$ # "$ /"
E C
$$" "$" #, H
$ $ > "$" + " )" )$) " "
Y T
P OL
O LE
ÉC

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

U
W D
'2
(

62 E
;
<
;0<
N IQ
E C H
5

. . ' A
LY T
I
? ,
,

,
A

.
.
L
.MA
P O
H

. 9 ,

LE
A L
M . ,

.
,. ,
6
ÉC O

"&
U E
N IQ
, * ,
62 ; "<
,
6
, .
J ,

EC H
; $<A

T
2
(V ∆t)2
− (∆x) 1 − u *
A ,

.
6
Y
2∆t (∆x)2 xx
POL
2

LE
∂u ∂u ∂2u (∆x)2 (V ∆t)2
+V − ν 2 = 0 . ν = 1− . ; <
O
∂t ∂x ∂x 2∆t (∆x)2
ÉC'

. .

6

9 (A 62
0
;? , < ,
.6 (
; < R :6
(
ν ;.
'2 8A
∆x = |V |∆t< +

A :6
(
ν
H
. ?
(
;. 2
< : (
ν ,

.
E
&'A5:',* *59%0';5) , A
&'A5:'=
U
IQ
;
8< #
,
(
8 ?
N
)

(
8
L
.M
EC H
Y T
>)0+'+) CC " $

%

2.
POL

∂u ∂u |V | ∂2u
E
+V − (∆x − |V |∆t) 2 = 0.
L
∂t ∂x 2 ∂x
ÉC O

(
8 ;
8 '2 6
8A ∆x = |V |∆t< 9
A : (
,

. . ,) . F ;? ∆x )<A

62 ;.
2
< ' ( (

2
R ,

,
, .

.

.

A

[ A
, ∆x = 0.01A

. V = 1
) T = 5 @
.

∆t = 0.9∆x ∆t = 0.45∆x
>)0+'+) CC " $

%

DE 2&

U E
IQ
∂u ∂u V (∆x)2 (V ∆t)2 ∂ 3 u
1−
N
+V + = 0.
∂t ∂x 6 (∆x)2 ∂x3
E C H
' 6\ ( , A ,

.
LY T
(

A &':3)0:'=
+

: . 8

P O
: (

. (
8 ',
6
LE

( 8
.A A

(
8
ÉC O
"-
!!
!
U E
N IQ
#
,
8
,

EC H

;. 2
"< 9 (A 8 )
T
.
2

;
6
Y
POL
8
.<A
,
(
8 8
,

;. ,9 -<
O LE
ÉC

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

U E

N IQ
" W ' 62 A 6\ (A
E C H

[ ;
<

;0<
LY T
3) ,

(

.

.
A
, ∆x =
P O
0.01A
∆t = 0.9 ∗ ∆xA
. V = 1
) T = 5 1

LE
# J
,0

ÉC O

"
U E
N IQ

A

A

A

;. 2

EC H
"< ? , (
8 J

T
6\ ( ? , 0

Y
POL

8 ,

.

LE
>)0+'+) CC ) $

O
ÉC
⎧ 2 3
⎨ ∂u + V ∂u − ν ∂ u − µ ∂ u = 0 (x, t) ∈ R × R+
∗
∂t ∂x ∂x2 ∂x3
⎩
u(t = 0, x) = sin(ωx + φ) x ∈ R,

V, ν, µ, ω, φ ∈ R "

u(t, x) = exp(−νω 2 t) sin ω(x − (V + µω 2 )t) + φ
E

'
E
$

(
U
IQ

*

H N
>)0+'+) CC %
@
A
*(
*

un+1
j − un−1
j
Y T unj+1− EC
unj−1
L
+V = 0.
O
2∆t 2∆x
E P
8

$
%
"

:
L
7 $

07 |V |∆t ≤ M ∆x
M < 1
ÉCO
>)0+'+) CC %
0
=>%
un+1
j − unj j+1 − uj−1
un+1 n+1
unj+1 − unj−1
+V +V = 0.
∆t 4∆x 4∆x
8

$
%
"

:
7 $

/
,
0 (0, 1) .

U E
IQ
⎧ 2
N
⎪
⎪ ∂ u ∂2u
⎪
H
⎪ − 2 = 0
(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × R+ ∗
⎪
C
2
⎪
⎪ ∂t ∂x
E
⎪
⎨ u(t, x + 1) = u(t, x)
(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × R+
⎪
LY
⎪ u(t = 0, x) = u0 (x)
x ∈ (0, 1)
⎪ T ∗
; <
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
P O
LE
∂u
⎩ (t = 0, x) = u1 (x)
x ∈ (0, 1).
∂t
ÉC O
$
!!
!
U E
N
3. H
A ,
?
IQ
EC H

.
un = (unj )0≤j≤N ∈ RN +1
6
T

un0 = unN +1

n ≥ 0A

Y
POL
unj = unN +1+j '
) .
u
6
,. (0, 1) ;F ? , .0<A
LE

u
0 A

,
0

* A u0 ≡ 0 u1 ≡ C (0, 1)A

ÉC O
; < u(t, x) = Ct *
(A 8 ,#
.
#

1
u1 (x) dx = 0. ; <
0
*
,
; < 0
θ:+4%9. +)*10% J

n ≥ 1 j ∈ {0, ..., N }A
E
un+1 − 2unj + un−1 −un+1 n+1
j−1 + 2uj − un+1
U
j j j+1
+θ
IQ
(∆t)2 (∆x)2
; <
−unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1 −un−1
N− un−1
n−1
j−1 + 2uj
H
j+1
+(1 − 2θ) +θ =0
EC
(∆x)2 (∆x)2
Y T
. 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1/2
θ = 0 0
A

POL
θ = 0
O L E u0j = u0 (xj )
u1j − u0j
=
xj+1/2
u1 (x) dx,
ÉC
∆t xj−1/2

. .)
; < '

( )
. ; <
, A θ6 ; < ? ,
+

.
;

0 . .0 ,
A .

6 <

)99) CC 1/4 ≤ θ ≤ 1/2' θ# $" ,9 " $$ "$$$"
"/ $ $ L2, 0 ≤ θ < 1/4' " "/ $ "$ ; 1/

√
1 − 4θ,
E C H
LY T
%9,*:10.1',*C '
,# 2

0
P
O
LE
û n+1
(k) − 2û (k) + û
n n−1
(k) + α(k) θûn+1 (k) + (1 − 2θ)ûn (k) + θûn−1 (k) = 0,
ÉC O

$
U E
.
N IQ
H
2
EC
∆t
α(k) = 4 sin2 (πk∆x).
T
∆x
Y
POL
, ,
? .

,
n+1 2−(1−2θ)α(k)
LE
n+1 û (k) −1
Û (k) = = 1+θα(k) Û n (k) = A(k)Û n (k),
ÉC O ûn (k) 1 0
Û n+1 (k) = A(k)n Û 1 (k) .

(λ1 , λ2 ) A(k)

#X

2 − (1 − 2θ)α(k)
λ2 − λ + 1 = 0.
1 + θα(k)

α(k)(4 − (1 − 4θ)α(k))
U E
IQ
∆=− .
N
(1 + θα(k))2
EC H
,
0
A(k) ,

T
A(k)n 2 = ρ(A(k))n R ρ(A(k)) = max(|λ1 |, |λ2 |) #
Y
POL
A(k) @ .) *%+)::.'0) 0 >
/
A ρ(A(k)) ≤ 1 ;. +
√ <A . ? ,9
E

: ∆t/∆x > 1/ 1 − 4θA
I

k ;

O L
sin2 (πk∆x) ≈ 1<
? ∆ > 0A
λ1 λ2 A
ÉC

? ,

8
√

.
0
A ρ(A(k)) > 1A 0 ∆t/∆x < 1/ 1 − 4θA
∆ ≤ 0

k A
I

? *
A ρ(A(k)) = 1 0 > /

8
>)0+'+) CC 7

2

A(k)n (

%
07 *F + 2
>)0+'+)
√ CC
2 ( $ + ∆t/∆x =
1/ 1 − 4θ
0 ≤ θ < 1/4 " θ%
22

E

unj = (−1)n+j (2n − 1)
# $ $
* $
U
IQ

@
A

un

H N
/

2
$

E C

0
. θ6 ;
θ =
T
0.25<
(

.

.
LY

A
, ∆x = 0.01A
∆t = 0.9 ∗ ∆xA
O
P

) T = 5 u0

A
u1

O LE
ÉC
$
!!
!
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC

U E
N IQ
H
$ W
,

EC
Y T
POL
/
. .
,9
,
; < .)

. , A ,6?6
A

t > 0A
O L E
E(t) = E(0) . E(t) =
1
∂u
2

(t, x) dx +
1
∂u
2

(t, x) dx.
ÉC
∂t ∂x
0 0

. 0
,

.) ;
6
.<
. . , *
θ6

-!%*)0(') &':+0?1)
2

N
un+1
j − unj
E n+1 = + a∆x (un+1 , un ) + θa∆x (un+1 − un , un+1 − un )
∆t
j=0
.
N

uj+1 − uj vj+1 − vj
a∆x (u, v) = .
U E
IQ
j=0
∆x ∆x
H
'A E n+1
A ? O(∆x + ∆t) A ,
N
,
T E C
E(tn+1 ) /

.
O LY
P
>)0+'+) CC " θ%
22 $* (
LE
$ + E = E n ≥ 0
n 0
ÉC O

$
U E
N IQ

8O )
,

EC H
; <
# ,

T
∂t w = ∂x A ; <
. ?
v = ∂u ∂u
Y
POL
⎧
⎪
⎪ ∂ v 0 1 ∂ v

(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × R+
⎪
⎪ = ∗
LE
⎪
⎪ ∂t w 1 0 ∂x w
⎪
⎨
O
v(t, x + 1) = v(t, x), w(t, x + 1) = w(t, x)
(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × R+ ; <
ÉC
∗
⎪
⎪ ∂u
⎪ w(t = 0, x) =
⎪ 0
(x)
x ∈ (0, 1)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ ∂x
v(t = 0, x) = u1 (x)
x ∈ (0, 1).
@

#

. .0
u
;
.0A <A v

. w
8 #

; 0')&0'+4:
U E
1

2vjn+1 − vj+1
n
− vj−1
n

1

0 1
n
N
vj+1 − vj−1
n

IQ
H
− = 0, ; <
− wj−1
EC
2∆t 2wjn+1 − wj+1
n
− wj−1
n
2∆x 1 0 n
wj+1 n
T

0
#
.>K)*&0,A
Y
POL
n+1 n
1 vj − vjn 1 0 1 vj+1 − vj−1
n
E
− ; "<
wjn+1 − wjn − wj−1
L
n n
∆t 2∆x 1 0 wj+1
ÉC O +
∆t
2(∆x)2

0 1
1 0
2
−vj−1
n
+ 2vjn − vj+1
n
−wj−1 + 2wj − wj+1

n n n

= 0.
>)0+'+) CC " %

7% 2

L2
07 ∆t ≤ ∆x( $ + $

∆t/∆x *

∆t ∆x #
>)0+'+) CC " %

DE 2!

L2
07 ∆t ≤ ∆x( $ + $ 2

'
,
, .A
8
0 L0M
&%+)*10)9)*1 .9,*1 ' A , ,
#

U E
IQ

, .
.
.

9 8A
:
H N
J=

0 1

T E C
O LY1 0
P

0

, .

6
LE
( ,
,
' .

ÉC O
$
!!
!
U E
N IQ
J ;1 −1 ,
<
I
X .A
EC H

0 .
6
T
' # #

# #0

Y
POL
A
A
#
F ;. T-U

.#

<
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC
U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T

E
POL
O L
ÉC

UE
N IQ
E C H

$
LY T

P O
,

L E
ÉCO
1

? ,#
%;5.1',*:
.5> &%0'2%): 3.01')--): &) 1B3) )--'31';5) ;. 1) ""< 9 6

? #
A
,6?6
/

0
6
0

A ,6?6
,

A

A G ,

. .330,+4) 2.0'.1',**)--) 1

,H
A A
H
,#
L
M

, 9 86
8A
.
0 ,.

; # 0

#0
<A

6

)

.
'
U E
$ *
A
#

IQ

3

8 ,
N
H

. V
T E C
3

.A , # ,

6
. #

0

.

O LY
P
−∆u = f Ω
LE
;<
u=0
∂Ω
ÉC O $"
$$
!
$

U E
N IQ
R

1 ;
.# ?
6
EC H

< 1 ;<A Ω

.
T
, RN A ∂Ω 0 ;
8<A f
0 ;

Y
POL
0<A u ,
E GA

' " 0

,

. #

.
LE
,
Q ? , .

. 1

ÉC O
8
, A =,095-): &) #0))*A

)

,
=,095-.1',* 2.0'.1',**)--)
14%,0?9)
&)
.>'-(0.9
,

, ,

8
. /
.

.

0 . 0 ,
C 1 (Ω) 8 G (0
) L MA ,6
0. H 1 (Ω)
'

, ,

E

.

U
IQ

, . ;
.# ? ,# T&U

<
H N
+

Y T EC
POL
8
L
M ;<A

P L
M ?
.
A

:

u )

6
L E
;<

Ω
∂Ω +
,0
O
ÉC

, 8

%@*'1',* C C " Ω $ -" RN ' Ω " , $ $" C(Ω) )

"-$"' C(Ω) ) $"$ $"$ $ Ω )"-$"' $ Ω,
" $ $" k ≥ 0, $ $" C k (Ω) )"-$"' C k (Ω) ) $"$
k $"$4$" -/ $ Ω )"-$"' $ Ω,
:,-51',* +-.::';5) ;

:,-51',* =,01)< ;<

u ∈ C 2 (Ω) ∩ C(Ω)A

0 f
? C(Ω) ' 8

0
0 V A
A

# f ∈
E
C(Ω)A ,
C 2
;<
IQ U
,

;N ≥ 2< 9 8A 0

A

.
A , C 2 ;

H N

8 f

C(Ω)<

E C
, ;N = 1<

, 8
.

T
;. ,9 <A
.
A H 8.0A
LY
8

O
P
1
A

;<A
8

LE

8
A .A 0

.

ÉC O
%
$&
U E

#I Q
H N
E C
9
, ;N = 1<A Ω = (0, 1)A 0
;<
T
Y
. ⎧
P O L ⎨ d2 u
⎩
− 2 =f
dx

0 < x < 1
; <
LE
u(0) = u(1) = 0.
ÉC O
' 0
,

V
>)0+'+) C C ) f [0, 1]( 2

C 2 ([0, 1])

1 x
u(x) = x f (s)(1 − s)ds − f (s)(x − s)ds x ∈ [0, 1]. ;<
0 0
E
*

6

0 8
;<

,
I
,
.
0

IQ
9
,A , L

. M U
H N
I

A ,#

,

.0A

EC
L ,
( M ' A ,
; < ,

T

( L

M
R
8 L

Y
POL

0
M
X
,

,. [0, 1]
', ? (
0
;.
0
M<
O L E
L

0
M<
0 '
# ;.
L

ÉC
.

A H
A

,
(

; < ;

< *

m ∈ RA 0 '
#
.
⎧
⎨ d2 u
− 2 = f
0 < x < 1
dx ;<
⎩
u(0) = 0, du dx (0) = m.
1 8O .

;< J
: ,

;

,
, '
#6
F< ,

A A

;< [
. ; < ; <

. ,
U E

m

;< .)
u(1) = 0

N IQ
E C H

; < ', 9%14,&) &5 1'0

A

0 ,
.

A 0
; <
LY T
.A
.
m ;
<A 0
'
# ;< ;
I
<A

u(1)
P O
.
m 9
,

:
,. I

LE

ÉC O
$-
!
$

U E
N IQ

, 8

0

EC H
, ? . .
0 '
#
Y T
POL

# %
LE
, .

6
ÉC O
. ,

8

.A .6
A 0
,

8

A
' ? ,6
0 8
.A
O

?
I
+ -
E
1

6 Ω

. , RN ;0
<A
IQ U
0 ;
8< ∂Ω /

Ω

.
0%(5-')0 C 1 ) ,

.

0
H N
1) "A , 0

EC
0

: I
.
,

.
T

0

. 0
#
8 ;
.
Y
POL
N − 1<
A

.
,

8 @ ) *,09.-) )>1%0')50)
0 ∂Ω .

O L E

n = (ni )1≤i≤N

Ω .
,
Ω ;. 2
< 1 Ω ⊂ RN dx
.

A
ÉC

0
N
∂ΩA ds

8
A

0
N − 1
. ∂Ω

6
.

;.
&$ T &U

8 ?

(A
" T$U<
4%,0?9) CC $,095-) &) #0))*6 " Ω $ -" 0 C 1 , "
w $ $"$ C 1 (Ω) ))" /$ $ Ω, -*
?$
∂w
(x) dx = w(x)ni (x) ds, ;"<
∂xi
E
Ω ∂Ω
. ni " i+ )$" $ &" $" Ω,

IQ U
H N
)9.0;5) CC 1
,
8
w
0 8
E C
Ω .

, ,
? ,) 8 , 0 @

T
8 w

Ω ; J ,

w
LY
,

0 ∂Ω< 9
A ,#
5 ?
O
P

0 8 w Ω
,
. Ω 0 Ω ,
LE
0A #

;"< ) •
ÉC O

$
$
U E
∂Ω N IQ
EC H
LY T yN
P O Q+
OL Eω0 φi
y
ÉC ωi+1
Q
ωi
ωi−1
Ω
U E
W 1)
,

.
N IQ
EC H
T
5 0

6
Y
POL
8
4 ;"<

.

8
4 ;"< V
O L E
,0,--.'0) CC $,095-) &!'*1%(0.1',* 3.0 3.01')6 " Ω $ -" 0
ÉC
C , " " & $"$ C 1 (Ω) ))" /$ $ Ω,
1
u v
-*$" $"0"$ ) )"

∂v ∂u
u(x) (x) dx = − v(x) (x) dx + u(x)v(x)ni (x) ds. ;$<
Ω ∂xi Ω ∂xi ∂Ω
%9,*:10.1',*C
: w = uv 5
,0,--.'0) CC " Ω $ -" 0 C 1 , " u $ $"$ C 2 (Ω)
" v $ $"$ C 1 (Ω)' " " & ))" /$ $ Ω,
-*$" $"0"$ ) )"

U E
IQ
∂u
∆u(x)v(x) dx = − ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx + (x)v(x) ds, ;&<
Ω Ω
H
∂Ω ∂n
N
C

. ∇u = " -" 0 $" u' "
T E = ∇u · n,
∂u ∂u
∂xi ∂n
Y
1≤i≤N
P O L
%9,*:10.1',*C @
' ? v ∂u
∂xi i
O LE
ÉC
&
!
$

U E
$" &" $ $/ *$ -"H N "
%@*'1',* CC $ " $ -" Ω R I Q - $
" 0
N
Ck
k≥1
ω0 ⊂ Ω,
T E
Ω⊂ C∪Ii=0 ωi ,
(ωi )0≤i≤I
∂Ω ⊂ ∪Ii=1 ωi ,
" ' ) #
' P O L Y- <0 3,' &" $ ))"$ />"-
i ∈ {1, ..., I}
$ $/
E
φi Ck ωi
O L
Q = y = (y , yN ) ∈ RN −1 × R, |y | < 1, |yN | < 1 ,
É C $" $- " ' " "

Ck

y = (y , yN ) ∈ RN −1 × R, yN > 0 = Q+ ,
φi (ωi ∩ Ω) = Q ∩
φi (ωi ∩ ∂Ω) = Q ∩ y = (y , yN ) ∈ RN −1 × R, yN = 0 .
Ω Ω
U E
N IQ
EC H
T
W 1
,
.
J
. )
?
A
. .
Y
POL

0
?
L E
)9.0;5) CC E
2

.

0A
O
ÉC
1) " ,

?
. 0 1) " ,6

. 0 ,

8
A

.

,

8 2

#
,
.

0A 0
)
A

0
' L.
M J ,
.
)
#

0 )

@

.

. L

MA ?

8
LM 8 ( ; ,
0
<
2π ; ,
)
< 5

A

.#
? +
&

U E
IQ
0
•
>)0+'+) CC 6

? !
) =
H N

divσ(x)φ(x) dx = −

σ(x) · ∇φ(x) dx +

T E C σ(x) · n(x) φ(x) ds,

Ω Ω
O LY ∂Ω
P
4 φ

C 1 (Ω) σ +
C 1 (Ω)(
LE
+
Ω
ÉC O

$
&
U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC ' N = 3
$ Ω

EC H
R3 ( φ = (φ1 , φ2 , φ3 )(
Ω
R3
Y T
POL
∂φ3 ∂φ2 ∂φ1 ∂φ3 ∂φ2 ∂φ1
rotφ = − , − , − .
∂x2 ∂x3 ∂x3 ∂x1 ∂x1 ∂x2
LE
- φ ψ ( +
C 1 (Ω)( +

O
ÉC
Ω(
? !

rotφ · ψ dx − φ · rotψ dx = − (φ × n) · ψ ds.
Ω Ω ∂Ω
+

$

*
) A

,
. Ω 0
A

0 f ;<

Ω

6
.
U E
0,3,:'1',* CC " u $ $"$ C 2 (Ω)
N Q )
, " )I *$
H
X

X = φ ∈ C 1 (Ω) " φ = 0
T E C

∂Ω .
Y
POL
u " $ "$ )/+ & " 3, " $" u ))"$"
X " -* 0"

O L E
ÉC
∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx = f (x)v(x) dx ) " " $"$ v ∈ X. ;-<
Ω Ω
0" 3, " )) =,095-.1',* 2.0'.1',**)--) )/+ & "

3,,
)9.0;5) CC H 8
. ;-<

,

u

8 C 1 (Ω)A 6
? 8
L
M ;<

u ? C 2 (Ω) @
I?
,

;-<
;<

,

E
1 8
. ;-<A 8 v =,*+1',* 1):1
8
.
8 8
80
0

;< 9
A 8
.

IQ U
H
L .
.
M 9 #
A
,
0
N
8

T E C

, v = u ;-<A 0
, .
,

LY
%(.-'1% &!%*)0(')A
,
%
O
P
Ω ;
;-<<
? f ;
LE
;-<< •
ÉC O
&
!
$

U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C u

0
;<A
,
6
EC H
v ∈ X
8
,
'
T

Y
∂u
POL
∆u(x)v(x) dx = − ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx + (x)v(x) ds.
Ω Ω ∂Ω ∂n
LE
@ v = 0
∂Ω

v ∈ X A
ÉC O
f (x)v(x) dx =
Ω

∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx,
Ω

, ,

8
;-< +
A u ∈ X .) ;-<A

L? ,.M 8
, 0

∆u(x) + f (x) v(x) dx = 0

8 v ∈ X.
Ω
U E
' (∆u + f )
8
A Q

IQ
−∆u(x) = f (x)

x ∈ Ω *
A u ∈ X A
.
N

u = 0
∂ΩA ,6?6
u

0
;<
H
EC

)99) CC
Y T
" Ω $ -" RN , " g(x) $ $"$ $"$ $ Ω,
POL
) " " $"$ φ C ∞ (Ω) ))" )" $ Ω' $
E

O L g(x)φ(x) dx = 0,
ÉC
Ω
$"$ g " $ $ Ω,

%9,*:10.1',*C

,
x0 ∈ Ω
g(x0 ) = 0
A

g(x0 ) > 0 ; −g < *
A

.
. ω ⊂ Ω x0
g(x) > 0

x ∈ ω

8 .A
A φ ?

