1

Chng I
NG HC CHT IM
1. NHNG KHI NIM C BN M U
1. Chuyn ng v h qui chiu
Chuyn ng c hc ca vt th l s dch chuyn tng i ca vt th ny i vi
cc vt th khc trong khng gian theo thi gian. ng hin cu chuyn ng ca vt
th, ngi ta chn nhng vt th khc no lm mc m ta quy c l ng yn. H ta
tn lin vi vt lm mc xc nh v tr ca vt th trong khng gian v chic ng
h gn vi h ny ch thi gian gi l h quy chiu. H quy chiu c chn nghin
cu chuyn ng ca vt th l hon ton ty . Mt vt th chuyn ng i vi h quy
chiu ny nhng c th ng yn i vi h quy chiu khc. R rng l chuyn ng hay
ng yn ch c tnh cht tng i, ty theo h quy chiu ta chn. Th d, mt hnh
khch ng yn trn mt toa tu nhng v toa tu chuyn ng i vi nh ga, nn hnh
khch chuyn ng i vi nh ga.
2. Cht im v h cht im
Khi nghin cu chuyn ng ca vt th, n gin, u tin ta nghin cu chuyn
ng ca vt c kch thc b so vi kch thc c trng cho chuyn ng ca n.
Chuyn ng ca vt nh vy xy ra rt n gin v chng ta khng ch n s quay
ca vt th v s dch chuyn gia cc phn t ca n so vi nhau. Vt th c kch thc
b qua c so vi kch thc c trng cho chuyn ng ca n gi l cht im hay
ht. Mt vt th c coi l cht im khng phi do kch thc tuyt i ca xc nh
m do t s gia kch thc ca n v di c trng cho chuyn ng ca n xc nh.
Th d, khi nghin cu chuyn ng ca Tri t quanh Mt Tri ta c th xem c Tri
t v Mt Tri l nhng cht im mc d bn knh ca Tri t vo khong 6.10
6
m,
cn bn knh ca Mt Tri vo khong 7.10
8
m. S thc nhng kch thc ny l rt nh
so vi khong cch gia tm ca Mt Tri v tm Tri t, khong cch vo khong
1,5.10
11
m. Mt khc, khi nghin cu s quay ca Tri t quanh trc ca n th ta khng
th xem Tri t nh mt cht im. Tht vy, di cc i c trng cho chuyn ng
ny chu vi ca ng trn m mt im no nm trn b mt ca Tri t xch o
vch nn. R rng bn knh ca Tri t khng th b qua so vi di ny.
Cht im xa cc vt th khc sao cho tng tc gia n vi cc vt th bn ngoi c
th b qua gi l cht im chuyn ng t do hay cht im c lp.
Mt tp hp cc vt th m mi vt c coi nh mt cht im th tp hp gi l
h cht im hay h c. H cht im m tng tc gia h v cc vt th bn ngoi h
c th b qua gi l h c lp hay h kn. Vt rn l mt h cht im m khong cch
2

gia hai cht im bt k ca h khng thay i trong sut qu trnh chuyn ng ca h.
Vt rn c lp gi l vt rn chuyn ng t do.
3. Khng gian v thi gian trong c hc c in
C hc c in nghin cu chuyn ng ca cc vt trong khng gian theo thi gian
vi vn tc rt b so vi vn tc ca nh sng trong chn khng. Khng gian v thi gian
l nhng khi nim c bn khng nhng trong c hc c in m c trong vt l ni
chung. Ta hy nghin cu tnh cht ca thi gian v khng gian trong c hc c in.
Ta xt mt qu trnh vt l bt k xy ra trong t nhin. Th d: qu trnh chuyn ng
ca mt vt t v tr M
1
n v tr M
2
no , qu trnh truyn sng in t v.vi vi
h quy chiu K, khong thi gian tri qua ca qu trnh l t
2
-t
1
. i vi h quy chiu K

chuyn ng bt k tng i so vi h quy chiu K th khong thi gian tri qua ca qu
trnh vt l ni trn l
2 1
t -t ' ' . Trong c hc c in ngi ta tha nhn rng: Khong thi
gian tri qua ca mt qu trnh vt l bt k trong mi h quy chiu chuyn ng tng
i so vi nhau mt cch ty l nh nhau, ngha l:

2 1 2 1
t t t t ' ' = (1-1)
l tin v tnh tuyt i ca thi gian trong c hc c in.
Khi
1 1 2 2
t =t =0, t =t , t =t ' ' ' th ta c:
t=t'
Tin ny khng nh rng chu k ca cc ng h l khng thay i khi chuyn t
h quy chiu ny sang h quy chiu khc. Sau ny s thy, tin ny ch ng khi vn
tc chuyn ng ca vt b so vi vn tc ca nh sng trong chn khng.
By gi ta nghin cu tnh cht ca
khng gian. m t chuyn ng ca cht
im ngi ta thng dng h quy chiu K
l h ta Descartes v mt ng h
xc nh v tr ca cht im nhng thi
im khc nhau. H ta Descartes gm
ba trc Ox, Oy, Oz vung gc vi nhau tng
i mt, hp thnh mt tam din thun
Oxyz (hnh 1-1).

Hnh 1.1
Thc nghim ch rng v tr ca cht im M thi im t i vi h quy chiu K
c xc nh bng mt tp hp ba s gi l ba ta ca cht im (th d x, y, z trong
h ta Descartes). hay bng mt bn knh vect r k t gc ta O n im M.
Khai trin vec r ny theo cc vect n v i , j , k t trn cc trc Ox, Oy, Oz ca h
ta Descartes Oxyz, ta nhn c:
r=xi+yj+zk (1-2)
3

y x, y, z l nhng hnh chiu ca vect r trn cc trc ta Ox, Oy, Oz.
V tr ca cht im M ni trn thi im t =t ' i vi h quy chiu K' chuyn ng
bt k i vi h K c xc nh bng bn knh vect r' k t gc ta O' n im
M. Tng t nh trn, khai trin vect r' theo cc vect n v i' , j' , k' t trn cc
trc Ox ' ' , Oy ' ' , Oz ' ' ca h ta Descartes Ox y z ' ' ' ' , ta c:
r =x i +y j +z k ' ' ' ' ' ' ' (1-3)
V tr gc O' ca h quy chiu K' chuyn ng i vi h quy chiu K c xc nh
bng bn knh vect
O
r =OO
'
' .
Trong c hc c in tha nhn rng: gia cc bn knh vect ca cng mt im
trong cc h quy chiu K v K' khc nhau thi im t bt k c h thc:

O
r=r +r
'
' hay
O
r =r-r
'
' (1-4)
Ta xt chuyn ng ca hai cht im bt k
1
M v
2
M . thi im t bt k , ta c:

1 O 1
r =r +r
'
' ,
2 O 2
r =r +r
'
' ,
2 1 2 1
r -r =r -r ' '
Hay
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
1/2
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
r -r = x -x + y -y + z -z = r -r = ' '
=
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
1/2
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
x -x + y -y + z -z ' ' ' ' ' ' (1-5)
Ngha l, khong cch gia hai v tr ca hai cht im bt k cng mt thi im
cho l nh nhau trong tt c mi h quy chiu. l tnh cht ca khng gian trong c
hc c in. Khi hai im
1
M v
2
M rt gn nhau th khong dr gia hai cht im c
xc nh bng ng thc:

{ }
1/2
2 2 2
dr= dx +dy +dz (1-6)
Khng gian vi c tnh ca n c xc nh bi ng thc (1-6) gi l khng gian
Euclid ba chiu. Thc nghim ch rng khng gian trong c hc c in l khng gian
Euclid ba chiu.
4

Nh vy trong c hc c in tha nhn: V tr ca cht im c tnh cht tng i,
i vi nhng h quy chiu khc nhau l khc nhau nhng khong thi gian v khong
khng gian c tnh cht tuyt i, l nh nhau trong mi h quy chiu.

2. PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG V PHNG TRNH QU O CA
CHT IM
1. Phng trnh chuyn ng
Xt chuyn ng ca cht im M i vi h quy chiu K c quy c l ng yn.
V tr ca cht im M trong khng gian c xc nh bi bn knh vect r k t gc O
ca h ta n im M. Khi cht im chuyn ng th ln v hng ca r u
bin i theo thi gian t. Ni mt cch khc, r l hm ca thi gian t:
r=r(t) (1-7)
Phng trnh (1-7) xc nh v tr ca cht im trong khng gian ti mi thi im v
c gi l phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im di dng vect. Phng trnh ny
c th vit di dng ta . Trong h ta Descartes, ta c:
r(t)=x(t)i+y(t) j+z(t)k (1-8)
y x, y, z l cc thnh phn ca r trn cc trc ta . H quy chiu K c quy
c l ng yn nn cc vect n v i , j , k khng thay i theo thi gian. Khi cht
im M chuyn ng th cc ta x, y, z u bin i theo thi gian t, ngha l:
x=x(t), y=t(t), z=z(t) (1-9)
Cc phng trnh (1-9) gi l cc phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im cho di
dng ta Descartes. Ba phng trnh (1-9) m t ba chuyn ng thng ca cht im
dc theo ba trc ta Ox, Oy, Oz. Nh vy trong h ta Descartes, mt chuyn ng
bt k c phn tch thnh ba chuyn ng thng dc theo ba trc ta . mi thi
im t, cht im M c mt v tr xc nh trong khng gian. Khi chuyn ng, v tr ca
cht im lun lun thay i t v tr ny sang v tr khc mt cch lin tc trong khng
gian. V th, khi chuyn ng v tr ca cht im vch thnh mt ng lin tc trong
khng gian. ng gi l qu o ca cht im chuyn ng. Trong i sng hng
ngy thng gp vt chuyn ng trn qu o bit trc. Th d mt t chuyn
ng trn mt ng quc l cho. xc nh chuyn ng ca cht im trn qu
o cho, thun li hn c, ta chn mt im c nh O
1
no trn qu o lm gc.
5


Hnh 1.2
Khi di ca qu o tnh t gc O
1

n im M l
1
s=OM. Chiu dng ca s
ly theo chiu chuyn ng ca cht im
v s gi l honh cong ca cht im
(hnh 1.2). Khi cht im M chuyn ng
th r l hm ca s v s l hm ca thi gian
t:
r=r(s), s=s(t) (1-10)
Phng trnh s = s(t) c gi l phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im theo qu
o ca n.
2. Phng trnh qu o
Cc phng trnh m t qu o chuyn ng ca cht im gi l cc phng trnh
qu o. Bit cc phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im ta c th tm c phng
trnh qu o ca n. Tht vy, kh thi gian t trong cc phng trnh chuyn ng ta tm
c phng trnh qu o ca cht im.
Th d: Phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im c dng:
x=acost, y=bsint, z=0 (1-11)
trong a, b, l nhng i lng khng i. Tm phng trnh qu o ca cht im.
D thy rng:

2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
x y
=cos t, =sin t,cos t+sin t=1
a b

Cc phng trnh xc nh qu o ca cht im l:

2 2
2 2
x y
+ =1,z=0
a b
(1-12)
Vy qu o ca cht im l ng elp nm trong mt phng xoy vi cc bn trc a
v b.
V mt ton hc, nu xem t l tham s th cc phng trnh (1-11) chnh l phng
trnh tham s ca qu o.



6

3. VN TC
1. nh ngha vn tc
c trng cho c phng, chiu v nhanh chm ca chuyn ng cht im,
ngi ta a vo mt vect gi l vect vn tc.
u tin ta xc nh ln ca vect vn tc v sau xc nh phng chiu ca
vect vn tc. Xt chuyn ng ca mt cht im trn mt ng cong C. Ta chn mt
im c nh O
1
trn ng C lm gc v chn chiu dng l chiu chuyn ng ca
cht im.
Gi s thi im t, cht im v tr M
c xc nh bi honh cong s(t), thi
im t+t cht im v tr M' c xc
nh bi honh cong s+s (hnh 1.3).
Trong khong thi gian t cht im dch
chuyn c mt qung ng s .

Hnh 1. 3
Qung ng trung bnh cht im dch chuyn c trong mt n v thi gian, theo
nh ngha l ln vn tc trung bnh ca cht im trong khong thi gian t v c
k hiu l
tb
v :

tb
s
v =
t
(1-13)
Khi
tb
v c tr ln ta ni rng cht im chuyn ng nhanh v c tr b ta ni rng cht
im chuyn chm. Vy vn tc trung bnh c trng cho nhanh chm trung bnh ca
chuyn ng cht im trn qung ng s . Ni chung, trn qung ng s ny,
nhanh chm ca chuyn ng cht im nhng thi im khc nhau l khc nhau.
c trng cho nhanh chm ca chuyn ng cht im thi im t ta tnh gii hn
ca t s
s
t
khi t 0 . i lng

t 0
s ds
v lim
t dt
A
A
= =
A
(1-14)
Gi l ln ca vn tc thi im t. Nh vy, ln vn tc ca cht im bng o
hm bc nht honh cong theo thi gian. Trong trng hp tng qut, v ph thuc
vo thi gian t. Nu thi im t = 0, cht im gc
1
O (s=0), th v tr ca cht im
thi im t c xc nh bng cng thc:

t
0
s= v(t)dt
}
(1-15)
By gi ta xc nh phng, chiu ca vect vn tc.
7

Theo nh ngha, vect vn tc ti mt v tr M l mt vect v c phng nm trn
tip tuyn vi qu o ti M, c chiu theo chiu chuyn ng v c gi tr bng tr tuyt
i ca v (hnh 1.4). Gi t l vect n v, tip tuyn vi qu o ti im M v hng
theo chiu chuyn ng ca cht im. Khi vect vn tc ca cht im ti v tr M
c xc nh bng cng thc:

ds
v v
dt
t = = (1-16)
Vect ds ds t = gi l vect dch
chuyn ca cht im trong khong thi
gian v cng b dt. Nh vy, vect vn
tc l t s gia vect dch chuyn v
cng b ds

ca cht im vi khong
thi gian v cng b dt cht im i
c di ds.

