140

Chng VI
NG HC VT RN

Vt rn l mt h cht im trong khong cch gia hai cht im bt k lun lun
khng thay i trong qu trnh chuyn ng. Chuyn ng c bn nht ca vt rn l
chuyn ng tnh tin v chuyn ng quay xung quanh mt trc.

1. CHUN NG TNH TIN
Chuyn ng n gin nht ca vt rn l chuyn ng tnh tin. Trong chuyn ng
tnh tin, ng thng ni hai im bt k ca vt rn lun lun song song vi chnh n.
Ly hai im bt k M
1
v M
2
ca vt rn v gi
1
r ,
2
r l nhng bn knh vecto xc nh
v tr ca cht im M
1
v M
2
,
12 2 1
r r r = l vecto xc nh v tr tng i gia cc cht
im M
1
v M
2
(hnh 6.1).
Theo nh ngha vt rn, ln
12
r lun
lun khng thay i trong qu trnh
chuyn ng. Trong chuyn ng tnh
tin ca vt rn, vecto
12
r lun lun
khng thay i v ln v chiu nn ta
c:
Hnh 6.1

12
r const = hay
12
dr
0
dt
= (6-1)

2 1 12 1
r (t) r (t) r r (t) const = + = + (6-2)
Nu bit phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im M
1

1
r(t) r (t) =
(6-3)
th ta hon ton xc nh c phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im M
2
bt k theo
(6-2). T (6-2) d thy rng trong qu trnh chuyn ng tnh tin, cc cht im ca vt
rn vch ra nhng qu o c hnh dng nh nhau (khng nht thit l qu o thng),
141

qu o ny ch dch chuyn so vi qu o khc. Nu dch chuyn mt vecto
12
r th qu
o ca cht im M
1
trng vi qu o ca cht im M
2
. Ly o hm theo thi gian
ca (6-2) ta c:

2 1
2 1
dr dr
v v
dt dt
= = = (6-4)

2 1
2 1
dv dv
a a
dt dt
= = = (6-5)
v cc cht im M
1
v M
2
c chn ty nn trong chuyn ng tnh tin, thi im
t bt k, tt c cc cht im ca vt rn c cng mt vecto vn tc v c cng mt vecto
gia tc. Nh tnh cht ny, khi kho st chuyn ng tnh tin ca vt rn ta ch cn kho
st chuyn ng tnh tin ca vt rn l phng trnh chuyn ng ca mt im bt k
thuc vt.

2. CHUYN NG QUAY
Mt dng chuyn ng vt rn n gin khc l chuyn ng quay quanh mt trc A
c nh, cc im nm trn trc quay vch nn nhng ng trn nm trong nhng mt
phng vung gc vi trc quay v c tm trn trc quay. V tr ca vt rn bt k trong
khng gian c xc nh bi ba im thuc vt rn khng nm trn cng mt ng
thng. Trong chuyn ng quay quanh mt trc A c nh, v tr ca vt rn c xc
nh bi hai im ng yn trn trc quay A v mt im M bt k thuc vt rn nm
ngoi A hay mt mt phng P gn cht vi vt rn i qua A .
Dng hai mt phng P
o
v P i qua trc
quay A ca vt rn, trong P
o
l mt
phng c nh chn lm mc v P l mt
phng gn vi vt rn. Gi s thi im
u mt phng P trung vi mt phng P
o
v
thi im t mt phng P lm thnh vi P
o

mt gc (t) (hnh 6.2). Phng trnh
chuyn ng ca vt rn quay quanh mt
trc A c dng:

Hnh 6.2
(t) = (6-6)
142

c trng cho s quay nhanh hay chm ca vt rn quanh trc A , ngi ta a vo
khi nim vn tc gc e:

t 0
d
lim
t dt

e
A
A
= =
A
(6-7)
Vy vn tc gc e trong chuyn ng quay ca vt rn bng o hm bc nht theo
thi gian ca gc quay . Gi tr cng ln ta ni rng vt quay cng nhanh. Vn tc
gc , ni chung, l hm ca thi gian. c trng cho s bin i ca vn tc gc
theo thi gian, ngi ta a vo khi nim gia tc gc :

2
2
t 0
d d
lim
t dt dt
e e
c
A
A
= = =
A
(6-8)
Vy gia tc gc trong chuyn ng quay ca vt rn bng o hm bc nht theo
thi gian ca vn tc gc hay bng o hm bc hai theo thi gian ca gc quay .
Nu > 0 vt rn quay nhanh dn, < 0 vt rn quay chm dn, = const # 0 vt rn
quay bin i u v = 0 vt rn quay u.
Chuyn ng quay ca vt rn quanh mt trc A , ngoi nhng c trng v ni
trn, phi k n chiu ca trc quay. c trng y cho chuyn ng quay
quanh mt trc A , ngi ta a vo khi nim vecto vn tc gc v vecto gia tc gc.
Vecto vn tc gc e c gi tr bng v c chiu xc nh nh sau: nu quay vt rn
theo chiu vn nh c thun th inh c tin theo chiu ca e . Vecto gia tc gc c bng
o hm bc nht theo thi gian ca vecto vn tc gc e :

d
dt
e
c = (6-9)
Trong cng mt khong thi gian, mi
im ca vt rn u quay c mt gc
v do , mi im ca vt rn c cng
vn tc gc v gia tc gc.
Trong khong thi gian dt, mt im
M bt k ca vt rn cch trc quay
mt khong R s dch chuyn c mt
cung ds Rd = .

Hnh 6.3
143

Vn tc ca im M (vn tc di) ca vt rn bng:

ds d
v R R
dt dt

e = = = (6-10)
Dng nh ngha tch hu hng ca hai vecto, ta vit c :
v R e = . (6-11)
trong R l vecto c gc nm trn trc quay v mt ti im M. Cn lu rng, biu
thc (6-11) vn cn ng khi gc O ca R trt trn trc quay.
Ly o hm theo thi gian ca (6.11), ta c gia tc a ca im M:

dv d dR
a R R v
dt dt dt
e
e c e = = . + . = . + . (6-12)
Gia tc ca im M, nh vy c th vit:

t n
a a a = +
vi
t
a R c = . ;
t
dv
a R
dt
c = = (6-13)

n
a v e = . ;
2
2
n
v
a v R
R
e e = = = (6-14)
Thnh phn
t
a , c phng ca v , gi l gia tc quay,
t
a cng chnh l gia tc tip
tuyn trong chuyn ng ca im M trn ng trn bn knh R, tm O. Thnh phn
n
a
, hng vo trc quay, gi l gia tc hng trc, chnh l gia tc hng tm ca im M
chuyn ng trn ng trn tm O.
Ta hy xt trng hp vt rn quay bt k quanh mt im c nh O v theo di mt
im M bt k no ca n, cch O mt khong r. Trong qu trnh quay ca vt rn,
mt M ca vecto OM r = (c ln r khng i) vch nn mt ng cong no trn
mt cu tm O, bn knh r. Gi s trong khong thi gian t t n t + dt, mt M dch
chuyn c mt di ds dr = . By gi ds l mt cung phng v cng b trn ng
trn ln ca mt cu. Nh vy, trong khong thi gian v cng b dt, c th coi chuyn
ng ca im M v do , ca ton vt rn nh mt chuyn ng quay quanh mt
144

trc A no , i qua O ( A l trc ca ng trn ln ni trn) vi vn tc gc e lin
h vi vn tc ca im M l
dr
dt
thi im t bng h thc:

dr
r
dt
e = . (6-15)
Trong trng hp tng qut, nhng thi im khc nhau, vecto e s c ln,
phng, chiu khc nhau. By gi, khc vi trng hp trc quay c nh, vecto gia tc
gc c s khng cng phng vi vecto vn tc gc na. Nh vy, mi thi im t, trc
quay A, i qua mt im xc nh O, c mt phng ring v trc A gi l trc quay tc
thi ca vt rn thi im t.


3. CHUYN NG SONG PHNG
Chuyn ng song phng ca vt rn
l chuyn ng trong mi im thuc
vt lun lun di chuyn trong mt mt
phng c nh P song song vi mt mt
phng quy chiu chn trc (hnh
6.4).
Trong chuyn ng song phng, cc
im thuc vt nm trn ng thng
vung gc vi mt phng quy chiu
u chuyn ng ging nhau. V vy khi
nghin cu chuyn ng song phng ta

Hnh 6.4
ch cn nghin cu chuyn ng ca tit din phng S bt k ca vt rn nm trong mt
phng c nh P song song vi mt phng quy chiu .
Chuyn ng song phng ca vt rn, thng gi tt l chuyn ng phng ca vt rn,
c s dng kh nhiu trong i sng. Khi xe, tu chuyn ng thng th mi bnh xe
thc hin chuyn ng song phng m mt phng quy chiu l mt c nh vung gc
vi trc bnh xe. Mt hnh tr ln khng trt trn mt phng l chuyn ng song phng
m mt phng quy chiu c nh vung gc vi trc hnh tr.
145

kho st chuyn ng song phng
ca vt rn, ta chn trong mt phng P
mt h quy chiu c nh Oxy. Chuyn
ng ca hnh phng S i vi h c
nh Oxy. Chuyn ng ca hnh phng
S i vi h c nh Oxy hon ton c
xc nh bi chuyn ng ca on
thng AB ni hai im A v B bt k
thuc hnh phng S.

Hnh 6.5
Gi s thi im ban u, on thng AB lm thnh vi trc Ox mt gc . V tr
ca vt rn trong chuyn ng song phng (v tr ca on thng AB) c xc nh bi
hai ta x
A
, y
A
v gc . Phng trnh chuyn ng song phng ca vt rn c dng:

A A
A A
x x (t)
y y (t)
(t)
=

(6-16)
Hai phng trnh u ca (6-16) m t chuyn ng tnh tin ca vt rn cng vi im
A v phng trnh th ba m t chuyn ng quay ca vt rn quanh mt trc vung gc
vi mt phng Oxy i qua A. Nh vy, chuyn ng song phng ca vt rn c phn
tch thnh chuyn ng tnh tin cng vi im A v chuyn ng quay quanh mt trc
vung gc vi mt phng Oxy i qua A.
Chuyn ng tnh tin bt k m hnh phng S song song vi mt phng quy chiu v
chuyn ng quay quanh mt trc c nh vung gc vi l nhng trng hp c bit
ca chuyn ng song phng.
Gi
A
r v
B
r l bn knh vect xc nh v tr ca im A v B bt k thuc hnh phng
S, r AB = l vect k t im A n im B. Trong qu trnh chuyn ng song phng
ca vt rn, ta lun lun c:
OB OA AB = +

B A
r r r = + (6-17)
Khi hnh phng S chuyn ng i vi h c nh Oxy th ln ca r khng thay i
nhng u mt ca vect r quay quanh trc vung gc vi mt Oxy v i qua im A.
146

Ly o hm theo thi gian ca (6-17) vi s ch

( )
dr
r
dt
e = .
ta nhn c biu thc vn tc ca im B:

B A A
v v r v AB e e = + . = + . (6-18)
trong
A
A
dr
v
dt
= l vn tc ca im A.
V vect AB e . vung gc vi AB nn hnh chiu ca AB e . ln phng ca
AB bng khng v do hnh chiu ca
B
v v
A
v trn phng ca AB bng nhau.
Vy, hnh chiu ca vect vn tc ca hai im bt k thuc vt rn ln ng thng ni
hai im y l bng nhau.
Nu ti mt thi im no m ta vn tc ca mt im trn vt rn bng khng th
im c gi l tm quay tc thi (hay tm vn tc tc thi). Khi chuyn ng
song phng ca vt rn thu v chuyn ng quay thun ty quanh mt trc i qua tm
quay tc thi.


4. CHUYN NG BT K CA VT RN

Cc dng chuyn ng n gin ca vt
rn xt, c bit quan trng bi v mi
chuyn ng bt k ca vt rn u c th
quy v chuyn ng tnh tin v chuyn
ng quay.
Gi
A
r v
B
r l hai bn knh vect OA
v OB xc nh v tr ca im A v B bt
k ca vt rn, r l vect k t im A n
im B.


Hnh 6.6
147

Trong qu trnh chuyn ng ca vt rn, ta lun lun c (hnh 6.6).
OB OA AB = +

B A
r r r = + (6-19)
Khi vt rn chuyn ng, vect r AB = c ln khng thay i nhng phng v
chiu ca n lun thay i. Ta c:

( )
2
r const = (6-20)
o hm theo thi gian ca (6-20) ta c:

dr
2r 0
dt
=
Tch v hng
dr
r 0
dt
= , c ngha l
dr
dt
vung gc vi r . T y ta vit c:

dr
r
dt
e = . (6-21)
trong e l vn tc gc ca vt rn quay quanh trc tc thi i qua im A.
o hm theo thi gian ca (6.19), ta c:

B A
v v r e = + . (6-22)
y
A
A
dr
v
dt
= v
B
B
dr
v
dt
= l vn tc ca im A v im B ca vt rn.
Vn tc
A
v ph thuc vo im A nhng vn tc gc e hon ton khng ph thuc
vo s la chn im A. Ta hy chng minh iu ny.
Ly mt im C ty thuc vt rn khc im A v gi vn tc gc ca vt rn quay
quanh trc tc thi i qua im C l e'
. Ta s chng minh e e ' = . Tht vy, ta bit:

B A C
v v AB v CB e e' = + . = + .
148


C A
v v AC e = + .
D thy rng:

B A A
v v AB v AC CB e e e' = + . = + . + .
hay
AB AC CB e e e' . = . + .
Ch rng AB AC CB = + , ta c;
CB CB e e' . = .
V CB l ty nn e e' = . l iu cn chng minh. Biu thc (6-22) cho ta thy
rng chuyn ng bt k ca vt rn c phn tch thnh hai chuyn ng, chuyn ng
tnh tin cng vi im A no vi vn tc
A
u v chuyn ng quay quanh trc tc thi
i qua im A vi vn tc gc e .
Mi vect
A
v v e s hon ton xc nh nu bit ba thnh phn ca n. V vy, tt
c ch cn 6 i lng c lp xc nh vn tc ca bt k im no ca vt rn. Nh
vy, ta bo rng vt rn l mt c h c 6 bc t do.

CU HI V BI TP
1. Chuyn ng ca vt rn nh th no c gi l chuyn ng tnh tin? Phng
trnh chuyn ng tnh tin ca vt rn. Vn tc v gia tc ca vt rn trong chuyn ng
tnh tin.
2. Chuyn ng ca vt rn nh th no c gi l chuyn ng quay xung quanh
mt trc c nh? Phng trnh chuyn ng ca vt rn quay xung quanh mt trc c
nh. Vn tc gc v gia tc gc ca vt rn. Mi lin h gia vn tc v gia tc ca mt
im thuc vt rn vi vn tc gc v gia tc gc.
3. Chuyn ng ca vt rn nh th no c gi l chuyn ng song phng? Cc
phng trnh m t chuyn ng song phng ca vt rn? Vn tc v gia tc ca cht
im thuc vt rn trong chuyn ng song phng?
4. Chuyn ng bt k ca vt rn l chuyn ng nh th no? Mi lin h gia vn
tc v gia tc ca mt im thuc vt rn vi vn tc gc v gia tc gc.
149

6.1. Mt hnh tr quay xung quanh mt trc c nh vi gia tc gc khng i
const c = . thi im ban u khi t=0 hnh tr v tr
o
v c vn tc gc
o
e . Tm
vn tc gc e v gc quay ca hnh tr thi im t. Chng t rng ta c h thc:

( )
2 2
o o
2 e e c =
6.2. Bnh xe ang quay vi vn tc gc 1500

th bt u hm li v quay chm
dn u. Sau 30 giy th bnh xe dng li.
a. Tm gia tc gc ca bnh xe.
b. S vng quay ca bnh xe k t khi bnh xe bt u hm n khi dng li.
6.3. Mt tit ch Watt quay vi vn
tc gc khng i xung quanh mt
trc thng ng. Khi gc
o
ACB 60 = th
gia tc ca qu cu A v B c ln
bng 100g vi g = 9,8 m/s
2
. di ca
cc thanh CA, CB, DA, DB u bng
l 0,1m = . Tm s vng quay ca my
trong mt pht?

Hnh 6.7
6.4. Bnh xe l hnh tr trn c bn knh R=0,5m quay nhanh dn u. thi im ban
u bnh xe ng yn v sau t=10s mt im nm trn vnh bnh xe c vn t di
v=25m/s. Tm vn tc tc di, gia tc tip tuyn, gia tc php tuyn ca im nm trn
vnh bnh xe thi im t=15s.
6.5. Hai bnh xe rng ca khp vo
nhau v quay xung quanh trc ca chng
(hnh 6.8). Gi
1
e v
2
e l vn tc gc
ca bnh xe th nht v th hai. Chng
t rng ta c h thc:

1 2 2
2 1 1
R Z
R Z
e
e
= =
trong Z
1
v Z
2
l s rng ca bnh xe
th nht v th hai.

Hnh 6.8
6.6. Mt bnh xe c bn knh R ln khng trt trn mt phng ngang. Vn tc tm O
ca bnh xe bng v
o
m/s.
a. Tm vn tc gc ca bnh xe (tnh theo R v v
o
).
b. Xc nh chiu v ln vn tc gc ti nhng im A, B, C trn vnh
bnh xe.
150


Hnh 6.9

151

Chng VII
NG LC HC VT RN
Vt rn l mt c h, khi c lc ngoi tc dng ln vt th vt s b thay i hnh dng (b
bin dng) mc khc nhau ty theo ln ca lc tc dng ln hay b. Tuy nhin
trong nhiu trng hp, khi nghin cu chuyn ng ca vt rn ta coi vt rn nh mt
c h m khong cch gia hai cht im bt k ca c h khng thay i. Vt rn nh
vy gi l vt rn l tng (sau ny gi tt l vt rn).

1. PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG CA VT RN
Vt rn l mt c h nn chuyn ng ca vt rn tun theo nhng nh lut chuyn
ng ca c h.
Khi vt rn chuyn ng tnh tin th mi cht im ca vt c cng vn tc v . Xung
lng ca vt rn bng P mv = , trong m l khi lng ca vt rn. Phng trnh
chuyn ng tnh tin ca vt rn c dng:

k
k
dP dv
m F F
dt dt
= = =

(7-1)
hay

x
x
dP
F
dt
= ,
y
y
dP
F
dt
= ,
z
z
dP
F
dt
= (7-2)
y
k
F l ngoi lc tc dng ln cht im k ca vt rn, F l tng cc vect ngoi
lc tc dng ln vt rn.
Trong trng hp vt rn chuyn ng quay th phng trnh chuyn ng ca vt
c vit nh sau:

k k
k
dL
M r F
dt
= = .