ω @

g(x)φ(x) dx = g(x)φ(x) dx = 0,
Ω ω
E

. ,#
g 1 g(x) = 0

x ∈ Ω
)9.0;5) CC 9

8
.6
IQ U
;-<
8 J
. u ∈ X

H N
T E
a(u, v) = L(v)

8 v ∈ X,C
.
O LY
P
OLE
a(u, v) = ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx
Ω
ÉC

$
&
U E

N IQ
L(v) =
EC H f (x)v(x) dx,
T
Ω
Y
POL
R a(·, ·)
8 0
X L(·)
8
X ',

8 0

;.

#< 8

LE
. •
ÉC O , -!.330,+4) 2.0'.1',**)--) , ,

6

8
. ;-<A
P H

,
;< ?
* & 9 (A

.
,
? 8

# 8
6
. / 8
,

8 ;
A , X <
=0A
,

X = {v ∈ C 1 (Ω), v = 0
∂Ω}

L
M

U E
0 :
, , .

, 8

X A ? . , 0. H01 (Ω)

0
=0 ;. ' <
N IQ
EC H
>)0+'+) CC

>

Y T

POL
−∆u = f
Ω
;<
∂u
∂n = 0 ∂Ω.
O L E
) u C 2 (Ω) " u

ÉC
/ u

+ C 1 (Ω) $*

∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx = f (x)v(x) dx v ∈ C 1 (Ω). ;<
Ω Ω
'

$
$ $
C (Ω) /
2
Ω f (x)dx = 0
>)0+'+) CC $

⎧
⎨ ∆ (∆u) = f
Ω
E
u=0 ∂Ω ;<
U
⎩ ∂u
∂Ω
IQ
∂n = 0
X $
v C 2 (Ω) v ∂n
∂v
H N
$
∂Ω )
4
u

+ X $*

T E C
u C (Ω) " u

O LY
P
f (x)v(x) dx v ∈ X. ; <
LE
∆u(x)∆v(x) dx =
Ω Ω
ÉC O
&
!
$

U E

& ' ()
N IQ
' &
EC H
Y T
POL
/
.
0
0 , ,

,
8
.
=0 @ V

LE
=0
,
. +

ÉC O

8
.
# J

. u ∈ V
a(u, v) = L(v)

8 v ∈ V. ;<
#
a L
L(·)
8

V A ,6?6
v → L(v)
V R C > 0

|L(v)| ≤ Cv

v ∈ V ;
U E
a(·, ·)
8 0
V A ,6?6
w → a(w, v)
8
IQ
V R

v ∈ V A v → a(w, v)
8
N
V R

w ∈ V Y
EC H
a(·, ·)
A ,6?6
, M > 0

Y T
POL
|a(w, v)| ≤ M w v

w, v ∈ V ; ;<
O L E
a(·, ·) +,)0+'2) ;

<A ,6?6
, ν > 0

ÉC
a(v, v) ≥ νv2

v ∈ V. ;"<
'
.

6A
# 6

.
;< 9
A . a(·, ·)

4%,0?9) CC $
.>'-(0.96 " V $ ) @/" ' L(·) $
$ $"$ V ' a(·, ·) $ /$ $"$ - V ,
"$ -"$$ 3,3 " $ $ "$, 8 ) "" "$
)$ $"$4$" $ L,
%9,*:10.1',*C *

w ∈ V A , v → a(w, v)
8

V J
A 5 - +F
U E
P
,
V A A(w)A

N IQ
a(w, v) = A(w), v

v ∈ V.
E C H
Y T
*
A 0 a(w, v)
. ,
L
O
w → A(w) 1
A v = A(w)A
;< a(w, v)

P
LE
A(w) = a(w, A(w)) ≤ M wA(w),
2
ÉC O

&%
&"
U E
N IQ
,6?6
A(w) ≤ M w w → A(w)

6
EC H

5 - +F

,

T
V A f A
f V = LV
Y
POL
L(v) = f, v

v ∈ V.
LE
2A 0 . ;<
. ? J
ÉC O
. u ∈ V
A(u) = f. ;$<
*

8

,
A 0I8
V V ;

, ,
u<
.
;

.
u ? L<
. ;"< a(w, v)

νw2 ≤ a(w, w) = A(w), w ≤ A(w)w,

νw ≤ A(w)

w ∈ V,
U E ;&<
IQ
,6?6
A I8 *

A
I8A ,6?6

N
EC H
Im(A) = V ;
, . V )<A
:

Im(A) 8 V
Im(A)⊥ = {0} 9 (A .

T
V = {0}⊥ = ( Im(A)⊥ )⊥ = Im(A) = Im(A)A

. 0
A
I8
Y
POL
A(wn )

Im(A)
. . b V 9 .
;&<

O L E νwn − wp ≤ A(wn ) − A(wp )
ÉC

. F
n p . ,) 1 wn

'
#
, =0 V A ,6?6
, . .
w ∈ V 3A

A

A(wn ) . . A(w) = bA ,6?6

b ∈ Im(A) Im(A) 8 1,
A v ∈ Im(A)⊥ Y .
;"< a(w, v)

νv2 ≤ a(v, v) = A(v), v = 0,
,6?6
v = 0 Im(A)⊥ = {0}A

.
A 0I8 A−1
. J , ;&< . w = A−1 (v)
.
A−1
A

u G f
)9.0;5) CC , =0 V ) ;

, 6
I

.<A
U E
IQ
5 67 ) 0 9 (A
N
E C H
)

,I. ;&< A

. ? .0 @ . 0 ; <
LY T

,# . 8 0 a(w, v) 0

,
,I. A +

)
A V = RN A

P O
8
. ,
,
A Au, v = f, v

v ∈ RN A
LE
,
# Au = f •
ÉC O
&$
!
$

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC
;

6
EC H

D

<
5 67
T

. @ I

,? 8
;$<
6
Y
POL
0 *
, ,

u ;$<A

: T V V A )
LE
ν
T (w) = w − µ A(w) − f . µ = 2 ,
ÉC O M
.
, A

. ,
,
u ∈ V
T (u) = u ; ,R
< 9 (A
T (v) − T (w)2 = v − w − µA(v − w)2

= v − w2 − 2µA(v − w), v − w + µ2 A(v − w)2
= v − w2 − 2µa(v − w, v − w) + µ2 A(v − w)2
≤ (1 − 2µν + µ2 M 2 )v − w2
U E
IQ
≤ (1 − ν 2 /M 2 )v − w2 .
H N •
T EC
8
.
.
#
A
Y
POL

8 0 #
9 ( A

8
. ;< 9'*'959 &!5*) %*)0(') ;

L E
#

<
O $ ) #!)"#+ A#+ 3,3, &

ÉC
0,3,:'1',* CC
B0, $ )) $ ) /$ " !" a(w, v) = a(v, w)
) " " v, w ∈ V , " J(v) $0 *$ ) v ∈ V )
1
J(v) = a(v, v) − L(v). ;-<
2
" u ∈ V "$ $ "$ -"$$ 3,3, u "
$ )$" $ $0' "
J(u) = min J(v).
E
v∈V
IQ
C) $"' u ∈ V " $ )$" $ $0 J(v)' u " U
"$ $ "$ -"$$ 3,3,
H N
T E C
%9,*:10.1',*C u
8
. ;<A .6
; Q ? # a<
O LY
P
LE
1 1
J(u + v) = J(u) + a(v, v) + a(u, v) − L(v) = J(u) + a(v, v) ≥ J(u).
2 2
ÉC O

&%
&&
U E
N IQ
' u + v

V A u 0 , J V +6

A u ∈ V

EC H
T
J(u) = min J(v).
Y
v∈V
O L
*
v ∈ V )
8 j(t) = J(u + tv) R R ; , ,

P
#X

t< ' t = 0

j A

LE

j (0) = 0
A

A 8
.
O
ÉC
;<
)9.0;5) CC /
.

'
A
8 06
a #
A

5 6
7

? , ,
,

;< 9 (A
, ,

, J(v)
9 .
* A , ,

8
. •
.

U E
N IQ
H
9# ,
5 67 ? 8
.6
EC
;-<
.
1 '6 ,
0
8 ;< .
Y T
POL

a(u, v) = ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx
E
Ω

O L
ÉC L(v) =
Ω
f (x)v(x) dx,
R a(·, ·)

8 0A L(·)
8 , V
; X <

V = v ∈ C 1 (Ω), v = 0
∂Ω . ;<
'

V

w, v = ∇w(x) · ∇v(x) dx, ; <
Ω

U E
IQ
1/2
v = |∇v(x)|2 dx .
H N
C
Ω
T E
@ .)
; < )

V J

Y
L
,# v = 0 ⇒ v = 0 9 (A ,

P O
OLE
|∇v(x)|2 dx = 0
Ω
ÉC
&-
!
$

U E
N IQ

v
ΩA v = 0
∂Ω 0 v = 0
EC H
.
; <
0 G 8

T
8 0 a(·, ·) .51,9.1';5)9)*1 +,)0+'2)
; < @ .)
Y
POL

a
*

L
A 8
8
? , *
$ J
LE
1/2 1/2

f (x)v(x) dx ≤
O |f (x)|2
dx |v(x)|2
dx ≤ Cv,
ÉC
Ω Ω Ω
R C

f v 1 L

V 5
#
5 67 0 .)A

H J , V ,

=0 ,

; < V ,0

.

,
C 1
8 , V 8O A

A

:
V V A 8

; <
U E
. A , 8
:
J ?

0 0 ,
IQ
V K
' J V , 0. H01 (Ω)
N

8

0

H
EC
:
.
* & ;
,
.
T
0
;< 8
. ;-<< .

, V V
Y
POL
/
. .

+.0.+1?0) *.150)- )1 '*%-5+
1./-) &): ):3.+): &) ,/,-)2 &.*: -. 0%:,-51',* &): =,095-.1',*: 2.0'.1',*
L E
*)--): ,

.
5

O
ÉC

A *A

.

)99) CC " Ω $ -" RN /$ $ $ $ "$ ),
&" $ $"$" C > 0 " ' ) " " $"$ v ∈ C 1 (Ω) $$
/ ∂Ω'
|v(x)|2 dx ≤ C |∇v(x)|2 dx.
Ω Ω
%9,*:10.1',*C ,#
0 Ω ;
.

<

x ∈ Ω x1 0A −∞ < a ≤
x1 ≤ b < +∞ v
8 C 1 (Ω)

∂Ω @
,

F Ω ;v
8
C 1
U E
IQ

RN < A
x ∈ ΩA
x1
∂v
H N
C
v(x) = (t, x2 , ..., xN ) dt,
a ∂x1
Y
,R ,
, '
#6 CF T E
x1
∂v

P O L 2

b
∂v

2

LE
|v(x)| ≤ (x1 − a)
2
∂x1 (t, x2 , ..., xN ) dt ≤ (b − a) ∂x1 (t, x2 , ..., xN ) dt.
O
a a
ÉC

&%
&
U E

Ω 0
N IQ

EC
H
∂v
2

T
b
|v(x)|2 dx ≤ (b − a)
Y ∂x1 (t, x2 , ..., xN ) dt dx,
POL
Ω Ω a

? t x1 A

O LE
∂v
2

ÉC
|v(x)| dx ≤ (b − a)
2 2 (x) dx ≤ (b − a)2 |∇v(x)|2 dx.

Ω Ω ∂x1 Ω
>)0+'+) CC $

V (
/

2;( $
) Ω

RN ) N = 1(

⎧
⎨ −x − 1 − 1 < x < −n−1 ,
U E
IQ
un (x) = (n/2)x − 1 + 1/(2n) − n−1 ≤ x ≤ n−1 ,
2
⎩
x−1 n−1 < x < 1.
H N
) N = 2( 0 < α < 1/2(

Y T EC
POL
un (x) = | log(|x|2 + n−1 )|α/2 − | log(1 + n−1 )|α/2 .
O L E
) N ≥ 3( 0 < β < (N − 2)/2(

ÉC
1 1
un (x) = −1
− .
(|x|2 +n ) β/2 (1 + n−1 )β/2
"

un 0
%:
V
$ *

V
n $
U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
-
!
$

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC
U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
LE

O
ÉC

U E

%
N IQ
EC H
T
1
) 0.
-): ):3.+):
Y
POL
F*.150)-:G &) =,*+1',*: 3)09)11.*1 &) 0%:,5&0) -): =,095-.1',*: 2.0'.1',*
*)--): &!%;5.1',*: .5> &%0'2%): 3.01')--): *#
A 0.
O L E
, =,*+1',*: &!%*)0(') @*') '

L
M
. . ,

ÉC
L
M /A 0 P
6

0

A #

9
A , P
;
8

< ' A

) ,. 8
. ? ,

. A
.

6

A

A #
.

0

,H 0. *:':1,*: )*+,0) 3,50 &'0) ;5) +!):1 -!):30'1
&): 0%:5-1.1: 3-5: ;5) -. -)110) &): &%9,*:10.1',*: ;5' ):1 '93,01.*1 '+'

. ' 0.
6
? 8
0 , L2 8
U
0A

?
I @ #
E
IQ

&%0'2.1',* =.'/-)
)
N
E C H

, 8
0
P
0.

.

LY T

9)A "

P
0
;
, <A 8 0.
P O
0
3 )
./-).5 C 0%+.3'15-) 1,5: -): 0%:5-1.1:
LE
*%+)::.'0): 3,50 -. :5'1)C
ÉC O -
-
$
U E

N
* + % , + IQ
E C H
/ #

L Y T
5

6
6
P O

T$U Ω

. RN

0
@ ) ,
LE
L2 (Ω) 8
0 0 Ω 7

ÉC O f, g =

f (x)g(x) dx,
Ω
L2 (Ω)
=0 ;. T$U< @
1/2
f L2 (Ω) = |f (x)| dx
2
Ω
E
+
8
0 Ω )
IQ U
30):;5) 3.01,51 Ω J .
,
8
0 f

60 Ω

A 8
0 f
H N
3
A
8
0 f g f (x) = g(x)
EC

ΩA ,6?6 , E ⊂ Ω

0

T
E
f (x) = g(x)

x ∈ (Ω \ E)
Y
POL
@ Cc∞ (Ω) ;
D(Ω)< , 8 C ∞ ?

Ω +

, Cc∞ (Ω) ,
?
8

O L E

;
, . V > $ T$U< /

8 Cc∞ (Ω) ,
A

.A
0 Ω
ÉC
/

. ;. T$U<
4%,0?9) CC ) Cc∞ (Ω) " $ $ L2 (Ω)' " ) " "
f ∈L 2
(Ω) &" $ " fn ∈ Cc∞ (Ω) "
lim f − fn L2 (Ω) = 0.
n→+∞

.
,0,--.'0) CC " f ∈ L2 (Ω), ) " " $"$ φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω) $

f (x)φ(x) dx = 0,
U E
IQ
Ω
f (x) = 0 ) )" " $ Ω,

H N
E C
%9,*:10.1',*C fn ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)
8

. .
T
f L2 (Ω) .

5 @

O LY
P
OLE
0 = lim f (x)fn (x) dx = |f (x)|2 dx,
n→+∞ Ω Ω
ÉC
!

$ ! -
U E

H N
,R ,

f (x) = 0

Ω IQ

T E C
*
'
%

p
L (Ω)

'
1 ≤ p ≤ +∞

?

1≤p<
Y
+∞ Lp (Ω) p Ω

P O L f Lp (Ω) =

|f (x)|p dx
1/p
#!
E @( &
%

,
L

Ω
É C O

Lp (Ω)

L∞ (Ω)

*
' '
& "

C>0 "

f
"

?

|f (x)| ≤ C Ω
Ω
p = +∞

f L∞ (Ω) = inf C ∈ R+ "
|f (x)| ≤ C Ω , #!
L∞ (Ω)
@( A "
Ω

% ' Lp (Ω) ⊂
Lq (Ω)
1 ≤ q ≤ p ≤ +∞
*$
0&
U E
N
@ )
,0 . 80 L (Ω) ' 2
IQ
EC H
.

;8 A A . 8<

.
0
;. T$U

"

08
<
Y T
%@*'1',* CC " v $ O L , $ "
P$"$ v " -/ $
E
L2 (Ω)
O
2
L
/ $ L (Ω) &" $"$ wi ∈ L2 (Ω)' ) i ∈ {1, ..., N }' " '
) " " $"$ φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)' $
ÉC
v(x)
∂φ
∂xi
(x) dx = −

wi (x)φ(x) dx.
Ω Ω
;# wi " )) i+ - )" / v " $" ∂v
∂xi ,
1) 0
J
A wi = ∂x
∂v
i

.

A .

' A 8 wi

; < E
GA v .0

. ?
L2 (Ω)A .

80 v [ 1

8 .0
80
U E

)99) CC " v $ $"$ L2 (Ω), &" $ $"$" C > 0 "
N IQ
E C H
' ) " " $"$ φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω) " ) " " $ i ∈ {1, ..., N }' $
T

∂xi
O LY
v(x) ∂φ (x) dx ≤ CφL2 (Ω) ,
;<
" -/ $ /, P

Ω
LE
v
ÉC O
-
$
U E
%9,*:10.1',*C L 8 )
N IQ

∂φ
EC H
Y T L(φ) = v(x) (x) dx.
POL
Ω ∂xi
3 L(φ) , )

φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)A Q ? , ;<A
LE

L
?
8 L2 (Ω) Cc∞ (Ω)
ÉC O
L2 (Ω) , 5 9 8A , ;<
.
8
L

L2 (Ω) 9 .

5 -
+FA
8 (−wi ) ∈ L2 (Ω)

L(φ) = − wi (x)φ(x) dx,
Ω

.
v .0
80 L2 (Ω)
E
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω = (0, 1) "
xα

U
IQ

L2 (Ω) α > 1/2
H N
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω " $ Ω( C 1

L2 (Ω)
Y T EC
POL
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω " $ C 1

$

L2 (Ω)
O L E
@
.

0

.

É C " $ $"$

0,3,:'1',* CC v L2 (Ω) -/ $ / " "
" " - )" / ' )
∂v
1 ≤ i ≤ N ' $" $ , ' )
# )$" $$& Ω' &" $ $"$" C " v(x) = C )
∂xi
)" " $ "" )$" $$&,

%9,*:10.1',*C *

ψ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)A

∂ψ
v(x) (x) dx = 0. ;<
Ω ∂xi
Q =] − , +[N

0
.
Ω ;. > 0<A θ(t) ∈
Cc∞ (−, +)

U E
+
N IQ
H
θ(t) dt = 1.
*

8 φ ∈ Cc∞ (Q)
−
)
T E C
xi
O L
+Y

P
φ(x , s) ds − φ(x , t) dt,
OLE
ψ(x , xi ) = θ(t)
− −
ÉC
!

$ ! -"
U E

. x = (x , xi )
x ∈ R
N
N −1
IQ
xi ∈ R @ .) 8
ψ

? Cc∞ (Q)

EC H
∂ψ
LY T +
φ(x , s) ds − φ(x , xi ).
O
(x , xi ) = θ(xi )
P
∂xi −
LE
3.
8 ψ ,
;< .
O
ÉC
+
v(x)φ(x) dx = v(x)θ(xi ) φ(x , s) ds dx dxi
−
Q

Q

+

= φ(x , s) v(x , xi )θ(xi ) dxi dx ds
Q −
Q
2
0 ' φ

A
'

+
U E
IQ
v(x) = v(x , s)θ(s) ds,
−
H N
EC
,6?6
v xi Q 9

T
xi A 0
v(x) Q '

Y
POL

H Ω
. H
P

0 ; .0<

A

v(x)
O L E

Ω
ÉC
@
8 1) . 80 ?

(
8 .
0 .
;
< ', . ,
8
? .
.

%@*'1',* CC " $ $"$ Ω $ RN $" " " )$"
σ
))"$$$" L (Ω) $ $" σ ∈ L2 (Ω)N , $ " σ " $ -0$
2
$ / $ L2(Ω) &" $ $"$ w ∈ L2(Ω) " ' ) " "
$"$ φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)' $

E
σ(x) · ∇φ(x) dx = − w(x)φ(x) dx.
U
Ω Ω
$"$ w " )) -0$ / σ " $" divσ,
N IQ
E C H
I
) 1) $
A σ
8
A
LY T

;. ' <
, 0
w = divσ 8
. 80

P O

. ;

LE

,<
ÉC O
-$
$
U E

)99) CC " $ $"$
N Q$"$"
, &"I $2 N
"
H
σ L (Ω) C >0
' ) " " $"$ ' $
T E C
φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)

L
σ(x) · ∇φ(x) dx ≤ CφL2 (Ω) ,
P
Ω
O LE
" $ -0$ $ /,
σ
ÉC >)0+'+) CC ) Ω Ω1 Ω2

Γ = ∂Ω1 ∩ ∂Ω2 " $
C 1
%

Ω1 Ω2
*

L2 (Ω)

+

Γ

" % *'

Lp (Ω)
1 ≤ p ≤ +∞ 5
p = 2 Lp (Ω)

B' % *' #C!

U E
IQ

v(x) ∂φ (x) dx ≤ Cφ p % 1 1
1 < p ≤ +∞,
N
+ =1
H
L (Ω)
∂xi p p
EC
Ω
D( ) AE

Lp (Ω) Lp (Ω) % FGH!

Y T •
E POL

C
L
!
O H (Ω)
É 1
1
" $ -"
%@*'1',* CC Ω RN , ) /- H 1 (Ω) " *$ )

H 1 (Ω) = v ∈ L2 (Ω) " ∀ i ∈ {1, ..., N } ∂v
∂xi
∈ L2 (Ω) , ;"<
. ∂v
∂xi " - )" / v $ 8*$"$ 9,,3,
9 #

, 0.
. ):3.+)
&!%*)0(')
R
8 , ) ;,6?6
uH 1 (Ω) )< 8 , )
. .
H L6
U E
IQ

M

#
0 ;

N

< @
. H ,9

"
E C H
0,3,:'1',* CC B $ ) "
LY T

P O
LE
u, v = u(x)v(x) + ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx ;$<
O
Ω
ÉC
!