Hnh 1.4
By gi ly hai v tr v cng gn nhau ca cht im, ng vi cc bn knh vect r v
r dr + cc thi im t v t dt + . R rng l vi phn ca bn knh vect dr bng vect
dich chuyn v cng b ca cht im:
dr ds, dr ds = =
Biu thc ca vect vn tc c th c vit di dng:

dr
v
dt
= (1-17)
Vy, vect vn tc ca cht im ti mt im no bng o hm bc nht ca bn
knh vect theo thi gian ti im .
T cng thc (1-17) ta thy rng th nguyn ca vn tc l L.T
-1
. n v o vn tc
trong h SI l m/s.
2. Vect vn tc trong h ta Descartes
Trong h ta Descartes c nh th cc vect n v i, j, k t trn cc trc Ox, Oy,
Oz khng thay i. V vy ta vit c:

dr dx dy dz
v i j k
dt dt dt dt
= = + + (1-18)
Cc hnh chiu ca vect vn tc trn cc trc ta x, y, z l:

x y z
dx dy dz
v , v , v
dt dt dt
= = = (1-19)
8

Nh vy, cht im chuyn ng bt k trong khng gian c th xem ng thi tham
gia ba chuyn ng thng trn ba trc ta Descartes vi cc vn tc tng ng
x, y, z
v v v
. ln ca vect vn tc:

2 2 2
x y z
v v v v = + + (1-20)
Cho bit cht im chuyn ng nhanh hay chm, cn chiu ca n xc nh chiu
chuyn ng ca cht im trn qu o.
Cng vi v tr, vn tc l i lng c bn c trng cho chuyn ng cht im.
Trong c hc, trng thi ca cht im c xc nh bng cc i lng: ba ta v ba
thnh phn ca vn tc.

4. GIA TC
1. nh ngha v biu thc ca vect gia tc
Trong trng hp tng qut, vn tc ca cht im khng ngng bin i v ln, v
phng v chiu. c trng cho s thay i ca vect vn tc, ta a vo khi nim
gia tc. Gi s thi im t, cht im v tr M c vect vn tc v(t) , thi im
t t +A cht im v tr M' c vect vn tc v(t t) + A . Trong khong thi gian t A , vect
vn tc ca cht im bin thin mt lng v v(t t) v(t) A = + A . bin thin trung
bnh ca vect vn tc trong mt n v thi gian gi l gia tc trung bnh ca chuyn
ng trong khong thi gian t A v c k hiu
tb
a :

tb
v
a
t
A
=
A
(1-21)
c trng cho s thay i ca vect vn tc tng thi im, ta phi xc nh
v
t
A
A

trong khong thi gian t A v cng b, t 0 A .
Vect gia tc ca cht im thi im t c xc nh nh sau:

2
2
t 0
v dv d r
a lim
t dt dt
A
A
= = =
A
(1-22)
Vy, gia tc chuyn ng ca cht im l mt vect bng o hm bc nht theo
thi gian ca vect vn tc, hay bng o hm bc hai theo thi gian ca bn knh vect
r .
Trong h ta Descartes, ta vit c:

y
x z
dv
dv dv
a i j k
dt dt dt
= + +
9

hay:
2 2 2
2 2 2
d x d y d z
a i j k
dt dt dt
= + + (1-23)
Cc hnh chiu ca vect gia tc a trn cc trc ta x, y, z bng:
ln ca gia tc c tnh theo cng thc:

2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
2 2 2
d x d y d z
a a a a
dt dt dt
| | | | | |
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
= + + = + + (1-24)

2
x
x 2
2
y
y 2
2
z
z 2
dv d x
a
dt dt
dv
d y
a
dt dt
dv d z
a
dt dt
= =
= =
= =
(1-25)
2. Gia tc tip tuyn v gia tc php tuyn
Khi cht im chuyn ng trn ng cong th ln ca vn tc v , phng v
chiu ca vect n v tip tuyn t khng ngng bin i. Gia tc ca cht im c
vit di dng:
dv d dv d
a (v. ) v
dt dt dt dt
t
t t = = = + (1)
nhng v tr khc nhau trn qu o, vect t c phng v chiu khc nhau. iu
c ngha l vect t l hm ca honh cong s. Do vy, tao c:

d d ds d
v
dt ds dt dt
t t t
= = (2)
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c:

2
dv d
a v
dt ds
t
t = + (1-26)
Gi n l vect n v t ti im M v hng theo chiu ca dt , ta vit c:

d
d
n
ds ds
t
t
= (1-27)
10

Ta xc nh phng, chiu v ln ca
d
ds
t
. Gi s thi im t cht im v tr M c
honh cong s, vect n v tip tuyn ti M l (s) t , thi im t dt + cht im v
tr M' c honh cong s + ds, vect n v tip tuyn ti M' l (s ds) t + . im M'
c chn rt gn im M sao cho gn ng coi ds l cung v cng b ca mt ng
trn. Qua M, M' v mt im bt k N trn cung MM' ta v mt vng trn (hnh 1.5).
Khi M' tin dn v hn ti M th ng trn trn tin n mt v tr gii hn gi l ng
trn mt tip vi ng cong C ti M. Mt phng P cha ng trn mt tip vi ng
cong ti M gi l mt phng mt tip vi ng cong ti M. Chn im M' rt gn im
M sao cho cung MM' =ds l cung ca ng trn mt tip, (s) t l tip tuyn ca ng
trn mt tip ti M v (s ds) t + l tip tuyn ca ng trn mt tip ti M' , cc vect
(s) t v (s ds) t + u nm trong mt phng mt tip P. Gi R l bn knh ca ng trn
mt tip, d l gc MOM' th ds Rd = .
Bn knh R cng gi l bn knh chnh
khc ca ng cong C ti M.
bin thin ca vect n v t trong
khong ds bng:
d (s ds) (s) t t t = +
v vect dt , t M ta k mt vect
n v t ' song song cng chiu vi
(s ds) t + .
Hnh 1.5
Ni cc mt ca vect (s) t v t ' ta c dt (hnh 1.5). Cc vect (s) t v t ' v dt to
thnh mt tam gic cn c nh M, cnh y dt v cc cnh bn (s) 1 t t ' ' = = . Gc to
thnh gia (s) t v t ' bng gc MOM' (gc c cnh tng ng vung gc) v bng d .
ln ca dt bng:

d d
d 2 (s) sin( ) 2sin( ) d
2 2

t t = = (1-28)
11

Chiu ca dt hng v pha lm ca ng cong v khi gc nh ca tam gic cn
d 0 (khi M' trng vi M) th gc to thnh bi (s) t v dt l gc vung. Vy vect
d
ds
t
vung gc vi vect (s) t . Kt lun ny c th nhn c bng cch khc n gin
hn, nu ch :

2
2
( ) 1
d( ) 2 d 0
tt t
t t t
= =
= =

Theo nh ngha tch v hng ca hai vect th d 0 t t = ch khi t v dt vung gc
vi nhau.
Dng cc h thc (1-27) v (1-28) ta vit c:

d
d d 1
n n n
ds ds ds R
t
t
= = = (1-29)
i lng
1
R
gi l cong ca ng cong C ti M. Vect n v n vung gc vi t
ti M v hng v tm chnh khc ca ng cong gi l vect php tuyn. t (1-29)
vo (1-26) ta nhn c:

2
dv v
a n
dt R
t = + (1-30)
Thnh phn

dv
a a , a
dt
t t t
t = = (1-31)
C phng ca vect vn tc, tc l tip tuyn vi qu o, gi l gia tc tip tuyn.
Thnh phn ny c trng cho s thay i v ln ca vect vn tc.
Thnh phn

2
n n n
v
a a n, a
R
= = (1-32)
Vung gc vi phng ca vect vn tc, hng v tm chnh khc ca ng cong, gi
l gia tc php tuyn. Thnh phn ny c trng cho s thay i v phng ca vect vn
tc. Nh vy, gia tc a c phn tch thnh hai thnh phn: gia tc tip tuyn at c
12

trng cho s thay i v ln ca vect vn tc v gia tc php tuyn n a c trng cho
s thay i v phng ca vect vn tc:

n a a a
t
= + (1-33)
ln ca vect gia tc bng:

2
2
2
2 2
n
dv v
a a a
dt R
t
| |
| |
| |
\ .
\ .
= + = + (1-34)
Th nguyn ca gia tc l T.L
-2
. n v o gia tc trong h SI l m/s
2
.