(7-3)
hay
152


x
x
dL
M
dt
= ,
y
y
dL
M
dt
= ,
z
z
dL
M
dt
= (7-4)
trong
k k k
k
L r m v = .

l mmen xung lng ca vt i vi gc O (ca vect

k
r ) v
M l tng cc vect mmen ngoi lc i vi gc O.
Mt chuyn ng bt k ca vt rn c phn tch thnh hai chuyn ng, chuyn
ng tnh tin cng vi im O no ca vt rn v chuyn ng quay xung quanh mt
trc i qua im O. V vy, chuyn ng bt k ca vt rn c m t bng hai phng
trnh vect:

dP
F
dt
= ,
dL
M
dt
= (7-5)
hay sau phng trnh v hng:

x
x
dP
F
dt
= ,
y
y
dP
F
dt
= ,
z
z
dP
F
dt
=

x
x
dL
M
dt
= ,
y
y
dL
M
dt
= ,
z
x
dL
M
dt
= (7-6)
Nu F 0 = th xung lng P ca vt rn l i lng bo ton v nu M 0 = i vi
im O th mmen xung lng L ca vt rn i vi im O c bo ton.
Ta hy xt trng hp ring quan trng khi vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh Oz.
Khi phng trnh chuyn ng c dng:

z
z
dL
M
dt
= (7-7)
c biu thc c th ca
z
L , ta phn tch
bn knh vect
k
r cao mi cht im k ra
lm hai: mt vect
k
a dc theo Oz v mt
vect
k
R vung gc vi Oz (hnh 7.1). Ta
c:

Hnh 7.1
153


( )
k k k k k k k
k k
k k k k k
k k
L r m v a R m v
a m v R mv
= . = + .
= . + .



Cc vect
k k k
a m v . u vung gc vi Oz nn thnh phn
1 k k k
k
L a m v = .

cng
vung gc vi Oz v c hnh chiu trn oz bng khng. Cc vect
k k k
R m v . cng
phng vi Oz nn thnh phn
2 k k k
k
L R m v = .

cng cng phng vi Oz v hnh

chiu ca n ln Oz bng:

z 2z k k k
k
L L R m v = =

Ch
k k
v R e = , trong l vn tc gc ca vt rn, ta c:

2
z k k
k
L m R I e e
| |
= =
|
\ .

(7-8)
i lng
2
k k
k
I m R =

ph thuc hnh dng, kch thc v s phn b khi lng ca

vt rn i vi trc Oz, gi l mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc Oz. V mmen
qun tnh I ca vt rn i vi trc Oz l mt hng s nn phng trnh chuyn ng
quay quanh trc Oz ca n c dng:

z
z
dL d
M I I
dt dt
e
c = = = (7-9)
Khi mmen lc
z
M c tr xc nh th vt rn s thu c gia tc gc cng b nu
mmen qun tnh I ca n i vi trc quay Oz cng ln. Vy I c trng cho mc qun
tnh ca vt rn trong chuyn ng quay quanh trc Oz.
Nu thnh phn ca mmen ngoi lc trn trc c nh Oz bng khng,
z
M 0 = , th
mmen xung lng
z
L c bo ton:

z
L I const e = =
Vt rn s quay theo qun tnh vi vn tc gc khng i (v I ca vt rn khng
i).
154

Trong chuyn ng quay t do, nu cc b phn ca vt dch chuyn vi nhau th
mmen qun tnh I bin i v vn tc gc cng bin i th no khi
z
M 0 = th
z
L I const e = = . Chng hn nh trn mt gh quay vi ma st nh, c mt ngi cm
hai qu nng, th khi dang tay ra, mmen qun tnh i vi trc quay tng ln, by gi,
vn tc gc quay s phi gim m bo cho tch I khng i.
Gia mmen ca lc tc dng v cng n sinh ra khi vt rn quay quanh trc c nh,
c mi lin h n gin. Cng nguyn t ca lc F khi vt rn quay mt gc v cng b
d l:

s s
A Fds FRd o = =
trong F
s
l hnh chiu ca F trn phng chuyn di ds . Ch
s z
FR M = , ta c:

z
A M d o =
Nu lc tc dng ln vt rn l lc th th cng A o bng gim th nng -dU nn
ta c:

z
A dU M d o = =
hay
z
dU
M
d
= (7-10)
Vy, mmen lc bng o hm theo gc ca th nng i du. Nn lu rng h thc
trn ging h thc lin h gia lc v th nng.

2. NNG LNG CA VT RN
1. nh l v s bin thin ng nng ca vt rn
Ta bit rng vt rn c tnh cht c bit l khong cch gia hai cht im bt k ca
vt khng thay i, do di tc dng ca ni lc, cc cht im ca vt rn khng
dch chuyn. V vy cng ca ni lc tc dng ln vt rn bng khng. Cng ca ngoi
lc tc dng ln vt rn bng bin thin ng nng ca vt.

2 1
A T T = (7-11)
2. C nng ca vt rn
a. ng nng ca vt rn
155

Biu thc ng nng ca vt rn trong chuyn ng tnh tin rt n gin. Khi chuyn
ng tnh tin, mi cht im ca vt rn c cng vn tc
k
(v v) = nn ng nng T ca
vt rn bng:

2 2
k k
k
1 1
T m v mv
2 2
= =

(7-12)
trong v l vn tc chuyn ng tnh tin ca vt rn v
k
k
m m =

l khi lng ca
vt rn.
ng nng ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh A bng:
( )
2
2 2
k k k k
k k
1 1 1
T m v m R I
2 2 2
e e = = =

(7-13)
trong R
k
l khong cch t cht im k n trc quay A ,
2
k k
k
I m R =

l mmen qun
tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay A v l vn tc gc ca vt rn.
Nu vt rn chuyn ng bt k th ta
xem chuyn ng ca vt rn l tng hp
hai chuyn ng, chuyn ng tnh tin
cng vi im O vi vn tc
o
v
vafhcuyeenr ng quay quanh mt trc
A i qua O. Vn tc ca cht im k ca
vt rn bng:

k o k
v v r e = + .
trong bn knh vect
k
r k t gc O
n im k (hnh 7.2).
ng nng ca vt rn bng:
{ }
2
2
k k k o k
k k
1 1
T m v m v r
2 2
e = = + .



Hnh 7.2
=
( )
2
2
o k k o k k
k k
1 1
mv m r v m r
2 2
e e
| |
+ . + .
|
\ .


Ch rng v tr khi tm C ca vt rn i vi h ta Oxyz gn cht vi vt rn
c xc nh bi bn knh vect
C
r k t gc O n tm khi C. Theo nh ngha, ta c:

k k
k
C
k
k
m r
r
m
=

156

Nu chn gc O trng vi khi tm C th
o c
v v = v
C
r 0 = . Khi
k k
k
m r 0 =

v
biu thc ng nng c dng n gin:

2 2
c k k
k
m 1
T v m ( r )
2 2
e = + .

(7-14)
trong
c
v l vn tc khi tm ca vt rn. Vi biu thc ny ca ng nng, chuyn
ng tnh tin v chuyn ng quay tr thnh c lp vi nhau.
S hng th nht trong (7-14)

2
t c
m
T v
2
= (7-15)
l ng nng chuyn ng tnh tin ca vt rn cng vi khi tm v s hng th hai

2
q k k
k
1
T m ( r )
2
e = .

(7-16)
l ng nng chuyn ng quay quanh mt trc A i qua khi tm C vi vn tc gc e .
Gi
k
R l khong cch t cht im
k
m n trc quay A i qua khi tm C, th ta c:

( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
k k k k
2
q c
r r sin , r R
1
T I
2
e e e e
e
. = =
=
(7-17)
trong
2
c k k
k
I m R =

l mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc A i qua khi tm C.

Nhng v

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
k k k k k k
R r sin ( , r ) r r cos ( , r ) e e e e e e = =
=
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
k k k x k y k z k
r r r x y z e e e e e e = + +
=
( )( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z k k k x k y k z k
x y z x y z e e e e e e + + + + + +
=
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x k k y k k z k k
x y k k y z k k z x k k
y z z x x y
2 x y 2 y z 2 z x
e e e
e e e e e e
+ + + + +

,
nn ta c th vit li phn ng nng nh sau:

2 2 2 2
q A x x y y z z xy x y yz y z zx z x
1 1 1 1
T I I I I I I I
2 2 2 2
e e e e e e e e e e = = + + + + + (7-18)
y
157


2 2
x k k k
k
2 2
y k k k
k
2 2
z k k k
k
I m (y z )
I m (z x )
I m (x y )
= +
= +
= +

(7-19)
l cc mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi cc trc x, y, z ca h Oxyz gn vi vt rn
v

xy yx k k k
k
yz zy k k k
k
zx xz k k k
k
I I m x y
I I m y z
I I m z x
= =
= =
= =

(7-20)
gi l cc mmen qun tnh li tm hay cc tihcs qun tnh.
Ta c th chn h ta Oxyz gn cht vi vt rn cho cc mmen qun tnh li tm
u bng khng. Tht vy, a vo mt vect
n
r
I
A
= vi n
e
e
= l vect n v nm
trn trc A, ta c:

x x
y y
z z
n 1
x ,
I I
n
1
y ,
I I
n 1
x .
I I
e
e
e
e
e
e
A A
A A
A A
= =
= =
= =
(7-21)
Thay
x
x I e e
A
= ,
y
y I e e
A
= ,
z
z I e e
A
= vo (7-18), ta c:

2 2 2
x y z xy yz zx
x I y I z I 2xyI 2yzI 2zxI 1 + + + + + = (7-22)
Phng trnh (7-22) l phng trnh mt bc hai do u mt ca vect
n
r
I
A
= to
nn. V I
A
c gi tr gii ni nn x, y, z c gi tr gii ni. Vy mt bc hai (7-22) l mt
elipsoit v c gi l elipsoit qun tnh. Trong hnh gii tch, ngi ta chng minh
rng nu chn ba trc ca h ta Oxyz gn vi vt rn l ba trc i xng ca elipsoit
th phng trnh mt elipsoit qun tnh c dng:

2 2 2
x y z
x I y I z I 1 + + = (7-23)
Trong iu kin ny, ta c:
158


xy yz zx
I I I 0 = = = (7-24)
Ba trc x, y, z ca h ta Oxyz gn vi vt rn tha mn iu kin
xy yz zx
I I I 0 = = = gi l ba trc qun tnh i vi im O. Nu im O trng vi khi tm
C ca vt rn th ba trc x, y, z ny gi l ba trc qun tnh chnh. Nh vy, qua mt im
O bt k ca mt vt rn bao gi ta cng tm c ba trc qun tnh vung gc vi nhau.
Trc z c gi l trc qun tnh nu
yz zx
I I 0 = = . Nhng trc i xng ca vt l nhng
trc qun tnh. Th d, nu trc z l trc i xng ca vt th ng vi im c ta x, y,
z c khi lng l m s c im c ta -x, -y, -z cng c khi lng l m nn

zx k k k
k
I m x z 0 = =

v
yz k k k
k
I m y z 0 = =

Nu chn nhng trc x, y, z ca h ta Oxyz gn lin vi vt rn l cc trc qun
tnh th biu thc ng nng T
q
ca vt rn c dng n gin:

( )
2 2 2
q x x y y z z
1
T I I I
2
e e e = + + (7-25)
b. Th nng ca vt rn trong trng trng lc
Ta xt trng hp vt rn chuyn ng trong trng trng lc. Ch h thc gia th
nng v lc
k k
P m g = tc dng ln cht im m
k
ca vt rn, ta c:

( )
( )
k k k k
k k
dU m g ds m g dz = =


vi trc Oz l trc thng ng hng ln trn.
hay
k k
k
dU gd m z
| |
=
|
\ .

Ch
k k
k
c
m z
z
m
=

l cao ca khi tm, ta vit c:

c
dU mgdz =
Th nng ca vt rn trong trng trng lc l:

c
U mgz const = +
Hng s ty c chn th nng ca vt rn mt t bng khng. Khi
const 0 = v biu thc ca th nng by gi c dng n gin:

c
U mgz = (7-26)
c. C nng ca vt rn
Khi vt rn chuyn ng trong trng lc th, c nng ca n c bo ton:

2 2
c c
1 1
E mv I U const
2 2
e = + + = (7-27)
159

p dng nh lut bo ton nng
lng ny cho mt hnh tr ln khng
trt trn mt phng nghing, chiu cao
h (hnh 7.3) vi vn tc ban u bng
khng. Ta c:
2 2
c c
1 1
mgh mv I
2 2
e = +
Hnh 7.3
V
c
v R e = (ln khng trt) nn ng thc trn c th vit:

2 2
c
c c
2
1 1 I
mgh mv v
2 2 R
= +
T , ta xc nh c vn tc tnh tin v
c
ca hnh tr cui mt phng nghing:

c
c
2
2gh
v
I
1
mR
=
+



3. BIU THC CA MMEN QUN TNH. NH L HUYGHEN
STENER

Gi r
k
l khong cch t phn t nh ca vt rn c khi lng
k
m A n trc quay.
Biu thc ca mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay c dng:

2
k k
k
I m r = A

Trong trng hp vt rn l mi trng lin tc c khi lng ring (khi lng ca
n v th tch) th biu thc mmen qun tnh trn c thay bng tch phn:

2 2
I r dm r dV = =
} }
(7-28)
trong r l khong cch t v tr ca khi lng nguyn t dm = dV ti trc quay v
tch phn ly i vi ton b th tch V ca vt rn.
Ta hy p dng biu thc (7-28) xc nh mmen qun tnh ca mt vi vt rn.
1. Tnh mmen qun tnh ca mt hnh tr trn ng cht ( = const) c bn knh R,
c chiu cao h i vi trc i xng ca n (i qua khi tm C).
Chia hnh tr thnh nhng lp tr mng, bn knh trong r, bn knh ngoi r + dr (hnh
7.4). Khi lng ca lp tr mng s bng:
dm dV .h.2 .rdr t = =
160

Mmen qun tnh ca hnh tr i vi
trc ca n bng:
R R
2 3 4
0 0
1
I r dm 2 hr dr hR
2
t t = = =
} }

Ch
2
. R h m t = l khi lng ca
c hnh tr, ta c:
Hnh 7.4

2
1
I mR
2
= (7-29)
2. Tnh mmen qun tnh ca mt thanh
ng cht c chiu di l i vi trc z i qua
im gia ca thanh v vung gc vi thanh
(hnh 7.5).
Gi l mt khi lng trn mt n
v di, ta c:
dm .dr = , m = .l
Mmen qun tnh ca thanh i vi trc z
bng:

Hnh 7.5

l
3 2
2
2 2
l
2
l ml
I r dm r dr
12 12

= = = =
} }
(7-30)
3. Tnh mmen qun tnh ca mt thanh ng cht c chiu di l i vi trc z vung
gc vi thanh v i qua u mt ca thanh.

3 2 l
2 2
0
l ml
I r dm r dr
3 3

= = = =
} }
(7-31)
4. Tnh mmen qun tnh ca qu cu ng cht c bn knh R i vi trc i qua
tm O (khi tm) qu cu (hnh 7.6).
V tr nguyn t dm c xc nh bi ba
ta x, y, z. Mmen qun tnh ca qu cu
i vi trc z i qua tm O bng:

( )
2 2
z
I x y dm = +
}

Trong
2 2
x y + l bnh phng khong
cch t nguyn t dm ti trc z. Tng t,
ta c mmen qun tnh ca qu cu i vi
cc trc x, y:

Hnh 7.6
161


( )
2 2
x
I y z dm = +
}


( )
2 2
y
I z x dm = +
}

V tnh i xng ca qu cu, nn

( ) ( )
2 2 2
x y z x y z
1 2
I I I I I I I x y z dm
3 3
= = = = + + = + +
}

Ly
2
dm dV 4 r dr t = = l khi lng lp cu mng nm gia r v r + dr v ch
2 2 2 2
x y z r + + = , ta c:

R
2 2 3 2 2
0
2 4 2 2
I r .4 r dr R . R mR
3 3 5 5
t
t = = =
}
(7-32)
trong
3
4
m R
3
t
= l khi lng ca qu cu.
5. nh l Huyghen Stener
Xt mi lin h gia mmen qun tnh ca mt vt rn i vi hai trc quay song song
m mt trong hai trc quay i qua khi tm C.
Gi R
k
l khong cch t cht im m
k
n trc quay A i qua khi tm C,
k
R' l
khong cch t cht im m
k
ni trn n trc quay ' A ( / / ' A A), a l khong cch gia
hai trc quay, I
c
l mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc A i qua khi tm C v I l
mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc ' A , ta c:
2
c k k
k
I m R =

,
2
k k
k
I m R' =

,
k k
R a R ' = + (
k k
R Am ' = ,
k k
R Bm = ,
a AB = ) (hnh 7.7).
2 2 2
k k k
R a R 2aR ' = + + ;
(
k k
R BC r = + , BC a , a.BC 0 = )

( )
2 2 2
k k k
2 2
k k
R a R 2a BC r
a R 2ar
' = + + +
= + +
D
thy rng:

Hnh 7.7

2 2 2 2
k k k k k c k k
k k k
I m R m (a R 2ar ) ma I 2a m r ' = = + + = + +


162

Lu rng chn khi tm C lm gc nn
k k
k
c
m r
r 0
m
= =

, ta nhn c nh l
Huyghen Stener.

2
c
I I ma = + (7-33)
nh l: mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi mt trc no bng, mmen qun tnh
ca n i vi trc song song i qua khi tm cng vi tch khi lng ca vt vi bnh
phng khong cch gia hai trc.

4. MMEN XUNG LNG CA VT RN
Xt chuyn ng ca vt rn quanh mt im c nh O. Vect mmen xung lng
ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc A i qua im O vi vn tc gc e bng:

o k k k
k
L r m v = .

vi
k k
v r e = . (7-34)
trong
k
r l bn knh vect k t gc O n cht im k.
Chn h ta Descartes gc O gn lin vi vt rn (h Oxyz) xc nh cc thnh
phn L
x
, L
y
, L
z
ca vect
o
L .
Khi vt rn chuyn ng th cc vect n v i, j, k t trn cc trc x, y, z tng ng
thay i chiu, nhng cc mmen qun tnh khng thay i. Lu rng:

( )
( )
( )
x y z
x x y z
y y z x
z z x y
2 2
z y x y z
x
2 2
x z y z x
y
2 2
y x z x
z
v [ r]=iv jv kv ,
v [ r] .z .y,
v [ r] .x .z,
v [ r] .y .x,
r v yv zv y z xy xz,
r v zv xv z x yz yx,
r v xv yv x y z
e
e e e
e e e
e e e
e e e
e e e
e e
= . + +
= . =
= . =
= . =
(
. = = +

(
. = = +

(
. = = +

y
x zy, e

ta vit c:
163


o x y z
L iL jL kL = + +
trong :

x x x y xy z xz
y y y z yz x yx
z z z x zx y zy
L I I I
L I I I
L I I I
e e e
e e e
e e e
= + +
= + +
= + +
(7-35)
l cc hnh chiu ca
o
L trn cc trc x, y, z ca h di ng Oxyz;
x
I ,
y
I ,
z
I l mmen
qun tnh ca vt rn i vi cc trc x, y, z v
xy
I ,
yz
I ,
zx
I l cc mmen qun tnh li
tm. Nu chn cc trc x, y, z l nhng trc qun tnh th
xy yz zx
I I I 0 = = = . Khi ta c:

x x x y y y z z z
L I ;L I ;L I e e e = = = (7-36)
T y ta thy rng khi quay vt rn quanh trc qun tnh th mmen xung lng ca n
nm trn trc y.

