K. Chatterjee, 75643 Center for NDT P 00 Rv 02 Self study material.

Single Wall Exposure Techniques [ welds ] :

This is the mst used a!d re"mme!ded te"h!i#ue fr radi$ra%hi"
re"rdi!$ &here t& %%site sides f a slid test 'je"t are a""essi'le.
Exposure preparations :
Radiati! sur"e ( e!er$y ) is sele"ted 'ased ! test material a'sr'ti!,
thi"*!ess t 'e e+ami!ed a!d ty%e f the film. ,%timum "!trast &ith
mi!imum 2- re"rdi!$ se!sitivity are the re#uireme!ts.
.isual e+ami!ati! ) .isually dete"ted surfa"e im%erfe"ti!s &hi"h &ill
%rdu"e ima$es ! the radi$ra%h shall 'e re"tified 'efre shti!$.
Se$me!t mar*i!$ ) The &eld le!$th is divided i!t suita'le !um'er f
se$me!ts / 01 ( 0 02 et" a!d mar*ed su"h that the mar*s remai! ! the
'je"t till the &eld is a""e%ted. 3de!ti"al se$me!t mar*i!$ is !e"essary !
the sur"e side a!d the film side f the 'je"t fr a""urately %siti!i!$
the film a!d ther a""essries aru!d the &eld.
4ilm Si5e ) shall 'e at least 26 mre tha! the le!$th f the se$me!t t
'e e+ami!ed. 7idth shall 'e suffi"ie!t t re"rd the &eld, all mar*ers a!d
the "m%lete %e!etrameter utli!e.
S48 ) 9i!imum S48 is t 'e "al"ulated usi!$ the S48 e#uati!. Thum'
rule, 20 times the 'je"t thi"*!ess a!d 2.2 : le!$th f the film, &hi"h is
$reater. Re"mme!ded mi!imum S48 is 2;6.
<"ati! 9ar*ers ) shall 'e %la"ed ! the mar*s !ear the &eld, i!
se#ue!"e 2, 2, 3 ( /, 1, C et" ! the sur"e side f the 'je"t, u!less a
%redetermi!ed verla%%i!$ le!$th 'et&ee! su""essive films is used.
3de!tifi"ati! 9ar*ers ) as re#uired, shall a%%ear i! ea"h film, %la"ed !ear
the &eld.
Pe!etrameter ) 2 - f the thi"*!ess 'ei!$ e+ami!ed. Ca! als 'e sele"ted
frm the ta'le f the a%%li"a'le s%e"ifi"ati!s ( %r"edures. 7eld
rei!fr"eme!t t 'e i!"luded i! %e!etrameter sele"ti!. Pe!etrameter must
'e atta"hed t the sur"e side f the 'je"t.
7ire ty%e ) t 'e fi+ed !ear the l"ati! mar*er a!d a"rss the &eld, the
thi!!est &ire i! the set t&ards the l"ati! mar*er.
=le ty%e ) t 'e fi+ed !ear the l"ati! mar*er, 3.2 mm a&ay a!d
%arallel t the &eld, 2T hle t&ards the l"ati! mar*er.
Shim ) used t simulate the &eld rei!fr"eme!ts, t 'e %la"ed u!der the
hle ty%e %e!etrameter !ly, thi"*!ess f the shim shuld 'e !early e#ual
t the ttal &eld rei!fr"eme!t. Shim may 'e si!$le r sta*ed thi! sheets
a!d must 'e lar$er tha! the si5e f the %e!etrameter.
Set u% ) <"ati! mar*ers are fi+ed ! the sur"e side mar*s a!d
radi$ra%h ide!tifi"ati! mar*ers are fi+ed !ear the &eld usi!$ adhesive
ta%es. The a%%li"a'le %e!etrameter is fi+ed ! the sur"e side a!d !ear
a l"ati! mar*er als &ith ta%es. The film is the! atta"hed i! "lse
"!ta"t &ith the surfa"e, %%site t the sur"e side usi!$ ma$!ets r
adhesive ta%es.
>si!$ a ma$!eti" su%%rti!$ sta!d, the e+%sure %i!t f the sur"e
$uide tu'e is se"ured e+a"tly at the "e!tral a+is f the se$me!t u!der
e+ami!ati! a!d at a dista!"e e#ual t the S48. The 'je"t shuld 'e
%siti!ed su"h that the re"rdi!$ %la!e f the film is %er%e!di"ular t
the ima$i!$ radiati! 'eam. The film is the! irradiated thru$h the 'je"t
fr the re#uired e+%sure time.
Pa!rami" e+%sures ) This is als a si!$le &all te"h!i#ue used fr
hll& "ir"ular "m%!e!ts &here the i!side f the 're is a""essi'le fr
"e!teri!$ the sur"e %i!t. Cir"umfere!tial &eld ji!ts i! %i%es a!d
%ressure vessels are fre#ue!tly e+ami!ed usi!$ this te"h!i#ue. The e!tire
ji!t is re"rded i! a si!$le e+%sure. / rll film r a !um'er f films
are used &ith 26 verla% 'et&ee! su""essive films. <"ati! mar*ers are
fi+ed at re$ular i!tervals. 3de!tifi"ati! mar*ers are fi+ed as re#uired.
9i!imum three %e!etrameters must 'e atta"hed at 220
0
t ea"h ther.
Stri"t C!trl f e+%sure %arameters are a'slutely !e"essary.
Cal"ulati!$ S48 )
sur"e si5e : thi"*!ess
S48 ? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ A thi"*!ess
all&ed u!shar%!ess
Sele"ti!$ 2 - 3B3 )
7ire dia ? %art thi"*!ess ( 50
Stri% th* ? %art th* i! i!"hes : 20
%art th* i! mm : 0.; r Ta'le
C+%sure time i! mi!utes, S48 i! C9 )
4ilm 4a"tr + 2
th*!s ( =.T
+ S48
2
+ 60
t ? @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Curie + R=9 + 200
2
r C+%sure "hart frm the ma!ufa"turer.