5. CC DNG CHUYN NG N GIN
1. Chuyn ng thng
Nu
n
a lun lun bng khng th phng ca vect vn tc khng thay i, cht im
chuyn ng trn mt ng thng. Ta c:

n
dv
a 0,a a
dt
t
= = =
Khi a>0 cht im chuyn ng thng nhanh dn, khi a<0 cht im chuyn ng
thng chm dn v khi
0
a a const = = cht im chuyn ng thng bin i u.
Trng hp cht im chuyn ng thng bin i u, ta c:

1
v dv adt at C = = = +
} }


2
1 1 2
1
s ds vdt (at C )dt at C t C
2
= = = + = + +
} } }

y C
1
v C
2
l nhng hng s tch phn c xc nh t iu kin ban u. Khi t=0
th
0 1 0 2
v v C ,s s C = = = = . Vy:

0
v v at = + (1-35)

2
0 0
1
s s v t at
2
= + + (1-36)
Kh t trong (1-35) v (1-36) ta tm c h thc:

2 2
0 0
v v 2a(s s ) = (1-37)
Khi a = 0, cht im chuyn ng thng u.
2. Chuyn ng bin i u
13

Trong chuyn ng bin i u, gia tc tip tuyn a
t
lun lun c tr khng thay i:

0
dv
a a const
dt
t
= = = (1-38)
Chuyn ng bin i u c th l chuyn ng thng hay chuyn cong bt k, ngha
l
n
a c th bng khng hay khc khng.
Khi a 0
t
> cht im chuyn ng nhanh dn u, khi a 0
t
< cht im chuyn ng
chm dn u.
Chng ta hy tm vn tc v phng trnh chuyn ng bin i u ca cht im. Ta
bit:

1
1
2
1 2
v dv a dt a t C
s ds v(t)dt (a t C )dt
1
s a t C t C
2
t t
t
t
= = = +
= = = +
= + +
} }
} } }

Gi s thi im t=0 cht im v tr
0
s v c vn tc
0
v . Khi ta c
1 0 2 0
C v , C s = = .
Vn tc ca cht im chuyn ng bin i u thi im t bng:

0
v v at = + (1-39)
Phng trnh chuyn ng bin i u ca cht im c dng:

2
0 0
1
s s a t v t
2
t
= + + (1-40)
T (1-39) v (1-40) suy ra:

2 2
0 0
v v 2a (s s )
t
= (1-41)
Khi
2
0 n
v
a a const,a
R
t
= = = vi R=const th ta c chuyn ng trn bin i u. Khi
a 0
t
= th cht im chuyn ng u.
3. Chuyn ng trn
Xt mt cht im chuyn ng trn mt ng trn tm O c bn knh R. V tr
ca cht im M trn ng trn c xc nh bng bn knh vect R OM = .
a) Vn tc gc
Chuyn ng ca cht im M trn ng trn c kho st nh chuyn ng
quay ca bn knh vect R xung quanh mt trc vung gc vi mt phng cha ng
14

trn v i qua tm O (hnh 1.6). c trng cho quay nhanh chm, ngi ta a vo
khi nim vn tc gc.
Gi s thi im t, cht im
v tr M v thi im t t +A cht im
v tr M' trn ng trn. Trong
khong thi gian t A cht im dch
chuyn c mt cung MM s ' = A , ng
vi gc quay ca bn knh R l
MOM ' = A .

Hnh 1.6
i lng
t
A
A
gi l vn tc gc trung bnh trong khong thi gian t A v c
k hiu l
tb
e :

tb
t

e
A
=
A
(1-42)
Gi tr
tb
e chnh l gc quay trung bnh ca bn knh vect R trong mt n v
thi gian. Vn tc gc ca chuyn ng quay thi im t bng:

t 0
d
lim
t dt

e
A
A
= =
A
(1-43)
Vy, vn tc gc c gi tr bng o hm bc nht theo thi gian ca gc quay:
gi tr e cng ln ta ni rng vt quay cng nhanh. n v o vn tc gc l radian trn
giy, k hiu rad/s.
Vn tc gc, ni chung, bin i theo thi gian. Trong chuyn ng quay u, vn
tc e khng i v bng:

2
2 f
T
t
e t = = (1-44)
vi T l chu k quay l thi gian R quay ng c mt vng,
1
f
T
= l s chu k
(s vng quay) trong mt n v thi gian v c gi l tn s.
Chuyn ng quay c c trng bng trc quay, chiu quay v ln ca vn
tc gc. Chng ta c th tng hp tt c lm mt, v c trng cho chuyn ng quay
bng vect vn tc gc, c ln bng vn tc gc v phng trn trc quay, ta quy c
chiu ca vect vn tc gc nh sau:
15

Nu bn knh vect R quay theo
chiu vn inh c thun (vn vo) th
inh c tin theo chiu ca e (hnh 1.7).
By gi ta tm mi lin h gia vn tc
gc e v vn tc v ca cht im
chuyn ng trn ng trn. Trong
khong thi gian dt cht im dch
chuyn c mt cung b ds. Ta c:

Hnh 1.7
T nh ngha tch hu hng ca hai vect, ta vit c:

ds Rd
ds d
v R R
dt dt

e
=
= = =
(1-45)

dR
v R
dt
e
(
= = .

(1-46)
Cn lu rng, biu thc ny vn cn ng khi gc O ca vect R trt trn trc
quay. Tht vy, gi s ly mt im c nh
1
O bt k nm trn trc quay lm gc th v
tr ca im M c xc nh bi bn knh vect
1
r OM = . Ta c
1
R r OO = v
1 1
v [ (r OO)]=[ r] [ OO] e e e = . . . . V gc to thnh gia e v
1
OO bng khng
nn
1
OO=0 e. .
Vy ta c:

dr
v r
dt
e
(
= = .