5. CHUYN NG QUAY T DO CA VT RN
Ta hy xt chuyn ng t do ca vt rn khi khng c ngoi lc no no tc dng ln
n. Bi v khi tm C chuyn ng thng u, cho nn chng ta khng cn quan tm ti
chuyn ng ca n. Coi khi tm ng yn, chng ta hy kho st chuyn ng quay t
do ca vt rn quanh khi tm C. Phng trnh chuyn ng quay quanh im C ca vt
rn by gi c dng:

dL
0
dt
=
Do , vect mmen xung lng ca n c bo ton:
L const =
V trong trng hp chung vect L khng cng chiu vi e , nn vect vn tc gc e
ni chung khng bo ton v phng ca trc quay ca vt rn (phng ca vect e )
cng bin thin. Trong trng hp c bit, do tnh i xng cu ca vt, ba mmen qun
tnh ca vt rn i vi ba trc qun tnh chnh bng nhau
x y z
I I I I = = = , th:

x y z x y z
L iL jL kL I(i j k ) I e e e e = + + = + + = (7-37)
164

Vect mmen xung lng bao gi cng cng chiu vi vect vn tc gc v s bo
ton ca L ko theo s bo ton ca e . Vt rn nh vy gi l con quay cu, con quay
cu t do s quay u quanh mt truc khng i L.
Trong trng hp vt rn c hai trong ba mmen qun tnh bng nhau
x y z
I I I I = = =
th vt rn nh vy gi l con quay i xng, hay gn hn l con quay. Chuyn ng
quay t do ca con quay c nhng nt c bit, suy ra t nh lut bo ton nng lng
v vect mmen xung lng ca n.
Nng lng ton phn ca con quay chuyn ng t do quanh khi tm C bng:

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
x y z z z z
1 1 1 1
E T I I I I I const
2 2 2 2
e e e e e = = + + = + = (7-38)
trong
2 2 2 2
x y z
e e e e = + + . Ch rng
x x
L Ie = ,
y y
L Ie = ,
z z
L Ie = nn biu thc
ca ng nng T c vit:

2 2 2 2 2
x y z z
z z
1 1 1 1 1 1
T (L L ) L L L const
2I 2I 2I 2 I I
| |
= + + = + =
|
\ .
(7-39)
y
2 2 2 2
x y z
L L L L const = + + = . V T = const v L = const, ta suy ra
z z z
L Lcos I const u e = = = . T y ta c:

z
const e = ,
o
const u u = =
trong l gc to thnh bi L v trc z (hnh 7.8).
V const u = nn
d
0
dt
u
= , ngha l thnh
phn vn tc gc ca con quay nm trn
trc i qua C v vung gc vi mt phng
to thnh bi vect L v trc z bng khng.
Do , vect e nm trong mt phng to
thnh bi L v trc z. V T = const,
z
const e = , ta suy ra const e= , ngha l
ln ca vect vn tc gc c bo ton.

Hnh 7.8
ng nng ca con quay c biu din qua tch v hng ca L v e :
165


( )
x x y y z z
1 1 1
T L L L L L cos const
2 2 2
e e e e e o = + + = = =
y l gc to thnh bi vect L v e (hnh 7.9). Do T = const, L = const;
const e= nn = const, const u o = .
Chuyn ng ca con quay t do l hp
ca hai chuyn ng: chuyn ng quay
quanh trc z vi vn tc gc
1
e v cng vi
trc z quay quanh trc L const = vi vn
tc gc
2
e ,
1 2
e e e = + . V , v
( ) u o khng i nn ln ca
1
e v
2
e
khng i.

Hnh 7.9
Tm li, ta c hnh nh sau y ca chuyn ng quay t do ca con quay trong
trng hp tng qut: n quay u quanh trc i xng z ca n, trc z li quay u
quanh vect mmen xung lng L const = v vch nn mt hnh nn trn xoay c tm
ti khi tm v trc l vect khng i L. Chuyn ng quay ca trc z gi l tin ng
ca con quay; vect vn tc gc e c ln khng i, lun nm trong mt phng
( )
L, z v cng vi trc z quay u quanh vect L.

6. CHUYN NG CA VT RN QUANH MT IM C NH. CON
QUAY
Ta hy xt chuyn ng ca con quay
quay trong trng trng lc, quanh im
c nh O nm trn trc i xng z ca
n (hnh 7.10). Gi s con quay quay
nhanh quanh trc i xng z ca n vi
vn tc gc
z
e rt ln tha mn iu
kin sau:


z x z y
; e e e e

Hnh 7.10
166

Khi , ta c th b qua cc thnh phn
x x
L e ,
y y
L e rt b so vi
z z
L e v
coi mmen xung lng
z z
L I k e ~ nm trn trc z.
Mmen ca trng lc P i vi im c nh O, tc dng ln con quay bng:
M OC P =a k P a P k
( ( (
= . . = .


trong OC ak = l vect k t gc O n khi tm C, k l vect n v t theo trc
z, OC a = .
Theo nh l v s bin thin ca mmen xung lng, ta c:

( )
z z
dL d
I k M
dt dt
e = =
hay
z
z z z
d dk
I k I a k P a P k
dt dt
e
e
( (
+ = . = .

(7-40)
V vect
dk
dt
v vect k P
(
.

vung gc vi k nn khi chiu (7-40) ln trc z, ta
c:

z
z
d
I 0
dt
e
=
tc
z
const e = ,
z z z
L L I const e ~ = = . Vt, vect mmen xung lng c ln khng
i v mt ca n quay quanh mt trc A no i qua im O vi vn tc gc e .

( )
z z z z
dL dk
I I k a P k
dt dt
e e e
(
= = . = .

(7-41)
T (7-41) suy ra:

z z
aP
I
e
e
= (7-42)
Biu thc ny cho thy e , v do trc A , hng t di ln trn theo phng thng
ng. V
z
e c gi tr rt ln v khng i nn e c gi tr nh v khng i.
167

Mt khc, nu b qua nng lng chuyn ng ca khi tm v e nh, th nh lut
bo ton nng lng cho:

2
z z
1
E I P.a cos const
2
e u = + = (7-43)
T , ta thy gc gia hai trc z v A l khng i. Nh vy, con quay quay u
quanh trc i xng z ca n vi vn tc gc
z
e , ng thi trc z cng quay u quanh
trc thng ng A vi vn tc gc e (tin ng), vch nn mt mt nn trn xoay, nh
O v na gc m l .
Hin tng xy ra cng tng t nh vy
khi t vo con quay, ang quay nhanh
quanh trc z ca n mt ngu lc F, F
(hnh 7.11).
R rng ngu lc khng gy nn mt
chuyn ng tnh tin no ca khi tm m
ch lm cho trc z ca con quya quay quay
quanh khi tm ng yn m thi. Chiu
quay ca trc z c xc nh t phng
trnh:

Hnh 7.11

dL
M
dt
=
trong :

z z
dL
I k
dt
e e
(
= .



( ) ( )
M AB F F dk d F k = . = . = .
vi AB d = l cnh tay n ca ngu lc, k l vect n v t trn trc z. T phng
trnh

z z
I k d F k e e
( (
. = .


suy ra:
168


z z
d
F
I
e
e
= (7-44)
Vy e cng chiu vi F v hng theo trc y v ngu lc gy thm mt chuyn
ng quay ca con quay quanh trc qun tnh y.
Khi tc dng vo con quay mt ngu lc buc trc quay ca n quay quanh khi
tm, th con quay s tc dng ngc tr li mt ngu lc trc i, gi l ngu lc con
quay. Ngu lc con quay c tr bng tr ( ln) ca ngu lc tc dng ln n:

z z
M dF I e e = =
N t l vi
z
I v
z
e . V vy khi con quay ang quay nhanh vi vn tc gc
z
e rt ln
th mt mt rt kh lm lch trc quay ca n, mt khc mmen lc con quay cng rt
ln v nhiu trng hp tr nn nguy him cn phi lu . Th d, trong k thut khi ng
c quay nhanh m quay trc ca n th c th gy trc hay lm v mng trc.
Nu khng c mt mmen ngoi lc no tc dng ln con quay th momoen xung
lng ca con quay c bo ton
z z
L I k const e = = m phng ca L chnh l
phng ca trc i xng z ca con quay v do phng ca trc con quay (trc z)
khng i trong khng gian. Tnh cht ny c ng dng xc nh phng hng.
Trong cc tu bin ngi ta dng con quay t do lm la bn. Nu ban u cho con quay
chuyn ng vi vn tc gc e ln xc nh v hng trc ca n (trc z) theo phng
Bc Nam th trong qu trnh tu chy trc ca n vn ch theo phng Bc Nam.
Trong cc con tu v tr, tn la v tr ngi ta dng con quay t do xc nh phng
hng.
Cui cng ta hy dng hiu ng con quay gii thch v sao vin n khi lt khi
nng sng m c truyn mt chuyn ng xoay quanh trc i xng ca n (bng cch
dng nng sng c rnh xon c) th khi bay, trc ca vin n lun lun gn trng vi
phng tip tuyn ca qu o. Nu b qua lc cn ca mi trng (khng kh) th
mmen ngoi lc i vi khi tm tc dng ln vin n bng khng. Do vect
mmen xung lng L c bo ton v trc ca vin n lun gi mt phng khng
i trong khng gian (hnh 7.12).
169


Hnh 7.12 Hnh 7.13
Trong thc t lc cn
c
F bao gi cng c, im t A ca n v pha u vin n v
chiu ngc vi vn tc
c
v ca khi tm C. Nh vy vin n quay quanh trc z ca n
(vi vn tc gc
z
e ) th di tc dng ca mmen cn
c c
M CA F
(
= .

trc z s quay
quanh vect vn tc
c
v ca khi tm, ngha l quay quanh ng tip tuyn vi qu o
ti C (hnh 7.13).

7. HP LC. H LC CN BNG
1. Cc tnh cht ca lc tc dng ln vt rn
Trong 1 chng ta thy rng chuyn ng ca vt rn c xc nh bng tng cc
ngoi lc tc dng ln vt rn

k
k
F F =

v bng tng cc mmen ngoi lc ca chng i vi im O no chn lm gc ta
tc dng ln vt rn:

k k
k
M r F
(
= .

Kt qu tc dng ca lc t ln vt rn ch thay i khi vect tng cc lc v vect
tng cc mmen lc ca chng thay i. V vy:
a) Nu hai h lc khc nhau tc dng ln vt rn m tng cc lc bng nhau v tng
mmen lc i vi mt im O bt k cng bng nhau th kt qu tc dng ca hai h lc
y ln vt rn l nh nhau. Hai h lc nh vy gi l hai h lc tng ng.
170

b) Khi cho mt lc F trt trn gi ca n (trt trn ng thng cha vect lc) t
v tr k v v tr i bt k (hnh 7.14) th mmen ca lc Ft ti im k v t ti im i
i vi im O bt k bng nhau:
k i
M r F r F = . = . ,
F
M F.d = v
do khng lm thay i tng cc lc
cng nh tng cc mmen lc tc dng
ln vt rn. Vy khi mt lc F trt trn
gi ca n th kt qu tc dng ca lc F
ln vt rn khng thay i.

Hnh 7.14
c) Khi thm vo hay bt i mt h hai lc
i
F ,
k
F cng gi, ngc chiu v c ln
bng nhau (hnh 7.15) th d dng thy rng:

i k
F F 0 + =

i i k k
r F r F 0 . + . =
v do khng lm thay i tng cc lc
cng nh tng mmen lc tc dng ln
vt rn V vy c th thm hay bt hai
lc cng gi, ngc chiu, ln bng
nhau m khng lm thay i kt qu tc
dng ca lc t ln vt rn.
Hnh 7.15
l ba tnh cht ca lc tc dng ln vt rn.
2. Hp lc
p dng cc tnh cht ca lc tc dng ln vt rn, trong mt s trng hp chng ta
c th thay mt h nhiu lc tc dng ln vt rn bng mt lc tng ng duy nht, gi
l hp lc. Theo tnh cht a), hp lc F ca nhiu lc
k
F phi tha mn hai iu kin:

k
k
F F =

(7-45)

k k
k
M r F r F
( (
= . = .

(7-46)
trong r v
k
r l cc bn knh vect k t gc ta O n im t ca lc F v
k
F .
Phng trnh u xc nh ln v phng chiu hp lc F phng trnh th hai xc
nh im t ca hp lc F; l mt ca vect r .
171

Nu cc lc tc dng ln vt rn ng quy, ngha l gi ca chng u i qua mt im
I chung, th ta c th thay chng bng mt hp lc. Tht vy, theo b) cho mi lc
k
F
trt trn gi ca n tt c cc lc
k
F u c a v c im t chung ti im
ng quy I. Xong, ly tng cc lc
k
F theo quy tc cng vect, ta c hp lc F m im
t ti I hoc ti mt im bt k trn gi ca n. Hp lc F nh vy r rng l tha mn
iu kin (7-45). Khi cc lc
k
F c im t chung I th cc vect
k
r u l r v ta
c:

k k k k
k k
r F r F r F r F
( (
. = . = . = .



ngha l F cng tha mn iu kin (7-46). Trng hp ring ch c hai lc ng quy
1
F ,
2
F th hp lc F c ln, phng chiu c xc nh bng ng cho ca hnh bnh
hnh m hai cnh l hai lc
1
F v
2
F .
Nu cc lc tc dng ln vt rn song
song (gi ca chng song song), th
ln, chiu v im t ca hp lc c
xc nh nh sau: gi e l vect n v
trn mt trc song song vi gi cc lc
k
F . Mi lc
k
F by gi s c biu thc:

k k
F eF =

Hnh 7.16
trong
k
F l tr i s ca
k
F . Khi
k
F 0 > th
k
F cng chiu vi e v ngc li. Hp
lc se bng:

k k k
k k k
F F F e e F = = =

(7-47)
ln hp lc bng
k
k
F

, hp lc cng chiu vi e nu
k
k
F 0 >

v ngc chiu nu
k
k
F 0 <

.
im t ca hp lc c xc nh t iu kin:

k k k k k
k k k
r F r e F r F r F e
(
( ( (
. = . = . = .

(



hay l:

k k k
k k
r F e r F e
(
(
. = .

(



172

T y suy ra:

k k
k
k
k
r F
r
F
=

(7-48)
Nu
k
F l trng lc tc dng ln mi cht im k ca vt rn, th khi vt rn c kch
thc nh, ta c th xem cc lc
k
F song song. By gi im t ca hp lc F bng
biu thc (7-48), gi l trng tm ca vt rn. V
k k
F m g = nn:

k k
k
k
k
m r
r
m
=

(7-49)
Biu thc ny cho thy rng trng lc tc dng ln vt rn t ti khi tm ca n v
trng tm ca vt rn trng vi khi tm ca n.
Ta hy xt trng hp ch c hai lc song song
1
F v
2
F tc dng ln vt rn.
Ta c:
( )
1 2
F e F F = +

1 1 2 2
1 2
r F r F
r
F F
+
=
+

hay
1 2
1 2
r r F
F r r

Gi A, B, C l im t ca
1
F ,
2
F , F ta c:

1
r r AC = ,
2
r r CB =
Do

2
1
AC F
CB F
= (7-50)
Nu
1
F v
2
F cng chiu, th
2
1
F
0
F
> v cc vect AC, CB cng chiu (hnh 7.17).
Khi im C chia trong on thng AB thnh nhng on thng t l nghch vi cc lc
1
F ,
2
F .
173

Nu
1
F ,
2
F ngc chiu (hnh 7.18) th
2
1
F
0
F
< v cc vect AC, CB ngc chiu.
By gi im C chia ngoi on thng AB thnh nhng on thng t l nghch vi cc
lc
1
F ,
2
F .

Hnh 7.17 Hnh 7.18
Cui cng cn lu rng trong trng hp tng qut, ni chng khng th thay mt h
lc bt k ch bng mt lc duy nht.
3. Ngu lc
Trong trng hp tng cc lc t ln vt rn bng khng th khng c hp lc. By
gi tc dng ca h lc ln vt rn hon ton xc nh bng tng mmen lc.
Tng mmen lc trong trng hp
tng qut (khi tng cc lc khc khng)
ph thuc vo v tr gc O c chn
tnh mmen. Tuy nhin khi tng cc lc
bng khng th tng mmen lc khng
ph thuc g vo vic chn gc O. Tht
vy, chn hai im O v O' (hnh 7.19)
ta c:

Hnh 7.19

k k
r OO R ' = +
Tng mmen lc i vi O bng:

O k k k k k
k k k
M r F OO F R F ' = . = . + .


Khi
k
k
F 0 =

, ta c:

O k k k k O
k k
M r F R F M
'
= . = . =


H lc n gin nht c tng cc lc bng khng v tng cc mmen lc khc khng
l h hai lc song song, ngc chiu cng ln v c gi khc nhau (hnh 7.20). H lc
174

nh vy gi l mt cp lc hay ngu lc. Mt phng cha cp lc gi l mt phng tc
dng ca ngu lc. Mmen ca ngu lc bng:

( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
M r F r F r r F AB F
( (
( (
= . + . = . = .


(7-51)

Hnh 7.20

Chiu ca vect mmen ngu lc vung
gc vi mt phng tc dng ca n. ln
ca mmen ngu lc bng
F
Fd , trong
F
d l khong cch gia hai gi v gi l
cnh tay n ca ngu lc. Ngu lc c tc
dng lm bin i chuyn ng quay ca
vt rn.
Khi dch chuyn ngu lc trong mt phng tc dng ca n hoc dch chuyn ngu lc
trong mt phng song song vi mt phng tc dng ca n th vect mmen ngu lc
khng i, do kt qu tc dng ca ngu lc ln vt rn khng thay i. Nu hai ngu
lc khc nhau (cnh tay n khc nhau, cp lc khc nhau) nhng mmen bng nhau th
tc dng ca chng ln vt rn tng ng nhau.
Nu tc dng ln vt rn c nhiu ngu lc th tng cc lc vn bng khng v tng
mmen lc bng tng mmen ca cc ngu lc thnh phn:

k
k
M M =

vi
k
M l mmen ca ngu lc th k.
Trong trng hp tng qut tc dng ca mt h nhiu lc ln vt rn c thay bng
mt lc v mt ngu lc m mmen bng tng mmen lc ca h.
4. H lc cn bng
Nu vect tng cc lc t ln vt rn bng khng th phng trnh (7-5) cho thy khi
tm ca vt rn ng yn hoc chuyn ng thng u, nhng vt rn c th quay quanh
mt trc i qua khi tm. Vy iu kin cn vt rn ng yn, ngoi tng cc lc tc
dng ln vt bng khng, cn phi thm iu kin tng mmen lc i vi mt im O
bt k bng khng. H lc m tng cc lc bng khng v tng mmen cc lc i vi
im O bt k bng khng gi l mt h lc cn bng. Cn lu rng c h lc cn bng
th iu cha kt lun vt rn ng yn, m cn phi xt thm iu kin ban u:
nu ban u vt rn ng yn th di tc dng ca h lc cn bng, vt rn vn tip tc
ng yn. By gi, iu kin:
175


k
k
k k
k
F F
M r F 0
=
(
= . =

(7-52)
gi l iu kin cn bng ca vt rn trong tnh hc:
Ta hy ly mt th d s dng cc
iu kin cn bng xc nh cc lc
tc dng ln vt rn ng yn. Gi s c
mt thanh AB ng cht, khi lng m,
di l t ln hai gia 1 v 2 (hnh 7.21).
Bit khong cch t A ti gi 1 l
1
l ,
khong cch t B n gi 2 l
2
l ta
hy tm cc phn lc ca cc gi tc
dng ln thanh. Cc iu kin cn bng
cho:

Hnh 7.21

1 1 2 2
l l
F l F l
2 2
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

(C th chn gc O bt k tnh mmen, trn y ta chn gc l khi tm C). Nh
vy, ta c h hai phng trnh xc nh
1
F v
2
F :

2
1
1 2
l 2l P
F
l l l 2

=

;
1
2
1 2
l 2l P
F
l l l 2

=



8. MA ST LN
Trong thc t, ta thng gp chuyn ng ln ca nhng vt rn hnh tr trn. Trong
cc loi lc tc dng ln hnh tr, c nhng loi lc ma st phc tp. thy r tnh cht
v tc dng ca nhng lc ma st ny, ta hy xt mt hnh tr trn ng cht, khi lng
m, bn knh R ln trn mt mt phng ngang S.
Nu hnh tr trn v mt phng S u
l nhng vt rn l tng (khng bin
dng) th hnh tr s tip xc vi mt S
bng mt ng sinh i qua A (hnh
7.22). Ta tc dng vo hnh tr mt lc
nm ngang F. Do c ma st trt nn
im A xut hin mt lc ma st f bng
v ngc chiu vi F chng li s trt
ca hnh tr.