-&
U E
" $
N IQ
H
1/2
EC

uH 1 (Ω) = |u(x)|2 + |∇u(x)|2 dx
) /- H 1
"Y
L
(Ω) T Ω
$ ) @/",
P O
%9,*:10.1',*C .
;$< 0

H 1 (Ω)
LE
?
H 1 (Ω)
(un )n≥1

O
ÉC

'
# H 1 (Ω) * ) H 1 (Ω)A (un )n≥1

∂xi )n≥1
i ∈ {1, ..., N }
'
# L (Ω) ' L (Ω)
( ∂un 2 2
A u wi

un . . u ∂xi .
∂un
. wi L2 (Ω) @A ) . 80 un A

8
φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)A

∂φ ∂un
un (x) (x) dx = − (x)φ(x) dx. ;&<
Ω ∂x i Ω ∂xi
* ? n → +∞ ;&<A 0

U E
IQ

N
∂φ
u(x) (x) dx = − wi (x)φ(x) dx,
Ω ∂xi Ω
EC H
T

.
u .0
80
wi i6 .
80 uA ∂x
Y
1A u 0 ? H 1 (Ω) (un )n≥1 . . u
∂u
POL
i
H (Ω)
1

L E
>)0+'+) CC " ( C 1

+
O
ÉC

Ω(

+ H 1 (Ω)
9 N ≥ 2A 8 H 1 (Ω) *' +,*1'*5): *'
/,0*%):A 6
.
>)0+'+) CC ) B
RN ) N = 2(

u(x) = | log(|x|)|α

+ H 1 (B) 0 < α < 1/2(
$

* $* ) N ≥ 3(
u(x) = |x|−β

+
H 1 (B) 0 < β < (N − 2)/2(
$

* $*
, N = 1 8 LM ? 6
8
H 1 (Ω) ,:
. RA A
Ω = (0, 1)
U E

)99) CC
N IQ
" " $"$ v ∈ H 1 (0, 1) " ) " " x, y ∈ [0, 1]' $
H

C
y
E
v(y) = v(x) + v (s) ds. ;-<
LY
x
T
0$$"' ) " " x ∈ [0, 1]' ))"$ v → v(x)' *$ H 1 (0, 1)
O
$ R' " $ $ $"$ H 1 (0, 1), $ )" ' " " $"$
P
LE
v ∈ H 1 (0, 1) " $"$ [0, 1],
ÉC O
--
$
U E
N
%9,*:10.1',*C v ∈ H (0, 1) @ )
8 w(x)
[0, 1]
1
IQ
EC

H x
v (s) ds.
T
w(x) =
Y
POL
0
' )
A , '
#6 CFA
x
LE
1
√ x

v (s) ds ≤ x
|v (s)| ds ≤ |v (s)|2 ds < +∞.
O
2

ÉC
0 0 0
9 8A H

8 w

[0, 1]
x
1
x
|w(x) − w(y)| = v (s) ds ≤ |x − y| |v (s)|2 ds ≤ |x − y| |v (s)|2 ds.
y y 0
7
w .0
80
w = v φ ∈ Cc∞ (0, 1) 9
T T = {(x, s) ∈ R2 , 0 ≤ s ≤ x ≤ 1}A
1 x
E
1
U

v (s)φ (x) ds dx.
IQ
w(x)φ (x) dx = v (s) ds φ (x) dx =
N
0 0 0 T
H
*
2
0A
EC
1 1 1
v (s)φ (x) ds dx =
T
φ (x) dx v (s) ds = −
Y
φ(s)v (s) ds,
POL
T 0 s 0
'
#6 CF

E
1
L

w(x)φ (x) dx ≤ v L2 (0,1) φL2 (0,1) .

ÉC O
0
1A w 0 .0

80 ) w
1 1 1

− w (x)φ(x) dx = w(x)φ (x) dx = − φ(s)v (s) ds,
0 0 0

φ ∈ Cc∞ (0, 1)A

w = v "

w − v ?

(0, 1)A
0 ;-<
3 ;-<
'
#6 CF 0

y 1
|v(x)| ≤ |v(y)| + |y − x| |v (s)|2 ds ≤ |v(y)| + |v (s)|2 ds,
E
x 0
? y

1

IQ U
N
1
|v(x)| ≤ |v(y)| dy +
0

0

|v (s)|2 ds
E C H
≤
1
|v(y)|2 dy +
LY
1
T
|v (s)|2 ds ≤
√
2vH 1 (0,1) ,
0
P O 0
OLE

.
v → v(x)
8

H 1 (0, 1)
ÉC
!

-
U E

#
"

* H (0, 1)
N
1
I Q

'
EC H
& %
% * "
* H 1 (0, 1)

*
' "
"

(
T
%

v ( * H 1 (0, 1)

Y
POL

v!

*
"

*
H 1 (0, 1) *
*
"

*
LE
"

*

"

! .

#CC
ÉC O
"

* v ∈ H 1 (0, 1) "

•

. -): =,*+1',*: 0%(5-'?0): :,*1
&)*:): &.*: -!):3.+) &) ,/,-)2 H 1 (Ω) ' I
) ,6
0.
P ,0 8

8

, uH 1 (Ω) ' 8 0

L M ;. 5 "
U E
0 ,0
8

6
<
N IQ
4%,0?9) CC $&) &)*:'1%6
EC H
Ω " $ -" /$ 0 C 1 '
T
/$ Ω = RN+ ' $ Ω = RN ' Cc∞ (Ω) " $ $ H 1 (Ω),
Y
POL

5 " ;
,

<
E + 6 {x ∈

. ? +
RN
L
RN
xN > 0}
O
ÉC
)9.0;5) CC , Cc∞ (Ω)
H 1 (Ω)
86

C ∞ ?
0 ;
< 8 Ω 9

A Ω 0A
8 C ∞ (Ω)

6
0A Cc∞ (Ω) = C ∞ (Ω) *
8 Cc∞ (Ω)
,

0 ,
. ΩA
(
Cc∞ (Ω) ;. +
< * A Ω , 0A 8
Cc∞ (Ω) ,
L? ,)M •
)9.0;5) CC

,

.
16
) " , P )

,

.
: . 0
,
0
,
.

8

,
L M ;.
U E
+
$<

O

#

N IQ
E C H
,
.A

I
;
0 8

.
A . 6 ,9 < /A
LY T
,#

. 1) "

. H (0 J ,6
? 8 C 1
H , ?
P O
8 F ;. T&U< E
6
LE

A
8
)

ÉC O

$
U E
N IQ
,

;R ,#

EC H
< ,
. L. M

T

;. (

<
LY •
HO
1P
LE
1
(Ω) 0
ÉC O 1)

0.

6
H 1 (Ω)

0 .

1
%@*'1',* CC " Cc∞ (Ω) ) $"$ C ∞ ))" )"
$ Ω, ) /- H01 (Ω) " *$ #$ Cc∞ (Ω) $
H 1 (Ω),
E
@ .

;. ' $<
H01 (Ω) 8
6
H 1 (Ω)
=,*+1',*: ;5' :!.**5-)*1 :50 -) /,0& ∂Ω

IQ U
8 Cc∞ (Ω) 9 A H01 (Ω) :10'+1)9)*1 3-5: 3)1'1
H N

H 1 (Ω) Cc∞ (Ω)

6 :10'+1 Cc∞ (Ω) ;. 5 "
EC
+
$< R Ω = RN J (A
T
Ω = RN = Ω 5 " :
Cc∞ (RN ) H 1 (RN )A
Y
POL
H01 (RN ) = H 1 (RN ) '

,
RN , 0
" $O
0,3,:'1',* CC E ) " 9,%
LB $ H 1 (Ω)' ) /-
ÉC
H01 (Ω) ) @/",
%9,*:10.1',*C * ) H01 (Ω)

6 8 H 1 (Ω) ;

=0<A ,

=0

,
6
.
0,3,:'1',* CC $*%(.-'1% &) ,'*+.0%6 " Ω $ -" RN /$ $

$ $ "$ ), &" $ $"$" C > 0 " ' ) " "
$"$ v ∈ H01 (Ω)'
|v(x)|2 dx ≤ C |∇v(x)|2 dx.
U E
;<
IQ
Ω Ω
%9,*:10.1',*C *
8 v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω) I? ,
H N
C
* ;< $ *

.
Y T
1) -<A

vn ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)
E

8 v ∈ H01 (Ω) 9 (A Cc∞ (Ω) H01 (Ω) ;
P

O L

OLE
lim v − vn 2H 1 (Ω) = lim |v − vn |2 + |∇(v − vn )|2 dx = 0.
n→+∞ n→+∞ Ω
ÉC
!

U E
9
A

N IQ

EC H
lim
n→+∞ Ω
|vn | dx =
2
LY T Ω
|v| dx
2
lim
n→+∞ Ω
|∇vn | dx =
2
Ω
|∇v|2 dx.
P O
*
$A
O LE
ÉC
|vn (x)| dx ≤ C
2
|∇vn (x)|2 dx. ;<
Ω Ω
@ ? n → +∞

, ;<

0
' # ,
L M
.

)9.0;5) CC , * ;< , .

8
H 1 (Ω) 9 (A 8 ;
<

U E
;<
,#
6I ,
N IQ
H
*
8 H01 (Ω) ,

0 ∂Ω ,
. Ω
EC
;. +
-
. #< •
Y T
POL
, *

.
8

.
H01 (Ω)
O L E
" $ -" /$ $ $ $ "$
),C
,0,--.'0) CC Ω RN
É $
1/2
|v|H01 (Ω) = |∇v(x)|2 dx
Ω
" $ $ H01 (Ω) -$" $ $ " ) H 1 (Ω),
%9,*:10.1',*C v ∈ H01 (Ω)
1/2
E
2
U
|v|H01 (Ω) ≤ vH 1 (Ω) = |v| + |∇v| dx
2
IQ
Ω
. 1,

A , *
$
?
H N

T E C
v2H 1 (Ω) ≤ (C + 1)
O
Ω
LY|∇v|2 dx = (C + 1)|v|2H 1 (Ω) ,
0
P
OLE

.
|v|H01 (Ω)

. ? vH 1 (Ω)
ÉC

$
U E
2 0 -
N IQ
EC H
/
. .

, N ≥ 2 8 H 1 (Ω)

Y T
;. 6 ,9 < '

8
0A
POL

.

,
8 v ∈ H 1 (Ω)
L

M Ω 9
A , .
) L.

LE

0 MA
LM v
0 ∂Ω ∂Ω
0 0

ÉC O

2

0

A
#
H
#
) v|∂Ω ,
8 H 1 (Ω) '

A A
.
4%,0?9) CC $&) 10.+)6 " Ω $ -" /$ 0 C 1 ' /$
Ω= RN
+ , $ *$" ))"$ " γ0
H 1 (Ω) ∩ C(Ω) → L2 (∂Ω) ∩ C(∂Ω)
;<
→ γ0 (v) = v|∂Ω .
E
v
;"" ))"$ γ0 )$0 ) $"$ " $ $ ))"$ $ $"$
H 1 (Ω) $ L2 (∂Ω)' $" $ γ0 , $ )" ' &" $ $"$" C > 0 IQ U
" ' ) " " $"$ v ∈ H 1 (Ω)' $
H N
Y T
vL2 (∂Ω) ≤ CvH 1 (Ω) . EC ; 0} v ∈ Cc∞ (RN
+ ) 3. x = (x , xN )A
+∞
∂v
|v(x , 0)|2 = −2 v(x , xN ) (x , xN ) dxN ,
0 ∂xN
A
, 2ab ≤ a2 + b2 A
2
+∞ ∂v

|v(x , 0)| ≤
2
|v(x , xN )| +

(x , xN ) dxN .
2
E
0 ∂xN
* x A

IQ U

H
2
N
C
∂v
|v(x)| +
E (x) dx,

|v(x , 0)| dx ≤
2 2
RN −1
LY
RN
+
T ∂xN
,6?6 vL2 (∂RN ) ≤ vH 1 (RN

P O ∞
) * Cc (R+ ) H (R+ )A 06
N 1 N
LE
+ +

ÉC O
!

U E
N IQ
*

. 0
C A

1
EC H

0

Ω = RN + /

T

;F
<
H

Y
POL
* 6

5
8 H 1 (Ω)
LE
8
4 0
8 C 1
'
ÉC O

4%,0?9) CC $,095-) &) #0))*6 " Ω $ -" /$ 0
C 1, u " v $" $"$ H 1 (Ω)' -*$"

∂v ∂u
u(x) (x) dx = − v(x) (x) dx + u(x)v(x)ni (x) ds, ;<
. n = (ni )1≤i≤N " $ $" &" ∂Ω,

%9,*:10.1',*C +
8
;< 0
8
U E
IQ
C 1 ' @
?
.

*
N
Cc∞ (Ω) H 1 (Ω) ;. 5 "<A
(un )n≥1
.

'
EC H
(vn )n≥1 Cc∞ (Ω)
. H 1 (Ω) . u v A . 9

Y T

POL
∂vn ∂un
un dx = − vn dx + un vn ni ds. ;<
un ∂u L E
@
? n → +∞
;<
O
∂xi ;.A vn ∂xi < . . u ∂xi ;.A v
∂vn ∂u
ÉC
n
∂x
∂v
i
< L2 (Ω) *
? ;<A

, γ0 A ,6?6 , ; <A

,:
γ0 (un ) ;.A γ0 (vn )< . . γ0 (u) ;.A
γ0 (v)< L2 (∂Ω) @ 0 8
;<
8 u v
H 1 (Ω)
'

5 0

, H01 (Ω)
,0,--.'0) CC " Ω $ -" /$ 0 C 1 , ) H01 (Ω)
D$ - ) H 1 (Ω) $"" $"$ $$ $"
/ ∂Ω,
U E
%9,*:10.1',*C '
8 H01 (Ω) ,

8
N IQ
E C H
? Cc∞ (Ω)
0 G

A
,
γ0

@

H01 (Ω)
LY T

6 H 1 (Ω) 8
,

0 ∂Ω

,

0 ;.
P O

. * <

; ?
LE

.
5 < /
.# ? T&UA T"U

ÉC O

$
U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC ' $ :
#
, γ0
EC H
H01 (Ω)

A 0

A
T
, γ0 '

Im(γ0 ) ,
Y
POL
L2 (∂Ω)A

6 A L2 (∂Ω)A
8 L

MA H 1/2 (∂Ω) *

A
.# ? TU •
O LE
4Q
' $

.

ÉC
* ? , * '
.
,
L
.M 0

8 9 (A 0
.
, *A
( ,

.
3
.
,

A ,

,
0 ?
)

510) &%9,*:10.1',* &) -. 0,3,:'1',* CC C @
, , C > 0
A

8 v ∈ H01 (Ω)A

U E
|v(x)|2 dx ≤ C |∇v(x)|2 dx,
N IQ
H
Ω Ω

Y EC
.

,

vn ∈ H01 (Ω)

T
POL
1= |vn (x)|2 dx > n |∇vn (x)|2 dx. ;"<
E
Ω Ω
O L
9
A ;"<

vn 0 H01 (Ω) *
ÉC

5 + A

6
vn
. L2 (Ω)
1
A ;"<

∇vn . . F L2 (Ω) ;
< *
A vn

'
# H01 (Ω)A

=0A . H01 (Ω) .
v '

1
|∇v(x)|2 dx = lim |∇vn (x)|2 dx ≤ lim = 0,
Ω n→+∞ Ω n→+∞ n

A .

"A
v

6
Ω 7 v

0 ∂Ω ; .

'
$<A v

Ω *
A

U E
IQ
|v(x)|2 dx = lim |vn (x)|2 dx = 1,
N
n→+∞
H
Ω Ω

. 8
v = 0
T E C
LY
)9.0;5) CC *
O
P
8 * A ,

. ΩA 0
LE

C 1 A 0 ∂Ω
I

ÉC O
!

"
U E
N IQ
∂ΩN ∂ΩD

)
;. 2
< @
)
V
EC H
Y TV = {v ∈ H 1 (Ω)
v = 0
∂ΩD }.
POL
*
5 A 8 .
V

6
LE
8 H 1 (Ω)A
=0

ÉC O
H 1 (Ω) '
H01 (Ω)A ,
,6
,
C > 0

8 v ∈ V .) ,
* ;< •
* 8
4
5 "A

.

8 , 8 ? H 1 (Ω) ' 8
,

6 6
) H 1 (Ω)

)99) CC
U E
" Ω $ -" /$ 0 C 1 , " (ωi)1≤i≤I $
)""$ 0 + Ω' " # ωi " $ -" 0
IQ
C 1 ' ωi ∩ ωj = ∅ i = j ' " Ω = ∪Ii=1 ωi , " v $ $"$ $" ""$
N
H 1 (Ω),
i
EC H
# ωi' vi = v|ω ' ))"$" H 1 (ωi ), v " $"$ Ω' v ))"$"
Y T
POL
%9,*:10.1',*C '
. 80 v J
φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)A
8
4
ωi

O L
∂φ E I
∂φ
ÉC
v(x) (x) dx = vi (x) (x) dx
Ω ∂xj i=1 ωi ∂xj
I
I
∂vi
=− (x)φ(x) dx + vi (x)φ(x)nij (x) ds
i=1 ωi
∂xj i=1 ∂ω i
I
∂vi
=− (x)φ(x) dx,
i=1 ωi ∂xj
0 ,

?
9 (A
Γ = ∂ωi ∩ ∂ωk

0

. ωi ωk nij (x) = −nkj (x) A

v φA

U E
IQ
vi (x)φ(x)nij (x) ds + vk (x)φ(x)nkj (x) ds = 0.
N
Γ Γ
@

v .0
80

E C H
∂v
=
∂vi
LY . T
O
∂xj ωi ∂xj
P
OLE
9
A

v ? H 1 (Ω)
ÉC
$
$
U E
N ∂ΩD IQ
EC H
Y T
POL Ω
O LE
ÉC
∂ΩN
W *

I
0 ,

.

# $ 6 * *

%
Ω
U E

%
(ωi )1≤i≤I B

#CI %'
IQ

% ωi

8
9 4

*
N

#CI
EC H •
Y T
POL
y
O L E y=xr
ÉC Ω
W 9 ,

.

>)0+'+) CC <%

$

$ Ω $
* ) $ Ω ⊂ R2
0 < x < 1
0 < y < xr
r > 2
7* 2 )
v(x) = xα "
U E
N IQ
v ∈ H 1 (Ω) 2α + r > 1(
v ∈ L2 (∂Ω)
2α > −1 0

B <%
C H
!
- 2 *

E

LY T
P O
>)0+'+) CC $
:

LE

L (Ω)( $ + $ $

C > 0
2
ÉC O
!

&
U E
( v ∈ L (Ω)(
N IQ
EC H
T
v|∂Ω L2 (∂Ω) ≤ CvL2 (Ω) .
Y
POL
- ( % Ω
0
*
Ω *
+ ∂Ω

L2 (Ω) # 0
O L3
E
ÉC

/

6 ? ,
,

+
I

X
0
;. ' &<

0 ,.
+
,0
A

=0 )A , .
A

0A

6
. ;

)A . ,9 ""$ $$ H 1 (Ω) $ L2 (Ω) " )",
POL
5
H 8
,
. Ω , 0 * A
Ω = RN A ,I
H 1 (RN ) L2 (RN ) , *

O L E
, .
:
un (x) = u(x + ne) R e
.

u
8 H 1 (RN ) ; u e<
ÉC

,

6
un . L2 (RN )
)9.0;5) CC , H 1 (Ω) H01 (Ω)A
56
+ .A
,

,
. Ω
•

5
; 8 ?
8 2
A
,3 Y .A A
T&UA T"U< /

LM N = 1
%9,*:10.1',*C @
, N = 1 A
U E
IQ
A

Ω = (0, 1) (un )n≥1

0 H 1 (0, 1)A
N
,6?6
, K > 0

E
un H 1 (0,1) ≤ K ∀ n ≥ 1.
C H
LY
1, A

x, y ∈ [0, 1] T
P O
OLE
|un (x)| ≤ CK |un (x) − un (y)| ≤ CK |x − y|. ;$<
ÉC
-
$
U E
N IQ
;@
, '
#6 CF ? ;-<<

; 00<
EC H
(xp )p≥1 [0, 1]
. ; A
T
Q ∩ [0, 1]< *
p )A
un (xp ) 0 R ?

Y
POL
;$< @

6

. R @

,0 ?
un (x1 ) 0

6
un1 (x1 )
LE

. R *

6
A n1 A

.

6
A n2 A
un2 (x2 ) . R ;A 0 GA

ÉC O
un2 (x1 )
. < 9 #
.

6
A

A

6
A np A
unp (xp )
. A
unp (xk )
1 ≤ k ≤ p . A
6
unp

L M ?

p *
.
, ,

L? MA

,
3

A

6
; < 0
6
A
,6?6
,
6
un1 A

un2 A
p6 p6
E
unp
0
um .
A

p ≥ 1A

U
IQ
um (xp ) . R
N
x ∈ [0, 1] > 0 ;
< '
(xp )p≥1
H
EC
[0, 1]A
xp
|x − xp | ≤ *
A
um (xp ) . R
m . ,)A m0
A

Y T
m, m ≥ m0 A |um (xp ) − um (xp )| ≤ *
A 0
|um (x) − um (x)|
E POL
≤ |um (xp ) − um (x)| + |um (xp ) − um (xp )| + |um (xp ) − um (x)|
O L ≤ + 2CK
√
ÉC

.

um (x) '
# RA .

x ∈ [0, 1] *
. 0
A

um . L2 (0, 1)
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω = (0, 1) un (x) = sin(2πnx) "

un

L2 (Ω)(
$ $
* -

( *F + *

( ( φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)(

1
lim un (x)φ(x) dx = 0,
E
n→+∞ 0
+ H 1 (Ω)

un
IQ U

un *
L2 (Ω) ?

H N
1 H m (Ω)
T E C
LY
@
1) , 0. H 1 (Ω)

O
P
8
m ≥ 0 8 .0
80 'O

LE
. ,
0
α = (α1 , ..., αN )
95-1''*+'&)A ,6?6
ÉC O
!

U E
IQ N
HN

.
? N . αi ≥ 0 @ |α| = i=1 αi A

8 v A
T E C∂ |α| v
LY
∂ α v(x) = (x).
∂x1 · · · ∂xα
α1 N
O
N
P
3 1) . 80A )

LE

m . , m 80 J
,
8 v ∈ L2 (Ω) m 8 .0
O
ÉC

80
. 80 , m − 1 .0
80
1) +

A ) ,

. A , . , A ?

2 2
CF ∂x∂i ∂x
v
j
= ∂x∂j ∂x
v
i
A
I
) ∂ α v R , . ,

%@*'1',* CC $ $" m ≥ 0' ) /- H m (Ω) " *$ )

H m (Ω) = v ∈ L2 (Ω) " ' ∀ α - |α| ≤ m, ∂ α v ∈ L2 (Ω) ,
U E ;&<
. - )" ∂ α
v " )$ $ /,
N IQ
EC H
/

.)
8
.
Y T
POL
0,3,:'1',* CC B $ ) "
E

O L u, v = ∂ α u(x)∂ α v(x) dx ;-<
ÉC
Ω |α|≤m

" $ uH m (Ω) = u, u' ) /- H m (Ω) " $ )
@/",
8 H m (Ω)
I

;
m N <A m
:
8
H m (Ω)
+
, .

A ,
N = 1A 8 H 1 (Ω)
/

.

;.

A
A ,

 N/2'
H m(Ω) " $ ) $/ C(Ω) $"$ $"$ Ω,
N IQ
E C H
LY T
)9.0;5) CC *
5 " ?
8 ?
.A
8
,
k ≥ 0

P O
m − N/2 > k A H m (Ω)

6 ,0 C k (Ω) 8 k
LE
8 (0
Ω •
ÉC O

$
U E
N IQ
LM
5 "

m A
8
EC H
H m (Ω)
A ,6?6 .0

;
: ,

T

. 5 " ?
8 v ∈ H m (Ω) ? . ∂ α v ∈
Y
POL
H m−|α| (Ω)<
'
H 1 (Ω)A 8
H m (Ω) ;

LE
,
. Ω
Y . 1) "<
5
" 8 ? H m (Ω) /

ÉC O
O

.
4%,0?9) CC Ω " $ -" /$ 0 C m ' /$ Ω = RN+ '
Cc∞ (Ω) " $ $ H m (Ω),
@

0
8
4 ,

.
, H m (Ω) *
A

m = 2 ;

<
4%,0?9) CC
U E
" Ω $ -" /$ 0 C 1 , $ *$" ))
"$ " γ1
N IQ
EC H
H 2 (Ω) ∩ C 1 (Ω) → L2 (∂Ω) ∩ C(∂Ω)

∂v ;<
T
v → γ1 (v) = ,
∂n
Y
POL
∂Ω
- ∂n
∂v
= ∇u · n, ;"" ))"$ γ1 )$0 ) $"$ " $ $ ))"$
$ $"$ H 2 (Ω) $ L2 (∂Ω), $ )" ' &" $ $"$" C > 0
L E
" ' ) " " $"$ v ∈ H 2 (Ω)' $
O
ÉC

∂v
≤ CvH 2 (Ω) . ; <
∂n 2
L (∂Ω)
%9,*:10.1',*C , , γ1 ; <

5
8
H 1 (Ω) 9 (A v ∈ H 2 (Ω)A ∇v ∈ H 1 (Ω)N
)
∇v
∂Ω
8 L2 (∂Ω)N '
8

0
∂ΩA
0
∂n ∂v
∈ L2 (∂Ω)

# ! 1 Ω

% '
C

2
D( #CC $ γ0

U E
H 2 (Ω) ∩ C(Ω) → H 1 (∂Ω) ∩ C(∂Ω)
N IQ #!
H
v → γ0 (v) = v|∂Ω ,
E C
"

H 2 (Ω) H 1 (∂Ω)
T

γ0 (v) % 1 Ω = RN+

LY
E * & % & . *
%

O
P
1'%

% ∂Ω! "

4
LE

"

"

%
ÉC O

U E
8%%9 & *

' I
N Q%
"

"

*"
!
E C H
+
%
"

*"

'

%
T
•
L Y
5 -
8 H 2 (Ω)

O
P
8
4 0
8 C 2
'
L E " $ -" /$ 0 ,

É C O4%,0?9) CC
v ∈ H (Ω)
1
' $
Ω C2" u ∈ H 2 (Ω)

∂u
∆u(x)v(x) dx = − ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx + (x)v(x) ds. ; <
Ω Ω ∂Ω ∂n
%9,*:10.1',*C ' ; < .