(1-47)
b) Gia tc gc
c trng cho s thay i ca vect vn tc gc, ngi ta a vo khi nim gia
tc gc. Gi s thi im t vn tc gc l (t) e , thi im t t +A vn tc gc l
(t t) e + A . Trong khong thi gian t t n t t +A , vect vn tc gc bin i mt lng
16

(t t) (t) e e e A = + A . i lng
t
e A
A
gi l gia tc gc trung bnh trong khong thi
gian t A v c k hiu
tb
c .

tb
t
e
c
A
=
A
(1-48)
Gia tc gc thi im t c nh ngha bng:

t 0
d
lim
t dt
e e
c
A
A
= =
A
(1-49)
Vy gia tc gc bng o hm bc nht theo thi gian ca vect vn tc gc, xc nh
bin thin ca vect vn tc gc. Nu trc quay khng thay i, c cng chiu vi e khi
chuyn ng quay nhanh dn v ngc chiu vi e khi chuyn ng quay chm dn.
n v o c l rad/s
2
.
Ly o hm theo thi gian ca (1-46), ta c:

dv d dR
a [ R]+[ ]
dt dt dt
e
e = = . . (1-50)
Lu rng

d dR
, v [ R]
dt dt
e
c e = = = .
Ta vit c:

n
a a a
t
= + (1-51)
Trong :
a [ R], a R
t t
c c = . = (1-52)

2
n n
a [ v]=[ [ R]], a R e e e e = . . . = (1-53)
Thnh phn a
t
, c phng ca vect vn tc v gi l gia tc quay, thc cht l gia
tc tip tuyn trong chuyn ng trn ca cht im M trn ng trn tm O. Thnh
17

phn
n
a , hng vo trc quay, gi l gia tc hng trc, chnh l gia tc php tuyn
trong chuyn ng trn ca cht im M trn ng trn tm O. Thnh phn
n
a hng
v tm O nn cng gi l gia tc hng tm.

CU HI V BI TP
1. Trnh by cc cch vit phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im. Qu o ca
cht im l g? Phng trnh qu o ca cht im.
2. nh ngha vect vn tc. ngha vt l ca vect vn tc. Cc thnh phn vect
vn tc trong cc h ta . ln ca vect vn tc. Chiu ca vect vn tc.
3. nh ngha vect gia tc. ngha vt l ca vect gia tc. Cc thnh phn ca
vect gia tc. Gia tc tip tuyn v gia tc php tuyn. ln v chiu ca vect gia tc.
4. Vn tc gc v gia tc gc. ngha vt l ca vect vn tc gc v gia tc. Mi
lin h gia vn tc gc v vn tc di.
1.1. Mt t chuyn ng t thnh ph A n thnh ph B. Mt na qung ng u
chuyn ng vi vn tc 90 km/h v mt na qung ng cn li chuyn ng
vi vn tc 54 km/h. Tm vn tc trung bnh ca t i ht qung ng t A ti
B.
1.2. Mt ngi i xe p t thnh ph A n thnh ph B. Mt na qung ng u
i vi vn tc 12 km/h. Trong na qung ng sau, mt na khong thi gian i
vi vn tc 7 km/h v mt na khong thi gian cn li i vi vn tc 5 km/h th
n thnh ph B. Tm vn tc trung bnh ca ngi i xe p trn qung ng t
A n B.
1.3. Mt t chuyn ng u trn
mt ng thng vi vn tc 54
km/h. Mt ngi ng cch
ng t mt khong 80 m. Khi
khong cch gia ngi v t
bng 400 m th ngi bt u
chy n t. Ngi phi chy
vi vn tc ti thiu bng bao
nhiu v chy theo phng no
gp c t (xem hnh v).


Hnh 1.8
1.4. Tm phng trnh qu o ca cht im, bit phng trnh chuyn ng ca n
c cc dng sau:
a. x Rcos t, y Rsin t e e = =
18

b.
t t
x 2sin , y 3cos
3 3
t t
| |
= =
|
\ .

c. x a(sin t cos t), y b(sin t cos t) e e e e = + =
d.
2
x 2t, y 4t 4 = = +
e. x a cos t, y asin t, z bt e e = = =
a, b, , R e l nhng hng s, t l thi gian.
1.5. Mt cht im chuyn ng theo phng trnh:
x a cos t , y bsin t e e = =
a. Xc nh cc thnh phn vn tc
x y
v , v v ln vn tc v ca cht im.
b. Xc nh cc thnh phn gia tc
x
a ,
y
a gia tc tip tuyn a
t
, gia tc php
tuyn
n
a v ln ca gia tc ton phn a.
c. Xc nh bn knh chnh khc ca ng cong.
1.6. Cht im chuyn ng vi gia tc khng i a const = , Khi t=0 cht im v
tr
0
r v c vn tc
0
v v = . Chng t rng thi im t bt k, ta c cc h thc
sau:
a.
0
v v at = +
b.
2
0 0
1
r r v t at
2
= + +
c.
2 2 2
0 0
v v 2a(r r ) =
1.7. p dng bi ton 1.3. cho trng
hp cht im nm xin vi vn
tc ban u
0
v lm vi phng
ngang mt gc o , a g = l gia
tc ca trng trng hng t
trn xung di theo phng
thng ng. Chn mt phng ta
Oxy l mt phng thng ng
cha
0
v v g vi Ox theo
phng ngang v Oy theo phng
thng ng v hng t di ln
trn (hnh 1.9).



Hnh 1.9
19

a. Vit cc thnh phn gia tc v vn tc ca cht im.
b. Vit cc phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im di dng ta .
c. Cho bit v tr ban u ca cht im mt t. Xc nh thi gian bay (k t
lc nm ln n khi ri xung t), cao cc i v tm xa (khong cch theo
phng ngang t v tr nm ln n v tr cht im ri xung) ca cht im.
d. Vit phng trnh qu o ca cht im.
e. Chng t rng:
2 2
0 0
v v 2g(h h ) = vi h
0
l cao ban u, h l cao
khi cht im c vn tc v.
f. Gi cht im l vin n i bc bn xin vi
0
v 490m/ s = v
o
30 o = . Tm
thi gian bay, tm xa v cao ca vin n.
1.8. Xc nh tm xa L ca vin n i bc (khong cch t im bn ln n im
vin n ri xung t). Cho bit vn tc ban u ca vin n
0
v lm thnh vi
mt t mt gc . Mt t l mt phng nghing lm thnh vi mt phng ngang
mt gc | (hnh 1. 10 v hnh 1.11).

Hnh 1.10 Hnh 1.11
1.9. T ban cng ngi ta nm mt vt theo phng ngang vi vn tc 40 m/s. Xc
nh ln vn tc ca vt sau 3s. Xc nh gc to thnh gia vect vn tc
thi im t=3s vi mt phng nm ngang.
1.10. T my bay ang bay ngang vi vn tc 720 km/h, ngi ta th mt vt. Tm bn
knh chnh khc ti mt im ca qu o ca vt sau khi vt chuyn ng c 5
s. B qua sc cn ca khng kh.
1.11. Mt hnh khch ng sn ke ga xe la (ng ngang u trc ca toa xe th
nht) nhn thy rng: khong thi gian toa th nht chy qua ht 4 giy. Coi xe
la chuyn ng nhanh dn u vi vn tc ban u bng khng.
a. Xc nh khong thi gian xe la i qua c n toa xe (cc toa xe c chiu
di bng nhau)?
20