Hnh 7.22
176

Mt phng S tc dng ln hnh tr mt phn lc f N' + t ti A. Lc N' vung gc
vi mt S hng t di ln trn. Lc ny s trit tiu vi trng lc P tc dng ln hnh
tr. Hai lc F v f to thnh mt ngu lc lm cho hnh tr ln theo chiu ca F. Nh
vy d lc F nh th no th hnh tr cng phi ln.
Tuy nhin trong thc t, lc F t ln hnh tr theo phng ngang phi t ti mt gi
tr gii hn
m
F no hnh tr mi bt u ln. iu ch c th do mt moomne cn
no t ln vt rn lm cn tr chuyn ng ln ca vt. Nguyn nhn xut hin
mmen cn ny nh sau: khi hnh tr ln trn mt S th c hnh tr v mt S u b bin
dng v tip xc nhau khng phi dc theo mt ng thng (ng sinh hnh tr) i qua
A m dc theo mt di c rng no . Phn lc R f N' = + do mt phng S tc dng
ln hnh tr by gi khng phi t ti A m t ti mt im B no trong min tip
xc. Thnh phn f tip tuyn vi mt tip xc cn li chuyn ng tnh tin ca hnh tr
gi l lc ma st ln. N thng rt b so vi ma st trt. V theo phng thng ng
hnh tr khng chuyn ng nn tng cc lc tc dng ln hnh tr theo phng thng
ng bng khng. Do vy thnh phn N'
vung gc vi mt S v trng lc P c ln
bng nhau, c chiu ngc nhau v t trn hai gi khc nhau song song vi phng
thng ng. Mmen ca ngu lc
( )
P, N'
chnh l mmen cn chuyn ng ln ca hnh
tr. Thc nghim cho thy rng tr ca mmen cn M
c
t l vi thnh phn lc p vung
gc
( ) N N N ' = :

c
M kN =
H s t l k ph thuc vo bn cht hnh tr v mt phng, tnh cht ca mt tip xc.
N c th nguyn ca di. Sau y l nhng tr s ca k:
G trn g k = 0,05 0,15 cm.
Thp non trn thp non: 0,005 0,01 cm
Bnh xe t trn ng nha: 0,8 2,5 cm.

9. C HC CA VT RN BIN DNG

cc mc trn chng ta kho st nhng nh lut chuyn ng v iu kin cn
bng ca vt rn l tng, ngha l vt rn m khong cch gia hai im bt k ca n
lun lun khng thay i. Tuy nhin trong thc t, bt k vt rn no khi c ngoi lc tc
dng ln n u t nhiu b thay i th tch hoc hnh dng ca n. Vt rn nh vy gi
l vt rn bin dng v s thay i th tch hay hnh dng ca vt khi c ngoi lc t dng
ln n gi l s bin dng ca vt rn.
177

Trong mc ny ta s nghin cu nhng nh lut bin dng ca vt rn. C hai loi
bin dng ca vt rn: bin dng n hi v bin dng do.
1. Bin dng n hi
Khi c ngoi lc tc dng ln vt rn lm n b bin dng, v sau ngng tc dng
ca ngoi lc ln vt rn m vt rn tr v trng thi ban u (trng thi khng bin dng)
th s bin dng ca vt rn nh vy gi l s bin dng n hi. C hai loi bin dng
n hi: bin dng ko (hoc nn) v bin dng ct.
a. Bin dng ko (hoc nn)
Dng n gin nht ca bin dng l bin dng ko (hoc nn). Ly mt thanh rn
mnh (kim loi) mt u c gn cht vi tng v u kia c ko (hoc nn) bi
ngoi lc F.
Nu lc F t vung gc vi tit din ngang ca thanh th thanh b ko di ra v ta c
bin dng ko. Nu lc F c tc dng nn thanh ngn li, ta c bin dng nn. Hnh 7.23
cho ta bin dng ko.
Ngoi vt tc dng ln thanh mt lc F, do thanh cng tc dng ln tng mt lc
F, theo nh lut III Newton, tng s tc dng ln thanh mt lc F' trc i vi F.
Nh vy hai u thanh chu hai lc F v F' c ln bng nhau c chiu ngc nhau
tc dng. Lc F v F' c tc dng ko thanh di ra ngha l thanh b bin dng ko.
tm nh lut bin dng ca vt rn
ta cn hiu khi nim v ng sut p v
bin dng tng i .
Gi s c lc F tc dng ln mt S
ca vt rn. ng sut l lc tc dng ln
mt n v din tch ca vt rn:

F
p
S
=
Nu ng sut vung gc vi din tch
S th c gi l ng sut php tuyn v
nu ng sut nm tip tuyn vi din tch
S th c gi l ng sut tip tuyn.

Hnh 7.22
Trong trng hp bin dng ko ca thanh rn ni trn, ng sut php tuyn vung
gc vi tit din ngang ca thanh v c ln nh nhau dc theo di ca thanh. V
vy mi n v di ca thanh u b dn ra mt lng nh nhau, do dn ton
phn ca thanh s t l vi di thanh. Gi
o
I v I l di ca thanh trc v sau khi
bin dng th bin dng ton phn ( dn ton phn) ca thanh
o
I I I A = . Ta c:
178


o
I I A = hay
o
I
I

A
=
i lng gi l bin dng tng i ca thanh. i lng ny c gi tr bng
bin dng ca thanh trn mt n v di. Trong phm vi bin dng n hi ko hay
nn, mi lin h gia ng sut php tuyn p v bin dng tng i ca thanh c
xc nh bng h thc:
p E =
l nh lut Hooke (Hc) trong trng hp ko hay nn. H s E gi l h s Young.
H s ny c trng cho vt b bin dng. Nhng vt khc nhau, E c gi tr khc nhau.
V l i lng khng th nguyn nn E c th nguyn ca ng sut.
Ch rng, khi ko d theo chiu di ca thanh th chiu di ca thanh di ra v chiu
ngang ca thanh b co li. bin dng tng i theo chiu ngang ca thanh t l vi
ng sut php tuyn p v do cng t l vi bin dng tng i theo chiu di ,
ngha l:

p
E
o
c o = =
H s t l o gi l h s Poisson (Poatxng). Nh vy, c tnh n hi ca vt rn b
bin dng ko hay nn c xc nh bi hai hng s E v o .
Cng nguyn t ca lc F khi lm tng di ca thanh mt lng v cng b
( ) d l A
bng:

( )
o o o
A Fd l Fl d Spl d Sl E d o = A = = =
Cng ca lc F lm thanh bin dng:

2
E
A A V
2

o = =
}

trong
o
V Sl = l th tch ca thanh.
Vy khi c ngoi lc F tc dng ln thanh lm thanh bin dng th nng lng ca
thanh tng ln mt lng
2
E
V
2

. Ta k hiu nng lng ny bng ch U v gi n l

nng lng n hi ca vt rn.

2
E
U V
2

=
Nng lng n hi ng vi mt n v th tch bng:

2 2
U E p p
W
V 2 2E 2

= = = =
179

V cc phn t ca vt rn chuyn ng rt chm khi c ngoi lc F tc dng nn
ln vn tc ca cc phn t vt rn c th b qua v do nng lng n hi ca vt rn
l th nng n hi. S bin dng ko (hay nn) ca thanh ni trn l bin dng ng
nht, ngha l mi yu t th tch ca thanh u b bin dng nh nhau.
By gi ta khng ko thanh nh trn
m ta un thanh th bin dng ca thanh
l bin dng khng ng nht. Tht vy,
trc khi un nhng lp ca thanh l
nhng lp thng. Sau khi un lp ngoi
ca thanh b dn ra v lp trong ca
thanh b nn li. Do nhng phn t
ca thanh b bin dng khc nhau.

Hnh 7.24
By gi.ta hy xt bin dng ko (hoc nn) theo mi phng.
Gi s vt rn c dng hnh hp ch nht chu nhng lc ko t vung gc vi tt c
cc mt ca hnh hp v gi thit rng trn mi mt hnh hp lc c phn b u n.
ng sut php tuyn trn ba phng vung gc vi nhau (phng dc theo cc cnh hnh
hp) l khc nhau. Ta k hiu cc ng sut trn ba phng ny l
x
p ,
y
p ,
z
p . Nu cc gi
tr
x
p ,
y
p ,
z
p dng (hng ra mt ngoi ca hnh hp) (hnh 7-25) ta c bin dng ko
mi pha, ngc li nu
x
p ,
y
p ,
z
p m, ta c bin dng nn mi phng. bin dng
tng i
x
,
y
,
z
l dng ta c bin dng ko theo mi phng, l m ta c bin
dng nn theo mi phng.
Ta kho st s bin dng ko theo mi
phng nh kt a ca ba bin dng lin
tip dc theo ba trc khc nhau ca hnh
hp. Di tc dng ca ng sut
x
p hnh
hp s b di ra theo phng x v b co
li theo phng y v z. Ta c:
x
1x
p
E
= ,
x
1y 1z 1x
p
E
o
o = = =
Lp lun tng t nh trn i vi hai
phng cn li, ta nhn c:

Hnh 7.25

y
2y
p
E
= ,
y
2x 2z 2y
p
E
o
o = = =

y
z
3z 3z 2z 2y
p
p
,
E E
o
o = = = =
180

Nu vt rn b bin dng theo mi pha, ta c:

( )
( )
( )
x y z
x 1x 2x 3x
y x z
y 1y 2y 3y
z x y
z 1z 2z 3z
p p p
E
p p p
E
p p p
E
o

o

o

+
= + + =
+
= + + =
+
= + + =

By gi ta s tm bin dng tng i ca th tch hnh hp. Th tch hnh hp c
ba cnh l
x
, l
y
, l
z
bng
x y z
V l l l = . D thy rng:

x y z y x z z x y
V l l l l l l l l l A = A +A +A
bin dng tng i ca th tch hnh hp:

( )
y
x z
x y z x y z
x y z
l
V l l 1 2
p p p
V l l l E
o

A
A A A
= + + = + + = + +
Trng hp c bit khi
x y z
p p p p = = = th
x y z
= = = , ta c:

1 2
p
E
V p
3
V K
o

=
A
= =

trong
( )
E
K
3 1 2o
=

gi l h s nn theo mi phng.
Mt nng lng n hi khi bin dng nn hoc ko theo mi phng:

( )
2
x x y y z z
1 3 9
W= p p p p K
2 2 2
+ + = =
T h thc ny suy ra K > 0 v nu K < 0 th W < 0 ngha l vt bin dng cng ln th
nng lng n hi cng gim v do vt rn t n bin dng m khng cn c ngoi
lc tc dng chuyn vt rn v trng thi vi th nng n hi cc tiu. iu khng
th xy ra trong thc t. Vy K > 0 v do
1
2
o < .
b. Bin dng ct
trn ta bit, khi vt rn b bin dng theo mi phng th th tch ca n thay i.
Tuy nhin tn ti loi bin dng m th tch ca vt rn khng thay i. Bin dng ca
vt rn ch lm thay i hnh dng ca vt m khng thay i th tch ca n gi l bin
dng ct.
181

Khi bin dng ct, ta c:

x y z
V
0
V

A
= + + =
T suy ra

( )
x y z
x y z
x x
p p p 0
p p p
1
p
E E
o
o

+ + =
+
+
= =

hay

x x x
E
p 2G
1

o
= =
+

y
( )
E
G
2 1 o
=
+
gi l h s ct.
By gi ta kho st trng hp bin dng ct khi ngoi lc F tc dng nm tip tuyn
vi cc mt ca hnh hp.
Gi s mt di ca hnh hp c nh
v mt trn ca n chu tc dng ca mt
lc F nm tip tuyn vi mt theo
phng ca cnh hnh hp. ng sut tip
tuyn bng:

F
p
S
=
Di tc dng ca lc F hnh hp b
lch. Gc lch | khi bin dng nh t l
vi ng sut tip tuyn:

Hnh 7.26
p G| =
V chiu cao h ca hnh hp khi bin dng khng thay i nn sau khi bin dng th th
tch hnh hp khng thay i.
Cng ca ngoi lc F tc dng ln hnh hp lm hnh hp lch mt gc b | bng:
182

A F hd Sp.hd VG d o | | | | = = = t
trong V = Sh l th tch hnh hp.
Nng lng n hi khi bin dng trong trng hp ny bng:

2
G
U A V
2
|
= =
V nng lng n hi dng nn G > 0 v do 1 o > . Nh vy, i vi mi vt
rn khc nhau h s o nm trong gii hn:

1
1
2
o < <
Bin dng ct ca hnh hp m ta kho st trn l bin dng ng nht. by gi ta
kho st s bin dng ct khng ng nht, l s bin dng kh xon mt thanh mnh.
Gi thit mt u thanh c gn cht v u kia c xon li nh mt mmen lc no
.
Nhng tit din ngang khc nhau s
quay nhng gc khc nhau i vi tit
din y. V chiu cao ca thanh v tit
din ca thanh khng thay i nn th
tch ca thanh khi bin dng khng thay
i. ta kho st thanh c tit din trn c
bn knh R. Gi s y trn quay tng
i vi y di mt gc . Khi
ng sinh AB ca hnh tr x chuyn
thnh ng AB ' . V khong
AA R ' = v gc dch chuyn | trn
mt thanh tr b nn:

Hnh 7.27

R
tg
l

| | ~ =
y l l chiu di ca thanh.
Gi
r
r
l

| = l gc dch chuyn trn mt tr c bn knh r vi r < R th

r
| | < .
Thnh th, khi thanh tr b xon th nhng phn t ca thanh khc nhau s dch chuyn
nhng gc | khc nhau, cng gn trc hnh tr th gc | cng b. Do bin dng xon
trong trng hp ny l bin dng khng ng nht. Khi bin dng xon cc phn t ca
thanh s quay xung quanh trc hnh tr. Khi thanh trng thi cn bng th mmen xon
ca ngoi lc i vi trc hnh tr cn bng vi mmen cn n hi cn n hi. Nu gc
b th mmen cn
c
M t l bc nht vi gc :
183

M o =
trong o gi l h s xon.

2. Bin dng do
a. Bin dng do
Khi vt rn chu bin dng ct th bn trong vt rn c d tr nng lng n hi.
Thnh th trng thi bin dng ct l trng thi khng bn vng. Nu ng sut khng ln
lm, khi ngng tc dng ca ngoi lc th vt rn tr v trng thi ban u gim nng
lng n hi. Bin dng nh vy gi l bin dng ct n hi. Nu ng sut ln hn mt
gi tr gii hn no gi l gii hn n hi th ngng tc dng ca ngoi lc th vt rn
khng tr v hnh dng ban u. Bin dng ca vt rn nh vy gi l bin dngj cn d
hay bin dng do.
Trong phm vi bin dng do, nh lut
Hooke khng cn ng na. Trn hnh v
cho ta ng cong m t s ph thuc gia
ng sut p v bin dng tng i .
Khi
o
p p < th ng sut p ph thuc bc
nht vo , do on OA l on thng.
Nh vy vi
o
p p < th nh lut Hooke
nghim ng. Gi tr
o
p gi l gii hn n
hi nh nht. Khi
o c
p p p < < vt rn bin
dng do. S ph thuc gia p v c
biu din bng on cong AB. Gi tr ng
sut ti im B l
c
p gi l gii hn chy.
Khi
c
p p = th vt b chy.

Hnh 7.28
b. Bn cht ca bin dng do
i vi thanh n tinh th, khi bin dng do ta quan st thy cc lp ca thanh trt
lch nhau. hiu r bn cht ca bin dng do ta hy tm nguyn nhn g lam fcho cc
lp tinh th trt lch nhau.
Mun cho lp tinh th ny trt lch
i vi lp tinh th khc cn phi t
mt lc ln thng lc lin kt phn
t gia cc lp phn t. Theo l thuyt
mun c bin dng tng i t
n bc n v th ng sut p c bc ca
h s ct G.


Hnh 7.29
184

Nhng trong thc t, ng sut n hi vo khong
2 4
10 10 ln nh hn h s ct G
th c th lm cho lp tinh th ny trt lch i vi tinh th khc. S mu thun ny c
th gii thch c nu da vo thuyt lch mng.
Hnh v di y cho ta mng li tinh th khng gian. nhng im giao nhau ca
ng thng l nhng nguyn t hoc ion.
Hnh 7.30a cho ta mng li tinh th khng b h hng, hnh 7.30b cho ta mng li
tinh th b h hng bi na mt phng ABCD. B di ca na mt phng ABCD l
ng CD. ng ny gi l ng lch mng b. Nguyn t D ca ng lch mng s
lin kt yu so vi nguyn t M v N v do khi c ng sut tip tuyn t c gi tr
gii hn th ng lch mng s dch chuyn t v tr ny sang v tr khc v cui cng
chy ra ngoi tinh th gy ra s trt ca lp tinh th ny i vi lp tinh th khc ngha
l gy ra bin dng do.

Hnh a Hnh b
Hnh 7.30

CU HI V BI TP

1. Vit nhng phng trnh ng lc hc ca vt rn chuyn ng. Thnh lp
phng trnh ng lc hc ca vt rn quay xung quanh mt trc c nh. Mmen qun
tnh ca vt rn i vi mt trc l g?
2. Biu thc ng nng ca vt rn trong cc chuyn ng: tnh tin, quay xung
quanh mt trc c nh, chuyn ng bt k.
3. Th nng ca vt rn trong trng trng lc. Nng lng ton phn ca vt rn?
4. Con quay. Hiu ng con quay v p dng
5. Hp nhng lc ng quy v nhng lc song song. iu kin cn bng ca vt rn?
7.1. Bnh xe l mt a trn ng cht c khi lng m, c bn knh R ln c trt trn
mt ng thng nm ngang di tc dng ca mt lc F khng i hng theo
185

phng nm ngang v t khi tm ca bnh xe. Cho h s ma st trt bng ha
v thi im ban u bnh xe ng yn.
a. Tm phng trnh chuyn ng ca bnh xe
b. Chng t rng khi khng c lc ma st th bnh xe khng th ln.
7.2. Hai vt c khi lng ln lt bng
1
m v
2
m c ni vi nhau bng mt si dy
khng gin vt qua mt rng rc. Khi lng ca rng rc l m, bn knh l R,
mmen cn t ln rng rc l M
C
. B qua khi lng ca dy v coi rng rc l a
trn ng cht.

a. Tm gia tc ca cc vt
bng hai cch:
- Dng nhng phng trnh ng
lc hc.
- Dng nh lut bin thin ng
nng.
b. Tm lc cng ca cc dy
treo.