8 C 2

8
H 2 (Ω) H 1 (Ω)A

/
.# ?
5 "

U E
IQ

.

, 8

,
γ1 A ,6?6 , ; <
H N

Y T EC
POL
'
H

E

O L
*

2

ÉC
4
2 Ω = RN "

%&

C ∞ N
c (R ) C∞ !
RN H 1 (RN )
nN
ρ ζn
1
E
n
IQ U
1 1 −2n −n
H
n 2n
N
C
n n
T E
W 2 ρn
;?
<A ζn
;? <
Y
% '

! P O L
+

1 ρ ∈
Cc∞ (B) B
O L E "
ρ ≥ 0 B
ρ(x) dx = 1 $

ÉC

$
U E
8
9 N

I
N Q '

H
ρn (x) = n ρ(nx) 1/n
% J
#C! $
%

*
C
v ∈ H 1 (RN )
Y T E
L
vn (x) = v ρn (x) = ρn (x − y)v(y) dy,
O
RN
"

P "
$ % * "
%
E
C∞ ∇vn = (∇v) ρn vn
!L
! %
∇vn % % ∇v ! K % %
L2 (RN )
O
v v

*
% D(
É C

1
∇v L2 (RN )
#!
&
* 2

L (R ) 6
N

"
& "

vn "

ζ ∈ Cc∞ (RN )
0≤ζ≤1 ζ(x) = 1
|x| ≤ 1 ζ(x) = 0 |x| ≥ 2 $ ζn (x) = ζ nx % J
#C! "
vn
ṽn (x) = vn (x)ζn (x) $ % *
"
ṽn % ∇ṽn !
% % v % ∇v! L2 (RN )
D( #C/

%

"

% ' % D( ##
RN
U E
'

" Ω C Ω = R
! P H (Ω) H (R )
1 1
1
N
N Q

I
N
+

v ∈ H 1 (Ω)
P v|Ω = v
E C H
# P vL (R ) ≤ CvL (Ω)
LY T
O
2 N 2
$ P vH (R ) ≤ CvH (Ω)

E P
1 N 1
% C > 0 ! Ω

L
ÉCO
D
'

Ω = RN+ $ x = (x , xN )
% x = (x1 , ..., xN−1 ) 1 v ∈ H 1 (RN+ ) $

v(x , xN ) xN > 0
v(x , −xN ) xN < 0.
P v(x) =
$ % "

1 ≤ i ≤ N − 1
∂P v
∂v
∂x
i
(x , xN ) xN > 0
(x) =
∂xi ∂v
∂x
i
(x , −xN ) xN < 0,

"

xN > 0
E
∂P v
∂v
(x , xN )
U
∂x
N
(x) =
− ∂x (x , −xN ) xN < 0.
IQ
∂xN ∂v
N
N
5 % v

*

;

E C H
"
v %' "
*' 4

*! "

;
*

L P v M % FC/H

! $

√
P % C = 2 Ω = RN
L + !
T

Y
P O
1 Ω

% '
C 1

8 9
LE

Ω = RN+ 0 . C/

%
ÉC O

U E
∂Ω N IQ
EC H
LY T yN
P O ω0 φi Q+
OLE
y
ÉC ωi Q
Ω
W ' ,

.

U E
I$Q

%
%
Ω
H

8
9 &
% & N

(ωi )0≤i≤I
*
Cc∞ (RN ) "

T E C (θi )0≤i≤I
O L Y
I
E P
θi ∈ Cc∞ (ωi ), 0 ≤ θi (x) ≤ 1,
θi (x) = 1 Ω.
L
i=0
É C
$ % O

Pv

"
K % ( CI FNH!

*

I
Pv = Pi (θi v),
i=0
: ("

Pi ωi 5 θ0 v &

Ω P0 (θ0 v) θ0 v E ( Ω
("

i ∈ {1, ..., I} φi "
* ωi
* Q %
. C/ J
##!

wi = (θi v) ◦ ( φ−1
i
+)
Q
% Q+ = Q ∩ RN+ .
5 * wi & H 1 (Q+)

% ∂Q+ ∩ RN+ 1
U E
RN+ \ Q+ '
* w̃i ∈ H 1 (RN+ ) $

N
L w̃i
'
* P w̃i ∈ H 1 (RN )

IQ
E C H
P "
%

RN+ ! $ % ωi
Y
Pi (θi v) = (P w̃i ) ◦ φi .
L T
P O

C 1 φi % '
Pi
LE
P
ÉC O

$
U E

#
8 9

N IQ "

E
("

%"
* C H

'
5

E
T
•
1 H(div)LY

P O
& %
L
O E
4

%

L2 (Ω)
*
H 1 (Ω)
5
%
É C
A "
//!

H(div) &

H(div) = σ ∈ L2 (Ω)N
divσ ∈ L2 (Ω) , #C!
% divσ σ ' & #(
$ % * "

B'
U E
IQ

!
H N
EC
'

)

Y T
POL
σ, τ = (σ(x) · τ (x) + divσ(x)divτ (x)) dx ##!
Ω
L E
! σH(div) =
O

σ, σ H(div) *
ÉC
5
1'%

*

"
&
D( #C/!
%&

" Ω C Ω = R
1 N
+
Cc∞ (Ω)N H(div)
, H(div) "

(

*
O %
"
1'% H 1 (Ω)
0 + σ & H(div) 8<9 "

' %

H 1 (Ω)!

& σ · n
∂Ω
U E
IQ
5 2 "
γ0 H 1 (Ω) L2 (∂Ω) %
H N
D( #CC! "
Im(γ0 ) = H 1/2 (∂Ω) "

L2 (∂Ω) % A "
#CG! $

H 1/2 (∂Ω)
%
"
E C
YT

vH 1/2 (∂Ω) = inf φH 1 (Ω) γ0 (φ) = v
"
*
@(
O
P L
B'! $ H −1/2 (∂Ω)

H 1/2
O

L
(∂Ω)
E
ÉC
"
U E
%&

() * + , "
N I Q
H
Ω
& + !,
C
C1 γn
Y T E
H(div) ∩ C(Ω) → H −1/2 (∂Ω) ∩ C(∂Ω)
%
P O L -
σ = (σi )1≤i≤N
!
→ γn (σ) = (σ · n)|∂Ω
E
n = (ni )1≤i≤N ∂Ω γn
O L

'
H(div) H −1/2 (∂Ω)
C
σ ∈ H(div) φ ∈ H 1 (Ω)
É
Ω
divσφ dx +

Ω
#/!
σ · ∇φ dx = σ · n, γ0 (φ)H −1/2 ,H 1/2 (∂Ω) .
1 Ω

%
C 0 C *
*

1
%

%

divσφ dx + σ · ∇φ dx = σ · nφ ds, #N!
E
Ω Ω ∂Ω

*
σ φ $ "
' "
8%9
#/!
"
8 9 '

#N! $
IQ U
N
% "

( #N! '

φ ∈ H 1 (Ω)
H
EC
σ ∈ H(div) *
H 1 (Ω) H(div)
Y T

( #N!

=
*

Im(γ0 ) H 1/2 (∂Ω) , *
POL
*
#/! γn (σ)
'
H −1/2 (∂Ω)
E

O L
$
' -
"
% H01 (Ω)
H(div) $
ÉC

H0 (div) H(div) ( Cc∞ (Ω) H(div) 5

B' "

%
!
*
H(div)

1 W m,p (Ω)

W m,p (Ω)

m ≥ 0

1 ≤ p ≤ +∞ 5

@( Lp (Ω) % #!
#!! 5
% & A "
#) % *' &
Lp (Ω) 4

%
%

" . m ≥ 0 " W m,p
(Ω)
U E
&
W m,p p

∀ α |α| ≤ m, ∂
(Ω) = {v ∈ L (Ω) α
v∈L p
N
(Ω)} ,
IQ #G!
% ∂ α v
E C H
?
⎛
LY ⎞1/p T
O

P
uW m,p (Ω) = ⎝ ∂ α up ⎠
OLE
|α|≤m
ÉC
$
$
U E
% "

N I Q

@( 5
m,p
H
W (Ω)

' "

' % FIH!

' C
2 1
Y T E

%
' + - * 4

'
Ω = RN Ω = RN
L
Ω +

⎧
⎨
E P
p<N O %
W 1,p (Ω) ⊂ Lq (Ω) ∀ q ∈ [1, p∗ ] 1/p∗ = 1/p − 1/N
O L ⎩
p=N W 1,p (Ω) ⊂ Lq (Ω) ∀ q ∈ [1, +∞[ #)!
C p>N W 1,p (Ω) ⊂ C(Ω),
É % ;

& "
%
"

W 1,p (Ω) ⊂ E C
"

u ∈ W 1,p
(Ω)
uE ≤ CuW 1,p (Ω) .

p = 1 m = N "
'

1'%

! W (RN ) /
0! 1
U E
IQ
N,1
R Cb (RN )

u ∈ W N,1 (RN )
N
N
uL (R ) ≤ uW (R ) .
∞ N
EC
N,1
HN #I!
T
1 u ∈ Cc∞ (RN )
x = (x1, ..., xN )
Y
POL
x1 xN
∂N u
E
u(x) = ··· (y) dy1 ...dyN ,
:
O L
−∞ −∞
∂x1 · · · ∂xN
ÉC uL∞ (RN ) ≤
∂N u
1 N ≤ uW N,1 (RN ) .
∂x1 · · · ∂xN L (R )
$ Cc∞ (RN ) W N,1 (RN ) D( ##

H 1 (RN )! . ' #I!

u ∈ W N,1 (RN )

*
Cc∞ (RN )
L∞ (RN ) Cb (RN ) *

! . #I! "
"
* W N,1 (RN )

'
*

A "

V
B' V ' *
U E

V
D( ) AE

N IQ
0

H01 (Ω) ;

<

E C H
L2 (Ω) & L2 (Ω)
$

1'%

$ "
L Y T

H01 (Ω) H −1 (Ω)
L, φH −1 ,H 1 (Ω) = L(φ)
P O
! 1
H01 (Ω)
OLE
0
L ∈ H −1 (Ω) φ ∈ H01 (Ω)
ÉC
&
U E
$

N I Q
% % FGH!
$

−1
H
H (Ω)
'

T E C

H −1 (Ω)
O L Y

N
∂vi
!
P
−1 2
H (Ω) = f = v0 + v0 , v1 , ..., vN ∈ L (Ω) .
E
∂xi
L !

i=1
ÉC O
2!
φ∈ H01 (Ω)

N
H01 (Ω)

L ∈ H −1 (Ω)
∂φ
L(φ) = v0 φ − vi dx
Ω
∂xi
i=1
v0 , v1 , ..., vN ∈ L2 (Ω)

OP & H −1 (Ω)

% %

* L2 (Ω)
*' "
% *' . #C! .%
Q
%

"
"

% %
'
;

U E
( '

% %!
N IQ
EC H

" v ∈ L (Ω) . 1 ≤ i ≤ N & !
2
H !

T
∂v −1
Y
(Ω)
POL
∂xi

∂v
, φH −1 ,H 1 (Ω) = − v
∂φ
dx ∀ φ ∈ H01 (Ω), #C !
E
∂xi 0 ∂xi
L
Ω

&
É C O
∂v

∂xi

H −1 (Ω)
≤ vL2 (Ω) .
" !

v ∈ H 1 (Ω) ∂v
3 L2 (Ω)
v
∂xi
$ % * "

' #C !
*

H01 (Ω) "

Li ∈ H −1 (Ω) "

∂φ
Li (φ) = − v dx.
Ω
∂xi
$ %
* "
v → Li
L2 (Ω)
H −1 (Ω) "
%

* v

U E
IQ
% *'
v ∈ H 1 (Ω)! "

%
&
* L2 (Ω) Li = ∂x∂v
H N
C
i

B' %
5
0 + Y
E

# OP
( AE "

T "

;
!
H −1 (Ω)
L2 (Ω)
H01 (Ω)
O

;

% P
L
$ ;&

H01 (Ω)

L2 (Ω)

!
LE

%!

ÉC O
-
$
U E
−1
H01 (Ω) Q

%

! I

N
H
H (Ω)

E C
:
Y T
H01 (Ω) ⊂ L2 (Ω) ≡ L2 (Ω) ⊂ H −1 (Ω),
OL
•
E P

O L ' % +
É C D

(
% ( '

%
FNH! 1

% ' ( '

1'%
'
("

'
"
( ( "

1'%
( %

"

% ! 5
( '

"
"
"
(
"

% R

* % (
E

%
& ' '
5
U
IQ

*
'
"

% "
%

!
'*

( '

H N
1 Ω

% RN $ Cc∞ (Ω)
D(Ω)! * C ∞
T EC
&
Ω $
Cc∞ (Ω)
8
9 & "

% Cc∞ (Ω) $ "

(φn )n≥1 Cc∞ (Ω)
Y
POL
% % φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)

φn
K Ω
O L E

α ∂ α φn %
* K % ∂ α φ
D (Ω) 8
9 D(Ω) & *
ÉC
8
9
D(Ω)

D(Ω)
% 4

D (Ω)

4 T ∈ D (Ω) ! D(Ω)
&

lim T (φn ) = T (φ)

n→+∞
(φn )n≥1 Cc∞ (Ω)

φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω) & 1
$ T, φ = T (φ)

'

T ∈ D (Ω)

* φ ∈ D(Ω) K

8 9

Ω T φ dx 0 +
'
Tf U E
% "
f
* ' Ω!

N IQ
H
Tf , φ = f φ dx.
Ω
E C
"
* '
Tf ≡ f
T
LY
$

D (Ω)
% K "

Tn ∈ D (Ω)
* + % T ∈ D(Ω)

φ ∈ D(Ω)
O
P
OLE
lim Tn , φ = T, φ.
n→+∞
ÉC
" $

U E
N
5 %
'

% IQ *'

H
! &
%
8 9
. * C
∂T

∈ D (Ω)
Y T E K
T ∈ D (Ω)
L
∂xi
O
∂T ∂φ
P
, φ = − T, ∀ φ ∈ D(Ω).
E
∂xi ∂xi
L
$ % "
+% %
'
& "
'

∂T
O
%' S 5 &

'
$
∂xi
C
É
"
T
%
'

* %'
"
%

f
% %

@ - = % *'
. #C

%
'
.

Lp (Ω)

1'% H m (Ω)
'
D (Ω) 0

% "

% "
%

'
"
*
! 0 *

U E
% "

% "

! "

IQ

'

N
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC
U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC

$
U E
N IQ

H
∈ L (Ω)
.0
80 A ∀ iA
2
EC
u
∂φ
T
; . 80< u dx ≤ CφL2 (Ω) ∀ φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)

Y
∂xi
POL
Ω
* H 1 (Ω)

=0

LE

O
u, v = (∇u · ∇v + uv) dx
ÉC
Ω
5 " Cc∞ (Ω) H 1 (Ω)

; <
* ∀ u ∈ H01 (Ω) ;Ω 0<

; *< uL2(Ω) ≤ C∇uL2 (Ω)
5 u → u|∂Ω

U E
IQ
; < H 1 (Ω) L2 (∂Ω)
H N
EC
5 " ∀ u, v ∈ H 1 (Ω)

T
∂v ∂u
Y
;8
4< u dx = − v dx + uv ni ds
POL
O L E
' $
; H01 (Ω)<
H01 (Ω)
6 8 H 1 (Ω)

,

∂Ω
ÉC 5
; +<
,I H 1 (Ω) L2 (Ω)
;Ω 0
<
5 ∀
u ∈ H (Ω), v ∈ H (Ω)
2 1

∂u
;8
4< v∆u dx = − ∇u · ∇v dx + v ds
Ω Ω ∂Ω ∂n
W *

0.
, 8
0

P
U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
LE

O
ÉC

E
IQ U
H N
T E C
P O LY

L E

ÉCO
1
,#

6
. #

' *

0
0

A ,6?6
,

A

A G A

.
-!.330,+4) 2.0'.1',**)--)
'

):3.+): &)
,/,-)2

'

. 1 "

/
0%:5-1.1: &!)>':1)*+) )1 &!5*'+'1%
U E
8 , .
. . #
IQ
&): :,-51',*: /

9'*'9':)*1 5*) %*)0(')
N
E C H

, .)
0 30,30'%1%: ;5.-'1.1'2):

.
;

A
<
LY T
" H
,

-!%-.:1'+'1% -'*%.0':%)

%;5.1',*: &) 1,D):
P O
, ,
00
A ,
LE
H

.
ÉC O

"

U E

- '
N IQ
C
'

) E
H
L Y T *
O
/
0

.
LE
−∆u = f Ω
;"<
ÉC O u=0
∂Ω
R Ω

. 0 , RN A f
0

? , L2 (Ω) , .

;"<

1.3) 7 0 ,
8
.
1
8

8
.
6
0
;"<A ,6?6
, 8

.
8 0 a(·, ·)A

U E
8 L(·)A
=0 V
;"<
. ? J
IQ
HN
5
. u ∈ V
a(u, v) = L(v)

v ∈ V. ;" <
E C
0

. 8
.
T
LY
;" < Y .) ,
. . ;"<

P O
*

. 8
.
,
;"<

L E
8
v '
8
ÉCO

R ,
,

u )

(
3 , 8
4 ; < ;.
;&<<

.
∂u
f v dx = − ∆uv dx = ∇u · ∇v dx − v ds. ;"<
Ω Ω Ω ∂Ω ∂n
' u 8

1A u = 0
∂ΩA

=0 V

8 v ∈ V .)
v = 0

∂Ω 1 A , ;"< .

∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx = f (x)v(x) dx. ;"<
Ω Ω
*

;"<

:
∇u ∇v
U E
IQ
? L2 (Ω) ; <A

;"<
N

:
v ? L2 (Ω) ;

f ∈ L2 (Ω)<
H
C
*
A
0
, =0 V = H01 (Ω)A
T E

6 H 1 (Ω) ,

0 ∂Ω
Y
9
A 8
.
;"< J

P O L
OLE

. u ∈ H01 (Ω)
∇u · ∇v dx = f v dx ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω). ;""<
Ω Ω
ÉC
"
U E
N IQ
. A
. 8
0
. ? ;""< Y ,

EC H

? ,
8
. 0 I
6
T
) ;""< ,(
J
,0 A

Y
POL
? .)
;""< 0

A

;""<

0
;"< ;

LE
? <
ÉC O
1.3) 7 +
8
.
1

.)
8
. ;""<

*

5 67

.) # .

a(u, v) = ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx L(v) = f (x)v(x) dx.
Ω Ω
@ . 8
, '
#6 CF
a
8
U E
0

H01 (Ω)
L
8

H01 (Ω)
IQ
1
A .
, * ;. ' Y

N
0 ,
. Ω<A 8 0 a .A ,6?6
,
H
EC
ν > 0

T

Y
POL
a(v, v) = |∇v(x)|2 dx ≥ νv2H 1 (Ω) ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω).
0
Ω
O L E
' H01 (Ω)
=0 ;. * <A
#6

5 67 8

ÉC

,

u ∈ H01 (Ω) 8
. ;""<
)9.0;5) CC /
.

'
A A
8 0 a #
A

56
67

9 (A
8
.6
,

, )
1
J(v) = a(v, v) − L(v) ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω)
2
;. * " &< *
A
J

E

A 0

8
. •
1.3) 7
. . ,

IQ U
H N
;
< ? .)
, .
E C
8
. ;""< 0
0
;"<A
T
?

;""<

;"< 9
LY
,
A , , 8
.
?
O
P
,
*

H

?
LE
8
.A .A I
)

ÉC O

"

U E
N IQ
' I
) 8 ,

u 8

EC H
. ;""<
; u ∈ H 2 (Ω)<
,
. Ω
T

A

8
9 (A
: ,.

Y
POL
8
4 ; <

A
v ∈ H01 (Ω)A

OLE
∇u · ∇v dx = − v∆u dx
Ω Ω
ÉC

v = 0
0 ∂Ω @

(∆u + f ) v dx = 0 ∀ v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω),
Ω

A .

' A
−∆u = f L2 (Ω)A
,
−∆u = f

Ω. ;"$<
U E
1
A Ω

. 0
C 1 A 5
IQ
;

' $< :

8 H01 (Ω)
N
H

∂Ω
L2 (Ω) @
A
A

T EC
u = 0

∂Ω.
Y
;"&<
O L
@ 0
. ,

;"<
P
,

u ;""< ,
. Ω
A 8

L E
. . ;

8
4 ; <

ÉCO

u ∈ H 2 (Ω)< @ σ = ∇u

8 ? .
.
L2 (Ω)N * , '
#6 CFA
8
.
;""<
A

v ∈ H01 (Ω)A

σ · ∇v dx = f v dx ≤ CvL2 (Ω) . ;"-<

Ω Ω
' Cc∞ (Ω) ⊂ H01 (Ω)A ;"-< , ,

, ,

. 80 σ L2 (Ω) ;. 1) $ &<

.)A

v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)A

σ · ∇v dx = − divσv dx.
U E
IQ
Ω Ω
@

H N

(divσ + f ) v dx = 0
T E C
∀ v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω),
Ω
O LY
P

A .

' A
−divσ = f L2 (Ω) * 6
LE

divσ = ∆u ? L2 (Ω) ;
div∇ = ∆<A
.
ÉC O
" "
U E
N IQ
,
;"$< @
.
;"&<
EC H
,
. Ω
C 1 Ω ,
A

T
.
5
0 ;"&< /A 8
Y
POL
, ? H01 (Ω)

1

.
A
? =,09)--)9)*1
u = 0

LE
∂Ω
9

.

.
ÉC O
4%,0?9) CC " Ω $ -" /$ RN , " f ∈ L2 (Ω), &" $ $
"$ u ∈ H01 (Ω) "$ -"$$ =,=, 8 ) ' u -*
−∆u = f ) )" " $ Ω, " u ∈ H01 (Ω). ;"<
$ )) $ ) Ω " 0 C 1 ' u " "$ )/+
& " =, $ .
−∆u = f ) )" " $ Ω, u = 0 ) )" " ∂Ω.
U E
@
u ∈ H01 (Ω) 8
. ;""< :,-5
IQ
1',* 2.0'.1',**)--)
0
;"< *

0
N
EC H
A ,* &'0. ;5) -!5*';5) :,-51',* u ∈ H01 (Ω) &) -. =,095-.1',* 2.0'.
1',**)--) $C6 ):1 -!5*';5) :,-51',* &5 30,/-?9) .5> -'9'1): $C 6 '
Y T
0 G I
) 5 "
POL

;"<A

. ,0A .) ) ,

L80MA ,6?6

;
H
L E

,
. ,
< @
O
:,-51',* =.'/-)

8
,

0
ÉC
8

;"< ;.
6 < 1 HA
8 8
. =,095-.1',* =.'/-) ,

)9.0;5) CC 9 8A

80
H

8
0 f

3
A ,

;"<
. H .)