b. Khong thi gian toa th n i qua l bao nhiu?
p dng bng s n=7.
1.12. Mt vt ri t do vi vn tc ban u bng khng t cao h. Cho bit qung
ng vt i c trong giy cui cng bng 24,5 m, g=9,8 m/s
2
. Xc nh cao
h.
1.13. Mt hnh khch ng ch tu trn sn ke ga xe la nhn thy rng (xe la ang
chy v pha hnh khch) toa th nht ca n chy qua ngi ht 4 giy, toa
th hai chy qua trong 5 giy v khi u trc ca toa th nht cch hnh khch
mt khong 75 m th xe la dng li. Coi xe la chuyn ng chm dn u. Xc
nh gia tc ca n.
1.14. Mt vt chuyn ng bin i u i qua hai on ng bng nhau mi on di
15 m vi cc khong thi gian tng ng l 2 giy v 1 giy. Xc nh gia tc v
vn tc ban u ca vt.
1.15. Mt tu ha chuyn ng vi vn tc 54 km/h. T khi bt u hm phanh cho n
khi tu dng li, tu chy c mt qung ng 500 m. Coi tu ha chuyn ng
chm dn u trn on ng hm ny. Xc nh gia tc ca tu ha v khong
thi gian tu ha chuyn ng trn on ng hm phanh.
1.16. Cht im M c treo bi si ch khng dn c di 1 mt v chuyn ng dao
ng trong mt phng thng ng. Gc lch ca si ch t phng thng ng
thay i theo nh lut:

0
sin( t) e =
Trong e v
0
l nhng i lng khng i, t l thi gian.
a. Tm vn tc, gia tc tip tuyn, gia tc php tuyn ca cht im thi im t.
b. v tr no ln ca gia tc tip tuyn ln nht v ln ca gia tc php
tuyn b nht? v tr no ln ca gia tc tip tuyn b nht v gia tc php
tuyn ln nht?
1.17. V tinh nhn to u tin (do Lin x c phng ngy 4-10-1957) chuyn ng trn
u quanh Tri t vi vn tc v=8 km/s v c chu k quay T=1 gi 36 pht hay
5760 giy. Tm ca ng trn qu o v tinh trng vi tm Tri t. Cho bit
bn knh Tri t R=6370 km. Xc nh cao ca v tinh nhn to (khong cch
t mt t n v tinh).
1.18. Tri t c bn knh R=6370 km, quay xung quanh trc ca n vi chu k T=24
gi.
a. Tm vn tc gc ca Tri t.
b. Xc nh vn tc v gia tc ca mt im M trn mt t v
o
45 = .
21

1.19. V tinh nhn to ca Tri t chuyn ng trn u vi bn knh R=6,37.10
6
m.
Cho gia tc trng trng g=9,8 m/s
2
. Xc nh vn tc v chu k quay ca v tinh.
1.20. Mt cht im chuyn ng trn nhanh dn u. Bn knh ca ng trn qu o
R=0,5 m. Gi s ban u cht im ng yn v sau 10 giy cht im c vn tc
di v=25 m/s. Tm gia tc gc, gia tc tip tuyn, gia tc php tuyn v vn tc di
ca cht im thi im t=15 s.

22

CHNG II
NG LC HC CHT IM
Trong chng trc, chng ta nghin cu cc phng php m t chuyn ng
ca cht im nhng cha xt n nguyn nhn gy ra hoc lm thay i trng thi
chuyn ng ca n. chng ny, chng ta s nghin cu chuyn ng ca cht im
chu tc dng ca cc vt th khc ln n, ngha l nghin cu chuyn ng ca cht
im v nguyn nhn gy ra hoc lm thay i chuyn ng ca n. Nhng nh lut v
nguyn l c bn nht ca ng lc hc cht im l ba nh lut Newton v nguyn l
tng i Galile. Chng ta hy nghin cu cc nh lut v nguyn l ny.
1. NH LUT I NEWTON. H QUY CHIU QUN TNH
Khi nghin cu chuyn ng ca cht im, u tin ta nghin cu chuyn ng ca
cht im t do (cht im c lp). Quan st nh lut chuyn ng ca cht im t do
trong nhng h quy chiu khc nhau l khc nhau. Tuy nhin, tn ti h quy chiu m
trong cht im t do hoc ng yn, hoc chuyn ng thng u t mt v tr ban
u bt k vi mt vect vn tc no . H quy chiu nh th gi l h quy chiu qun
tnh. Nh vy, trong h quy chiu qun tnh cht im t do gi nguyn trng thi ng
yn hoc chuyn ng thng u. l ni dung nh lut I Newton hay tin th nht
Newton.
Nghin cu chuyn ng ca cht im t do i vi h quy chiu qun tnh cho php
ta tm c nhng tnh cht ca khng gian v thi gian trong h quy chiu ny. Khng
gian trong h quy chiu qun tnh l ng nhaats, ngha l mi im ca khng gian u
tng ng vi nhau v mt vt l, v nu c mt im no u tin th cht im t
do s thu c gia tc im ny. Trong h quy chiu qun tnh, khng gian l ng
hng, ngha l mi hng ca khng gian l tng ng vi nhau v mt vt l, v nu
c mt hng no u tin th cht im t do s thu c gia tc hng ny. Thi
gian trong h quy chiu qun tnh l ng nht, ngha l mi thi im tng ng vi
nhau v mt vt l, v nu c mt thi im no u tin th cht im t do s thu c
gia tc thi im ny. Nh vy, trong h quy chiu qun tnh khng gian l ng nht
v ng hng, thi gian l ng nht.
H nht tm (gc tm Mt Tri v ba trc hng v ba ngi sao c nh no )
vi chnh xc kh cao c coi l h quy chiu qun tnh hay ni gn hn h qun
tnh. Khng nh v s tn ti h quy chiu qun tnh trong t nhin tng ng vi s
khng nh v s tn ti nh lut I Newton. Khng phi ch c h nht tm l h quy
23

chiu qun tnh m mi h quy chiu chuyn ng thng u tng i vi nhau u l
nhng h quy chiu qun tnh.
H quy chiu gn lin vi Tri t m chng ta thng dng trong th nghim, ni tht
cht ch ra, khng phi l h quy chiu qun tnh. Bi v do s quay ca Tri t quanh
trc ca n v do chuyn ng ca n quanh Mt Tri, cho nn Tri t chuyn ng c
gia tc, khng phi l chuyn ng thng u. xch o, gia tc hng tm ca mt
im trn mt t l:

2
2 8 2
2
a R .6, 4.10 cm 3, 4cm/ s
86.400s
t
e
| |
= = ~
|
\ .

Gia tc ca Tri t chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri l:

( )
2
2
6 2
8
30km/ s v
a 6.10 km/ s
R 1,5.10 km

= = =
Cc im khc nhau trn Tri t cng c vect vn tc khc nhau v lun bin i.
Tuy nhin s bin i ca vn tc y, v ln cng nh v phng l nh v chm, cho
nn trong nhng chuyn ng thng thng ca vt, khi m gia tc c 3,4 cm/s
2
c th
b qua c v trong khong thi gian chuyn ng ca vt khng qu vi gi th h quy
chiu gn lin vi Tri t gn ng coi l h quy chiu qun tnh. Trong cc kt qu
tnh ton cng nh th nghim, chng ta ch phm nhng sai s b. Trong nhiu trng
hp, sai s y khng ng k, c th b qua.