Hnh 7.31

Hnh 7.32


7.3. Mt hnh tr c ng cht c bn
knh R = 0,2 m, c khi lng
1
m 150kg = quay xung quanh mt
trc nm ngang trung vi trc hnh tr.
Mt dy khng gin qun quanh hnh
tr b qua khi lng ca dy. u t
do ca dy treo mt vt nng c khi
lng
2
m 40kg = . Mmen cn t ln
hnh tr
C
M 3, 4Nm = . Tm gia tc
ca vt nng v sc cng ca dy.
Hy gii bi ton trn bng hai cch:
- p dng nh lut bin thin c
nng ca h.
- p dng nhng phng trnh ng
lc hc vt rn.
186

7.4. Mt vt A c khi lng m1 trt trn mt phng nghing v lm quay hnh tr trn
ng cht c bn knh R. Khi lng ca hnh tr l
2
m , mmen cn t ln hnh
tr bng M
C
, h s ma st trt gia vt A v mt phng nghing l k. Tm gia tc
gc ca hnh tr. Cho bit gc to thnh gia mt phng nghing v mt phng
ngang l , si dy khng gin v c khi lng b qua (hnh 7.33).
Hy gii bi ton trn bng hai cch:
- Dng nhng phng trnh ng lc hc vt rn
- Dng nh lut bin thin ng nng.
7.5. Mt hnh tr trn ng cht c bn
knh R = 20cm, ln khng trt
trn mt phng nghing hp vi
mt phng ngang mt gc
o
30 o = .
Tm phng trnh chuyn ng ca
hnh tr. Cho g = 9,8m/s
2
.
Hy gii bi ton trn bng hai
cch:
- Dng nhng nh lut ca ng
lc hc vt rn.
- Dng nh lut bo ton c
nng.


Hnh 7.33



Hnh 7.34

7.6. Mt qu cu ng cht ln khng
trt trn mt phng nghing hp
vi mt phng ngang mt gc o .
Lc u (t = 0) khi tm ca qu
cu cao h. Tm vn tc v gia
tc khi tm ca qu cu chn
mt phng nghing.
Hy gii bi ton trn bng hai
cch:
- p dng nh lut bo ton c
nng.
- p dng nhng phng trnh
ng lc hc vt rn.
7.7. Mt a trn ng cht c khi lng m, bn knh R. Tnh mmen qun tnh ca a
i vi cc trc x, y, z ca h ta vung gc c gc t khi tm ca a v
trc z vung gc vi mt a.
187


Hnh 7.35
7.8. Mt hnh tr trn ng cht c khi lng m, bn knh R, chiu cao bng 2H. Tnh
mmen qun tnh ca hnh tr i vi cc trc x, y, z ca h ta vung gc c
gc t khi tm ca hnh tr v trc z vung gc vi mt y hnh tr (hnh
7.36).

Hnh 7.36 Hnh 7.37
7.9. Mt hnh nn ng cht c khi lng m, bn knh R, chiu cao H. Tnh mmen
qun tnh ca hnh nn i vi cc trc x, y, z ca h ta vung gc c gc t
nh hnh nn (hnh 7.37)
7.10. Mt v lng hnh a trn c khi lng m 500kg = , bn knh R 0, 2m = ang
quay quanh trc ca n vi vn tc gc n = 480

. Tc dng mt mmen hm
khng i ln v lng. Tm mmen hm trong hai trng hp:
a. V lng dng li sau khi hm 50 giy.
b. V lng dng li khi quay thm c N = 200 vng.
7.11. Mt ngi ng gia gh (gh quay c xung quanh trc thng ng ca mnh)
sao cho phng ca trng lc tc dng ln ngi trng vi trc quay ca gh. Hai
tay ngi dang ra v cm hai qu t, mi qu c khi lng 2kg. Khong cch
gia hai qu t l 1,6m. Cho h gm ngi v gh quay vi vn tc gc khng i
0,5 vng/giy.
188

Tm vn tc gc ca h gm gh v ngi khi ngi co tay li khong cch gia
hai qu t bng 0,6m. Cho bit mmen qun tnh ca h gm ngi v gh (khng
k cc qu t) l 2,5 kgm
2
, b qua nh hng khi lng ca hai cnh tay khi co li.
7.12. Con lc vt l l mt vt rn c khi
lng m c kh nng quay xung
quanh mt trc c nh nm ngang
(trc Oz vung gc vi mt phng
hnh v) v thc hin dao ng
di tc dng ca trng lc tc
dng ln n. V tr ca con lc c
xc nh bi gc lch t v tr cn

Hnh 7.38
bng (hnh 7.38). Cho bit khong cch t trc quay n khi tm C ca con lc
bng a, mmen qun tnh i vi trc i qua khi tm C ca con nlawcs v song
song vi trc quay bng I
C
, thi im ban u con lc v tr
o
v c vn tc
gc
o
e .
a. Vit phng trnh vi phn m t chuyn ng ca con lc.
b. Tnh c nng ca con lc ph thuc vo .
c. Tm vn tc gc ca con lc ph thuc vo
Gii bi ton trn trong trng hp gc b sao cho sin ~ .

189

Chng VIII
C HC CHT LU

Cht lu bao gm cc cht lng v cht kh. Cht lng khc vi cht kh l tnh cht rt
t chu nn ca n. Nu s thay i p lc bn ngoi nh th nh hng s thay i p lc
ny ln nhng nh lut chuyn ng ca cht kh c th b qua v do nhng nh lut
chuyn ng ca cht lng v cht kh trong trng hp ny khng khc nhau lm. V
vaayjkhi cht lng v cht kh khng b nn th ngi ta c th nghin cu nhng nh
lut chuyn ng chung ca chng.
Khc vi cht rn, cht lu khng c hnh dng nht nh. Khi cht lu chuyn ng,
cc lp ca n chuyn ng vi vn tc khc nhau. Lp chuyn ng nhanh s tc dng
ln lp chuyn ng chm mt lc tng tc. Ngc li, lp chuyn ng chm tc dng
ln lp chuyn ng nhanh mt lc hm. Nhng lc ny gi l lc ni ma st hay lc
nht, chng hng theo tip tuyn vi mt ca cc lp.
Cht lu khng b nn v khng nht (b qua lc nht) gi l cht lu l tng v
ngc li, l cht lu thc. Trong chng ny, u tin nghin cu cht lu l tng, sau
nghin cu cht lu c nht.

1. P SUT

Bi ton c bn ca cht lu l tm s
phn b p sut v vn tc nhng im
khc nhau trong cht lu.
Qua mt im M bt k bn trong cht
lu ta ly mt mt nguyn t dS. Phn
cht lu bn tri dS tc dng ln phn
bn phi mt lc dF (hnh 8.1). Lc dF
c th phn tch thnh hai thnh phn:
n
dF vung gc vi dS v
t
dF tip tuyn
vi dS.

Hnh 8.1
190

Thnh phn
n
dF goi l p lc ln mt dS. i vi cht lu ng yn, thnh phn
t
dF 0 = v nu
t
dF 0 = th lp cht lu ny s dch chuyn i vi lp cht lu khc. i
vi cht lu l tng, thnh phn
t
dF lun lun bng khng v lc nht tip tuyn vi dS
bng khng. p sut p ti im M hng t tri sang phi ca mt dS bng:

n
dF
p
dS
= (8-1)
Cn lu rng khi cht lu ng yn th p sut ti mt im bt k theo mi phng
l nh nhau. chng minh iu y, ta hy ly mt th tch nguyn t cht lu hnh lng
tr thng, y tam gic vung (hnh 8.2). Khi cht lu ng yn th hnh chiu ca tng
cc lc tc dng ln lng tr trn phng bt k bng khng.

Hnh 8.2
Chiu ln phng Ox, ta c:

x x n n x
p S p S cos F V 0 o A A + A =
trong
x
x
V S
2
A
A = A l th tch ca lng tr v
x
F l hnh chiu ca trng lc tc
dng ln mt n v th tch cht lu. V
x n
S S coso A = A nn ta c:
( )
x n x x x
x
p p S F S 0
2
A
A + A =
hay
x n x
x
p p F 0
2
A
+ =
Cho hnh tr rt nh ti mt im, ngha l cho x 0 A , y 0 A , z 0 A ta s c
x n
p p = . Nh vy p sut theo phng x v phng n bng nhau.
191

V phng x v phng n bt k nn p sut ti mt im theo mi phng l nh
nhau. Ti mt im p sut ca cht lau ng yn theo mi phng l nh nhau nhng p
sut ca cht lu c th thay i t im ny n im khc. Tp hp nhng tr ca p
sut ti nhng im khc nhau trong khng gian lm thnh mt trng v hng gi l
trng p sut.

2. NG DNG V NG DNG
Khi cht lu chuyn ng, thi im t cho trc, mi im trong khng gian cha
cht lu c mt vect vn tc ca ht c ln v chiu xc nh. Mt tp hp nhng
vect vn tc nhng im khc nhau trong khng gian thi im t to thnh mt
trng vect gi l trng vect vn tc. Nu bit c trng vect vn tc ca cht
lu nhng thi im khc nhau th ta bit c qu trnh chuyn ng ca cht lu.
Chuyn ng ca cht lu gi l chuyn ng dng nu p sut v vn tc ca n ti mt
im bt k trong khng gian khng thay i theo thi gian. Ngc li, nu p sut v vn
tc ca cht lu ti mt im bt k trong khng gian thay i theo thi gian th chuyn
ng ca cht lu l khng dng.
n gin trong vic nghin cu chuyn ng ca cht lu, ta kho st h ng
cong sau y goijl h ng dng. ng dng l ng cong m tip tuyn ti mi
im ca n c phng trng vi vect vn tc ca trng thi im (hnh 8.3). Tp
hp nhiu ng dng lm thnh mt h ng dng. ng dng cho ta hnh nh v
phng vn tc mi im trong khng gian. Cc ng dng khng th ct nhau, bi vi
nu chng ct nhau th ti giao im ny ch c mt vect vn tc m ng thi li tip
tuyn vi hai ng dng giao nhau. iu v l.
ng dng khc vi qu o ca ht
cht lu. ng dng l ng m
nhng tip tuyn ca n trung vi nhng
vect vn tc ca cc ht cht lu khc
nhau cng mt thi im t, cn qu
o ca ht cht lu l ng cong do
ht y vch nn trong khng gian theo
thi gian. Nu chuyn ng ca cht lu
l dng th ng dng khng thay i
theo thi gian v by gi ng dng
trung vi qu o ca ht cht lu .

Hnh 8.3
192

H ng dng ta trn mt ng cong
kn C to thnh mt ng gi l ng dng
(hnh 8.4).
V cc ng dng khng ct nhau nn
ht cht lu chuyn ng trong ng dng
vn tip tc chuyn ng trong ng dng
v khng th xuyn qua thnh ng c.

Hnh 8.4

3. PHNG TRNH LIN TC
Nu cht lu l mt mi trng lin tc th trong khong thi gian dt lng cht lu
chy qua tit din ngang
1
S v
2
S ca ng dng s bng nhau. Gi dm l khi lng cht
lu chy qua tit din ngang v
1
S v
2
S trong khong thi gian dt, ta c:

1 1 1 2 2 2
dm S v dt S v dt = =
hay
1 1 1 2 2 2
S v S v const = = (8-2)
trong
1
v
2
l khi lng ca mt n v th tch cht lu ti tit din
1
S v
2
S .
Trng hp cht lu khng nn c (
1 2
= = ), ta c:

1 1 2 2
S v S v const = = (8-3)
ngha l tch s gia ln ca vn tc cht lu v ln tit din ngang ca ng dng
mt v tr bt k l mt i lng khng i. l nh l v tnh lin tc ca cht lu.
T (8-3) ta thy rng, nhng v tr m tit din ngang ca ng dng hp (v do , s
ng dng i qua mt n v din tch tit din ngang gi l mt ng dng
ln) th vn tc cht lu ln; nhng v tr tit din ngang ca ng dng ln (mt
ng dng b) th vn tc ca cht lu b. Nh vy, nhng ni ng dng mau th vn
tc cht lu ln, nhng ni ng dng tha th vn tc ca cht lu b.
Phng trnh lin tc ca cht lu c th vit di dng vi phn nh sau: Gi
dV dxdydz = l th tch ca hnh hp c cc cnh dx, de, dz (hnh 8.5). Khi lng ca
cht lu trong th tch dV bng dV . Trong mt n v thi gian, khi lng ca cht
lu trong th tch dV gim i mt lng bng dV
t
c

c
(du tr ch khi lng trong dV
gim). gim khi lng ny bng lng khi lng ca cht lu chy t th tch dV
ra ngoi.
193


Hnh 8.5
Trong mt n v thi gian, lng cht lu chy qua cc mt 1 v 2 ca hnh hp ln
lt bng:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x x
Q x, y, z v x, y, z dydz,Q x dx, y, z V x dx, y, z dydz = + = +
Nh vy, lng cht lu chy t th tch dV ra ngoi theo phng x trong mt n v
thi gian l:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x x
v v Q
Q x dx, y, z Q x, y, z dx dxdydz dV
x x x
c c c
+ = = =
c c c
.
Lp lun tng t, ta c lng cht lu chy t th tch dV ra ngoi theo phng y v z
trong n v thi gian, ln lt bng

( )
y
v
dV
y
c
c
v
( )
z
v
dV
z
c
c

Vy lng cht lu chy t th tch dV ra ngoi trong mt n v thi gian bng:

( ) ( ) ( )
y
x z
v
v v
dV dV dV
x y z

c
c c

+ +
`
c c c

)

T nh lut bo ton khi lng, ta c:

( ) ( ) ( )
y
x z
v
v v
dV dV dV dV
x y z t

c
c c c
+ + =
`
c c c c

)

hay
194


( ) ( ) ( )
y
x z
v
v v
dV dV 0
x y z t

c
c c c
+ + + =
c c c c
(8-4)
Phng trnh (8-4) gi l phng trnh lin tc ca cht lu vit di dng vi phn.
Trng hp cht lu khng nn c const = v chuyn ng ca cht lu l dng
0
t
c
| |
=
|
c
\ .
th phng trnh lin tc c dng n gin:

y
x z
v
v v
0
x y z
c
c c
+ + =
c c c
(8-5)

4. PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG CA CHT LU L TNG
Th tch hnh hp dV (hnh 8.5) c chn b sao cho cc phn t cht lu trong
dV c th xem nh c cng vn tc v . Lc tc dng ln phn t dV ca cht lu chia
lm hai loi : lc th tch v lc b mt. Lc th tch tc dng ln ton b phn t trong
th tch dV ca cht lu (th d trng lc), lc b mt tc dng ln cc b mt ca cht
lu. V cht lu l l tng nn khi chuyn ng, gia lp ny i vi khc khng c lc
ni ma st v do khng c nhng thnh phn tip tuyn vi mt hnh hp m ch c
nhng lc do cht lu ngoi hnh hp tc dng jleen cc mt hnh hp theo phng
vung gc vi mt hnh hp v hng vo pha trong hnh hp.
Gi
x
F l hnh chiu lc th tch tc dng ln mt n v th tch ca cht lu trn
phng x, th
x
F dV l hnh chiu ca lc th tch tc dng ln th tch dV trn phng x.
p lc ln mt 1 v 2 ln lt bng
( ) p x, y, z dydz v
( ) p x dx, y, z dydz + , vi p(x,y,z)
v p(x+dx,y,z) l p sut ca cht lu ti im (x,y,z) v (x+dx,y,z). Lc
( ) p x dx, y, z dydz + ngc chiu vi trc x. Lc ton phn tc dng ln th tch dV theo
phng x bng:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x
x
x x
F dV p x, y, z dydz p x dx, y, z dydz
F dV p x dx, y, z p x, y, z dydz
p p
F dV dxdydz F dV
x x
+ + =
= + = (

c c
| |
= =
|
c c
\ .

195

Theo nh lut II Newton, ta c phng trnh chuyn ng theo phng x:

x
x
p dv
F dV dV
x dt

c
| |
=
|
c
\ .

hay
x
x
p dv
F
x dt

c
=
c

Tnh tng t nh vy, ta c cc phng trnh chuyn ng theo phng y v z:

y
y
z
z
dv
p
F
y dt
p dv
F
z dt

c
=
c
c
=
c

Nh vy phng trnh chuyn ng ng vi mt n v th tch cht lu c th vit
gn di dng vect:

dv
F gradp
dt
= (8-6)
trong F l lc tc dng ln mt n v th tch cht lu (th d trng lc) v

p p p
gradp i j k
x y z
c c c
= + +
c c c

vi i, j, k l cc vect n v trn cc trc x, y, z.
Phng trnh (8-6) gi l phng trnh Euler.
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca khi cht
lu c th tch dV l:
( )
dv
F gradp dV dV
dt
=
v phng trnh chuyn ng ca khi
cht lu gii hn gia hai tit din ngang
1
S v
2
S ca ng dng (hnh 8.6) c th
vit:

Hnh 8.6
196


( )
dv
f F gradp dV dV
dt
= =
} }

V
1 1 1 2 2 2
dV Sds Svdt S v dt S v dt = = = =
nn
2
1
v
2 2 2 2 2 2
v
dv
f S v dt S v dv
dt
= =
} }

V
1 1 1 2 2 2
S v S v Sv const = = = nn ta c:

( )
2 2 2 2 1
f S v v v = (8-7)
Ta hy p dng phng trnh (8-7) chi
dng cht lng chy trong chu c l nh
(hnh 8.7).
Trng lc ca khi nc v p lc ca
khng kh ln mt nc cn bng vi phn
lc ca y chu; p lc ln thnh ng
thng ca chu trit tiu ln nhau tr phn
thnh chu i din c l khot. Thnh
chu (phn i din c l khot) tc dng
ln dng cht lng mt lc f , ngc li
dng nc tc dng ln thnh chu mt lc

Hnh 8.7
f f ' = . V
1 2
S S nn
2 1
v v , c th b qua
1
v , ta c:

2 2 2 2
f S v v ' =
Di tc dng ca phn lc f ' , chu chuyn ng ngc chiu vi tia nc. l
nguyn tc chuyn ng ca ng c phn lc.

5. PHNG TRNH BERNOULLI
Trong mc ny ta xut pht t nh l bin thin ng nng ca mt n v th tch
cht lu tm phng trnh Bernoulli.
197

Cng ca lc tc dng ln mt n v th tch cht lu lm n dch chuyn mt on
ds dc theo ng dng bng:

( )
2
dv ds v
A F gradp ds ds dv vdv d
dt dt 2

o
| |
| |
= = = = =
|
|
\ .
\ .