A ,6?6

x ∈ ΩA

x ∈ ∂ΩA . ',
,

;.
' " &< •
)9.0;5) CC 8
0 , ∆u
, ;"<
5 " *

8

v H01 (Ω)

,. ;H 80< ? ∆v * A

U E
IQ

u ∈ H01 (Ω) 8
. ;""<A
.
∆u
? L2 (Ω)
H N •
E C
*

0
;"< 0 ;
= Y .
T
1) "<A 8
A
, ,

A
LY

G ',

O
P

5 67

.

LE

.
ÉC O
$
"

U E
" $ -" /$ ' " "I Q , ))"$
0,3,:'1',* CC
N R f ∈ L2 (Ω)
N
H
Ω
" )$ "$ $ "$
f ∈ L (Ω)
C u ∈ H01 (Ω)
2
&" $ $"$"
Y T
" ' E
-"$$ =, " $ " $"$
) " "
$ 2
L (Ω)
' $
, $ )" '
H 1 (Ω)
L
C>0 f ∈ L (Ω)
2
P O ;"<
LE
uH 1 (Ω) ≤ Cf L2 (Ω) .
ÉC O
)9.0;5) CC , ;"<
,
):1'9.1',* &!%*)0(')
9
,
X
,
,
.
#

,
.

•
%9,*:10.1',*C f → u . *

0

v = u 8
. ;""<

|∇u|2 dx = f u dx.
U E
IQ
Ω Ω
H N
@ I ? , , '
#6 CFA

. 8 0
Y T EC
POL
νu2H 1 (Ω) ≤ f L2 (Ω) uL2 (Ω) ≤ f L2(Ω) uH 1 (Ω) ,
L E
,R ,

O

ÉC
/
. I?
8
.
.
6
#
;,A A .
.

< 9
8A
8
. ;""<
,

;
#

<

.

*
0,3,:'1',* CC " J(v) $0 *$ ) v ∈ H01 (Ω) )

1
J(v) = |∇v| dx −
2
f v dx. ;"<
2
E
Ω Ω
" u ∈ H01 (Ω) "$ $ "$ -"$$ =,=, u "
$ )$" $ $0' " IQ U
H N
J(u) = min
1
J(v).
T E C
Y
v∈H0 (Ω)
O L
C) $"' u ∈ H01 (Ω) " $ )$" $ $0 J(v)' u "
P
"$ $ "$ -"$$ =,=,
O LE
ÉC
" &
U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC * " &

8

EC H
8 0 8
. #
,
T
A
8
. , ;.
Y
POL
6 ,9 " <

. , #

8
LE
, J(v)
0
0

u

,

. ;

ÉC O
. ) J(u)
, 8

∆u< '
) L
M 8
.
#

. •
>)0+'+) CC G $
$
%

$ $

−∆u + u = f
Ω
;" <
u=0 ∂Ω
E
4 Ω $
RN ( f ∈ L2 (Ω) "

U
IQ
$
5 $ $ #

$%: %
Ω
H N
Y T EC
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω RN G $
$
%

$ $

E
POL

V · ∇u − ∆u = f
Ω
;"<
E
u=0 ∂Ω
O L
4 f ∈ L2 (Ω) V * +
divV = 0
ÉC

Ω
>)0+'+) CC

%: % $' !22 "
v ∈ H01 (Ω)
vV · ∇v dx = 0.
Ω
"

E

H01 (Ω) $*

1
J(v) = |∇v|2 + vV · ∇v dx − f v dx.
E
2 Ω Ω
L
M
5 "

IQ U
N
# ,
,
.
E C H
>)0+'+) CC +

!
LY T
$ Ω :

+ $%:
xN = 0 B
f
f (x , xN ) = f (x , −xN ) "
!

B : "
P O
!
+
Ω+ = Ω ∩ {xN > 0}

LE

>
Ω ∩ {xN = 0}
ÉC O
-
"

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC N

,
.

0 f ;"< 6
EC H
? L2 (Ω)A

.0

T

f ∈ H −1 (Ω) ; L8M
<

6
Y
POL

? ,

Ω f v dx

f, vH −1 ,H01 (Ω) ;
L(v) 0
8
LE

H01 (Ω)< 1 A , −∆u = f ,

,
, H −1 (Ω) ;

ÉC O
Ω<
' :

?
#
6
* ,
0

#6

8
X
0

Ω Γ
#
8 ;
.
N − 1<

Ω *

ΓA f˜ ∈ L2 (Γ) ) f ∈ H −1 (Ω)

f, vH −1 ,H01 (Ω) = f˜v ds,
Γ
U E

0
8

H01 (Ω)
IQ
Q
5
N
H
•
T EC
)9.0;5) CC 1 ;"<
.

Y
POL
1 L MA ,6?6
A

.
0
6 ' 0

O L −∆u = f Ω
;"<
ÉC
u = u0
∂Ω,
R u0
∂Ω ,
8 H 1 (Ω)A
I
u0 *
#
;"< u = u0 + ũA

−∆ũ = f˜ = f + ∆u0 Ω
;""<
ũ = 0
∂Ω.

. +
"

;""< , .
f˜ ? H −1 (Ω) 9 (A

f˜, vH −1 ,H01 (Ω) = f v dx − ∇u0 · ∇v dx
Ω Ω
U E
IQ
0
8

H01 (Ω) •
H N
'

) %
T E C

O LY
/
0

.
P
−∆u + u = f Ω
LE
;"$<
∂u
∂n = g
∂Ω
ÉC O
"
U E
N IQ
R Ω

. ; 0< , RN A f ∈ L2 (Ω)
EC H
g ∈ L2 (∂Ω) ,
;"$<
.
R
. I

T

, F ) ,. ; 0 <
:

6
Y
POL

5 " - , .

;"$<
0 ( ?
6 6
LE

',

?
.

,
ÉC O
1.3) 7 0 ,
8
.
*

. 8
.
,
;"$<

8
v

u

:
)

(
8

4 ; < ;.
;&<<

E
f (x)v(x) dx = (−∆u(x) + u(x)) v(x) dx
U
Ω Ω
IQ

∂u
HN
= (∇u(x) · ∇v(x) + u(x)v(x)) dx − (x)v(x) ds ;"&<
∂n
TEC
Ω ∂Ω

(∇u(x) · ∇v(x) + u(x)v(x)) dx −
Y
= g(x)v(x) ds.
L
Ω ∂Ω
P O
/
.

/
;"&< ,
L E
, , =0 V *

O

;"&<

: V = H 1 (Ω) ;
ÉC

5
I
) , 0 <
9
A 8
.
;"$< J
.
u ∈ H 1 (Ω)

(∇u · ∇v + uv) dx = gv ds + f v dx ∀ v ∈ H 1 (Ω). ;"-<
Ω ∂Ω Ω

. I
) ;"-<
)9.0;5) CC ( 8

. ;"-<

/
;""<

U E
1 .
1
,
/
P 8
N IQ
, 1 )::)*1')--) ;
<
C H
8 , ?
A
/

E
? 8
.
L T
*.150)--) ;
<
,

Y •
P O
LE
1.3) 7 +
8
.
ÉC O

"

U E
N IQ
1

.)
8
. ;"-<
EC H

*

5 67
T

.) # .

Y
POL
a(u, v) = (∇u · ∇v + uv) dx L(v) = gv ds + f v dx.
LE
Ω ∂Ω Ω
O
9
, '
#6 CF ? ,
5 A
ÉC
.
a
8 0

H 1 (Ω)
L

8

H 1 (Ω) *
A 8 0 a 8
. ;,

, I

, F
<
a(v, v) = v2H 1 (Ω) ∀ v ∈ H 1 (Ω).
' H 1 (Ω)

=0 ;. * <A
#6

5 67 8

E

,

u ∈ H 1 (Ω) 8
. ;"-<
U
IQ
)9.0;5) CC *
# 0
;"$< R g = 0A
N
H

H ,
/
,
EC
=0 V , 0 V = {v ∈ H 1 (Ω), ∂n
∂v
= 0
∂Ω} A

Y T

8 v ∈ H (Ω) ∂n ,
∂Ω 9 (A ∇v ,
,
8
1 ∂v
POL
L2 (Ω) ; <
, ,#

∂Ω
8 L2 (Ω) @
V = {v ∈ H 2 (Ω), ∂n
∂v
= 0
∂Ω}
O L E

0

6 8 H (Ω) .

5 -
2
7 .

. :

J 8 0 a ,
ÉC
.
V

5 67 ,#
#
/

, =0 •
1.3) 7
. . ,

/
8
. ;"-<
.)

, 0
0
;"$<A
? /

;. +
" "
,
8 #< *

,

.

E
;.
6 "

<

)99) CC
IQ U
" Ω $ -" 0 C 1 RN , " f ∈ L2 (Ω) "
N
g " ∂Ω $ $"$ H 1 (Ω), "$ u "$
H
-"$$ =, ))"$" H 2 (Ω),
T E C

O LY
4Q
"

8
4
5

P ∂u
LE
∆u(x)v(x) dx = − ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx + (x)v(x) ds. ;"<
∂Ω ∂n
O
Ω Ω
ÉC
"
U E
N IQ

.0
u ∈ H (Ω) v ∈ H (Ω) +
, 0
2 1
EC H
;"< 0
?

5 -
:

T
u ∈ H 2 (Ω) . ∂n
∂u

L2 (∂Ω) @
;"-<
Y
POL
;"<
A

v ∈ H (Ω)A
1

LE
∂u
(∆u − u + f )v dx = g− v ds. ;" <
O
Ω ∂Ω ∂n
ÉC , v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω) ⊂ H 1 (Ω) ;" <A 0 P ,

A .

' A
∆u − u + f = 0 L2 (Ω)A

Ω *
A 0
;" <
A

∂u
g− v ds = 0 ∀ v ∈ H 1 (Ω).
∂Ω ∂n
@ , H 1 (Ω) , L2 (∂Ω) ;.

&<A
P
g − ∂n
∂u
U E
= 0 L2 (∂Ω)A

∂Ω
9

.

.
N IQ
4%,0?9) CC
EC H
" Ω $ -" 0 C 1 RN , " f ∈ L2 (Ω) "
Y T
g " ∂Ω $ $"$ H 1 (Ω), &" $ $ "$ u ∈ H 1 (Ω)
"$ -"$$ =,, 8 ) ' u ))"$" H 2 (Ω) " " "$
POL
=,% $ .
O L
−∆u + u = fE
) )" " $ ∂u
) )" " ∂Ω.
ÉC
Ω, =g
∂n
>)0+'+) CC 6 $ u ∈ H 1 (Ω)

!. $
$*

uH 1 (Ω) ≤ C f L2(Ω) + gL2 (∂Ω) ,
4 C > 0

u, f g
'
6 A 0
;

H ? 8
<
,

u ∈ H 1 (Ω) 8

. ;"-< ,

:,-51',* =.'/-)
0
;"$<
U E

"

I Q
( , "

% Ω
"
g

* 2
L (∂Ω)

H
*
% /)!
"

N "

%
1
u ∈ H (Ω)
−∆u + u = f Ω
T E
"

*

C

"

0 σ = ∇u ∈ L2 (Ω)N

O L
Y

/)! "

v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)

P
σ · ∇v dx ≤ uv dx + f v dx ≤ CvL2 (Ω)

E
O
Ω
L Ω Ω
ÉC

"

U E
N Q %
"

"

% I*' L2 (Ω)
H
σ
. #N #G! $
C
divσ ∈ L2 (Ω)

Y T E
L # "

(divσ − u + f ) v dx = 0 ∀ v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω),
P O
5
Ω
L E
"
"
%
$

O

−divσ = −∆u = f − u

%
4

*'
L2 (Ω)
É C

%
!
*

1
##
g
"

H(div) = σ ∈ L2 (Ω)N

&
H(div)
D(
divσ ∈ L2 (Ω) .
##G "
Ω

%
C 1 *

%

divσv dx + σ · ∇v dx = σ · n, vH −1/2 ,H 1/2 (∂Ω) , /!
Ω Ω

v ∈ H 1 (Ω) σ ∈ H(div) /!

H 1/2 (∂Ω)
H −1/2 (∂Ω) 1 σ v
*

U E
IQ
8%9
"
'

∂Ω vσ · n ds 1 *

H N
/!
& σ · n
∂Ω

H −1/2 (∂Ω)!
σ ∈ H(div)
1 "

&
/)! % σ = ∇u!
"

Y T EC

4
%

H −1/2 (∂Ω)
g ∈ L2 (∂Ω) ⊂ H −1/2 (∂Ω)! 5
' "
"
POL
"
*
%

4
('

& .
"
∂n
∂u
O L E
= g
∂Ω •
ÉC
'
6 A

;"$<

+

A g = 0A , ;" < H

;"< )
.
1
/A
H

(A ? . H01 (Ω) H 1 (Ω) *
.

*
0,3,:'1',* CC " J(v) $0 *$ ) v ∈ H 1 (Ω) )

1
J(v) = |∇v|2 + |v|2 dx − f v dx − gv ds. ;" <
E
2 Ω Ω ∂Ω
" u ∈ H 1 (Ω) "$ $ "$ -"$$ =,, u "
IQ U
$ )$" $ $0' "
H N
J(u) = min J(v).
T E C
Y
1
v∈H (Ω)
O L
C) $"' u ∈ H 1 (Ω) " $ )$" $ $0 J(v)' u "
P
"$ $ "$ -"$$ =,,
O LE
ÉC
"
U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC Ω *
C 1 G $

EC H
$
%

$ $

T

7
POL
−∆u = f
Ω
;" <
∂u
∂n + u = g ∂Ω
O LE
4 f ∈ L2 (Ω) g

∂Ω $ H 1 (Ω)
$*

ÉC
*
-

vL2 (Ω) ≤ C vL2 (∂Ω) + ∇vL2 (Ω) ∀ v ∈ H 1 (Ω).
>)0+'+) CC Ω G $

$
%

$ $

B ⎧
⎨ −∆u = f
Ω
∂u
⎩ ∂n
=0 ∂ΩN
U E ;" <
IQ
u=0 ∂ΩD
H N
4 f ∈ L2 (Ω)( (∂ΩN , ∂ΩD )
∂Ω
EC
∂ΩN ∂ΩD
7* H
C
.
Y T
POL
/
.
.0
; I
,

, F ;"$<<
0

O L E
−∆u = f Ω
ÉC
;" "<
∂u
∂n = g
∂Ω
R Ω

. 0 , RN A f ∈ L2 (Ω) g ∈ L2 (∂Ω)
:

. ;" "< ? ;"$<
, ,

f g .)
+,*&'1',* &) +,93.1'/'-'1% 9 (A 8
.
,

u ∈ H 2 (Ω)A ,

Ω ;
0
8
4 ; <<

f (x) dx + g(x) ds = 0. ;" $<
Ω ∂Ω
+

u
u + C A . C ∈ RA

9 8A ;" $<

: , ,

U E
IQ
H 1 (Ω)A

? , ,
+

A ,
.
N
E C H
Ω , A 8
;" $<

Ω ,

.
? , ,

LY T
;. )

. .0<
P O
)9.0;5) CC *#
A 0 ;" $< ,
LE

+,*&'1',* &!%;5'-'/0) J f ?

.

A g ?

ÉC O

"

U E
N IQ
D

0 *

,

,
0 ;,6?6
EC H

;" "<<A 8

0 8 1
T
HA ,
L?
. M ? ,0 ,
Y
POL
8
,

.
u ;

A
< •
L E
4%,0?9) CC " Ω $ -" /$ $$& 0 C 1 RN , "
$O
" g ∈ L2 (∂Ω) -*$" $ "$ )"/" =,%, &"
C f ∈ L2 (Ω)
É "$ / u ∈ H 1 (Ω) =,=' $ "$ $ $"$" )+,

%9,*:10.1',*C *

. 8
.

,
;"$<

?

∇u · ∇v dx = gv ds + f v dx
Ω ∂Ω Ω

8
v *

?

U E
IQ
A
H 1 (Ω) =0 V A

N
. 8 0 ' :

8
H
EC

A u
A u + C

*
. .A
. , . .
,.
Y T
8 #
3
A
POL

E
V = v ∈ H 1 (Ω), v(x) dx = 0
O L Ω
ÉC
8
. ;" "< J

. u ∈ V
∇u · ∇v dx = gv ds + f v dx ∀ v ∈ V. ;" &<
Ω ∂Ω Ω
@
V = H 1 (Ω)/RA ,6?6
H 1 (Ω)
; H 1 (Ω)/R 8 H 1 (Ω) ?

<
*

.
5 67 ? 8
.6
;" &<A
# ? .) . 8 0
'6 ,0 Q ?
, *A

, *6\ J Ω 0 A

U E
IQ
C > 0
A

v ∈ H 1 (Ω)A

H
v dx
N
v − m(v)L2 (Ω) ≤ C∇vL2 (Ω) . m(v) =
Ω
T E CΩ dx
. ;" -<
LY
, ;" -<
6
O
P
* ;

< '
LE
m(v) = 0

v ∈ V A ;" -<
.
∇vL2 (Ω)
V A
ÉC O
" "
U E
N IQ

. ?

vH 1 (Ω) A
8 0 .

V
EC H
T
2A

;" &< 0

Y
POL

0
;" "<A 6

5 " @ 0

v ∈ V A

LE

∂u
g− ;" <
O
(∆u + f )v dx = v ds.
ÉC
Ω ∂Ω ∂n
@A

w ∈ H 1 (Ω)A 8 v = w − m(w) ? V 9

8 ;" <A
8

m(w)
0 ;" $<
, Ω ∆u dx =

∂u
∂Ω ∂n
dsA
;" <

∂u
(∆u + f )w dx = g− w ds ∀w ∈ H 1 (Ω).
∂n
E
Ω ∂Ω
;" "<
IQ U
@

,0

u .) 0 0

H N
EC
>)0+'+) CC 6 $*
-
D * !2.
Y T
POL
>)0+'+) CC Ω * ) f ∈ L2 (Ω)

I u ∈ H 1 (Ω)

O L E
∇u · ∇v dx +

u dx

v dx = f v dx ∀ v ∈ H 1 (Ω).
ÉC
Ω Ω Ω Ω
6 $ $

J

K '
( Ω f dx = 0(
5+ K
' 4

$&
1

6
. 0

,
@
8
0

?

A

E +,)J+')*1:
2.0'./-): ' # 0

U
, ,

; ' <A
E
,

1 A 0

N IQ

. k(x)
8 .0 ,
?

−div(k∇u) = f Ω
E C H
u=0
LY T

∂Ω
;"<
P O
R Ω

. 0 , RN A f ∈ L2 (Ω) E GA k(x) ≡ 1A
LE

. 8 5 "
ÉC O
$
"

U E
" $ -" /$ , " I Q , $ ))
N
0,3,:'1',* CC R N
f ∈ L (Ω)
2
" $ $"$ / "H

Ω
6$" &" & $"$" ""
$" )"-
k(x)
0 < k− ≤ k+ "
T C
E) )" "
Y
L /
O "$
0 < k − ≤ k(x) ≤ k + x ∈ Ω. ;"<
' &" $P

O L E $ =,3,
u ∈ H01 (Ω)
ÉC
%9,*:10.1',*C *

. 8
.
,

;"<
8 v
8
4
,9

divσ(x)v(x) dx = − σ(x) · ∇v(x) dx + σ(x) · n(x) v(x) ds,
Ω Ω ∂Ω
. σ = k∇u *

1
H01 (Ω) =0A
. 8
. ;"< J

U E

. u ∈ H01 (Ω)
k∇u · ∇v dx = f v dx ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω).
N
;" <
IQ
H
Ω Ω

Y
EC
4Q ? ,# ;"< .)
8 0 ;" <

T
POL

k∇u · ∇v dx ≤ k + ∇uL2 (Ω) ∇vL2 (Ω) ,

E
Ω
O L

, .
ÉC

k∇u · ∇u dx ≥ k − |∇u|2 dx ≥ νuH01 (Ω) ,
Ω Ω
. ν > 0 Q ? , * @

5
67 A
, ,

8

. ;" < *

. 0
6

0
;"<A

5 "
)9.0;5) CC ,

;"<
8
. J
) ,

U E
IQ
−div(k∇u) = −k∆u − ∇k · ∇u,
H N
C
8 ,
: k .0 3
A
,
;"<
H k
Y T E •
P O L
9 8A
,
;"<
8 . A
L
80M
,8

*
6
LE
A . 80
,
ÉC O
" &
U E
N IQ
+,*&'1',*: .5> -'9'1): &) 10.*:9'::',*

6

EC H

. ( '
R (Ω1 , Ω2 )
T

Ω

k(x)

Y
POL
k(x) = ki > 0
x ∈ Ωi , i = 1, 2. ;"<
LE
@ Γ = ∂Ω1 ∩ ∂Ω2 ,8 ;

Ω< Ω1
ÉC O
Ω2 ;. 2
"<A ui = u|Ωi
u ? Ωi
Ω2
Ω1
U E
N IQ
" W 8

6
EC H

)99) CC
Y T
#!)"#+ =,33 )/+ =,3 " -$"
POL
⎧
⎪
⎪ −ki ∆ui = f $ Ωi, i = 1, 2,
E
⎨
∂Ω,
L
u1 = 0
;"<
ÉC O ⎪
⎪
⎩
u 1 = u 2 Γ,
k1 ∇u1 · n = k2 ∇u2 · n Γ.
& $+ 0$ =,39 $" )) +,*&'1',*: .5> -'9'1): &) 10.*:
9'::',* $" Γ,
%9,*:10.1',*C u ∈ H01 (Ω)
;"<A
5
A . u1 = u2
Γ σ = k∇u σi = σ|Ωi = ki ∇ui
? Ωi A
σ A
. A ? L2 (Ω)
3A .

5 &A σ · n

Γ
. σ1 · n = σ2 · n
Γ
+
A

8
. ;"<
6

,

[ .
u ;"< @
U E
IQ
ui ∈ H 1 (Ωi )

Ωi H 8
N
v ∈ H01 (Ω) 9 0

∂u1 ∂u2

E C H
T
∇u1 ·∇v dx+ ∇u2 ·∇v dx+ k1 + k2 v ds = f v dx+ f v dx.
Y
∂n1 ∂n2
L
Ω1 Ω2 Γ Ω1 Ω2
;"")0+'+) CC ) Ω K
RN

Ω Ω \ K * ) f ∈ L2 (Ω)
LE

Ω 4 K

( $ +
O
ÉC
$ u

(

K

$ $:

K 0

⎧
⎪ −∆u = f
Ω \ K
⎪
⎪
⎪ u=C
⎨ ∂K
∂u
⎪
⎪ ds = 0 ∂K
⎪
⎪ ∂n
⎩ ∂K
u=0 ∂Ω,
U E
N
4 C
+ <

IQ
E H

$ $ $ (u, C)
C

%
A(x) = (aij (x))1≤i,j≤N T
$
"
&

LY& "

$
"

*
A
"
"

P O
%

%
"
!
Ω α>0
E
Ω
O L
C
N

/CN!
É
A(x)ξ · ξ = aij (x)ξi ξj ≥ α|ξ|2 ξ ∈ RN ,
i,j=1
"

* ' & "

β > 0 "

"

Ω
|A(x)ξ| ≤ β|ξ|

ξ ∈ RN . /CG!
$

N
−div(A∇·) = −
∂
∂xi
aij (x)
∂
∂xj
· , /C)!
i,j=1
'

U E
−div(A∇u) = f Ω,

∂Ω. /CI!
N IQ
H
u=0
E C

% ("

&
/CI! .
T

(

"

%
LY

!
"

%
O
P
A(x) & ! A(x) "

LE
&
+ % 0 + A =
ÉC O
"
U E
A +A "
A
s a s t
N IQ
"
Aa = (A−At )/2
H
= (A+A )/2

"

C
T E %
Y

N
1 ∂(aji − aij )
PO L
−div(A∇u) = −div(As ∇u) + V · ∇u Vj (x) =
i=1
2 ∂xi
(x),
O L E
: V
% %
É C/0

f ∈ L2 (Ω)
u ∈ H01 (Ω)
$

.( /CI!

