I. Theodore Roosevelt Jr a. Born: October 27, 1858, New York City, New York b. Died: January 6, 1919, New York II. State a. Theodore Roosevelt was born in New York. He was nominated in New York for Vice- President by the Republicans with William McKinley, but was assumed into the Presidency when William McKinley was assassinated in 1901. However, due to the numerous improvements he made, he was re-elected for a second term in 1904. III. Education and Biggest Occupations a. Theodore Roosevelt was homeschooled in his early years because of his illnesses including asthma. Later, he attended and graduated from Harvard. After college, he studied law at Columbia University for about a year until he dropped out and won a seat in the New York Assembly in 1882. He was the youngest person to serve that position. After losing the battle to become mayor, he served as a Civil Service Commissioner, president of the New York City Police Board, and Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Navy. After the Spanish-American War, he was elected governor of New York. IV. Dates of Term of Office 1. 1901 September 14, 1901 a. President: William McKinley b. Vice President: Theodore Roosevelt 2. September 14, 1901-March 4, 1904 a. President: Theodore Roosevelt b. Vice President: None 3. March 4, 1904-March 3, 1909 a. President: Theodore Roosevelt b. Vice President: Charles Fairbanks V. Issues Prominent to Election a. Assassination of President William McKinley b. Spanish-American War c. Monopolies d. Coal Strike VI. Opponents By Term a. Election of 1901 a. No one ran against Roosevelt in 1901 because he assumed the Presidency because McKinley was assassinated. b. Election of 1904 a. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) b. Alton Parker (Democrat) VII. Vice President by Term a. Election of 1901 a. None b. Election of 1904 a. Charles Fairbanks VIII. Political Party of the President a. Theodore Roosevelt was a Republican.
Lansdale Catholic High School Brandon Uzdzienski APUSH February 24, 2014 IX. Major Domestic/Political Happenings a. Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) a. A trust was an agreement where stockholders from several different businesses gave all their stock to a certain set of trustees. In return, they earned a certain share of the profit of the joint effort. This was very similar to monopolies, which destroyed competition. The Sherman Act was designed to allow the government to use measures against trusts and to dispose of them completely. If caught in a trust, you were subject to fines of $5,000 and a year in prison. Victims of trusts were enabled to sue in federal courts for up to triple the damages. b. Establishment of Parks and Monuments (1905) a. President Theodore Roosevelt formed the United States Forestry Service. He appointed Gifford Pinchot as the first chief of the new agency. Land was reserved for public use and irrigation projects were begun under the Newlands Act of 1902. During Roosevelts presidency, the forest reserves increased from 43 million to 194 million acres. As President, he established five national parks such as Crater Lake in Oregon and Wind Cave in South Dakota. Roosevelt also established four national monuments including Devil's Tower in Wyoming and El Morro in New Mexico. The Grand Canyon was named a national monument in 1908. During his presidency, Teddy Roosevelt signed into law a total of 18 national monuments. The Antiquities Act, signed on June 8, 1906, allowed Roosevelt and his successors to establish "historic landmarks, structures, and other objects of interest" in federal ownership as national monuments. c. Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) a. The Pure Food and Drug Act was passed on June 30. It was a law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated food products and poisonous patent medicines. Adulterated food is impure, unsafe, or unpleasant food. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration regulates and enforces laws on food safety and has definitions of adulterated food in numerous United States laws. X. Major Economic Issues a. Hepburn Act (1906) a. The Hepburn Act of 1906 gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the right and authority to establish maximum railroad rates. This ended the practice of making the less frequent buyer paying more and the loyal customers paying little to nothing. It also provided the right to supervise financial and business records; that way, if they violated the Act, they would be punished. Theodore Roosevelt strongly believed in more federal involvement in businesses and less of the private sector. As time progressed, the Act included rates and regulations on ferries, express companies, oil pipelines, and bridges. XI. Major Supreme Court Cases a. Champion vs. Ames a. Does Congress have the authority to regulate inter-state transportation of lottery tickets? This was an important question in the trial of Champion vs. Lansdale Catholic High School Brandon Uzdzienski APUSH February 24, 2014 Ames. Champion conspired to transport lottery tickets from Texas to California and he thought it was legal because he did not believe Congress held the right to restrict interstate commerce. However, it was concluded that Congress did in fact hold that power and they have the right to regulate or even prohibit the transportation of lottery tickets because Congress has complete power over commerce. b. Jacobson vs. Massachusetts a. In the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries, disease was prominent. One of the most severe diseases was called smallpox. When the outbreak occurred, A Massachusetts bill granted officials the authority to require vaccination when it was necessary for public health or safety. However, Jacobson claimed that he had a reaction to the vaccination and that he could not receive it. When it went to court, the Constitution was reviewed and it stated that officials had the right to do what it takes to promote health, education, etc. Jacobson was forced to pay a fine but was not forcibly vaccinated. c. Loewe v. Lawlor a. United Hatters of North America tried but failed to unionize the workers of a hat making company called Dietrich Loewe and Partners. When the company sued, it won because they violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. When the union brought it back to court, the company won again. In order to pay for the fines the union owed, many members lost their belongings including their houses. XII. Major Foreign Policy Decisions a. Panama Canal (1903) a. In 1850, the U.S. and Great Britain negotiated the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty to reserve a proposed canal through Panama. Unfortunately, the canal never got beyond the planning phase. The French attempted to build the canal through Panama but went bankrupt when workers thousands of workers died off due to numerous tropical diseases. However, this did not deter the Americans from wanting to finish the canal. In order to do so, President Roosevelt had to send troops to assist Panama in gaining their independence, which they successfully did on November 3, 1903. In return, the Panamanians negotiated with U.S. and signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903. This Treaty provided the United States with the land for the canal. Also, the U.S. paid $10 million to Panama, and an annual payment of $250,000. b. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1905) a. The Monroe Doctrine strived to prevent any intervention in the Western Hemisphere from other countries looking to settle/colonize. However, Roosevelt doubted this was enough; he wanted to add a Corollary to make the United States the international police power. His policy was to walk softly, but carry a big stick. The two policies contradict in a way that the Doctrine states Lansdale Catholic High School Brandon Uzdzienski APUSH February 24, 2014 that there is to be no more intervention in the Western Hemisphere yet the Corollary allows the U.S. to do so. c. Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) a. The Treaty of Portsmouth officially ended the Russo-Japanese War. The negotiation meeting took place in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. President Theodore Roosevelt helped negotiate the peace deal and in turn he received a Nobel Peace Prize. The final agreement was signed in September of 1905 which allowed Japanese presence in south part of Manchuria and part of Korea. It also relinquished the southern part of the island of Sakhalin to Japan. XIII. Major Conflict of this Administration a. Roosevelt vs. Monopolies a. In Roosevelts First Annual Message to Congress, he thanked the men who stepped up in building up the commerce of the U.S. However, he was not pleased entirely and admitted that some things needed fixing. Monopolies were businesses that eliminated competition, established fixed rates and basically became king of a certain industry. He did not want to ban monopolies, yet he wanted the federal government to supervise and regulate them. This did not follow the policy of laissez-faire, but won some support of those in favor of trust-busting. Under the Sherman Antitrust Act, Roosevelt filed suits against the biggest railroad trust in the country. XIV. Major Social Events/Movements a. Square Deal (1901) a. In response to the coal miner strike, the Square Deal was passed. It incorporated Roosevelts view on labor, citizenship, parenthood, and ethics. It involved Roosevelts view on how Americans were entitled to equal opportunities to succeed. He first used the term following the settlement of a mining strike to describe the peaceful harmony between big business and labor unions. b. Immigration Act (1907) a. The Immigration Act of 1097 was a stricter and improved Immigration Act of 1891. It prohibited more and more Asian immigrants from coming to America, mainly through Hawaii. It had stricter bans on women and religion, and required the ships to keep strict records of everyone on board including their name, age, height and occupation. Literacy tests were also given. This Act also created the U.S. Immigration Commission. XV. Major Inventions a. Safety Razor a. King C. Gillette and William Emerson Nickerson found the American Safety Razor Company and started mass production of them. b. Vacuum Cleaner a. Hubert Cecil Booth; unfortunately, the earlier designs were too big for common household use. However, it is not long before the size decreases. Lansdale Catholic High School Brandon Uzdzienski APUSH February 24, 2014 c. Ford Model T a. Henry Ford's Motor Company; introduces the Ford Model T costing about $850 to make but thanks to the assembly line, it brought the cost down to $368. d. Airplane a. Orville and Wilbur Wright built a man-powered airplane that weighed 750lbs and was powered by a 12 horse-power engine. XVI. Bibliography a. "Theodore Roosevelt." 2014. The Biography Channel website. Feb 26 2014, 12:17 http://www.biography.com/people/theodore-roosevelt-9463424. b. Miller Center." American President: Theodore Roosevelt: Campaigns and Elections. Miller Center University of Virginia, n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. <http://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt/essays/biography/3>. c. "1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908 and 1909." What Happened from 1900 to 1909 including Events, Technology and Inventions. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/1900to1909.html>. d. "Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)." Our Documents -. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=51>. e. The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica. "Square Deal (United States History)."Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2014. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561637/Square-Deal>. f. "Theodore Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1905)." Our Documents -. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. <http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=56>. g. National Parks Service. National Parks Service, n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. <http://www.nps.gov/history/logcabin/html/tr5.html>. h. "Hepburn Act." Hepburn Act. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. <http://commercial.laws.com/hepburn-act>. i. "The Treaty of Portsmouth and the Russo-Japanese War, 19041905 - 18991913 - Milestones - Office of the Historian." The Treaty of Portsmouth and the Russo-Japanese War, 19041905 - 18991913 - Milestones - Office of the Historian. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. <http://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/portsmouth-treaty>. j. "Miller Center." Presidential Key Events-. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. <http://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt/key-events>. k. "Immigration Act of 1907." Immigration Act of 1907. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. <http://immigrationinamerica.org/587-immigration-act-of-1907.html>. l. "Champion v. Ames Case Brief | 4 Law School." Champion v. Ames Case Brief | 4 Law School. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.4lawschool.com/case- briefs/champion-v-ames>. m. "Loewe v. Lawlor, 08/1903 - 01/05/1915." Loewe v. Lawlor, 08/1903 - 01/05/1915. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://research.archives.gov/description/278237>.