V:

p p p
gradp i j k
x y z
ds idx jdy kdz
c c c
= + +
c c c
= + +

nn ( )
p p p
gradp ds dx dy dz dp
x y z
c c c
= + + =
c c c
.
Nu lc th tch tc dng ln cht lu l lc th th:
Fds dU =
Vi U l th nng ng vi mt n v th tch cht lu. Nh vy, ta c:
( )
2
v
A Fds gradp ds dU dp d
2

o
| |
= = =
|
\ .

hay
2
v
d U p 0
2

| |
+ + =
|
\ .

v
2
v
U p 0
2
+ + = (8-8)
Vy khi cht lu chuyn ng, i lng
2
v
U p
2
+ + khng thay di dc theo
ng dng. l nh lut Bernoulli.
Nu lc th tch l trogj lc th U gz = ; vi z l chiu cao t mt t n im cht
lu ta xt. Phng trnh Bernoulli vit li nh sau:
198


2
v
gz p const
2
+ + =
hay
2
1
1 1
v
gz p const
2
+ + = (8-9)
trong
1
v ,
1
p ,
1
z l vn tc, p sut, chiu cao im th nht;
2
v ,
2
p ,
2
z l vn tc,
p sut, chiu cao im th hai.
Ta hy kho st mt vi th d ng dng nh lut Bernoulli.
1. Tnh vn tc ca cht lng chy ra t l nh (hnh 8.7). p sut mt nc trong
chu v p sut l u bng p sut ca kh quyn
0
p
( )
1 2 0
p p p = = v phng trnh
Bernoulli trong trng hp ny c dng:

2 2
1 2
1 2
v v
gz gz
2 2
+ = +
T y suy ra:

2 2
2 1
v v 2gh = ; vi
1 2
h z z =
V
1 2
S S nn
2 1
v v 0 ~ , ta c:

2
v v 2gh = ~
ngha l tr ca vn tc tia nc chy t l nh bng tr ca vn tc ca vt ri t cao
h. l cng thc Toriceli.
2. Ta hy xt chuyn vn ca bm phun tia (hnh 8.8). nh lut Bernoulli i vi
ng dng nm ngang c dng (
1 2
z z = ):

2 2
1 2
1 2
v v
p p
2 2
+ = +

Hnh 8.8
199

Nh vy ch tit din ngang ca ng dng hp (vn tc ln) th p sut b. Nguyn
tc chuyn vn ca bm phun tia da trn tnh cht y ca dng cht lu. Cho cht lu a
chy t A v C. Khi qua l hp C p sut ca dng a b so vi p sut ca khng kh v
do to ra trong bm mt vng p sut thp. V c chnh lch p sut nn cht lng b
trong bnh c ht ln v phun ra ng B. Bm phun nc hoa cng cu to theo
nguyn tc nh vy.
3. Bit s phn b ca cc ng dng, ta c th da vo nh lut Bernoulli kho
st mt cch nh tnh lc tc dng ln vt rn nm trong cht lu chuyn ng. Ta hy
kho st lc tc dng ln cnh my bay ang bay vi vn tc v trong khng kh ng
yn.
Vic kho st ny tng ng vi vic
kho st trng hp cnh my bay ng
yn v dng khng kh chuyn ng tng
i vi n vi vn tc v .
n gin u tin ta hy xt s phn
b ng dng ca khng kh xung quanh
mt na hnh tr trn di v hn (hnh 8.9).
Nhng ng dng pha di mt AD
khng thay i, cn nhng ng dng
pha trn hnh tr s dy v cong li mt
cch i xng. xa mt tr th ng

Hnh 8.9
dng vn gi nguyn dng ca chng.
Ti im B mt ng dng ln hn
im C nn vn tc khng kh ti im B
ln hn ti im C. Theo nh lut
Bernoulli, p sut ca khng kh ti B s b
hn ti C, v do c mt lc F hng t
di ln trn tc dng vo na hnh tr.

Hnh 8.10
Khi khng kh chy quanh vt rn khng i xng th hp lc F do khng kh tc
dng ln vt rn khng vung gc vi ng dng, th d nh lc F tc dng ln cnh
my bay (hnh 8.10). Lc F c th phn tch thnh hai thnh phn: Lc
c
F l lc cn
v lc
n
F hng t di ln gi l lc nng.


200

6. PHNG TRNH CN BNG

Khi cht lu trng thi cn bng (trng thi ng yn ton b) th cng nguyn t
ca hp lc tc dng ln mt n v th tch cht lu bng khng, ngha l:

( )
( ) A F gradp ds d U p 0 o = = + =
T h thc ny suy ra:
U p const + = (8-10)
Nh vy, khi cht lu ng yn, p sut ca cht lu c th thay i t v tr ny n
v tr khc nhng i lng U + p khng thay i. Phng trnh U + p = const i vi
mi im ca cht lu gi l phng trnh cn bng.
Nu F l trng lc tc dng ln mt n v th tch cht lu, ta c U gz = v:

1 1 1 2 2 2
gz p gz p + = +
trong
1
p v
2
p l p sut ca cht lu ti im (1) v im (2),
1
z v
2
z l cao ca
im (1) v im (2). Gi
1 2
z z h = v khi
1 2
= = , ta c:

2 1
p p gh = + (8-11)
i vi cht lng khng nn c
( ) const = th gh l i lng khng
i nn khi p sut ti im (1) tng ln mt
lng
1
p A th p sut ti im (2) cng tng
ln mt lng
2
p A vi
2 1
p p A = A . im
(1) v im (2) l nhng im ty chn
nn nu p sut ti mt im no tng
ln mt lng p A th lng p sut ny
c truyn nguyn vn n mi im ca
cht lng (nh lut Pascal).

Hnh 8.11

Khi
1 2
= = , ta thy rng cng i
su vo lng cht lu p sut cng tng
2 1
p p gh = + .
V vy nu c vt rn ngm trong cht
lu (hnh 8.12) th p lc ca cht lu tc
dng ln mt di ca hnh tr ln hn p
lc ca n tc dng ln mt trn. Kt qu
Hnh 8.12 l cht lu s y hnh tr mt lc hng t
201

di ln trn (lc y Archimde) c tr bng:

( )
2 1 2 1
F p S p S p p S gh S g V = A A = A = A = A (8-12)
trong V A l phn th tch vt rn ngm trong cht lu; g V A l trng lng ca
khi cht lu c th tch bng V A . Vy lc y Archimde hng t di ln trn c tr
bng trng lng ca khi cht lu m th tch bng phn th tch vt rn ngm trong
cht lu (nh lut Archimde). Nu vt rn ngm trong cht lu c hnh dng bt k th
ta chia vt rn thnh nhiu hnh tr con thng ng c y b. Lc y Archimde tc
dng ln hnh tr con th k bng

k k
k k
F F g V gV = = A =


trong
k
k
V V = A

l phn th tch vt rn ngm trong cht lu; gV l gi tr trng

lng ca khi cht lu c th tch V. V cc lc
k
F song song cng chiu nn im t
ca hp lc F ti A c xc nh bng phng trnh:

k k k k k k
k k k
k k k
k k k
r F r g V r V
r
F g V V

A A
= = =
A A



Trong trng hp tng qut, du tng c thay bng tch phn v vect
A
r c vit li
nh sau:

A
1
r rdV
V
=
}

hay
A
1
x xdV
V
=
}
;
A
1
y ydV
V
=
}
;
A
1
z zdV
V
=
}
(8-13)
Hp lc F nh vy c im t ti tm A ca th tch V. Ni chung, im t A ca
hp lc F c th khng trng vi im t C ca trng lc tc dng ln vt rn.

7. CHUYN NG CA CHT LU THC
1. Lc nht
Ta kho st lc tng tc gia hai lp cht lu cch nhau mt khong dz v c vn
tc tng ng l v v v + dv (hnh 8.13).
202

Khi cht lu chuyn ng, lp phn t
cht lu ny tng tc vi lp phn t cht
lu khc bng nhng lc tng tc phn t.
Mt khc c trao i phn t, tc trao i
xung lng gia hai lp vi nhau nhng
phn t chuyn t lp chuyn ng nhanh
sang lp chuyn ng chm s lm tng
tng xung lng ca lp chuyn ng
chm.


Hnh 8.13
Ngc li, nhng phn t chuyn t lp chuyn ng chm sang lp chuyn ng
nhanh s lm gim tng xung lng ca lp chuyn ng nhan. S trao i xung lng
v s tng tc phn t gia cc lp sinh ra hin tng ma st bn trong cht lu. i vi
cht lng, hin trng ma st bn trong (ni ma st) ch yu do lc ht phn t gia cc
lp gy nn. Cn i vi cht kh, hin tng ni ma st ch yu do trao i xung lng
gia cc lp. Lc tng tc gia cc lp cht lu c phn tip tuyn vi cc lp gi l
lc ni ma st hay lc nht.
Lc nht
nh
F t l vi din tch S A ca lp v vi
dv
dz
(gradien vn tc theo phng
z). Nh vy, ta c th vit:

nh
dv
F S
dz
q = A (8-14)
H s t l q gi l h s nht ca cht lu. H s q ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht
lu, tr ca q cng b th cht lu cng gn cht lu l tng. Th nguyn ca q l
1 1
L MT

. Trong h CGS h s nht c o bng
1 1
cm gs

. n v ny gi l Poaz (P).
Trong h SI h s nht c o bng kg/ms gi l Paxcan.giy (Pa.s). Khi nhit tng
th tnh linh ng ca cc phn t tng v lc tng tc gia cc lp phn t gim v do
h s nht q gim.
Nu cht lu c h s nht ln th nh lut Bernoulli khng cn ng na. Tht vy,
phng trnh chuyn ng ca mt n v th tch cht lu trong trng hp ny c dng:

nh
dv
F gradp F
dt
+ = (8-15)
trong
nh
F l lc nht tc dng ln mt n v th tch cht lu. Cng nguyn t ca
hp lc tc dng ln mt n v th tch cht lu bng:
( )
2
nh
dv v
A Fds gradp ds F ds ds d
dt 2
o
| |
= + = =
|
\ .

203

( )
2
nh
v
A dU dp A d
2
o o
| |
= + + =
|
\ .

T , ta c:

2 2
2 1
nh 2 2 2 1 1 1
v v
A U p U p
2 2

| | | |
= + + + +
| |
\ . \ .
(8-16)
V
nh
A 0 = nn biu thc (8-9) ca nh lut Bernoullli khng cn ng na.
Trong trng hp
1 2
= = v F l trng lc tc dng l mt n v th tch cht
lu, ta c biu thc:

2 2
2 1
nh 2 2 1 1
v v
A gz p gz p
2 2

| | | |
= + + + +
| |
\ . \ .
(8-17)
V lc nht
nh
F hng ngc chiu chuyn ng ca cht lu nn:

2 2
2 1
nh 2 2 1 1
v v
A gz p gz p 0
2 2

| | | |
= + + + + <
| |
\ . \ .
(8-18)
T (8-18) ta thy rng, nu cht lng nht, khng nn c, chy trong ng nm
ngang c tit din ngang nh nhau th by gi
2 1
z z = ,
2 1
v v = v ta c
2 1
p p 0 < hay
1 2
p p > . Nh vy, p sut cht lng gim dn dc theo ng (hnh 8.14).

Hnh 8.14
2. Cng thc Poaz
Bit lng cht lu chy qua tit din
ngang ca ng hnh tr trong mt n v
thi gian, ta c th xc nh c h s
nht. Tht vy, ta kho st cht lu chy
trong hnh tr nm ngang c bn knh R, c
chiu di l, c p sut hai u hnh tr l
1
p
v
2
p (hnh 8.5).

Hnh 8.15
204

Khi cht lu chy n nh vn tc khng thay i na, th hp lc tc dng ln hnh
tr tit din ngang
2
r t s bng khng. Ta c:

2 2
1 2 nh
p r p r F 0 t t =
hay
2
dv
p r S 0
dr
t q A A = .
trong
1 2
p p p A = ; S 2 rl t A = l din tch mt bn ca hnh tr c bn knh r, c
chiu di l. V lp cht lu dnh vi thnh hnh tr c vn tc bng khng v lp cht lu
cng gn trc hnh tr th vn tc ca n cng tng nn
dv
0
dr
< v
dv dv
dr dr
= . Nh vy,
ta c:

2
dv
p r 2 rl
dr
t q t A =
hay
p
dv rdr
2lq
A
=
T suy ra:

2
p
v r C
4lq
A
= +
Hng s C c xc nh t iu kin bin. Khi r = R th v = 0. Ta c
2
p
C R
4lq
A
= v:

( )
2 2
p
v R r
4lq
A
= (8-19)
Cng thc ny cho ta thy rng vn tc ca ht cht lu chy trong ng hnh tr phn
b theo nh lut Parabol.
Th tch cht lu chy qua tit din ngang hnh vnh khn gii hn gia hai bn knh r
v r + dr trong mt n v thi gian bng:

( ) ( )
2 2 2
p
dV 2 rdr v R r d r
4l
t
t
q
A
= =
Th tch cht lu chy qua tit din ngang hnh tr trong mt n v thi gian bng:

( ) ( )
R
2 2 2
0
p
V R r d r
4l
t
q
A
=
}

205


4
p
V R
8l
t
q
A
= (8-20)
l cng thc Poiseurll (Poaz). o th tch V, hiu p sut p A , bn knh hnh tr R,
chiu di hnh tr l ta xc nh c h s nht q.
3. Lc cn
Ta dng phng php th nguyn xc nh lc cn tc dng ln vt rn khi vt rn
chuyn ng trong cht lu nht (cht lu tha).
Khi nghin cu bi ton v chuyn ng ca cht lu quanh vt rn vi vn tc v (bi
ton ny tng ng vi bi ton chuyn ng ca vt rn trong cht lu vi vn tc v)
th chuyn ng ca cht lu by gi ph thuc vo cc i lng vt l nh mt cht
lu , h s nht q, vn tc v v kch thc c trng vt rn l. Nhng i lng ny c
th nguyn:
| |
3
M
L
= ; | |
M
LT
q = ; | |
L
v
T
= ;
| |
l L =
i lng khng th nguyn, c trng cho chuyn ng ca cht lu trong trng
hp ny l:

c
vl
R

q
= (8-21)
c
R gi l s Rynn.
S R
C
l i lng c trng rt quan trng cho chuyn ng ca cht lu nht quanh vt
rn hay chuyn ng ca vt rn trong cht lu nht. R rng rng mi i lng khng
th nguyn khc ch l mt hm ca R
C
.
Chuyn ng ca cht lu m nhng i lng , q, v v l khc nhau nhng s R
C

nh nhau gi l chuyn ng ng dng.
By gi ta dng phng php th nguyn xc nh lc cn tc dng ln vt rn khi
vt rn chuyn ng trong cht lu nht.
Th nguyn ca lc l | |
2
ML
F
T
= . i lng c trng vt rn chuyn ng trong cht
lu c th nguyn
2
ML
T
ch c th biu din qua tch s ca
2 2
v l vi hm khng th
nguyn
( )
C
f R . V vy lc cn tc dng ln vt rn trong cht lu nht c dng:

( )
2 2
C
F v l f R = (8-22)
Hm khng th nguyn ca R
C
l f(R
C
) c xc nh t thc nghim. Khi
C
R 1 cht
lu biu hin nh mt mi trng c h s nht q ln v do lc cn trong trng hp
206

ny ch yu l lc nht. V lc nht t l vi h s nht q nn khi
C
R <<1 th hm
( )
C
f R c dng:
( )
C
C
const
f R const
R vl
q

= =
t biu thc
( )
C
f R ny vo cng thc (8-22) ca lc cn tc dng ln vt rn, ta c:

( )
2 2
C
F v l f R const lv q = = (8-23)
Nh vy ta thy rng khi
C
R 1 th lc cn t l bc nht vi vn tc v di l ca
vt rn. Mun xc nh const trong (8-23) cn phi bit hnh dng ca vt rn. i vi
hnh cu bn knh r th const = 6. Do lc cn tc dng ln qu cu chuyn ng trong
cht lu khi
C
R 1 c dng:
F 6 rv tq = (8-24)
l cng thc Stokes (Stc).
Ta c th ng dng cng thc Stokes xc nh h s nht ca cht lu. Cho qu cu
ri theo phng thng ng trong cht lu. Khi qu cu chuyn ng u th trng lc P
cn bng vi lc y Archimde f v lc cn F
P f F = +

3 3
1 2
4 4
r g r g 6 rv
3 3
t t
t = +
trong
1
v
2
l khi lng ring ca qu cu v ca cht lu; g l gia tc trng
trng.
Vn tc ri u ca qu cu bng:

2
1 2
2
v gr
9

q

=
o c v, r,
1
v
2
ta xc nh c q.
Trong in hc, cng thc Stokes c ng dng xc nh in tch ca ht mang
in.
Khi
C
R 1 cht lu biu hin nh mi trng c h s nht b. Do ta c th b
qua lc nht tc dng ln vt rn khi xt lp cht lu chy xa vt rn. Xung quanh b mt
vt rn c mt mng mng cht lu m vn tc ca cc lp ca mng mng ny tng dn
t tr s khng (vn tc ca lp dnh vi vt rn) n mt gi tr xc nh (vn tc ca lp
cht lu coi nh khng c ma st). Mng mng ny cng mng nu s R
C
cng ln. V
cc lp cht lu ca mng mng c vn tc khc nhau nn gia cc lp ca mng mng
xut hin lc nht ln. Nh vy trong vng mng mng ca cht lu, lc nht ng mt
vai tr quan trng n lm cho ht cht lu chuyn ng chm li. Chnh nh c lp mng
207

mng ny m khi cht lu chy quanh vt rn th pha sau vt rn to thnh nhng xoy.
Tht vy, ta hy xt hin tng to thnh xoy khi cht lu chy quanh hnh tr trn
(hnh 8.16).

Hnh 8.17
Nu cht lu l l tng th vn tc ca
cht lu ti im A v C bng khng v p
sut ti A v C s ln nht. Vn tc ti
im B v D l ln nht (mt ng
dng ln) v p sut ti B v D l b nht.
Nh vy chuyn ng ca mt ht cht lu
t A v B l chuyn ng tng tc v
chuyn ng t B v C l chuyn ng gim tc. Chuyn ng ca ht cht lu t A v
D v t D v C cng xy ra tng t nh vy. Khi ht cht lu n mt v tr no trn
on ng BC th vn tc ca n bng khng v di tc dng ca lc nht v p lc
cng t B n C ht cht lu chuyn ng ngc tr li. Qu o ca ht cht lu pha
sau vt rn b cong. l hin tng to thnh xoy pha sau vt rn ta c th so snh
chuyn ng ca ht cht lu i t A v C ging nh chuyn ng ca qu a cu M
trong h th hnh (8.17).
V vn tc ca cht lu nhng ch xoy ln nn p sut ca cht lu sau vt rn b
so vi p sut ca n trc vt rn. Do c s chnh lch p sut ca cht lu pha
trc v pha sau ca vt rn. Lc cn trong trng hp ny khng ph thuc vo h s
nht q (do khng ph thuc vo
C
R ) v c dng:

2 2
F const v l = (8-25)
H s t l (const) ph thuc vo hnh dng ca vt rn. Gi S l tit din ngang ln nht
ca vt rn ct theo phng vung gc vi phng chuyn ng ca n th lc cn tc
dng ln vt rn, khi
C
R ln, c th vit:

2
C
F v S
2
= (8-26)
H s t l C ph thuc vo hnh dng ca vt rn, hnh (8.18) cho thy s ph thuc ca
C vo hnh dng ca vt rn. V vy trong thc tin ta lun lun tm dng ca vt th th
no khi n chuyn ng trong cht lu, lc cn s nh nht.

Hnh 8.18
208

CU HI V BI TP
1. nh ngha v p sut ca cht lu. i vi cht lu ng yn, chng t rng p
sut theo mi phng l nh nhau.
2. Khi nim v ng dng v ng dng. nh l v tnh lin tc ca cht lu.
3. Thnh lp phng trnh bin thin xung lng ca cht lu:

dv
F gradp
dt
=
4. Phng trnh Bernoulli. Phng trnh cn bng ca cht lu. Lc y Archimde.
5. Lc nht trong cht lu. Lc cn.