4
"

/C)!

N
∂u
= A(x)∇u · n = aij (x)
∂u
ni = 0
∂Ω,
E
∂nA ∂xj
U
i,j=1
N IQ
: ∂n∂u % u &
/C)! 5
4

%
("

"

L

A
∂Ω
EC H
σ = A∇u "

L

' σ · n = 0

Y T
POL
/0 f ∈ L (Ω) g ∈ L (∂Ω)
!
!

2 2

E

Ω,
O L −div(A∇u) + u = f
∂Ω.
É C! $
∂u
∂nA
=g

1
6

.
6

.
1 1

6
A Ω

. 0 RN f ∈ L2 (Ω) 5 " 8

u ∈ H01 (Ω)

−∆u = f Ω
;"<
u=0
∂Ω.
0'*+'3) &5 9.>'959

U E
N IQ
H
/
O
.
.
' ; Q

'
T E C
? 8
N = 1 Y . +
<
O LY ) )" " $ Ω'

,P
4%,0?9) CC $0'*+'3) &5 9.>'9596 f ≥ 0
LE
u ≥ 0 ) )" " $ Ω
ÉC O

"

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC

8

6
EC H
8

.
#
J ,
6
T

A
( ;f ≥ 0<A

Y
POL

I

0 ;u ≥ 0<

.0 ,

;"-< ? :6
.0 L∞ (Ω)
0 , 0 ;"$< .
LE

/
.

8
O
ÉC

LM ,
;,6?6
,
u ? .

R< '

0 8
,
u
? .
. ;
# ;""$< ,< •
%9,*:10.1',*C @
8
. ;""< ;"< . v =
u− = min(u, 0)
0 ? H01 (Ω) .

" ; u =
u+ + u− < @

E
− −
f u dx = ∇u · ∇u dx = 1u<0 ∇u · ∇u dx = |∇u− |2 dx ≥ 0. ;"<
Ω Ω Ω Ω
IQ U
N
−
7 u ≤ 0 f ≥ 0

Ω *
A

u ≥ 0

Ω
EC H
;"<
A u− ∈ H01 (Ω)

u− = 0A ,6?6

Y T
POL

)99) CC v ∈ H01 (Ω)' v+ = max(v, 0) ))"$" H01 (Ω) "
∇v + = 1v>0 ∇v ) )" " $ Ω,
O L E
. 1v>0 (x) " $"$ - " . v(x) > 0 " ,
ÉC
)9.0;5) CC
" F

;
H
< 9

6
, A

:
,
8 ) L
MA ? H 1

6

8
6
8 ? H 1
9 (A
? v

6 v > 0 ?

6 v < 0A
I

0
, 8

6 ; ) v = 0<
,
;
1) "< H v
8

•
U E
I Q
?
' "
v ∈ H (Ω) G(t)
*
1
N
0
R R C "
G(0) = 0 G (t) '
R
1
G(v) ∈ H01 (Ω)
E C H
∇(G(v)) = G (v)∇v H01 (Ω)

* vn ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)
"
% % v H 1 (Ω)

vn ∇vn
$
LY T
% "

Ω % v ∇v % M % CCC FNH!
P O
/#!
LE
|G(vn ) − G(v)| ≤ sup |G (t)| |vn − v| ,
O
t∈R
ÉC
"
U E
% %
N IQ
.

2
1≤i≤N
H
G(vn ) G(v) L (Ω)
C

∂v
E
∂G(vn ) ∂v ∂vn ∂v
/#C!
T

∂xi − G (v) ≤ G (v ) − G (v) + sup |G (t)| − .
∂xi
Y
n
∂xi ∂xi ∂xi
L
t∈R
∂v
5
O %
|G (vn ) − G (v)| ∂x
P

i
"

%

!
% E
; "

2 (sup |G (t)|) ∂v &
(
L2 (Ω)
L% '

% ( CG FNH!
*
∂xi
C O
%

2
L (Ω)

; /#C! %
%
L2 (Ω)
É ' K % %

5
(
G(vn ) "

B
H01 (Ω)

% "

w ∈ H01 (Ω)
w = G(v) L2 (Ω) "
∂w
= L2 (Ω) :

G (v) ∂x
∂v
4
( * t → max(t, 0)

*
∂xi i
Gn (t)

"
v + & H01 (Ω) 1 G(t)
*
C 1 (R) "

t ≤ 21 , 0 ≤ G (t) ≤ 1 12 ≤ t ≤ 1, G (t) = 1 1 ≤ t.
E
G(t) = 0
IQ U
$ Gn (t) = G(nt)/n
n ≥ 1
"
Gn (v) ∈
H01 (Ω) ∂G∂x(v) = Gn (v) ∂x
n ∂v
.
% "

H N
EC
i i
T
+ +
|Gn (v) − v | ≤ sup |Gn (t) − t | ≤ ,
Y
n
POL
t∈R
Gn (v) % % v+ L2 (Ω) $

1 ≤ i ≤ N
E

L
∂Gn (v) ∂v ∂v ∂v

O

∂xi − 1 = |G (v) − 1 | ≤ 1 ,
∂xi
v>0 v>0 0<v<1/n
ÉC
n
∂xi ∂xi
10<v<1/n % % "

( %
'

% "
∂G∂x(v) % % 1v>0 ∂x∂v L2 (Ω) $

n
"

Gn (v) % % v+ H01 (Ω) "
∇v+ = 1v>0 ∇v
i i

>)0+'+) CC " $

v → v+ L2 (Ω)

B(
H 1 (Ω)
B
∇u = 0

$ u−1 (0)
%(5-.0'1%
/

,
0

U E
Q/$

.

4%,0?9) CC $&) 0%(5-.0'1%6 " $ $" , " $N

, ' $ "$ H
m≥0 I
-" Ω

RN
))"$"
C m+2, " f ∈ H m (Ω)
, 8 ) ' ))"$ " E C
T "
$
=,9
$"$
u ∈ H01 (Ω)
Y
H m+2
(Ω) f →u H m (Ω)
$ H m+2 (Ω)
P O L
' " &" $ $"$" C>0
LE
uH m+2 (Ω) ≤ Cf H m (Ω) .
ÉC O

"

U E
N IQ
*
5
" $
5 "
EC H
;

8 H m (Ω)<A 0

T

. +
" A ? .

80 ,
6
Y
POL

.
8
8 ;

<

LE
,0,--.'0) CC
O
Ω " $ -" /$ RN C m+2 ' f ∈ H m (Ω)'
" m > N/2' "$ -"$$ u ∈ H01 (Ω) =,9 " $ "$
ÉC
" ))"$" C 2 (Ω),
$ )" ' Ω " $ -" /$ RN C ∞ ' " f ∈ C ∞ (Ω)'
"$ u ∈ H01 (Ω) =,9 " $ C ∞ (Ω),
)9.0;5) CC 0

9

∆uA

0

. uA ?
8A

1,51): . u ? H V E GA

U E
IQ

. N = 1

N
[ . . ,
8

.
EC H •
T
)9.0;5) CC 5
" $ ' " &
Y
POL
.0

/

? : .0 ;
6
L E
" < 1 A 8
I
? ,# 0
.
O
:A ,#
: C m+1 Ω ;

ÉC
Ω 0
C m+2
f ∈ H m (Ω)< •
4
D(
/N

"
A "
/C

! $ Ω = RN

f ∈ L2 (RN ) '
−∆u + u = f RN . /##!

6
0 /##!
"
'
4 &

0 f L2 (RN )
% (

"

(( u H 1 (RN
) & "

u(x) 8 % E9 &
U E
"
R |u|2 dx % , *
% /##! K
IQ
N

% u ∈ H 1 (RN ) "

H N
(∇u · ∇v + uv) dx =
E C
f v dx ∀ v ∈ H 1 (RN ).
T
/#/!
Y
RN RN
P O L
,
D( ? CC
% "

"

u ∈ H 1 (RN ) /#/! 0
"
&

"

%
LE
;& * ( "

*
%

ÉC O
"
U E
N I Q

"

% /##! 4

%

C H
E
' !6! LY T
' #$ " f ∈ L2 (RN ) 5
u ∈ H 1 (RN )

O 8 (
2 N
f ∈ H m (RN ) m≥0 H m+2 (RN )
P
H (R ) u
L E
"
+

9

ÉC O h ∈ RN h = 0
Dh v(x) =
v(x + h) − v(x)
|h|
"
' & H 1 (RN ) v ∈ H 1 (RN ) $ % "
∇(Dh v) = Dh (∇v)
"

v, φ ∈ L2 (RN )
8*
9

(Dh v)φ dx = v(D−h φ) dx.
E
RN RN
.

"
Dh v /C . *

% /#/! v = D−h (Dh u) "

'
IQ U

H N
EC

|∇(Dh u)|2 + |Dh u|2 dx =
T
f D−h (Dh u) dx.
Y
RN RN
$
;
P O L
O L EDh u2H 1 (RN ) ≤ f L2 (RN ) D−h (Dh u)L2 (RN ) .
É C
$ /#)!

D−h (Dh u)L2 (RN ) ≤ ∇(Dh u)L2 (RN ) ≤ Dh uH 1 (RN ) .
. Dh uH 1 (RN ) ≤ f L2 (RN )

1 ≤ i ≤ N

∂u
Dh ≤ f L2 (RN ) ,
∂xi L2 (RN )
"
"
/C
"
∂x ∂u
& H 1 (RN ) &
"
u ∈ H (R )
i
2 N
1
"
f ∈ H 1 (RN ) ? "
∂x ∂u

"

H 1 (RN )
E
i
−∆ui + ui =
∂f
RN . /#N!
IQ U
N
∂xi
∂u
E H
1 %
"

C
& H 2 (RN ) & "
u ∈ H 3 (RN ) %
U% *

T
∂x
% /#/! % * ∂x
φ ∈ Cc∞ (RN )
Y
i
∂φ
O L
i

P

∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
LE
∇u · ∇ +u dx = f dx.
∂xi ∂xi ∂xi
O
RN RN
ÉC

"

U E
5 2
u ∈ H (R )
N
f ∈ H (R ) 1 N
N IQ

'

E C H
/#G!

T
∂u ∂u ∂f
∇ · ∇φ + φ dx = φ dx
Y
∂xi ∂xi ∂xi
"
%'L
RN RN
P O/#N!
"
$

"
/#G! *
φ ∈ H 1 (RN )
L
E

% '
"

∂u
∂xi
= ui
O /#N!
1 N
C
H (R )

É
f ∈ H m (RN ) ⇒ u ∈ H m+2 (RN ) m
% *
m=1
# . v ∈ L (R ) h ∈ R h = 0 &
7
2 N N
v(x + h) − v(x)
Dh v(x) = ∈ L2 (RN ).
|h|
" v ∈ H 1 (RN ) !

U E
IQ
Dh vL2 (RN ) ≤ ∇vL2 (RN ) . /#)!
8
! v ∈ L2 (RN ) 9 C
h = 0
H N

Y T
Dh vL (R ) ≤ C, EC
/#I!
POL
2 N
v ∈ H 1 (RN ) e · ∇vL (R ) ≤ C e ∈ RN

2 N
O L E
. ' /#)!
v ∈ C ∞ N
c (R )
ÉC
1
h
Dh v(x) = · ∇v(x + th) dt,
0
|h|
"
; 1
2
|Dh v(x)| ≤ |∇v(x + th)|2 dt.
0
6 x %
1 1
Dh v2L2 (RN ) ≤ |∇v(x + th)| dx dt ≤ 2
∇v2L2 (RN ) dt = ∇v2L2 (RN ) .
0 RN 0
/#)! %

* H 1 (RN )
1 v ∈ L2 (RN ) "
% /#I! $
"

U E
φ ∈ Cc∞ (RN )
N IQ

Dh vφ dx ≤ CφL2 (RN ) .
E C H
T
RN
$

O LY
P
LE
(Dh v)φ dx = v(D−h φ) dx,
O
RN RN
ÉC
" "
U E
N
φ
h = te % e ∈ R e = 0N
IQ

EC H
lim D−h φ(x) = −e · ∇φ(x).
Y T t→0
POL
"

"

1 ≤ i ≤ N
φ ∈ Cc∞ (RN )

L
∂φ
v dx ≤ CφL2 (RN ) ,
∂xi
O
É C "

"

RN
v & H 1 (RN ) % .

#C!
# ( , 0"

/C % Ω = RN !

D( /N $

## 1
% . C/

%
%
J

##!

% Ω
% (ωi )0≤i≤I

(θi )0≤i≤I "

U E
I
N IQ
θi ∈ Cc∞ (ωi ), 0 ≤ θi (x) ≤ 1,
EC H
θi (x) = 1 Ω.
T
i=0
Y

% ω0 &
Ω * ω0 ⊂ Ω! "

% ωi

POL
i ≥ 1
% ' ∂Ω 1 u ∈ H01 (Ω)

"
/# !

u = Ii=0 θi u %
(
θi u

O L E
θ0 u

u 6 "
θ0 u

"
H 1 (RN )
ÉC −∆(θ0 u) + θ0 u = f0 RN ,
% f0 = θ0 (f − u) − 2∇θ0 · ∇u − u∆θ0 "
& L2 (RN )
/C
"
θ0 u ∈ H 2 (RN ) 5

f0
% /C
"
f ∈
H m (Ω) "
"
θ0 u ∈ H m+2 (Ω)

θi u

i ≥ 1 *
' 89 '

Ω = RN + 6 *

"
/C
Ω = RN+ 5

' (

"
%

& %'
1
/C! K
% & FGH
0
*
"

%

% '
•
U E
>)93-) &) :'*(5-.0'1%
N IQ
E C H
>#

:'*(5-'?0):A ,6?6
6
LY T
, ,
0

.

56

" $ ' " & 8
9
A 0
,
P O

80 ;,6?6 ? , 0. H 1 (Ω)<
LE
,#
8 ;,6?6
8 .0<
0 /

ÉC O
$
"

U E
N IQ
Γ0
EC H Ω
Ω
LY T
ΘP O
Γ2 Θ
OLE
Γ2 Γ1
Γ0
ÉC Γ1
" W

Ω , Θ ;

π <
U E

O N = 2 ,A

Ω ) ;. 2
" <
N IQ
EC H
Ω = {(r, θ)
0 ≤ r < R 0 < θ < Θ}
Y T
POL
. 0 < R < +∞ 0 < Θ ≤ 2π ;
x1 = r cos θ x2 = r sin θ< @
Γ0
0 Ω R r = RA Γ1 R θ = 0 Γ2 R θ = Θ '
O L E

. Ω LMA
, ; 0 Γ1 Γ2 <

0

6
*#
A
ÉC
,
Θ < π 8 ,
( A
Θ > π
?
;
H ?
@::50) Θ = 2π <
*

k ≥ 1A

0

.
⎧
⎨ −∆u = 0 Ω
u = cos kπθ
Γ0 ;""<
⎩ ∂u Θ
∂n = 0
Γ 1 ∪ Γ 2
⎧
⎨ −∆u = 0 Ω
u = sin kπθ
Γ0 ;""<
E
⎩ Θ

Γ1 ∪ Γ2
U
u=0
IQ
/

;""< ;""< ,6
N
E C H

0. H m (Ω)A A

#
. ?
A

LY T

∇u
. , 1,

.
#

A ?
D

A

P O

A
?
J .

LE
0

? ,
ÉC O
" &
U E

)99) CC &" $ $ "$ / I
N Q $ ' $$
=,= H 1 (Ω)
)
E C H
r kπ
T
Θ kπθ
Y
u(r, θ) = cos . ;"" <
L "$ / =,= $ ' $$ )

R Θ
E P O
8 E' &" $ $ H 1 (Ω)
O L r kπ
ÉC
Θ kπθ
u(r, θ) = sin . ;""<
R Θ
8$ & ' k = 1 " π < Θ' 0 $" ∇u $" ) /$ 0$'
"$ k ≥ 2 π ≥ Θ' 0 $" ∇u " $"$ 0$,
)9.0;5) CC
,
1

0 ;""< ;""<A

2
θ

E
Γ0
?
" ; 8

IQ U
1
Γ0 0 .

Γ1
Γ2 < @

A Θ ≤ π A
;""< ;"" π A
EC

;""< ;""<
. H

T
*#
A

,

Y
POL
;Θ > π <

A
,
;Θ ≤ π < 1 A
8
8 .
D

A

A

O L E
) ? , , #
1

. H ? ,
6#
J ,
A
ÉC

, I L8M
.

L MA ,
A

∇u A
.

;#
A

. 2
;< . 6

.
6H
8 ∇u< 9

A

;
<

1 R Θ = 2π A ,
. Ω
@::50% "

0 ;""< ;""< 6
6 ,
# 0 Ω ;. ,9 "&< 1
A :
, k = 1 2
;

? , < =.+1)50 &!'*1)*:'1% &):
+,*10.'*1):

.
)

U E

;. T -U<
N
•
IQ
E C H
)9.0;5) CC

8
"
LY T

6
J
. H .

6
;. 2
$-< 3I

P O
:

;. +
$"<
)
LE
,H

•
ÉC O
-
"

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC @

,

EC H
1
Γ1 /

Γ2 ; A 8
u = sin( kπθ
2Θ )

T
Γ0 <
(
kπ = Θ

∇u 0
Y
POL

? , 9
A
.

k = 1 π = ΘA
/')* ;5!'- *!B .'1 3.: &) +,'*A

' G

LE

8 •
ÉC O
%9,*:10.1',*C /

0 ? 0 ;""< .

/
;,
0 ;""<
H < @ L.M
6
)
8 u0 ∈ H 1 (Ω)
0 [ .

@ .)

r2 kπθ
u0 (r, θ) = 2 cos
R Θ
?
A ,6?6
u = u0 + v R v
,
0
⎧
U E
⎨ −∆v = ∆u0 Ω

Γ0
N IQ ;""<
H
v=0
⎩ ∂v
EC
∂n = 0
Γ1 ∪ Γ2 .
T
+

. 0
Γ0 0 .
Y
POL

Γ1 Γ2 A ,6?6
.
θ ; . < ,
θ = 0A
Θ ' ∆u0 ?
O L E
L2 (Ω)A

;""< H 1 (Ω)A
;""<

H 1 (Ω) >)
;"" <
ÉC

+

∂ 2 φ 1 ∂φ 1 ∂2φ
∆φ(r, θ) = + + .
∂r2 r ∂r r2 ∂θ2

2 2
∂ 1 ∂ r kπ
Θ kπ 1 r kπ
Θ
+ = ,
∂r2 r ∂r R Θ r2 R
;"" < 0
;""< @ .)
8
;"" <
? H 1 (Ω) 2A 8

0
(er , eθ )
∇φ(r, θ) =
∂φ
er +
1 ∂φ
eθ
U E
IQ
∂r r ∂θ

r kπ
H

N
∇u =
R
Θ −1 kπ
Θ
cos
kπθ
Θ
T E C
er − sin
kπθ
Θ
eθ
LY

A A , 0 ? , 0 < kπ < Θ
? ,
O
P
kπ > Θ kπ = Θ
?

8
LE
u = x1 V
ÉC O
"
#

U E

"
N IQ

E C H
#

L Y T
/

, . ?

# ,

P O
, 'O

LE
. .

' '
8
ÉC O
,

,# 8 ;#6

,0
Y ,R , -'*%.0':%)A
. T$U< @
,A ,6
?6
Ω

. 0 RN
8 f (x)A

8 Ω RN ,
u ; <

8
Ω RN
8 .
8A
e(u)A

8 ? .
,0 #

1 1 ∂u ∂uj

i
E
e(u) = ∇u + (∇u)t = + ,
U
2 2 ∂xj ∂xi 1≤i,j≤N
N IQ

σ ;

8 ? .
,0
H
#
<
? e(u) =%
EC
T
σ = 2µe(u) + λ tr(e(u)) Id,
Y
POL
R λ µ :

Ω
*
#
: .)
O L E µ > 0 2µ + N λ > 0.
ÉC
@ I
?
. 0 8
−divσ = f Ω
RA )A . σ .

⎛ ⎞
N
∂σij ⎠
divσ = ⎝ .
j=1
∂xj
1≤i≤N
8
tr(e(u)) = divuA

1 ≤ i ≤ N
E

U
N
∂ ∂ui ∂uj
IQ
− µ + + λ(divu)δij = fi Ω ;"""<
∂xj ∂xj ∂xi
N
j=1
C H
. fi ui A
1 ≤ i ≤ N A f u 0

E
T
RN 9 I

1A

LY
.A 0

O
P
−div (2µe(u) + λ tr(e(u)) Id) = f Ω
LE
;""$<
u=0
∂Ω.
ÉC O

"

U E
N
/

.

, ,

IQ
# ,
EC H
Y T
4%,0?9) CC " Ω $ -" /$ RN , " f ∈ L2 (Ω)N , &" $
POL
$ "$ / u ∈ H01 (Ω)N =,=%,
LE
%9,*:10.1',*C *

. 8
.

ÉC O

;"""<
8 vi ;
,

0 ∂Ω

1<
0
N

∂ui ∂uj ∂vi ∂vi
µ + dx + λdivu dx = fi vi dx.
Ω j=1
∂xj ∂xi ∂xj Ω ∂xi Ω
@
A
i 1 ? N A ) 8 P
. 8 v = (v1 , ..., vN ) )
N N
1 ∂ui

U E
IQ
∂ui ∂uj ∂vi ∂uj ∂vi ∂vj
+ = + + = 2e(u) · e(v).
N
∂xj ∂xi ∂xj 2 i,j=1 ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj ∂xi
H
i,j=1
T EC
' H01 (Ω)N =0A 0 8
.6
J
. u ∈ H01 (Ω)N

Y
POL

E
2µe(u) · e(v) dx + λ divu divv dx = f · v dx ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω)N . ;""&<
Ω
O L Ω Ω
ÉC
@ .)

;""&< 0

*

.
5 67 ? 8
.6
;""&<A
# ? .) . 8
0 @ *A

2
2µ|e(v)| dx + λ|divv| dx ≥ ν
2
|e(v)|2 dx,
Ω Ω Ω
. ν = min(2µ, (2µ + N λ)) > 0 *

A

0
J

A · B = N i,j=1 aij bij

#
A

#
A
8
1 1
U E
IQ
A = Ad + Ah . Ad = A − trA Id Ah = trA Id,
N
N N

Ad · Ah = 0 |A|2 = |Ad |2 + |Ah |2 @
E C H
Y
2µ|A|2 + λ( trA)2 = 2µ|Ad |2 + (2µ + N λ)|Ah |2 ≥ ν|A|2
L T
P O
. ν = min(2µ, (2µ+N λ))A

A = e(u) 8
ν > 0
LE
,
J

#

ÉC O
"
#

U E
N IQ

µ > 0 (2µ + N λ) > 0 H 1
A
EC H

, B ;

X

A
T
. " 6
<

C > 0

Y
POL

|e(v)|2 dx ≥ C |∇v|2 dx
LE
Ω Ω
ÉC O

v ∈ H01 (Ω)N 5A
, * ;
A . * <

C > 0
A

v ∈ H01 (Ω)N A
|v|2 dx ≤ C |∇v|2 dx.
Ω Ω
3
A
? .

