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Topic 2

Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Population Dynamics
Populations change in response to environmental
stress or changes in environmental conditions.
1. In size = # of individuals
2. Density = # of individual / specific space
3. Age distribution = proportions / age group
4. Dispersion =
Clumped
(elephants)
Uniform
(creosote bush)
Random
(dandelions)
Knowing population size is important in
making environmental decisions that
would affect the population.

Making a decision on an estimate that is too high extinction.

Making a decision on an estimate that is too low unnecessarily
hurt people that depend on the animals for food & income.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
When estimating population size it is important to
collect RANDOM SAMPLES.

A sample is a part of a population, part of an area or part of some
other whole thing, chosen to illustrate what the whole population,
area or other thing is like.

In a random sample every individual in a population has an equal
chance of being selected.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Methods for Estimating Population Size
1. Quadrat method
2. Lincoln Index
(Capture/Mark/Release/Recapture)
1. Mark out area to be sampled (Stage
Quadrat)(usually 100m
2
or 10,000m
2
).
2. Place Sampling Quadrats
( 1 m
2
, 100 m
2
) randomly or systematically
within the area.
3. Count how many individuals are inside the
sample quadrats.
4. Calculate the mean number of individuals
per sample quadrat.
Pop. Size = mean X area of stage quadrat
area of each sample quadrat
Using Quadrats
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Quadrat sampling is suitable for plants that
do not move around and are easy to find.
RANDOM
QUaDRATS
SYSTEMATIC
QUaDRATS
Topic 3
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Quadrat method can be used to determine:
POPULATION DENSITY = number of
individuals of each species per area.
PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY = percent of
each species found within an area.
PERCENTAGE COVER = percent plant
covering a given area.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
1. Capture as many individuals as possible in the
area occupied by the animal population,
using netting, trapping or careful searching.
Capture/Mark/
Release/Recapture
Lincoln index
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
2. Mark each individual, without making them
more visible to predators and without
harming them.
Capture/Mark/
Release/Recapture
Lincoln index
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
3. Release all the marked individuals and allow
them to settle back into their habitat.

4. Recapture as many individuals as possible
and count how many are marked and how
many are unmarked.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
5. Calculate the estimated population size by
using the Lincoln Index:

population size = N
1
X N
2
N
3
N
1
= number caught and marked initially

N
2
= total number caught in 2
nd
sample

N
3
= number of marked individuals from 2
nd

sample
Most suitable for animals that move around and
are difficult to find.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
video
It is your estimate minus the true value divided by the
true value and multiplied by 100.

So, % error = (estimate - actual) / actual * 100, in
absolute value.

For example, if you estimate that there are 90 jelly
beans in a jar when there are actually 130 your
percentage error is:
(90-130)/130 * 100 = -40/130 * 100 = -0.308*100 = -
30.8%

After absolute value, the answer is simply 30.769, or
30.8%.
In order to get accurate populations
1. The population of organisms must be closed, with
no immigration or emigration.
2. The time between samples must be very small
compared to the life span of the organism being
sampled.
3. The marked organisms must mix completely with
the rest of the population during the time between
the two samples.
4. Organisms are not hurt or disadvantaged by being
caught and marked and therefore all organisms
have an equal opportunity of being recaptured
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Simpsons Diversity Index
Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure of
diversity. In ecology, it is often used to quantify
the biodiversity of a habitat. It takes into account
the number of species present (richness), as well
as the abundance of each species (eveness).
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Video
Richness