Hnh 8.19


8.1. bnh thng nhau gm nhnh hnh tr
ng thy ngn (hnh 8.19). ng
knh ca nhnh ln gp n ln ng
knh ca nhnh b. Tnh thay i
mc thy ngn trong mi nhnh nu
nc vo nhnh b vi cao
ca ct nc bng
o
h . Cho khi
lng ring ca nc
3 3
0
10 kg / m = ; khi lng ring
ca thy ngn
3 3
1,36.10 kg / m =
v n = 4.
8.2. Mt qu cu rng ng cht bng
km (Zn) gii hn bi hai mt cu
ng tm ni trn mt nc. Phn
ni trn mt nc l mt chm cu.
Cho bit t s gia chiu cao ca
chm cu v bn knh ca qu cu
ngoi bng k, khi lng ring ca
nc
3 3
0
10 kg / m = , khi lng
ring ca km
3 3
7,1.10 kg / m = .
Tnh phn th tch rng bn trong
qu cu.

Hnh 8.20
8.3. Mt bnh tr ng nc thy ngn, khi lng ca thy ngn bng n ln khi
lng ca nc. Chiu cao chung ca ct cht lng trong bnh bng h. Cho khi
209

lng ring ca nc
3 3
0
10 kg / m = , khi lng ring ca thy ngn
3 3
13,6.10 kg / m = , gia tc trng trng g=9,8 m/s
2
. Tm p sut p ca cht lng
y ca bnh. p dng bng s vi n = 1, h = 143cm.
8.4. Trong mt b nc ngi ta nhng
mt ng hnh tr ng y du vi
khi lng ring ca du
3
900kg / m = sao cho y hnh
tr trn v ming hnh tr di
(hnh 8.21). Tm p sut ti mt
im A nm y bn trong hnh
tr. Cho bit chiu cao ca hnh tr
bng h, khong cch t mt nc
trong b n ming hnh tr bng H,
p sut kh quyn
5 2
0
p 10 N/ m = .
p dng bng s khi h=1m, H=3m,
khi lng ring ca nc
3 3
0
10 kg / m = , g = 9,8 m/s
2
.



Hnh 8.21




Hnh 8.22


8.5. Trong mt bnh ng hai cht lng
khng ha tan vo nhau c v c
khi lng ring khc nhau. Mt vt
ng cht hnh lp phng chm
hon ton trong cht lng v c khi
lng ring ln hn khi lng
ring
1
ca cht lng trn v b
hn khi lng ring
2
ca cht
lng di
( )
1 2
< < . Xc nh
t s gia cc phn th tch ca hnh
lp phng nm cht lng trn v
nm cht lng di (hnh 8.22).
8.6. Trong mt ng c nc chy, ngi ta cm hai ng p k ti nhng ch c tit
din ca ng bng
1
S v
2
S vi
1 2
S S = (hnh 8.23). Hiu mc nc trong cc ng
p k bng h A . Tm th tch nc chy trong mt n v thi gian qua tit din
ca ng.

210

8.7. Mt ng Pitot c t theo trc ca
ng dn kh (hnh 8.24). Tit din
bn trong ca ng dn bng S, hiu
s mc trong p k cht lng bng
h A , khi lng ring ca cht lng
v cht kh l
0
v . Tm th tch
kh i qua tit din ca ng trong
mt n v thi gian.
Hnh 8.23



Hnh 8.24
8.8. Mt hnh tr thng ng c nc,
quay xung quanh trc ca n vi
vn tc khng i e. Tm:
a) Dng ca mt t do ca nc.
b) S phn b p sut nc trn y
bnh dc theo bn knh ca bnh
nu p sut tm y bng
0
p .
8.9. Mt dng dng ca mt cht lng c khi lng ring v h s nht q chy
qua mt ng c chiu di l v bn knh R. Vn tc dng cht lng ph thuc vo
khong cch r n trc ca ng theo nh lut:
2
1 o
2
r
v v 1
R
| |
=
|
\ .
. Tm:
a) Th tch cht lng chy qua tit din ca ng trong mt n v thi gian
b) ng nng ca cht lng tc dng ln ng
c) Lc ma st do cht lng tc dng ln ng
d) Hiu s p sut hai u ng.
8.10. Mt b ng y nc. Trong mt
pht nc chy t b qua ng cong
c 24 lt (hnh 8.25). Xc nh
phn lc ca nc tc dng ln
thnh ng cong. Cho bit tit din
ngang ca ng bng 2cm
2
, khi
lng ring ca nc
3
1000kg / m = .
Hnh 8.25
211

8.11. Mt ng cao su di l = 1m, c tit din ngang S = 0,3cm
2
, c khi lng m =
0,08kg. Ni ng cao su vi mt ng dn nc bng thy tinh c kha K nh hnh
8.26. Khi kha K ng (khng c nc chy qua ng cao su) th ngu cao s hng
xung di theo phng thng ng. Xc nh gc lch o so vi phng thng
ng ca ng cao su khi m kha K. Cho bit ln vn tc ca nc chy ra t
ng cao su bng 2m/s.

Hnh 8.26

212

Chng IX
THUYT TNG I HP

1. GII HN NG DNG CA C HC C IN NEWTON
C hc Newton, hay cn gi l c hc c in, chim mt v tr quan trng trong s
pht trin vt l hc c in. Tuy nhin, khi nghin cu nhng vt chuyn ng vi vn
tc rt ln so snh c vi vn tc ca nh sng trong chn khng ngi ta thy rng c
hc Newton khng cn thch hp na.
Theo c hc c in, th nng tng tc gia cc cht im ph thuc vo khong
cch tng i gia chng. Khi mt cht im ny dch chuyn th cht im kia lp tc
chu nh hng. Nh vy tng tc c truyn i tc thi v vn tc truyn tng tc
bng khong cch gia hai cht im chia cho t 0 A ~ l v cng ln. Song, trong t
nhin khng tn ti nhng tng tc xy ra tc thi nh vy. Khi mt cht im c xy ra
mt s thay i no th s thay i ny nh hng ln cht im khc sau mt khong
thi gian t A xc nh no vi t 0 A > v vn tc truyn tng tc c gi tr hu hn.
Vo cui th k XIX v u th k XX, t nhng s kin thc nghim ngi ta nhn thy
rng: vn tc truyn tng tc c gi tr hu hn v bng nhau trong mi h quy chiu
qun tnh. Nh vy vn tc truyn tng tc l mt hng s ph bin. Thc nghim cng
chng t rng vn tc khng i ny l cc i v bng vn tc lan truyn ca nh sng
trong chn khng. Do , vn tc truyn tng tc khng i ny c gi l vn tc ca
nh sng trong chn khng v c k hiu bng ch c, n c ln:

8 8
c 2,99793.10 m/ s 3.10 m/ s = ~
Nh vy, quan nim v vn tc truyn tng tc v cng ln trong c hc Newton
khng cn ng na. Tha nhn vn tc ca nh sng trong chn khng i vi mi h
quy chiu qun tnh u bng c th gii thch c cc kt qu th nghim o vn tc nh
sng nhng li mu thun vi cng thc tng hp vn tc Galile. Tht vy, gi s h
qun tnh K' chuyn ng i vi h qun tnh K vi vn tc khng i V dc theo trc
x. Khi , theo cng thc tng hp vn tc Galile, vn tc nh sng truyn theo chiu
dng ca trc x i vi h K' l c th i vi h K l c + V khc vi c. Nhng, nh
ni trn, ln ca vn tc nh sng i vi h qun tnh K v K' lun lun bng nhau
v bng c. Nh vy, cng thc tng hp vn tc Galile i vi nhng ht chuyn ng
vi vn tc ln so snh c vi vn tc ca nh sng trong chn khng khng cn ng
na. Ch rng cng thc tng hp vn tc Galile c xy dng trn c s tha nhn
t t ' = v r r Vt ' = . Do s tha nhn ny m dn n mu thun ni trn. xy dng
mt l thuyt tha mn iu kin ln ca vn tc nh sng trong chn khng bng
nhau trong mi h quy chiu qun tnh phi coi rng t t ' = v r r Vt ' = . Mn c hc
213

nghin cu chuyn ng ca vt th c vn tc ln so snh c vi vn tc ca nh sng
trong chn khng v coi t t ' = gi l mn c hc tng i tnh hay thuyt tng i hp
Einstein i vi c hc.
C hc c in Newton ch l trng hp gii hn ca c hc tng i tnh khi vn
tc ca cht im rt b so vi vn tc ca nh sng trong chn khng.
Cui cng cn lu rng, v mt ni dung, thuyt tng i l l thuyt chung cho tt
c cc b mn vt l, n gm hai phn: phn thuyt tng i hp ch nghin cu cc h
quy chiu qun tnh, phn tng i rng nghin cu cc h quy chiu khng qun tnh
v trng hp dn. Chng ny ch xt thuyt tng i hp i vi c hc.

2. NGUYN L TNG I EINSTEIN
xy dng l thuyt tng i ca mnh, nm 1905 Einstein a ra nguyn l
tng i bao gm hai tin sau:
Tin 1: Mi nh lut vt l u din ra nh nhau trong cc h qui chiu qun tnh.
Tin 2: Vn tc truyn tng tc c l hu hn v khng ph thuc vo cc h quy
chiu qun tnh.
Tin 1 l s m rng nguyn l tng i Galile t s bnh ng gia cc h quy
chiu qun tnh i vi cc nh lut c hc sang s bnh ng gia cc h quy chiu
qun tnh i vi cc nh lut vt l ni chung. iu c ngha l tin 1 tng qut
hn nguyn l tng i Galile v mt ton hc, c pht biu nh sau: phng trnh
m t mt nh lut vt l no c biu din qua ta v thi gian, s gi nguyn
dng trong tt c cc h quy chiu qun tnh.
Ni dung tin 2 thc cht l bc b quan nim v tnh tuyt i ca thi gian v
khng gian trong c hc c in Newton v coi rng khi nim khng gian v thi gian
c tnh cht tng i. Tin ny cng gi l tin v tnh bt bin (khng thay i)
ca vn tc truyn tng tc c trong mi h quy chiu qun tnh.
biu din nguyn l bt bin ca vn tc nh sng bng ton hc, trc ht ta nh
ngha khi nim bin c. Bin c (hay cng gi l s kin) c hiu l mt hin tng
vt l xy ra ti mt im no trong khng gian vo mt thi im no . Gi s c
mt bin c xy ra trong t nhin. i vi h quyans tnh K, bin c xy ra ti v tr x, y,
z vo thi im t, i vi h qun tnh K' chuyn ng i vi h K vi vn tc khng
i V th bin c ni trn xy ra ti thi im x' , y' , z' vo thi im t' . Gi x, y, z, t
v x' , y' , z' , t' l ta ca cng mt bin c i vi h qun tnh K v K' . Trong l
thuyt tng i ca Einstein coi rng t t' = .
214

By gi ta biu din nguyn l bt bin ca vn tc nh sng c bng ton hc. Gi s
ban u t t 0 ' = = trong h K. Bin c th hai l tn hiu trn i c bng ct. Mt
khc, qung ng bng:
( )
1 2
2 2 2
x y z + + . Nh vy, trong h K ta vit c:

( )
2 2 2 2 2
c t x y z 0 ' ' ' + + = (9-1)
Trong h quy chiu qun tnh K' , ta ca bin c th nht v bin c th hai ni trn
l x 0 ' = , y 0 ' = , z 0 ' = , t 0 ' = v x' , y' , z' , t' . Theo tin 2, ln ca vn tc nh
sng trong chn khng trong h K v K' u bng c nn qung ng tn hiu i c
trong h K' bng
( )
1 2
2 2 2
ct x y z ' ' ' ' = + + . Vy i vi h quy chiu qun tnh K' , ta c:

( )
2 2 2 2 2
c t x y z 0 ' ' ' ' + + = (9-2)
Cc cng thc (9-1) v (9-2) l nhng biu thc ton hc ca tin 2.

3. PHP BIN I LORENTZ V CC H QU

1. Cng thc bin i Lorentz
Php bin i cc ta khng gian v thi gian (ta ca bin c) khi chuyn t h
qun tnh ny sang h qun tnh khc, tha mn cc tin ca Einstein gi l php bin
i Lorentz. Ta hy tm php bin i ny. Trc ht ch rng, c hc c in Newton
l trng hp gii hn ca c hc tng i tnh v php bin i Galile l trng hp
gii hn ca php bin i Lorentz khi vn tc ca vt th b so vi vn tc nh sng
trong chn khng. Trong php bin i Galile, s ph thuc ta ca mt bin c
trong h K' v K l ph thuc tuyn tnh. Nu ban u h qun tnh K' trung vi h qun
tnh K v sau h v chuyn ng tng i so vi h K vi vn tc khng i V dc
theo trc x th theo php bin i Galile ta c:

x x Vt
y y
z z
t t
' =
' =
' =
' =
hay
x x Vt
y y
z z
t t
' ' = +
' =
' =
' =
(9-3)
c th chuyn t php bin i Lorentz v php bin i Galile trong trng hp
gii hn th s ph thuc ca x' , y' , z' , t' vo x, y, z, t (hay ngc li) trong php bin
i Lorentz cng l s ph thuc tuyn tnh.
n gin, ta thc hin php bin i Lorentz trong trng hp h K' ban u trung
vi h K v sau chuyn ng thng u i vi h K dc theo chiu dng ca trc x
vi vn tc V. Khi ch c ta x v t thay i cn cc ta y y' = v z z' = khng
thay i. Php bin i tuyn tnh trong trng hp tng qut c dng:
215


x ax bt
x px qt
' = +
' ' = +
(9-4)
Ta hy xc nh cc h s a, b, p, q. Ta gc O' ca h K' i vi h K' l x 0 ' =
, y 0 ' = , z 0 ' = v i vi h K l x = Vt, y = 0, z = 0. Vy khi x 0 ' = th x Vt = v do
ta c:
0 aVt bt = + hay b aV =
Ta gc O ca h K i vi h K l x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 v i vi h K' l
x Vt ' ' = , y 0 ' = , z 0 ' = . Vy khi x = 0 th x Vt ' ' = v ta c:
0 pVt q ' ' = + hay q pV =
Cc h thc (9-4) by gi c vit li nh sau:

( )
( )
x a x Vt
x p x Vt
' =
' ' = +
(9-5)
Kh x' v x trong cc h thc (9-5) ln lt ta tm c:

ap 1 x
t a t
ap V
ap 1 x
t p t
ap V
| |
' =
|
\ .
' | |
' = +
|
\ .
(9-6)
Ta cn xc nh cc h s a v p tha mn nguyn l tng i Einstien. Ch rng:

2 2 2 2 2
c t x y z = +

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c t x y z y z ' ' ' ' = + = +
ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2
c t x c t x ' ' = (9-7)
H thc ny biu din nguyn l bt bin ca vn tc nh sng trong chn khng. Cc
h s a v p c tm phi tha mn h thc (9-7).
Khi x 0 ' = th x = Vt v t pt' = . Khi theo (9-7) ta c:

2
2 2 2 2 2
2
t
c t V t c
p
=
T h thc ny suy ra:

2
2 2
2
c
c V
p
= hay
2
2
1
p
V
1
c
=


Khi x = 0 th x Vt ' ' = v t at ' = . Thay cc gi tr ny vo (9-7) ta c:
216


2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c t c a t V a t = hay
2
2
1
a
V
1
c
=


Khi V = 0 th x trung vi x' nn ta ch ly du cng trong cc biu thc ca p v a:

2
2
1
a p
V
1
c
= =

t cc h s a v p va tm c vo (9-5) v (9-6) ta xc nh cng thc bin i ta
v thi gian khi chuyn t h quy chiu qun tnh K sang h quy chiu qun tnh K'
v ngc li.

2
2
2
2
2
x Vt
x
V
1
c
y y
z z
Vx
t
c
t
V
1
c

' =

' =

' =

' =

(9-8)

2
2
2
2
2
x Vt
x
V
1
c
y y
z z
Vx
t
c
t
V
1
c
' ' +

' =

' =

'

' +

(9-
9)
Cc cng thc (9-8) v (9-9) gi l cc cng thc bin i Lorentz. Khi
V
1
C
th cc
cng thc bin i Lorentz chuyn thnh cc cng thc bin i Galile (9-3).
217

Khi V > c th cc ta x v t tr nn o, iu ny tng ng vi s kin chuyn ng
vi vn tc ln hn c khng th xy ra c. Cng khng th dng h quy chiu qun
tnh chuyn ng vi vn tc bng c, v khi mu s trong cc cng thc bin i
Lorentz s bng khng.
Cng thc bin i Lorentz tha mn cc tin Einstein, n ch ra rng cc ta v
thi gian gia cc h quy chiu qun tnh c mi lin h vi nhau cho phng trnh
m t mt nh lut vt l no gi nguyn dng khi chuyn t h qun tnh ny sang
h qun tnh khc. Trong ngha ny ngi ta ni rng cc nh lut vt l l bt bin i
vi cc php bin i Lorentz. l mt cch pht biu khc ca nguyn l tng i
Einstein.
2. nh l tng hp vn tc
Ly vi phn (9-8) ta c:

2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
dx
V dt
dx Vdt
dt
dx
V V
1 1
c c
dy dy
dz dz
V dx
V
1 dt
dt dx
c dt
c
dt
V V
1 1
c c

| |

\ .
' = =

' =

' =

| |

|
\ .

' = =

(9-10)
Gi
x
dx
u
dt
'
' =
'
,
y
dy
u
dt
'
' =
'
,
z
dz
u
dt
'
' =
'
, l cc thnh phn ca vect vn tc u'
ca mt
cht im i vi h K' v
x
dx
u
dt
= ,
y
dy
u
dt
= ,
z
dz
u
dt
= l cc thnh phn ca vect vn
tc u ca cht im ni trn i vi h K, d dng thy rng:

x
x
x
2
u V
u
Vu
1
c

' =

,
2
y 2
y
x
2
V
u 1
c
u
Vu
1
c

' =

,
2
z 2
z
x
2
V
u 1
c
u
Vu
1
c

' =

(9-11)
Php bin i ngc li cho ta:
218


x
x
x
2
u V
u
Vu
1
c
' +
=
'
+
,
2
y 2
y
x
2
V
u 1
c
u
Vu
1
c
'
=
'
+
,
2
z 2
z
x
2
V
u 1
c
u
Vu
1
c
'
=
'
+
(9-12)
Cc cng thc (9-11) v (9-12) gi l nh l tng hp vn tc Einstein. Ta hy xt cc
trng hp ring.
Khi
y
u 0 = ,
z
u 0 = v
x
u u = th
y
u 0 ' = ,
z
u 0 ' = ,
x
u u ' ' =
vi
2
u V
u
Vu
1
c

' =

(9-13)
Nu u = c th u c ' = .
Khi
V
1
c
, ta c:

x x
u u V ' = ,
y y
u u ' = ,
z z
u u ' =
l cng thc tng hp vn tc Galile.
By gi ta tm cng thc xc nh s thay i hng ca vect vn tc khi chuyn t
h qun tnh ny sang h qun tnh khc. Ch rng khi
z
u 0 = th
z
u 0 ' = . iu c
ngha rng i vi h qun tnh K cht im chuyn ng trong mt phng x, y th i vi
h qun tnh K' cht im ni trn cng chuyn ng trong mt phng x' , y' . Gi u' l
gc hp bi vect u'
v trc x' , u l gc hp bi vect u v trc x, ta c:

x y
x y
u u cos , u u sin
u ucos , u usin
u u
u u
' ' ' ' ' ' = =

= =

(9-14)
t (9-14) vo (9-12) ta nhn c:

2
2
2
2
u cos V
ucos
Vu cos
1
c
V
u sin 1
c
usin
Vu cos
1
c
u
u
u
u
u
u
' ' +
=
' '
+
' '
=
' '
+

T hai biu thc ny suy ra:
219


2
2
V
u sin 1
c
tg
u cos V
u
u
u
' '
=
' ' +
(9-15)
l cng thc bin i gc. Khi u u c ' = = ta nhn c cng thc xc nh gc
lch ca tia sng khi chuyn t h K' sang h K.