2
2µ|e(v)| dx + λ|divv|2 dx ≥ Cv2H 1 (Ω) .
E
Ω Ω
IQ U
5 67 , ,

N
8
. ;""&< 2A

H
EC
;""&< 0

0
;""$<A
T

5 "

Y
POL

)99) CC " Ω $ -" RN , " " $"$ v ∈ H01 (Ω)N ' $
E
√
O L ∇vL2 (Ω) ≤ 2e(v)L2 (Ω) . ;""-<
ÉC
%9,*:10.1',*C v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)N * 0
2

|e(v)| dx =
2

|∇v| dx +
2

∇v · (∇v) dx =
t

|∇v| dx +
2

|divv|2 dx.
Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω
* Cc∞ (Ω) H01 (Ω)A

;""-<
>)0+'+) CC " $

L2 (Ω)N
H01 (Ω)N + f

u( $
!! (

,#
0
;""$< .

16
:50 1,51 -) /,0& ∂Ω

9 (A

,

; A /
<

U E

0 A . 8
.
N IQ
E C H
. 0

: ,

" A

A B ;.
LY T
" 6
< +
,
A A ,

1
,
0 ∂Ω ,
P O
8
) 0
0 9
A

LE
0 , 0

.

0 0 0
A
0
ÉC O

"

U E
N IQ
8
8

'
)

EC H

/

,.
LY T σn = g
∂Ω, ;""<
P O
R g
8 ? .
. /
;""< ,6
LE

g
8

0 g = 0A

8
O
,
0
0
J
0 0
ÉC
/
# , .

H ;
1 /
<A ,6?6
⎧
⎨ −div (2µe(u) + λ tr(e(u)) Id) = f Ω
u=0
∂ΩD ;"$<
⎩
σn = g
∂ΩN ,
R (∂ΩN , ∂ΩD )
∂Ω

) ∂ΩN
∂ΩD
;. 2
< ,#
.
0

U E

1 J
IQ
8

, B 6

)99) CC $*%(.-'1% &) L,0*6
H N
" Ω $ -" /$ 0 C 1
R N
Y T EC
, &" $ $"$" C > 0 " ' ) " " $"$ v ∈ H 1 (Ω)N ' $
1/2
POL
vH 1 (Ω) ≤ C v2L2 (Ω) + e(v)2L2 (Ω) . ;"$<
L E
, ;"$< ,
0 J (A 0

O

. v
0 8 .
6
ÉC
0 . ' , .
;"$< . A

0 ;"$<

.
"

;.A A TU< /
,

. 0 , B ;"$<
v ? H01 (Ω)N 9
(A
0
" , * ;

. 0< 0 , ;"$<
,
, B
. , 6

A ?

8 e(u) L2 (Ω)A
X
u H 1 (Ω)N A ? ,
u L2 (Ω) '
. ,9 " A I

? 9,52)9)*1: &) +,03: 0'('&): ,6?6
U E
u
,

N IQ
C H
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω RN ) $ R @
E
*A Ω

LY T
P O
R = v(x) = b + M x
b ∈ RN , M = −M t

: . ;"$ <
LE
" v ∈ H 1 (Ω)N e(v) = 0
Ω v ∈ R
ÉC O
"
#

U E
N IQ
/

.

, ,

EC H

# , .
H
4%,0?9) CC
Y T
" Ω $ -" /$ $$& 0 C 1 RN , "
POL
f ∈ L (Ω) " g ∈ L2 (∂ΩN )N , $ *$" )
2 N
LE

V = v ∈ H 1 (Ω)N " v = 0 ∂ΩD . ;"$<
ÉC O
&" $ $ "$ / u ∈ V =,% )$ $$" "
$"$4$" $$ f " g,
%9,*:10.1',*C 8
. ;"$< ,0

5 " , V A ) ;"$<A

1
∂ΩD 0
=0
6
8 H 1 (Ω)N ;
5 < @ 0
8
. J
. u ∈ V

U E
IQ
2µe(u) · e(v) dx + λ divu divv dx = f · v dx + g · v ds ∀ v ∈ V. ;"$<
N
Ω Ω Ω ∂ΩN
EC H
*

.
5 67 ? 8
.6
T
;"$<A
# ? .)
8 .
Y
POL
8 0 3
A 8

,
C > 0

A

8 v ∈ V A
O L E vH 1 (Ω) ≤ Ce(v)L2 (Ω) . ;"$"<
ÉC
5
,0 A
e(v)L2 (Ω)

V
? .)

, ,#
e(v)L2 (Ω) = 0
v = 0

e(v)L2 (Ω) = 0 J ,9 "
v

A ,6?6
v(x) = b + M x . M = −M t @ .) 8
A
M = 0A xA
b + M x = 0A 8
R3

R2 @ v(x) = 0
∂ΩD A

8

A
M = 0 b = 0 1 ;"$"<

;. +
-< ;"$"< 8
A

vn ∈ V

vn H 1 (Ω) = 1 > ne(vn )L2 (Ω) .
E
2
9
A
e(vn ) . L2 (Ω)N 1,
A vn
0 H 1 (Ω)N A
5 + A
IQ U

6
vn
. L2 (Ω)N , B
"
H N
C

Y T E
vn − vp 2H 1 (Ω) ≤ Cvn − vp 2L2 (Ω) + e(vn ) − e(vp )2L2 (Ω) ,
P O L
,R ,

vn '
# H 1 (Ω)N A . .
LE

v∞
.) e(v∞ )L2 (Ω) = 0 ' , ,

ÉC O

"

U E
N IQ

v∞ = 0A

. 8

vn H 1 (Ω) = 1
EC H
T
, 8
. ;"$<

. ,

Y
POL
;"$< 00 ?

. 8
5
"
.
/
2A ,6
LE
(f, g) → u *

,
L2 (Ω)N × L2 (∂Ω)N
H 1 (Ω)N A
v = u 8
. ;"$< 9
6
ÉC O
. 8 0 I 8 A 0
-!):1'9.1',* &!%*)0(')
Cu2H 1 (Ω) ≤ f L2(Ω) uL2(Ω) + gL2 (∂ΩN ) uL2 (∂Ω) . ;"$$<
4Q ? , *

A
I
;"$$< C f L2 (Ω) + gL2 (∂ΩN ) uH 1 (Ω) A

.

E
)9.0;5) CC *
# , .

U
IQ
1 ;
/
< H

,.
N
;. 5 " $< * A ? (
A ,#
EC H

# , ;

#

< /

6

?
Y T
2
" J ,0 8A f = 0A
/

POL

8

8

A 1 u = 0 ? u = e1
?
' . ?
A

A ,A
?
L E

.

O
•
ÉC
" W '6

3

A ? 8 R D
; . <
/
. I?
8
. , ,

30'*+'3) &): 10.2.5> 2'015)-:
*

. A ,
U E
V , &%3-.+)9)*1: v +'*%9.1';5)9)*1 .&9'::'/-):A ,
2

#
σ ∈ L (Ω) A
−divσ = f Ω σn = g
∂ΩN A
N IQ
H
2 N
T E C

+,*10.'*1): :1.1';5)9)*1 .&9'::'/-): '

A
8
. ;"$<
,

)
v ∈ V

O LY
1
P
LE
J(v) = 2µ|e(v)|2 + λ|divv|2 dx − f · v dx − g · v ds. ;"$&<
2 Ω
O
Ω ∂ΩN
ÉC
"
#
"
U E
N
9
J(v) -!%*)0(') &) &%=,09.1',* IQ
1

EC H
T
2µ|e(v)|2 + λ|divv|2 dx
Y
2 Ω
POL
-!%*)0(') 3,1)*1')--) &): =,0+): )>1%0')50): ;
. 8

LE

<
ÉC O −
Ω
f · v dx −
∂ΩN
g · v ds.
>)0+'+) CC " u ∈ V $

! u
V $* J(v)
! &
L
I
$
-
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω RN :

$

>
!!/ ∂Ω "
E
$

f · (M x + b) dx +

g · (M x + b) ds = 0
IQ U
∀b ∈ RN , ∀M = −M t ∈ RN ×N
Ω ∂Ω
H N
EC

M
$ $ $

T
H 1 (Ω)N $
+ $
$ @ *A (
Y
POL
! 2
E
)9.0;5) CC
:
6
O L

# 1 A
,
ÉC

.
# ;
' <

−µ∆u − (µ + λ)∇(divu) = f Ω
;"$-<
u=0
∂Ω.
,. ;"$-< ? ;""$<

e(u)

,

, B 8
8
;"$-<
,

. ? ;""$< : x

/

0 1,
.

A
;""$< •
>)0+'+) CC Ω RN f ∈ L2 (Ω)N

E
" $ $
! .
H01 (Ω)N
$*

U
IQ
N $
E
%: % M

µ > 0 2µ + λ > 0
H N
E C
>)0+'+) CC $
! . !! λ µ
"
T
Y
! . !!
λ µ *(
O L
B
$
! .
P
LE
−div(µ∇u) − ∇((µ + λ)divu) = f
Ω.
ÉC O
$
"

U E
N IQ
1

A 30,/-?9) &5 +':.'--)9)*1 .*1'3-.*A
EC H
# , ) 0

,
T
?
,
0

'
Y
POL
8

,

,

LE
00 ,0 '

6

,
.
ÉC O
>)0+'+) CC
:
$

$

: %* Ω * L > 0 ω ( 4 ω
* RN −1 M
λ µ

G ( Ω = ω × (0, L)( x ∈ Ω( x = (x , xN )
0 < xN < L
x ∈ ω

⎧
⎪ −div (2µe(u) + λ tr(e(u)) Id) = 0
Ω
E
⎪
⎨
⎪
⎪
σn = g
u
=0
∂ω × (0, L)
ω × {0, L}
IQ U ;"$<
N
⎩
(σn) · n = 0 ω × {0, L}
EC H
4

( v = (v1 , ..., vN )( v = (v , vN )
v ∈ RN −1
Y T
vN ∈ R

g : @

A(
POL
$ + g = (g1 , ..., gN −1 ) = 0 gN x
"
! /
u = (0, ..., 0, uN ) 4 uN (x )
L E

O
ÉC

−∆ uN = 0
ω
µ ∂u
∂n = gN
N
∂ω
4 ∆

x ∈ RN −1
>)0+'+) CC ?
$' !&

$

:
u = 0 (σn) · eN = gN ∂ω × (0, L).
>)0+'+) CC G $
$
%

$ $

$

⎧
⎨ ∆ (∆u) = f
Ω
U E
u=0
⎩ ∂u
∂Ω
N IQ
;"&<
H
∂n = 0 ∂Ω
4 f ∈ L2 (Ω)

( u ∈ H02 (Ω)(

T E C ∂u
∈ H01 (Ω)
Y
∂xi

|∆u| dx =
2
P

O L
N
∂ 2 u 2

OLE
∂xi ∂xj dx.
Ω i,j=1 Ω
ÉC
"
#
&
U E
N IQ

*

I w ∈ L (Ω) f ∈ L2 (Ω)
2
v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)
EC H
LY T−
Ω
w∆v dx =
Ω
f v dx,
P O

(θw) ∈ H 2 (Ω)
θ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)
E
L

O
ÉC /

, . ?

# ,

% Ω

. 0 RN
8 f (x)A
8
Ω RN #

J . u

8 .A
p

8 9 .A 0

⎧
⎨ ∇p − µ∆u = f Ω
divu = 0 Ω ;"&<
⎩
u=0
∂Ω
U E
N IQ
R µ > 0 .
D

;"&<
,0
D
A
0 8 6
EC H

1 ,
D

Y T
)9.0;5) CC 0 % ;"&<
:'93-'@% ,
6
POL
,
D
.

0 ; < 9 (A
E
L.M

. ,
D

/.6 %
L
;. T-U<
O
ÉC
⎧
⎨ (u · ∇)u + ∇p − µ∆u = f Ω
divu = 0 Ω ;"& <
⎩
u=0
∂Ω.

.
D
u 80A 6 (u·∇)u

u . 0 @ 0
% 8
.
? ,
. #
. •
4%,0?9) CC " Ω $ -" /$ $$& 0 C 1 RN , "
f ∈ L (Ω) , &" $ $ "$ / u ∈ H01 (Ω)N " p ∈ L2 (Ω)/R
2 N
=,F )$ " $ $ $"$" "- )+ $ Ω,

U E
%9,*:10.1',*C *

. 8
.

N IQ
E C H

# ;"&<
8 vi ;
,

0 ∂Ω

1<A
Y T

i 1 ? N ;
8 P . 8
L
O
v = (v1 , ..., vN )<
P
LE
µ∇u · ∇v dx − pdivv dx = f · v dx,
O
Ω Ω Ω
ÉC
-
"

U E
N
N IQ
. ∇u · ∇v = i=1 ∇ui · ∇vi 3) ,6
EC H
0 divu = 0A =0
6
.
T
H01 (Ω)N
Y
POL
V = v ∈ H01 (Ω)N
divv = 0 Ω , ;"&<

0
=0
6 8 H01 (Ω)N @
.
LE
8
. J

ÉC O
. u ∈ V
µ∇u · ∇v dx =
Ω
f · v dx ∀ v ∈ V,
Ω
;"&<

V @ .)

;"&<
0

,
5 67 ? 8
. ;"&<
0 9
A . 8 0 .
H01 (Ω)N ; Q ? , *< V

6
H01 (Ω)N
E

;"&< 0
U
IQ

0
;"&< 9
:

N
H
u
A ,6?6 ? H 2 (Ω)N *
H
EC
A ;"&<

Y T
(µ∆u + f ) · v dx = 0 ∀ v ∈ V,
POL
Ω
E

(µ∆u + f ) = 0 , V L2 (Ω)N
L
, . V 9 (A . 8
φ
8
A A
O
ÉC

v ∈ V A

∇φ · v dx = − φdivv dx = 0,
Ω Ω
,6?6
, V

9 8
5 + "

, V [ .
,
4Q
5 + "

.

@

L(v) = µ∇u · ∇v dx − f · v dx,
Ω Ω

0
8

H01 (Ω)N
E

V *
A
U
IQ
p ∈ L2 (Ω)A

?
A

N

L(v) = p divv dx ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω)N .
E C H
T
Ω
Y
2
L
σ = µ∇u − p Id
? L2 (Ω)N A

P O

σ · ∇v dx = f · v dx ≤ CvL2 (Ω) ,
OLE

Ω Ω
ÉC
"
#

U E
N IQ

.
σ
. 80 L (Ω) A −divσ = f
2 N
*
A

EC H
Y T
∇p − µ∆u = f

Ω. ;"&"<
POL
1,
A u ∈ V A divu
L2 (Ω)A

OLE
divu = 0

Ω.
ÉC
1 HA
, 0

u = 0

∂Ω
/
O
8 :

. ? 8
. ;"&<
#
% R .
V

;
, , 8
.

E
LM
6
Y . T U<
4%,0?9) CC $&) &) 4.96

IQ U
" Ω $ -" /$ $$& 0
N
C 1 RN , " L $ $ $"$ H01 (Ω)N , L $$ V
H
EC
" $" &" $ $"$ p ∈ L2 (Ω) "
Y T
POL
L(v) = p divv dx ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω)N . ;"&$<
Ω
O L E
8 ) p " $ $ $"$" "- )+,
ÉC
)9.0;5) CC *
%

,

)
/

,.
∂u
µ − pn = g
∂Ω, ;"&&<
∂n
R g
8 ;? .
.< L2 (∂Ω)N '
,A
/
;"&&< ,
g
8

0 •
)9.0;5) CC *
# % ;"&< H
6
" $< * A

%
#

A
U E

# , ;. 5
,#

;, H

#
N IQ
E C H
,< *#
A ?
,0
D

0 9 (A ,

%

LY T

#
;
< A 0
A .
D

.
.

P O
,

# ;
.

,0
LE
8
< •
ÉC O
"
"

U E
N IQ
'
# ,

EC H
, ; &'::'3.1',* 2':;5)5:)<

%
Y T
>)0+'+) CC ) V $
%
+ *
POL
!& ) J(v) $* v ∈ V
OLE

1
J(v) = µ|∇v|2 dx − f · v dx. ;"&-<
ÉC
2 Ω Ω
) u ∈ V

!& " u

$ $*( $ + J(u) = minv∈V J(v)
C ( ( u ∈ V $* J(v)(

u

!&
1 ,
.
.

%

U E
IQ
>)0+'+) CC

N
) =

* (
-
H
EC
) Ω = ω × (0, L) 4 L > 0
*

ω
(
* RN −1 - x ∈ Ω( x = (x , xN )
0 < xN < L
Y T
x ∈ ω

POL
⎧
⎪ ∇p − µ∆u = 0
Ω
E
⎪
⎪
L
⎪
⎨ divu = 0
Ω
ÉC O ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
u=0
pn − µ ∂n
∂u
pn − µ ∂n
∂u
= p0 n
= pL n
∂ω × (0, L)
ω × {0}
ω × {L}
;"&<
4 p0 pL

"
!&/
p(x) = p0 + xLN (pL − p0 )( u = (0, ..., 0, uN ) 4 uN

−p0 )
−µ∆ uN = − (pLL
ω
uN = 0 ∂ω
4 ∆

x ∈ RN −1
>)0+'+) CC ?
$' !

>
) =
U E
!&2
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC

U E
N IQ
.
# %
EC H
,

Y T
POL
1
%-%9)*1: @*':
6
E
L

8

0

ÉC O

A
0

#0

.

-!.330,+4) 2.0'.1',*
*)--)

.

, 0 ) , =0
V

8
.

6 Vh
) 0 LM
Vh ?
,

# A 9.10'+) &) 0'('&'1% *
A

Vh ?

6 Vh

0 V

uh Vh 8

. F30,+4)G
u V
=
A )
+ '
;
'9.1',* 2.0'.1',**)--) '*1)0*) $
T
)
, RA .0
Y
POL

A

@

;0 A 8

A
LE
<

;. A
,
< $
)

;N ≥
ÉC O
2< @
9.'--.() ;

< &)(0%:
&) -'/)01%

8 ,
) @

I? 0

N = 1
5

,
(
) , )A

A 0
,

,

. 6
.
)A , ) 8 ;
<A
E
A 2
A ;. # TUA T&U< *

U
IQ
)
.# ? TUA TUA T UA T UA TUA T"U ;.

N
T"UA T$UA TU

8
<
. )

EC H
Y T
POL
/
?
.

8 .

'
=0 V A
8 0

L E
. a(u, v)A
8
L(v)A 8

O
. J
ÉC
. u ∈ V
a(u, v) = L(v) ∀ v ∈ V, ;$<

,

5 67

!.330,>'9.1',* '*1)0*) ;$< ? , =0 V

6 ) Vh A ,6?6 ?
J

. uh ∈ Vh
a(uh , vh ) = L(vh ) ∀ vh ∈ Vh . ;$ <

, ;$ < 8

.
" V $ ) @/" ' " Vh $ ) $$U E

IQ

)99) C C
*$, " a(u, v) $ /$ $"$ " - V ' " L(v) $
H N
$ $"$ V , ))&"$ $"$ %, " $ $
E C
"$, "" "$ ) " /"$ $ -$" $ !"+ $
T
" *$ )"- " !" a(u, v) " !" ,
O LY
P
%9,*:10.1',*C , ,
uh ∈ Vh A
;$ <A

LE
5 67
? Vh *
0

ÉC O
'
$
"
U E
N IQ
8
A

0 (φj )1≤j≤Nh Vh uh = N
h
j=1 uj φj A
EC H
Uh = (u1 , ..., uNh ) .
RNh uh 0 ;$ <

. ? J
Y T
POL
⎛ ⎞
Nh

. Uh ∈ RNh
a ⎝ uj φj , φi ⎠ = L(φi ) ∀ 1 ≤ i ≤ Nh ,
OLE
j=1
ÉC

,
8 ,
#
Kh Uh = bh , ;$<
.A
1 ≤ i, j ≤ Nh A
(Kh )ij = a(φj , φi ), (bh )i = L(φi ).
U E
. 8 0 a(u, v) P ) 8
IQ
Kh A .0 9 (A

.
Uh ∈ RNh A

Nh
2

H N
EC

Kh Uh · Uh ≥ ν
T
u j j ≥ C|Uh |
φ 2
. C > 0,
Y
j=1
POL

. ) ;| · |
E
O L

RNh < 1 HA # a(u, v)
Kh 1

Kh 9.10'+) &) 0'('&'1%
ÉC

/
,
O , V

6 Vh *
A
I ( u − uh R
u
V ;$< uh Vh ;$ < *
.

J ν > 0 . M > 0

8 0 a(u, v)
.)
a(u, u) ≥ νu2 ∀ u ∈ V,
|a(u, v)| ≤ M u v ∀ u, v ∈ V
E

.A G ? N 'A

u

uh I 5*'=,09%9)*1 3.0 0.33,01 .5 :,5:):3.+)
Vh u Vh
IQ U
H N

)99) C C $&) %.6
"$ %, " uh %,, $
T C
$ ) #!)"#+ %,,, " u
E
O LY
P
M
u − uh ≤ inf u − vh . ;$<
LE
ν vh ∈Vh
ÉC O
"
' !
U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C *

Vh ⊂ V A
A
8

. ;$< ;$ <A

EC H
Y T a(u − uh , wh ) = 0 ∀ wh ∈ Vh .
POL
9 wh = uh − vh 0
O LEνu − uh 2 ≤ a(u − uh , u − uh ) = a(u − uh , u − vh ) ≤ M u − uh u − vh ,
ÉC
,R ,
;$<
>)0+'+) C C 6

0
2( (

a(u, v) : (

M
u − uh ≤ inf u − vh .
E
ν vh ∈Vh
IQ U
L
I

uh 2

$
*
H N
EC
2A
. .A
T

+
Vh 6
Y
POL
h > 0 , )
/A

, h → 0
, ;$ < L. M .
L E
8
. ;$<
O$ ) #!)"#+ %,,, $ ))

ÉC

)99) C C
&" $ ) V ⊂ V $ $ V " $ ))"$
)) ,3%0.1)50 &!'*1)03,-.1',* "
rh V $ Vh
lim v − rh (v) = 0 ∀ v ∈ V. ;$"<

h→0
"# ))&"$ -"$$ $"$ $-0' "

lim u − uh = 0. ;$$<
h→0
%9,*:10.1',*C > 0 * V A v ∈ V

u − v ≤
*
A
h0 > 0 ; <
A
v ∈ V A
U E

N IQ
H
v − rh (v) ≤ ∀ h ≤ h0 .
9 .

$ A
T E C
O LY
u − uh ≤ Cu − rh (v) ≤ C (u − v + v − rh (v)) ≤ 2C,
P
OLE
,R ,

ÉC
'
$
""
U E
N IQ

$A $ $ 6

EC H
,50 ,/1)*'0 5*) .330,>'9.1',* *59%0';5) &) -. :,-51',* )>.+1) &5
T
30,/-?9) 2.0'.1',**)- $C 6H '- =.51 '*10,&5'0) 5* ):3.+) Vh &) &'9)*:',*
Y
@*') 35': 0%:,5&0) 5* :'93-) :B:1?9) -'*%.'0) .::,+'% E -!.330,>'9.1',*
POL
2.0'.1',**)--) '*1)0*) $C6 /A Vh , . 8

LE

,
J
O

.