The number of species per sample is a measure of
richness. The more species present in a sample, the
'richer' the sample.
Species richness as a measure on its own takes no
account of the number of individuals of each species
present. It gives as much weight to those species
which have very few individuals as to those which
have many individuals. Thus, one daisy has as much
influence on the richness of an area as 1000
buttercups.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Evenness
However, diversity depends not only on
richness, but also on evenness. Evenness
compares the similarity of the population size
of each of the species present
Evenness is a measure of the relative
abundance of the different species making up
the richness of an area.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Numbers of individuals
Flower
Species
Community 1 Community 2
Daisy 300 20
Dandelion 335 49
Buttercup 365 931
Total 1000 1000
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Community 1 and 2 both have 3 species so they are equally rich. However,
community 1 is more even and therefore more diverse.
The sample from the first field consists of 300
daisies, 335 dandelions and 365 buttercups.
The sample from the second field comprises
20 daisies, 49 dandelions and 931 buttercups.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Both samples have the same richness (3 species)
and the same total number of individuals (1000).
However, the first sample has more evenness than
the second. This is because the total number of
individuals in the sample is quite evenly
distributed between the three species.

Therefore community 1 is more diverse.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
As a communities richness and evenness increase,
its diversity increases. Simpson's Diversity Index is
a measure of diversity which takes into account
both richness and evenness.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Simpson Index
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
example
Species Number (n) n(n-1)
Woodrush 2 2
Holly
(seedlings)
8 56
Bramble 1 0
Yorkshire
Fog
1 0
Sedge 3 6
Total (N) 15 64
Group Diversity Index
1
2
3
4
5
6
example
Species Number (n) n(n-1)
Woodrush 2 2
Holly
(seedlings)
8 56
Bramble 1 0
Yorkshire
Fog
1 0
Sedge 3 6
Total (N) 15 64
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
When the equation is written in this form the
higher the value the greater the diversity.
If we take the reciprocal then the value of the
Simpson Index can only be between 0 and 1
and the smaller the decimal the greater the
diversity.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
D = 0.3 (Simpson's Index)
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
If you have 8 woodrush 12 holly seedlings 16 bramble
4 yorkshire fog and 17 sedge in a community, what is
its diversity using simpsons diversity index.
If you have 8 woodrush 12 holly seedlings 16 bramble
4 yorkshire fog and 17 sedge in a community, what is
its diversity using simpsons diversity index.
If you have 8 woodrush 12 holly seedlings 16 bramble
4 yorkshire fog and 17 sedge in a community, what is
its diversity using simpsons diversity index.
If you have 4 woodrush 8 holly seedlings 10 bramble
3 yorkshire fog and 7 sedge in a community, what is
its diversity using simpsons diversity index.
If you have 4 woodrush 8 holly seedlings 10 bramble
3 yorkshire fog and 7 sedge in a community, what is
its diversity using simpsons diversity index.
If you have 4 woodrush 8 holly seedlings 10 bramble
3 yorkshire fog and 7 sedge in a community, what is
its diversity using simpsons diversity index.
A scientist traps 14 wood vole, marks them and
releases them. The scientist waits 24 hours and then
traps 26 wood vole (12 marked and 14 unmarked) in
the same area using the same method as the first time.

Estimate the wood vole population in this ecosystem.
A scientist traps 14 wood vole, marks them and
releases them. The scientist waits 24 hours and then
traps 26 wood vole (12 marked and 14 unmarked) in
the same area using the same method as the first time.

Estimate the wood vole population in this ecosystem.
A scientist traps 14 wood vole, marks them and
releases them. The scientist waits 24 hours and then
traps 26 wood vole (12 marked and 14 unmarked) in
the same area using the same method as the first time.

Estimate the wood vole population in this ecosystem.
A scientist traps 23 wood vole, marks them and
releases them. The scientist waits 24 hours and then
traps 32 wood vole (20 marked and 12 unmarked) in
the same area using the same method as the first
time.

Estimate the wood vole population in this ecosystem.
A scientist traps 23 wood vole, marks them and
releases them. The scientist waits 24 hours and then
traps 32 wood vole (20 marked and 12 unmarked) in
the same area using the same method as the first time.

Estimate the wood vole population in this ecosystem.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the ways in which populations can change
-define carrying capacity and describe factors that affect it.
-describe the principles associated with survivorship curves including k- and r- strategists.
-describe and explain S and J population growth curves.
Carrying Capacity
Species vary in their Biotic Potential
= the capacity for population growth
with unlimited resources and ideal
conditions.