2
2
V
sin 1
c
tg
V
cos
c
u
u
u
'
=
' +
(9-16)
Cng thc ny gii thch c hin tng quang sai nh sng, ngha l hin tng lch
tia sng khi chuyn t h K' sang h K.
3. S co chiu di ca cc vt theo phng chuyn ng
Xt mt thanh
1 2
M M ng yn i vi h qun tnh K' v nm dc theo trc x' .
Chiu di ca thanh o trong h quy chiu K' m thanh ng yn bng:

o 2 1
l x x ' ' A =
i vi h quy chiu qun tnh K thanh chuyn ng cng vi h K' vi vn tc V.
Mun o chiu di ca thanh trong h K ta phi xc nh cc ta u mt ca thanh
1
x ,
2
x cng mt thi im
1 2
t t = . Chiu di ca thanh o trong h K l:

2 1
l x x A =
Theo cng thc bin i Lorentz, ta c:

1 1
1
2
2
x Vt
x
V
1
c

' =

,
2 2
2
2
2
x Vt
x
V
1
c

' =

,
( )
2 1 2 1
2 1
2
2
x x V t t
x x
V
1
c

' ' =

V
1 2
t t = nn ta c:

o
2
2
l
l
V
1
c
A
A =

(9-17)
hay
2
o o
2
V
l l 1 l
c
A = A < A .
Nh vy chiu di ca thanh o trong h quy chiu m thanh ng yn l ln nht. i
vi h quy chiu m thanh chuyn ng th chiu di ca thanh theo phng chuyn ng
b co li theo t l
2
2
V
1
c
. l s co Lorentz. S co ny l mt hin tng thun ty
220

ng hc, xy ra i vi ngi quan st trong h quy chiu m thanh chuyn ng.
Khng c mt nguyn nhn ng lc no lm thanh co ngn li.V vy khng th hi c
lc no tc dng ln thanh lm chiu di ca thanh b co li.
V vt ch b co li theo phng chuyn ng, cc phng vung gc vi phng
chuyn ng s co khng xy ra nn i vi h quy chiu qun tnh m vt chuyn ng
th th tch ca vt b co li theo cng thc:

2
o 2
V
V V 1
c
= (9-18)
trong
o
V l th tch ca vt o trong h qun tnh m vt ng yn. Nh vy khi
nim khng gian l tng i, ph thuc vo h quy chiu qun tnh.
4. S chm li ca cc ng h chuyn ng
Gi s c mt ng h ng yn i vi h qun tnh K' v h K' chuyn ng i
vi h qun tnh K vi vn tc V dc theo trc x. Ta xt hai bin c xy ra ti cng mt
im c nh M c cc ta x' , y' , z' trong h K' . Khong thi gian gia hai bin c
o trong h K' l:

o 2 1
t t t ' ' A =
By gi ta tm khong thi gian gia hai bin c ni trn trong h K. Theo cng thc
bin i Lorentz, ta c:

1 1 2
1
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
V
t x
c
t
V
1
c
V
t x
c
t
V
1
c
' ' +
=

' ' +
=

V
1 2
x x x ' ' ' = = nn ta c:

2 1 o
2 1
2 2
2 2
t t t
t t t
V V
1 1
c c
' ' A
A = = =


hay
2
o
2
V
t t 1 t
c
A = A < A (9-19)
Nh vy khong thi gian ca cng mt qu trnh c ghi trn ng h ng yn i
vi h qun tnh K' l
o
t A v ghi trn ng h ng yn i vi h qun tnh K l t A
221

vi
o
t t A > A . V ng h gn vi h K' chuyn ng i vi ng h ng yn gn vi
h K vi vn tc V nn ta c th ni: ng h chuyn ng (ng h gn vi h K' ) chy
chm hn ng h ng yn (ng h gn vi h K). Nh th, khi nim thi gian l
tng i, ph thuc vo s la chn h quy chiu qun tnh.
By gi ta xt mt th d v s chm li ca thi gian. Ht mezon t
+
c to thnh
trn thng tng kh quyn, do va chm ca cc ht proton v nowtron cc nhanh. Thi
gian sng trung bnh ca ht (khong thi gian trung bnh k t khi ht c sinh ra n
khi ht b hy) i vi h quy chiu m ht ng yn l
8
o
t 2,2.10 s

A ~ . Vn tc ca ht
mezon t
+
xp x bng vn tc nh sng trong chn khng c:
u = 0,999 999 99c
nu khng c hin tng tri chm ca thi gian th trong khong thi gian
o
t A ,
mezon t
+
dch chuyn c mt khong
o
t A .u = 6,5m. Vi on ng dch chuyn ny
mezon t
+
khng th i n mt t v khong cch t thng tng kh quyn n mt t
vo khong 40 50km. Nhng trong thc t ta quan st c mezon t
+
ngang mt
bin v c trong cc hm su di t. S kin ny c gii thch trn c s tha nhn
c hin tng tri chm ca thi gian. H quy chiu K' m ht mezon t
+
ng yn
chuyn ng tng i so vi h K gn lin vi mt t vi vn tc V = u = 0,999 999
99c. Thi gian sng ca ht mezon t
+
i vi h K l:

o
o
2
2
t
t 7000 t
u
1
c
A
A = ~ A

i vi h K, trong khong thi gian t A , ht mezon t
+
i c mt qung ng
tu 46km A = v nh vy ht mezon t
+
sinh thng tng kh quyn c th tm thy
mt t.
5. Tnh tng i ca khi nim ng thi v quan h nhn qu
Gi s c hai bin c
1
M v
2
M xy ra trong t nhin. Ta ca bin c
1
M i vi
h qun tnh K l
1
x ,
1
y ,
1
z ,
1
t i vi h qun tnh K' l
1
x' ,
1
y' ,
1
z' ,
1
t' . Ta ca
bin c
2
M i vi h qun tnh K v K' l
2
x ,
2
y ,
2
z ,
2
t v
2
x' ,
2
y' ,
2
z' ,
2
t' . Nu h
K' chuyn ng i vi h K vi vn tc V dc theo trc x th theo cng thc bin i
Lorentz, ta c:
222


1 1 2
1
2
2
V
t x
c
t
V
1
c

' =

,
2 2 2
2
2
2
V
t x
c
t
V
1
c

' =

,
( )
2 1 2 1 2
2 1
2
2
V
t t x x
c
t t
V
1
c

' ' =

(9-20)
Ta xt trng hp
1 2
x x = .
Nu h K' chuyn ng so vi h K vi vn tc V tha mn ng thc:

( )
( )
2
2 1
2 1
c t t
V
x x

th
2 1
t t 0 ' ' = . Khong thi gian
2 1
t t trong h K ni chung khc khng. Nh vy hai
bin c xy ra ng thi vi h K' (
2 1
t t ' ' = ) nhng c th xy ra khng ng thi i vi
h K. Tnh ng thi ca hai bin c ph thuc vo s la chn h quy chiu qun tnh.
l tnh cht tng i ca khi nim ng thi.
Lu rng c nhng bin c khng c quan h g vi nhau nhng c nhng bin c c
quan h nhn qu vi nhau. Bin c nguyn nhn xy ra trc, bin c kt qu xy ra sau.
Tnh tng i ca thi gian khng mu thun vi nguyn l nhn qu. Th d bin c
nguyn nhn
1
M l mt pht sng n ti im
1
x ,
1
y ,
1
z v ti thi im
1
t , bin c kt
qu
2
M l vin n trng ch ti im
2
x ,
2
y ,
2
z v ti thi im
2
t . Gi u l thnh
phn vn tc trung bnh theo phng x, ta c:

( )
2 1 2 1
x x u t t = vi u < c

( )
( )
2 1 2
2 1 2 1 2
2 1
2 2
2 2
Vu
V
t t 1
t t x x
c
c
t t
V V
1 1
c c
| |


|
\ .
' ' = =

(9-21)
V
2
Vu
1 0
c
> nn khi
2 1
t t 0 > th
2 1
t t 0 ' ' > . Kt qu ny ph hp vi nguyn l
nhn qu.
6. Cc lng bt bin. Khong gia hai bin c
Thuyt tng i chng minh c tnh tng i ca khong khng gian v
khong thi gian. Thuyt tng i cng chng t tn ti nhng lng khng thay i
trong mi h quy chiu qun tnh c gi l nhng lng bt bin. Lng bt bin u
tin chng ta gp l vn tc ca nh sng trong chn khng c. Chng ta hy xt mt
lng bt bin khc l khong gia hai bin c.
223

Xt hai bin c
1
M v
2
M . Ta ca bin c
1
M ,
2
M i vi h qun tnh K l
1
x ,
1
y ,
1
z ,
1
t v
2
x ,
2
y ,
2
z ,
2
t . Ta ca bin c
1
M ,
2
M ni trn i vi h qun tnh
K' l
1
x' ,
1
y' ,
1
z' ,
1
t' v
2
x' ,
2
y' ,
2
z' ,
2
t' . K hiu

2 1
x x x A = ,
2 1
y y y A = ,
2 1
z z z A = ,
2 1
t t t A =

2 1
x x x ' ' ' A = ,
2 1
y y y ' ' ' A = ,
2 1
z z z ' ' ' A = ,
2 1
t t t ' ' ' A =

2 2 2
l x y z A = A + A + A ,
2 2 2
l x y z ' ' ' ' A = A + A + A .
Cc lng l A v t A l khong khng gian v khong thi gian gia hai bin c trong
h qun tnh K. Cc lng l' A v t' A l khong khng gian v khong thi gian gia hai
bin c ni trn trong h qun tnh K' . Trong l thuyt tng i, ngi ta nh ngha
khong gia hai bin c trong h K l lng s A , trong h K' l lng s' A , xc nh
bng:

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
s c t l c t x y z
s c t l c t x y z
A = A A = A A A A
' ' ' ' ' ' ' A = A A = A A A A
(9-22)
Nh vy khong gia hai bin c l s thng nht cc khi nim khong khng gian v
khong thi gian gia hai bin c. Theo php bin i Lorentz, ta c:

2
2
x V t
x
V
1
c
A A
' A =

, y y ' A = A , z z ' A = A ,
2
2
2
V
t x
c
t
V
1
c
A A
' A =

Dng cc h thc ny ta tm c s s ' A = A . Vy khong gia hai bin c l mt
lng bt bin. Khi hai bin c xy ra rt gn nhau, ta c:

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ds c dt dx dy dz ds c dt dx dy dz ' ' ' ' ' = = =

2 2
o o 2 2
ds v ds v
dt dt 1 dt dt 1
c c c c
' '
' ' = = = = =
y
2 2 2
2
2
dx dy dz
v
dt
+ +
= ,
2 2 2
2
2
dx dy dz
v
dt
' ' ' + +
' =
'
.
v
1
c
,
v
1
c
'
th
o o
dt dt dt dt ' ' = = = . l tin v khong thi gian trong c hc
Newton. Nh vy khi chuyn t c hc tng i tnh v c hc c in Newton th
o
dt
chuyn v dt.


224

4. NG LC HC TNG I TNH

1. Phng trnh ng lc hc ca cht im
Chng ta bit lng bt bin
o
dt bng:

2
o 2
ds v
dt dt 1
c c
= =
Khi
v
1
c
ngha l khi chuyn t c hc tng i tnh v c hc c in Newton th
o
dt dt = . Chnh v vy, trong c hc tng i tnh ngi ta nh ngha vect vn tc ba
chiu u l t s ca dr vi
o
dt :

2 2
o
2 2
dr 1 dr v
u
dt dt
v v
1 1
c c
= = =


Khi
v
1
c
th u v = .
Xung lng ca cht im trong thuyt tng i c nh ngha bng:

o
o
2
2
m v
p m u mv
v
1
c
= = =

(9-23)
trong :
o
2
2
m
m
v
1
c
=

(9-24)
gi l khi lng tng i tnh ca cht im chuyn ng v m
o
gi l khi lng tnh
(hay: khi lng ngh). Khi v 0 = th m = m
o
, khi cht im chuyn ng vi vn tc nh
v c th
o
m m ~ , khi v tng th m tng v khi v = c th m. Khi v c ~ th khi
lng tng v cng, do mun tip tc tng tc cho cht im, phi tc dng mt
lc v cng ln. Lc khng th c trong thc t, v nh vy khng c vt no c th
chuyn ng c vi vn tc bng vn tc nh sng trong chn khng. Khi lng
thng dng trong c hc c in ng bng m
o
.
Phng trnh ng lc hc ca cht im trong thuyt tng i c dng:
225


o
2
2
dp d m v
F
dt dt
v
1
c
| |
|
|
= =
|

|
\ .
(9-25)
trong F l lc tc dng ln cht im. Khi
v
1
c
th
o
p m v ~ v phng trnh (9-25)
chuyn v phng trnh ng lc hc cht im trong c hc c in Newton.
2. Nng lng ca ht (cht im) trong thuyt tng i
Gi E l nng lng ca ht, A Fds o = l cng nguyn t ca ngoi lc F tc dng
ln ht, ta c:
dE A Fds Fvdt o = = =
hay
dE
vF
dt
= (9-26)
xc nh E, ta tnh vF ch rng
( )
2
d
v 2vdv
dt
= ta vit c:

1 3
2 2 2
2 2
2
o
o o
2 2 2
2
2
dE d m v dv v 1 v d v
vF v m v 1 m v 1
dt dt dt c 2 c dt c
v
1
c

| |
|
| |
| | | | | |
|
= = = +
|
| | |
|
\ . \ . \ .
\ .

|
\ .

=
2 2
2
o
3
2 2
2 2
2
m v dv 1 d v
1 v v
c dt 2 dt c
v
1
c

| | | |
+
`
| |
\ . \ .
| | )

|
\ .

=
2 2 2
o o
3
2
2
2 2
2
2
1 m c d v d m c
2 dt c dt
v
v
1
1
c
c
| |
|
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
| |

|
|
\ .
\ .

T y ta nhn c biu thc nng lng E ca ht trng l thuyt tng i:

2
2
o
2
2
m c
E mc
v
1
c
= =

(9-27)
Cng thc ny cho mi lin h gia nng lng E v khi lng m ca ht gi l cng
thc Einstein. Khi vt c khi lng m th n cng c mt nng lng E v ngc li, khi
226

vt c nng lng E th n c khi lng m. Hai i lng ny lun t l vi nhau. Khi
nng lng thay i mt lng E A th khi lng cng thay i mt lng E A tng
ng v ngc li, ta c:

2
E m.c A = A (9-28)
By gi ta ng dng cng thc Einstein vo hin tng phn r ht nht. Gi s ban
u ht nhn ng yn c khi lng m v t phn r thnh hai ht thnh phn c khi
lng ngh
1
m v
2
m . Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng, ta vit c:

2 2
2
1 2
2 2
1 2
2 2
mc m c
mc
v v
1 1
c c
= +


T y suy ra:

1 2
m m m > + ,
( )
1 2
m m m m 0 A = + >
ngha l khi lng ht nhn trc khi t phn r ln hn tng khi lng ngh ca cc
ht thnh phn. Theo cng thc Einstein, phn nng lng tng ng vi ht khi ny
bng:
( )
2 2
1 2
E m m m c mc A = + = A (


Phn nng lng ny c ta di dng bc x v nhit.
Cc trng hp ring.
Khi v = 0 th
2
o o
E E m c = = . i lng
2
o
m c gi l nng lng ngh. Khi
v
1
c
, ta
c:

2
2
2
2
1 1 v
1
2 c
v
1
c
~ +

2 2
o o
1
E m c m v
2
~ + (9-29)

CU HI V BI TP
9.1. Mt thanh chuyn ng theo chiu dc vi vn tc v khng i i vi h quy
chiu qun tnh K. Cho bit chiu di ca thanh trong h quy chiu K s ngn hn chiu
di ring ca n (o trong h quy chiu qun tnh K' gn lin vi thanh) l k 2% = . Tm
gi tr ca v.
227

9.2. Tm di ring ca thanh, nu trong h quy chiu qun tnh K (h quy chiu
phng th nghim) vn tc ca n bng v 0,5c = , di l l = 1,0 m v gc gia phng
chuyn ng l
o
45 u = .
9.3. Mt hnh tam gic vung cn ng yn i vi h quy chiu K' c cnh y nm
trn trc x' c din tch S' . H K' chuyn ng thng u i vi h quy chiu qun
tnh K dc theo trc x vi vn tc
4
v c
5
= (c l vn tc ca nh sng trong chn khng).
Tm din tch ca tam gic trn v cc gc ca n trong h quy chiu qun tnh K.
9.4. Thi gian sng ring ca mt ht khng bn no
o
10ns t = . Tm qung ng
ht i c trc khi phn r trong h quy chiu phng th nghim (h quy chiu qun
tnh K) trong thi gian sng ca ht 20ns t = .
9.5. mezon c khi lng ngh bng 273 ln khi lng ngh ca lectrn. Xc
nh thi gian sng trung bnh trong h quy chiu phng th nghim ca mezon, nu
thi gian sng ca mezon i vi h quy chiu m n ng yn bng
8
o
10 s t

= v
nng lng ton phn E = 5.10
9
eV.
9.6. Mt tn la chuyn ng i vi h quy chiu ng yn K vi vn tc v 0,99c =
(c l vn tc ca nh sng trong chn khng). Hi ng h gn vi h K chy c mt
khong thi gian bng bao nhiu nu mt ng h gn vi tn la chy c 1 nm.
9.7. Ht chuyn ng vi vn tc
3
v c
4
= . Nng lng ca ht chuyn ng gp bao
nhiu ln nng lng ca ht ng yn?
9.8. lectrn chuyn ng vi vn tc
4
v c
5
= . Tm ng nng ca lectrn. Cho bit
khi lng ngh c lectrn bng
30
e
m 0,911.10 kg

= .
9.9. Khi lng ngh (ng yn) ca ht l m
o
. Hy biu din vn tc ca n theo.
a) Nng lng ton phn E
b) ng nng T
c) Xung lng p
9.10. Chng t rng gia nng lng E, xung lng p v vn tc v ca ht trong
thuyt tng i tha mn cc h thc:
a)
2
E
p v
c
=
b)
2 2 2
o
E c p m c = +
9.11. Xut pht t phng trnh c bn ca ng lc hc tng i tnh:
228


o
2
2
dp d m v
F
dt dt
v
1
c
| |
|
|
= =
|

|
\ .

trong F l lc tc dng ln ht.
a) Chng minh rng ta c h thc

( )
2
2
2
o
v
1
dv v
c
a F Fv
dt m c

= =
`
)

trong a l gia tc ca ht, v l vn tc ca ht.
b) Trong trng hp no th gia tc a ca ht trng vi phng ca lc F tc dng
ln ht. Tm h s t l gia F v a trong cc trng hp F v v F / /v .