, rh V Vh 6
ÉC
8 ;$"< ;R #
V
8
<A
8

# Kh Uh = bh
;

# <
) ? 8
L0M
Vh 3. , A

4%

5 -
U E
N IQ
4%

)
EC H
E
, , ,H

A
,

.

;
,
0 6< 9
Y T
, . 6

POL
@

, =0 V 0 )A
6
PA * "A
,
0 0 (ei )i≥1 V @
L E
V
6 0 0 ;
O
0 )<
0 G V 9 h = 1/nA
ÉC
) Vh
6 ) (e1 , ..., en ) 26
A ,
, rh I

Vh ;
)
V
V <
5
# $A $ $ 8

uh . .
u +

uh
. # Kh Uh = bh R Uh .

Rn uh 0 (e1 , ..., en )
7

. 6
A
4%
,
.

9 (A Kh

, 0 LMA ,6?6

:

A L6 MA ,6?6

U E

# 0 0

,

IQ

1 .
A ) 0
8
N
80 ? 4%
E C H

Y T
5
(
6

L

)7
P O
)
,6
L E
Vh 8

H 1 (Ω), H01 (Ω), H 2 (Ω), ...
O
ÉC
"$
' !
U E
N IQ
) 0

9.'--.()
Ω
EC H

. , .
J A
T
A ;.A A 2
$&< /

Y
POL

) ,

)
1 h Vh ? 1.'--) 9.>'9.-) &):
LE
9.'--):

5#

0 Vh
O
ÉC

8
-,+.-':%

'

J ,
A h → 0A , Vh

L M

, V
A
,
A Kh
# ;$< +0)5:)A ,6
?6

:
;
G

<
)

:

0
9 ? 0
,00

U E
N
N =1 IQ
.
-
EC H
T
*
) ,
O 6
Y
POL
)
,

Ω =]0, 1[ 9

,
6
O L E
(xj )0≤j≤n+1 ;
( )A .
' <

ÉC
x0 = 0 < x1 < ... < xn < xn+1 = 1.
5*'=,09) xj
A ,6?6

1
xj = jh . h = , 0 ≤ j ≤ n + 1.
n+1
xj
:,99)1: ;

<
*

A
,A 0
.

−u = f ]0, 1[
;$&<
u(0) = u(1) = 0,

.
,

H01 (Ω) f ∈ L2 (Ω) ;.
U E
' "< 1

Pk ,0 #X ? :
,
.0 8

? k
N IQ

(
P1
E C H
Y T
) P1
, 8 06
L
O

:

P
LE
Vh = v ∈ C([0, 1])
v [xj ,xj+1 ] ∈ P1

0 ≤ j ≤ n , ;$-<
ÉC O
' ! N = 1 "&
U E

6
N IQ
EC H
T
V0h = {v ∈ Vh
v(0) = v(1) = 0} . ;$<
Y
POL
) P1 ,
.
6 $

Vh
V0h )
LE
;$-<
;$<
O
ÉC
vh
U E
N IQ
φj
EC H
Y T
POL
x0 =0 x1 x2 xj xn xn+1=1
O L E
$ W 7 Ω =]0, 1[ 8 0 ) P1
ÉC
@
8 Vh
V0h A :
A ? ,
8 0
L8
M φ )

1 − |x| |x| ≤ 1,
φ(x) =
0 |x| > 1.

8A
0 ≤ j ≤ n + 1 ) 8 0 ;.
2
$<

x − xj
φj (x) = φ . ;$<
h
U E

)99) CC ) Vh ' *$ ) %,' " $ ) H (0, 1)
N
1
I Q
& " (xj )0≤j≤n+1
E C H
$$ n + 2' " " " $"$ vh ∈ Vh " *$ $+ $ ) -
LY T

O
n+1
P ∀x ∈ [0, 1].
LE
vh (x) = vh (xj )φj (x)
j=0
ÉC O
"-
' !
U E
8 E' V0h ' *$ ) %,' " $ )
N n' " I Q $$
H01 (0, 1)
H
" " $"$ vh ∈ V0h " *$ $+ $ ) - & "
EC
T
(xj )1≤j≤n
Y
POL
n
vh (x) = vh (xj )φj (x) ∀x ∈ [0, 1].
LE
j=1
%9,*:10.1',*C +
, .

A 8

ÉC O
C 1
? H 1 (Ω) 1 Vh V0h 0

6 H 1 (0, 1)
.

φj (xi ) = δij A R δij #0 B%
.
i = j ;.
2
$<
)9.0;5) CC 0 (φj )A ) ;$<A
86
Vh .

1 &!%-%9)*1:
@*': &)
.(0.*() /
.
?
6 $ "
,
6

,
Vh

8 A

U E
IQ
.
A
.
. @ &!%-%9)*1:
N
@*': &) )09'1) A 8 P1 A
,
H
EC
Vh A ) ;$-<A , ) ,
' ) P1 ?
.
,H
Y T
8
. 9 (A 8 Vh
8 .0
POL

[0, 1] ,
A H A
,
;$&< ; 8 . ,
8 Vh

L E
1

V< 3
A 8
O
ÉC
,
8 Vh 8
. ;$ <

,

. •
1. 0%:,-51',* 30.1';5)
0 1 ;$&<
) P1 8
. ;$ < ,
. J
1 1

. uh ∈ V0h
uh (x)vh (x) dx = f (x)vh (x) dx ∀ vh ∈ V0h . ;$<
0 0
@ uh
0 (φj )1≤j≤n vh = φi

E

n 1 1
uh (xj )
0
φj (x)φi (x) dx =
0
f (x)φi (x) dx.
IQ U
N
j=1
H

C
1
9 Uh = (uh (xj ))1≤j≤n A bh = A

E
f (x)φi (x) dx
T
0 1≤i≤n
9.10'+) &) 0'('&'1%

O LY
P
1
φj (x)φi (x) dx
LE
Kh = ,
0
O
1≤i,j≤n
ÉC
' ! N = 1 "
U E
N IQ
8
. V0h . ?
Rn #
EC H
Kh Uh = bh .
Y T
POL
' 8 0 φj
LM
A ,

φj φi
. .
: Kh

LE

O
ÉC
⎧
1 ⎪
⎪ −h−1 j = i − 1
⎨
2h−1 j = i
φj (x)φi (x) dx = −1
⎪
⎪ −h j = i + 1
0 ⎩
0
Kh

⎛ ⎞
2 −1 0
⎜ −1 2 −1
⎜
⎟
⎟
U E
IQ
⎜ ⎟
Kh = h−1 ⎜ ⎟. ;$ <
N
⎜ ⎟
H
⎝ −1 2 −1 ⎠
EC
0 −1 2
Y T
POL
*
0 0 bh 8

xi+1
O L E (bh )i = f (x)φi (x) dx 1 ≤ i ≤ n.

xi−1
ÉC
,.

0 bh
H :
0 86
f
9

? =,095-): &) ;5.&0.150)
;
8
,

<

) bh * A

8

L
M
xi+1
1 xi+1 + xi
ψ(x) dx ≈ ψ ,
xi+1 − xi xi 2

8
LFM
xi+1
E
1 1
ψ(x) dx ≈ (ψ(xi+1 ) + ψ(xi )) ,
xi+1 − xi xi 2
IQ U

0
H N
C

E
xi+1
1 1 1 2 xi+1 + xi
xi+1 − xi xi
ψ(x) dx ≈
6
LY
6
T
ψ(xi+1 ) + ψ(xi ) + ψ
3 2
.
P O

8

8 ψ :A
LE

#X

;

bh
ÉC O
$
' !
U E
N IQ
f ∈ Vh < 8 ψ

A 8

EC H
.
, O(h2 )A O(h2 )A O(h3 ) .
T

# Kh Uh = bh
G

Y
POL

',

8
+

LE
Kh .0
$
ÉC O
)9.0;5) CC Kh ? I?
,
( ) 9 8A hKh
; < ;
1/c<

,

. ,) /
. ?
,9 $
, , ,
[ •
0,/-?9) &) )59.**C

. ) P1

0 /

.

U E
IQ
−u + au = f ]0, 1[
N
;$ 0 Ω ;. ' "< 8

POL
. ;$ < , . J
. uh ∈ Vh

1
O L E
(uh (x)vh (x)
1
f (x)vh (x) dx − αvh (0) + βvh (1),
ÉC
+ a(x)uh (x)vh (x)) dx =
0 0

vh ∈ Vh 9 uh
0 (φj )0≤j≤n+1 A 8

. Vh . ?
Rn+2 #
Kh Uh = bh ,
. Uh = (uh (xj ))0≤j≤n+1 A

.

1
Kh = φj (x)φi (x) + a(x)φj (x)φi (x) dx ,
E
0 0≤i,j≤n+1

1
IQ U
N
(bh )i = 0 f (x)φi (x) dx 1 ≤ i ≤ n,

1
(bh )0 = 0 f (x)φ0 (x) dx − α,

1
E C H
T
(bh )n+1 = 0 f (x)φn+1 (x) dx + β.
LY

a(x) ,
8 A

O
P
,
8

.
: Kh
LE
;
,. 8 ,
0 bh <
ÉC O
' ! N = 1 $
U E
N
>)0+'+) CC G
% P1
IQ

EC H
−u = f
]0, 1[
Y T
POL
u(0) = α, u(1) = β,

6% %*

LE
:

ÉC O
>)0+'+) CC >

a(x) = 0
Ω "

:

%
P1 * " $
:

1
f (x) dx = α − β,
0
U E
$

0
IQ

<% !2.
H N
EC
>)0+'+) CC G
% E 0%
2

T
6% & $
%
$ (
Y
:
+

B
Kh + M

POL

bh E "B >

E

O L
ÉC
>)0+'+) CC (n + 2)

*

xj = j/(n + 1) 0 ≤ j ≤ n + 1
B

k > 0
+ %

*
fj 6

$%: %
*
$*
: $

L
%%

$ : $
'
$

#
*
. ) P1
6
,

.

6 $ /

)
,0
,3%0.1)50 &!'*1)03,-.1',* rh ;
U E
IQ
$<
%@*'1',* CC
H N
$ )) )" $")"$ P1 ))"$ $ rh
H 1 (0, 1) $ Vh *$' ) " " v ∈ H 1 (0, 1)' )
T E C
O LY
n+1
P
(rh v)(x) = v(xj )φj (x).
LE
j=0
ÉC O
$
' !
U E
N IQ
' ) 0
A .

A 8
EC H
H 1 (0, 1)

.

0 ) ,6
T
rh v ,
8 v 8 :

[
Y
POL
. v

xj ;. 2
$ < +

,

, , )

8 H 1 (0, 1)A
LE

8
H 1 (0, 1) ;

<
ÉC O
rhv
v
U E
N IQ
x0 =0 x2
EC H xn+1=1
$
Y T
W P1 ,
8 H 1 (0, 1)
POL
. ) P1

.
E
L " rh )" $")"$ P1 , " "
ÉCO

)99) CC $&!'*1)03,-.1',*6
' -*
v ∈ H (0, 1)
1
lim v − rh vH 1 (0,1) = 0.
h→0
8 ) ' v ∈ H 2 (0, 1)' &" $ $"$" C $ )$ $" h "

v − rh vH 1 (0,1) ≤ Chv L2 (0,1) .
/

6
0 .
) P1
0 1
" u ∈ H01 (0, 1) " uh ∈ V0h "$ %,F " %,'
4%,0?9) CC
)"-$", ' "# $" *$ P1 $-0' "
U E
IQ
HN
lim u − uh H 1 (0,1) = 0. ;$<
C
h→0
T E
8 ) ' u ∈ H 2 (0, 1) " - f ∈ L2 (0, 1)' &" $ $"$"
Y
C $ )$ $" h "
PO L
LE
u − uh H 1 (0,1) ≤ Chu L2 (0,1) = Chf L2(0,1) . ;$"<
ÉC O
' ! N = 1 $
U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC
;$<
5 $ $ .

EC H
0 f
? H −1 (0, 1) , ;$"<

T
. . ) P1 ' I6
Y
POL
? hA
) P1 .

LE
+

5 $ $ . .0

Kh 0 bh .
' A 6
ÉC O
) P1 .

,
8

Kh bh ;. T"U< •
)9.0;5) CC /
5 $ $ ,

6
8A ,6?6 xj
[0, 1] ;

xj+1 − xj = h<

?
6
8
;
1) $<A h

J h = max0≤j≤n (xj+1 − xj ) •
U E
)9.0;5) CC @
8
. ,

N IQ
EC H
, ) . ,
( ) +
A
, 5 A . ,

( )
T

0

. ;86
Y
POL
< ) X

) I
,
$ "A
O L E

X 0
. 8 0

;0<
•
ÉC
%9,*:10.1',*C $ " ,

.
$
P ;$< *
0 ;$"<A I ,6

$ '
u − uh H 1 (0,1) ≤ C inf u − vh H 1 (0,1) ≤ Cu − rh uH 1 (0,1) ,

vh ∈Vh

Q
$ "
/

$ "
8

U E

)99) CC &" $ $"$" $ )$ $" " ' I
N Q" "
)
H
C h
'
v ∈ H 2 (0, 1)
T E C
v − rh vL2 (0,1) ≤ Ch2 v L2 (0,1) , ;$$<
"
O L Y
P
LE
v − (rh v) L2 (0,1) ≤ Chv L2 (0,1) . ;$&<
ÉC O
$
' !
U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C v ∈ C ([0, 1]) * )A , rh v
8
∞
: A

x ∈]xj , xj+1 [A
EC H
T

Y
v(xj+1 ) − v(xj )
POL
v(x) − rh v(x) = v(x) − v(xj ) + (x − xj )
xj+1 − xj
x xj+1
LE
x − xj
= v (t) dt − v (t) dt
O
xj+1 − xj
ÉC
xj xj
;$-<

= (x − xj )v (xj + θx ) − (x − xj )v (xj + θj )
xj +θx
= (x − xj ) v (t) dt,
xj +θj
8

) . 0 ≤ θx ≤ x − xj 0 ≤
θj ≤ h @

, '
#6 CF

xj+1
2 xj+1
U E
|v (t)| dt
IQ
|v (t)|2 dt.
2
|v(x) − rh v(x)| ≤ h2 ≤ h3 ;$<
xj
H N xj
EC
9 ;$< ? x
,. [xj , xj+1 ]A 0
xj+1
Y T xj+1
POL
|v(x) − rh v(x)|2 dx ≤ h4 |v (t)|2 dt,
xj xj
L E

A j A ;$$< *

O
ÉC
.

v ∈ H 2 (0, 1) ;$&<
? 8 J

v ∈ C ∞ ([0, 1]) x ∈]xj , xj+1 [

v(xj+1 ) − v(xj ) 1 xj+1
v (x) − (rh v) (x) = v (x) − = v (x) − v (t) dt
h h xj

1 xj+1 x
= v (y) dy.
h xj t
.
A
'
#6 CF
8
j 0 ;$&<A

.

v ∈ H 2 (0, 1)
&" $ $"$" $ )$ $" " ' ) " "

E

)99) CC C h
v ∈ H 1 (0, 1)'
rh vH 1 (0,1) ≤ CvH 1 (0,1) ,
IQ U
;$ <
"
H N
v − rh vL2 (0,1) ≤ Chv L2 (0,1) .
T E C ;$ <
8 ) ' ) " " v ∈ H 1 (0, 1)' $
O LY
P
lim v − (rh v) L2 (0,1) = 0. ;$ <
LE
h→0
ÉC O
' ! N = 1 $"
U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C
. ;$ < ;$ < H

EC H

v ∈ H 1 (0, 1) 5
,0
Y T
POL
rh vL2 (0,1) ≤ max |rh v(x)| ≤ max |v(x)| ≤ CvH 1 (0,1) ,
x∈[0,1] x∈[0,1]
LE
.

1,
A rh v :A Q ?
ÉC O
;-<

:
v 0 . v A
xj+1
(v(xj+1 ) − v(xj ))2
|(rh v) (x)| dx
2
=
h
xj
2
xj+1 xj+1
1
|v (x)| dx,
2
= v (x) dx ≤
h xj xj
'
#6 CFA
A j A
? ;$ < *
0 ;$ <

;$-< ,R ,

U E
xj+1
N IQ
|v(x) − rh v(x)| ≤ 2
xj
EC H|v (t)| dt.
Y T
POL
9 .
A
'
#6 CFA ? xA

j A 0 0 ;$ <
E
* ? ;$ < > 0 ' C ∞ ([0, 1])
L
H 1 (0, 1)A

v ∈ H 1 (0, 1) φ ∈ C ∞ ([0, 1])

O
ÉC v − φ L2 (0,1) ≤ .
@ rh

.) ;$ <A

(rh v) − (rh φ) L2 (0,1) ≤ Cv − φ L2 (0,1) ≤ C.
φ )A
;$&<
? φ
A
h
:6
A
φ − (rh φ) L2 (0,1) ≤ .
*
A 0
U E
N IQ
v − (rh v) L2 (0,1) ≤ v − φ L2 + φ − (rh φ) L2 + (rh v) − (rh φ) L2 ≤ C,

;$ <
E C H
LY T
P O
>)0+'+) CC 6 $
<% 2 *
LE
>

ÉC O
$$
' !
U E

(
P2
N IQ
EC H
) P2
,

Y T
POL
Vh = v ∈ C([0, 1])
v [xj ,xj+1 ] ∈ P2

0 ≤ j ≤ n , ;$ <
LE

6
ÉC O V0h = {v ∈ Vh
v(0) = v(1) = 0} . ;$ <
) P2 , . 6

6 $
? Vh
V0h '
6
8
A 0

,
? ,
8 0
ψj+1/2
U E
IQ
1
ψj
H N
Y T EC
E POL
L
0
ÉC O xj-1 xj-1/2 xj xj+1/2 xj+1
$ W 8 0 ) P2

,0
[xj , xj+1 ] )
xj+1/2 = xj + h/2
0 ≤ j ≤ n @ )

8 LM
⎧
⎨ (1 + x)(1 + 2x) − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0,
φ(x) = (1 − x)(1 − 2x) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
⎩
0 |x| > 1,

1 − 4x2 |x| ≤ 1/2,
U E
IQ
ψ(x) =
N
0 |x| > 1/2.
C H

8A
0 ≤ j ≤ n + 1 ) 8 0 ;.
E
2
$<

LY T
ψj (x) = φ
x − xj
P O
, 0 ≤ j ≤ n + 1, ψj+1/2 (x) = ψ
x − xj+1/2
, 0 ≤ j ≤ n.
LE

Analyse Numérique Et Optimisation. (Grégoire - Allaire)

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Analyse Numérique Et Optimisation. (Grégoire - Allaire)

Titre original :

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

L'ouvrage complet est disponible auprès des Éditions de l'École Polytechnique

Cliquez ici pour accéder au site des Éditions

ÉC  *      

      

ÉC O 3  .  

     

P O - ' # 

ÉC O 3  ; < 

'  $      )   ?  0  0

9 0     .  ; <     

)9.0;5) CC 1          

)9.0;5) CC  0 ;-< .  

)9.0;5) CC , .  ,

)9.0;5) CC  

)9.0;5) CC  4Q  

min θ0 (x) ≤ θ(x, t) ≤ max θ0 (x) 

 30'*+'3) &5 9.>'959 '   ; A 

"     v(x)  ,  

'  

  

R   ∂n = ∇u·n . n  . 

  6A  

 (       

1      

u0 (x) = max(1 − x2 , 0).

& W    . ν∆t = 0.4(∆x)2 ;

2ν∆t > (∆x)2 .

    )  

>)0+'+) CC         % 

 " 

W       

>)0+'+) CC " (  

     

 ' (

(tn , xj ) = (n∆t, j∆x) 

EC H  8    unj J  (A  8

L −un+1 − un+1 −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1

>)0+'+) CC "   % 

un+1 − unj −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1

)9.0;5) CC    6 

R    m− , m+ , k − , k + )    

"$ - 7' $$"

v(t + ∆t, x) − v(t, x) −v(t, x − ∆x) + 2v(t, x) − v(t, x + ∆x)

O L E      '2 2ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2

R      p = +∞   H      un ∞ = max1≤j≤N |unj |

%@*'1',* CC :$  # & 5$ T

  " $$ $" u0 ,

1  H 8O  .   0  

T û (k) . A(k) =

O L E unj = A(k)n exp(2iπkxj ) . xj = j∆x,

ÉC O un ≤ K(T )u0 

 - "  1 2 *$ )P

O L Y sup en ≤ CT (∆x)p + (∆t)q .

O L E ũn+1 = Aũn + ∆tn . lim

en+1 = Aen − ∆tn

R    ,   A      2N '   A U n = An U 1

1  H      ,#  2

 Û n+1 (k) = A(k)n Û 1 (k) A A(k) 

W    

1 HA    :+4%9. '93-'+'1)

  $ 2  

>)0+'+) CC  "   % 

ÉC *

ÉC O 3 .

P O - ' #

ÉC O 3 ; <

' $ ) ? 0 0

9 0 . ; <

)9.0;5) CC 1

)9.0;5) CC 0 ;-< .

)9.0;5) CC , . ,

)9.0;5) CC

)9.0;5) CC 4Q

min θ0 (x) ≤ θ(x, t) ≤ max θ0 (x)

30'*+'3) &5 9.>'959 ' ; A

" v(x) ,

'

R ∂n = ∇u·n . n .

6A

(

1

& W . ν∆t = 0.4(∆x)2 ;

)

>)0+'+) CC %

"

W

>)0+'+) CC " (

' (

(tn , xj ) = (n∆t, j∆x)

EC H 8 unj J (A 8

>)0+'+) CC " %

)9.0;5) CC 6

R m− , m+ , k − , k + )

"$ - 7' $$"

O L E '2 2ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2

R p = +∞ H un ∞ = max1≤j≤N |unj |

%@'1', CC :$ # & 5$T

" $$ $" u0 ,

1 H 8O . 0

T û (k) . A(k) =

O L E unj = A(k)n exp(2iπkxj ) . xj = j∆x,

ÉC O un ≤ K(T )u0

-" 1 2 *$ )P

O L E ũn+1 = Aũn + ∆tn . lim

en+1 = Aen − ∆tn

R , A 2N ' A U n = An U 1

1 H ,# 2

Û n+1 (k) = A(k)n Û 1 (k) A A(k)

W

1 HA :+4%9. '93-'+'1)

$ 2

>)0+'+) CC " %

W +: ( ) J F

$"/ $ $ L2, U E

$ $"' P

ÉC O %9,:10.1',C * # 2

>)0+'+) CC " %

>)0+'+) CC " %

>)0+'+) CC " %

ÉC 0 9

>)0+'+) CC " $

" $"/ ∆t/∆x > 1/

Û n+1 (k) = A(k)n Û 1 (k) .

>)0+'+) CC 7

>)0+'+) CC " %

>)0+'+) CC " %

%@'1', C C " Ω $ -" RN ' Ω " , $ $" C(Ω) )

:,-51',* +-.::';5) ;

. ni " i+ )$" $ &" $" Ω,

É C $" $- " ' " "

>)0+'+) CC 6

+

0" 3, " )) =,095-.1',* 2.0'.1',**)--) )/+ & "

$"$ g " $ $ Ω,

)9.0;5) CC 9

ÉC O , -!.330,+4) 2.0'.1',**)--) , ,

>)0+'+) CC $

)9.0;5) CC , =0 V ) ;

T (v) − T (w)2 = v − w − µA(v − w)2

O $ ) #!)"#+ A#+ 3,3, &

.

R a(·, ·)