Resources can include: food oxygen water light space nutrients

Ideal conditions: shelter weather no predation mates

Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the ways in which populations can change
-define carrying capacity and describe factors that affect it.
-describe the principles associated with survivorship curves including k- and r- strategists.
-describe and explain S and J population growth curves.
No population can grow indefinitely!

Every environment has Environmental
Resistance = the combination of all factors
that act to limit the growth of a
population (Limiting
factors)(lack of
resources and or
environmental
conditions)
2.0
1.5
1.0
.5
N
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f

s
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p

(
m
i
l
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)

1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925
Year
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the ways in which populations can change
-define carrying capacity and describe factors that affect it.
-describe the principles associated with survivorship curves including k- and r- strategists.
-describe and explain S and J population growth curves.
No population can grow indefinitely!

The Biotic Potential + Environmental Resistance = Carrying Capacity

Every environment has a CARRYING CAPACITY
= the maximum
number of individuals
of a given species
that can be sustained
indefinitely in a given
space.
2.0
1.5
1.0
.5
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

s
h
e
e
p

(
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
s
)

1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925
Year
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the ways in which populations can change
-define carrying capacity and describe factors that affect it.
-describe the principles associated with survivorship curves including k- and r- strategists.
-describe and explain S and J population growth curves.
Factors that can change carrying capacity:

1. Competition within and between species.
2. Natural and human caused catastrophes.
3. Immigration and emigration.
4. Seasonal fluctuations in food, water,
shelter, and nesting sites.

Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the ways in which populations can change
-define carrying capacity and describe factors that affect it.
-describe the principles associated with survivorship curves including k- and r- strategists.
-describe and explain S and J population growth curves.
r and K Selected Species (r+K
strategists)

r-selected species = species with a high
biotic potential.
These species have many, small, offspring and give them little or
no care.

Examples are algae, bacteria, rodents, frogs, turtles, annual
plants, and most insects.

These species tend to be opportunists, reproducing rapidly
when conditions are favorable or when disturbances open up a
new habitat.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the ways in which populations can change
-define carrying capacity and describe factors that affect it.
-describe the principles associated with survivorship curves including k- and r- strategists.
-describe and explain S and J population growth curves.
r-strategists that have few if any resource
limitations grow exponentially.
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH starts out slowly and
then proceeds faster
and faster as the
population increases.
Time (t)
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
i
z
e

(
N
)

J population
growth curve
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the ways in which populations can change
-define carrying capacity and describe factors that affect it.
-describe the principles associated with survivorship curves including k- and r- strategists.
-describe and explain S and J population growth curves.


K-selected species (K-strategists)= species with a
low biotic
potential.

These species reproduce later in life, have small number of
offspring, and have long life spans.

Examples are mammals, birds of prey, and large and long-lived
plants.

These species tend to be competitors.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the ways in which populations can change
-define carrying capacity and describe factors that affect it.
-describe the principles associated with survivorship curves including k- and r- strategists.
-describe and explain S and J population growth curves.
K-strategists undergo LOGISTIC GROWTH
-involves initial exponential growth and then
there is a steady decrease in growth as the
population encounters environmental
resistance
and approaches carrying
capacity and levels off.
S or sigmoid
population growth
curve
Time (t)
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
i
z
e

(
N
)

K
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the ways in which populations can change
-define carrying capacity and describe factors that affect it.
-describe the principles associated with survivorship curves including k- and r- strategists.
-describe and explain S and J population growth curves.
Time (t)
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
i
z
e

(
N
)

K
Plateau phase
Transitional phase
Exponential phase
Carrying capacity
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics
Students will be able to:
-describe the ways in which populations can change
-define carrying capacity and describe factors that affect it.
-describe the principles associated with survivorship curves including k- and r- strategists.
-describe and explain S and J population growth curves.

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