2. NGUYN L TNG I
Mc d ta v vn tc ca cht im t do trong nhng h qun tnh K v K' l
khc nhau nhng gia tc ca n trong h K v K' u bng khng:

2 2
2 2
d r d r
0
dt dt
'
= =
'

Trong ngha ny ngi ta ni rng mi h quy chiu qun tnh l tng ng vi
nhau i vi nh lut chuyn ng thng u ca cht im t do.
R rng l, cn c vo chuyn ng t do ca cc cht im th khng th phn bit
c h quy chiu qun tnh ny vi h quy chiu qun tnh khc. Vy th, cn c vo
24

nhng chuyn ng c hc khc, nhng hin tng vt l khc, c th phn bit c cc
h quy chiu qun tnh vi nhau, v do , chn ra c h quy chiu qun tnh u tin
chng? Nu chn c nh vy, th c th ni ti trng thi chuyn ng tuyt i v
trng thi ng yn tuyt i trong h quy chiu qun tnh y. V nh vy, c tn ti
khng gian tuyt i hay khng? Nhng mt h quy chiu qun tnh u tin nh th
khng c trong t nhin. Mi chuyn ng c hc, cng nh mi hin tng vt l v t
nhin khc, u xy ra ging nhau, theo nhng quy lut nh nhau trong nhng h quy
chiu qun tnh khc nhau. Ni cch khc, khng c mt hin tng vt l hay t nhin
no c th cho chng ta kh nng phn bit c cc h quy chiu qun tnh vi nhau:
chng hon ton tng ng, hon ton bnh ng. l ni dung ca nguyn l tng
i chuyn ng. Nguyn l tng i ph nhn hon ton s tn ti khng gian tuyt
i, ca trng thi ng yn tuyt i. Kt hp tin v khong thi gian tri qua trong
mi h quy chiu qun tnh l nh nhau ( t t' = ) vi nguyn l tng i ta c nguyn l
tng i Galile. Theo nguyn l ny tt c cc nh lut c hc u ging nhau trong
mi h quy chiu qun tnh. V mt ton hc, iu c ngha rng cc phng trnh m
t mt nh lut c hc bt k trong cc h quy chiu qun tnh khc nhau c dng ging
ht nhau.
Xt mt h quy chiu qun tnh K' chuyn ng thng u i vi h qun tnh K vi
vn tc V const = (hnh 2.1). n gin, gi s ban u h K' trng vi h K. Mi
lin h gia cc ta khng gian v thi gian trong cc h K v K' c xc nh bng
cc h thc:

r r Vt
t t
' =

' =

(2-1)
Nu h K' chuyn ng thng u i vi h K dc theo trc x, ta c:

x x Vt x x Vt
y y y y
hay
z z z z
t t t t
' ' ' = = +


' ' = =


' ' = =


' ' = =

(2-2)
25


Hnh 2.1
Cc cng thc (2-1) hay (2-2) gi l cc cng thc bin i Galile. o hm theo thi
gian ca (2-1) vi s ch dt dt ' = , ta tm c:
v v V ' = (2-3)
trong
dr
v
dt
'
' =
'
v
dr
v
dt
= l vn tc ca cht im M i vi h quy chiu qun tnh
K' v K. Cng thc (2-3) gi l cng thc tng hp vn tc Galile.
Cc phng trnh m t mt nh lut c hc trong h quy chiu qun tnh K (phng
trnh biu din qua x, y, z, t) v trong h qun tnh K' (phng trnh biu din qua x' , y'
, z' , t' vi x' , y' , z' , t' lin h vi x, y, z, t theo cc cng thc bin i Galile) c
dng ging nhau . Trong ngha ny ngi ta pht biu nguyn l tng i Galile mt
cch khc nh sau: Cc nh lut c hc c in l bt bin i vi cc php bin i
Galile.
T cng thc bin i Galile cng d thy rng khi chuyn t h qun tnh K sang h
qun tnh K' cc i lng sau y l bt bin (khng thay i):
Gia tc ca cht im:
dv dv
a a
dt dt
'
' = = =
'

V tr tng i gia hai cht im:

12 2 1 2 1 12
r r r r r r ' ' ' = = =
Vn tc tng i ca hai cht im:

12 2 1 2 1 12
v v v v v v ' ' ' = = =
26

3. KHI LNG, XUNG LNG V LC. NH LUT II NEWTON
i vi h quy chiu qun tnh, cht im t do gi nguyn trng thi ng yn hay
chuyn ng thng u. c tnh bo ton trng thi ng yn hay chuyn ng thng
u ca cht im t do gi l qun tnh ca n. Khi cht im tng tc vi cc vt th
khc th vn tc ca n bin i theo thi gian v nh vy cht im thu c gia tc.
Cht im c qun tnh ln s thu c gia tc b v ngc li, cht im c qun tnh b
s thu c gia tc ln.
Ta hy xt chuyn ng ca mt h gm hai cht im
1
M v
2
M tng tc vi nhau
v khng tng tc vi cc vt th bn ngoi trong h quy chiu qun tnh. Thc nghim
ch rng khi cc cht im chuyn ng vi vn tc b so vi vn tc ca nh sng trong
chn khng th cc gia tc
1
a v
2
a ca cc cht im
1
M v
2
M lun cng phng,
ngc chiu v bao gi cng theo mt t l xc nh i hai cht im cho, ngha l:

1 2
a a o = vi 0 o > (2-4)
H s t l o khng ph thuc g cc iu kin tng tc. N l hng s khng th
nguyn v dng ch ph thuc bn thn ca cc cht im tng tc. Tr ca o lin h
vi mc qun tnh ca cht im
1
M v
2
M . Khi o >1 th
1 2
a a > ngha l s o mc
qun tnh ca cht im
1
M b hn s o mc qun tnh ca cht im
2
M . Ngc li,
khi o <1 th
1 2
a a < v trong trng hp ny s o mc qun tnh ca cht im
1
M
ln hn s o mc qun tnh ca cht im
2
M . Khi o =1 th
1 2
a a = v khi s o
mc qun tnh ca hai cht im bng nhau.
Ta a vo cc i lng m
1
v m
2
xc nh s o mc qun tnh ca cc cht im
1
M v
2
M bng cc h thc sau y.

2
1
m
m
o =
Khi ta c:

2
1 2
1
m
a a
m
= (2-5)
hay
1 1 2 2
m a m a = (2-6)
27

i lng m
i
gi l khi lng ca cht im M
i
, n xc nh s o mc qun tnh ca
cht im
i
M (i=1, 2). Tr ca
i
m cng b th gia tc
i
a ca cht im
i
M cng ln v
ngc li, tr ca
i
m cng ln th
i
a cng b. o
1
a v
2
a ta xc nh c t s hai
khi lng ca cc cht im
1
M v
2
M . V vy, mun o khi lng, ta phi chn khi
lng ca mt vt no lm n v v so snh n vi khi lng ca t c cc vt khc.
Lu rng
1
1
dv
a
dt
= v
2
2
dv
a
dt
= , h thc (2-6) c vit li nh sau:

1 1 2 2
d d
(m v ) (m v )
dt dt
= (2-7)
iu ny c ngha l trong qu trnh tng tc, bin thin ca i lng
1 1
m v trong
mt n v thi gian ca cht im th nht ng bng bin thin ca i lng
2 2
m v
trong mt n v thi gian ca cht im th hai, i du.
i lng vect bng tch khi lng m ca cht im vi vn tc v ca n gi l
xung lng (cn gi l ng lng) ca cht im:
p mv = (2-8)
Nh vy, trong lc vn tc ca hai cht im bin thin khc nhau trong qu trnh
tng tc, th tng xung lng ca mt cht im trong mt n v thi gian ng
bng gim xung lng ca cht im kia trong mt n v thi gian. Xung lng l
i lng ng lc vect c trng cho s truyn chuyn ng ca cht im trong qu
trnh tng tc.
Trong h quy chiu qun tnh, xung lng p ca cht im chuyn ng t do l i
lng bo ton. Khi cht im tng tc vi cc vt th khc th xung lng ca n
khng ngng bin i theo thi gian. bin thin xung lng ca cht im trong mt
n v thi gian
dp
dt
l i lng vect c trng cho tc dng ca vt ngoi ln cht
im gi l lc. Nh vy, lc l mt i lng vect, c trng cho tc dng ca vt ny
ln vt khc. Lc tc dng ln cht im bng o hm bc nht ca xung lng cht
im theo thi gian. nh ngha ny ca lc l da vo hiu qu tc dng ca vt ngoi
ln cht im. V lc l mt vect nn tnh ton lc theo quy tc tnh ton v vect v tc
28

dng ca lc ln vt c c trng bng bn yu t: im t, phng, chiu v cng
.
Trong c hc c in, khi lng m l i lng khng thay i v khi ta c:

dp dv
m ma
dt dt
= =
Vy trong trng hp ny lc tc dng ln cht im bng tch gia khi lng m v
gia tc a ca n.
Thc nghim ch ra rng lc do Tri t tc dng ln cht im
1
M v
2
M cng
mt v tr bng
1 1 1
P m a = v
2 2 2
P m a = vi
1 2
a a g = = . Vect gia tc g l nh nhau
i vi mi im c khi lng khc nhau cng mt v tr. Bi v
1 2
a a g = = th cht
im no c khi lng ln hn n s b Tri t ht mt lc ln hn. trn ta ni
rng khi lng ca cht im l i lng vt l c trng cho mc qun tnh ca n.
y ta thy rng khi lng qun tnh lin h vi mc hp dn ca n. i lng vt l
c trng cho mc hp dn ca cht dim gi l khi lng hp dn ca n. Thc nghim
vi mc chnh xc rt ln khng nh rng: khi lng qun tnh ca cht im bng
khi lng hp dn ca n. Vy khi lng ca cht im l i lng vt l c trng
cho mc hp dn v mc qun tnh ca n. Da vo tnh cht hp dn ca khi lng:

1 2
2 1
P m
P m
=
Ngi ta o khi lng bng php cn. Lu rng khng th dng php cn xc
nh khi lng ca cc ht lectrn, protn, ntrnm phi dng phng php xc
nh
1
a v
2
a ca hai ht tng tc vi nhau trnh by trn.
Trong h SI, khi lng c o bng kilogam (kg) v kilogam hin nay c nh
ngha l khi lng ca mt kilogam mu bng platin-iridi, ct gi Vin o lng quc
t t ti Pari.
Trong c hc c in, khi lng m v gia tc a l nhng i lng khng thay i
khi chuyn t h qun tnh K sang h qun tnh K' . Ni mt cch khc, khi lng m v
gia tc a l nhng i lng bt bin i vi cc php bin i Galile. T uy ra rng
lc l hm ca cc i lng vt l khc m nhng i lng ny cng bt bin i vi
cc php bin i Galile. Ta bit rng v tr tng i gia cc cht cht im
29

12 2 1
r r r r = = , vn tc tng i ca cc cht im
12 2 1
v v v v = = , thi gian t, in
tch q v khi lng m ca cht im trong c hc c in phi tng i tnh (vn tc v
ca cht im rt b so vi vn tc nh sng trong chn khng, v<<c) l nhng i lng
bt bin i vi cc php bin i Galile. Nu k hiu mt tp hp cc i lng bt
bin i vi cc php bin i Galile va k trn bng ch x, lc tc dng ln cht im
bng ch F th thc nghim ch rng lc F l hm ca x, ngha l F F(x) = .
Nh vy, lc l mt i lng vect, c trng cho tc dng ca vt ny ln vt khc
l hm ca x. Thng biu din F di dng:
F F(r, v, t) =
nh ngha ny ca lc F(x) l da vo cc i lng c trng cho trng thi ca
cht im v trng thi ca cc vt th khc tc dng ln cht im. Hai nh ngha ca
lc l
dp
dt
v F(x) va trnh by trn (xt trong cng t n v o lc) c th vit
thnh ng thc:

dp
F(x)
dt
=

(2-9)
ng thc ny c ngha c th mt nh lut khi s ph thuc ca lc F v x
c xc nh. Cho lc F c ngha l bit c s ph thuc ca F vo x th chuyn
ng ca cht im c m t bng phng trnh (2-9). Phng trnh ny gi l phng
trnh c bn ca ng lc hc cht im v c th pht biu nh sau: bin thin xung
lng ca cht im trong mt n v thi gian bng lc tc dng F(x) tc dng ln n.
l ni dung ca nh lut II Newton hay tin th hai Newton.
Trong c hc c in phi tng i tnh (v<<c) th khi lng m khng i nn
phng trnh (2-9) c vit li nh sau:

d
p ma F(x)
dt
= = hay
F(x)
a
m
= (2-10)
nh lut II Newton trong trng hp ny c pht biu: Gia tc ca cht im t l
thun vi lc tc dng ln cht im v t l nghch vi khi lng ca n.
30

Cn lu rng khi ni nh lut II Newton th chng ta phi hiu rng F l hm ca x
c thit lp ri. By gi, bit dng ca hm F, biu din tng tc gia cht im
v cc vt th xung quanh, v bit iu kin ban u, tc l v tr v vn tc ca cht
im thi im ban u, th phng trnh chuyn ng s cho php xc nh v tr v
vn tc ca cht im thi im t bt k, ngha l cho php xc nh qu o ca
chuyn ng.
Tht vy, tch phn phng trnh chuyn ng:

F
dv adt dt
m
= =
Ta c vn tc ca cht im thi im t bt k:

t
0
0
1
v(t) Fdt v
m
= +
}
(2-11)
Li tch phn phng trnh vi phn:
dr v(t)dt =
Ta xc nh c bn knh vect r thi im t:

t
0
0
r(t) v(t)dt r = +
}
(2-12)
Nh vy cn c vo phng trnh chuyn ng, bit v tr v vn tc ban u
0
r v
0
v
l xc nh hon ton chuyn ng v sau ca cht im. Chnh vi ngha y m
ngi ta ni rng trng thi c hc ca mt cht im c c trng y bng cc ta
v vn tc ca n.
Cn lu rng lc F trong phng trnh chuyn ng l lc tng hp t pha tt c
nhng vt xung quanh tc dng ln cht im c khi lng m. Khi c nhiu lc tc dng
ln mt cht im c khi lng m, th trong c hc c in tha nhn nguyn l v tnh
c lp tc dng ca cc lc nh sau: Nu c n lc
1
F ,
2
F , ,
i
F ,
n
F ng thi tc
dng ln cht im c khi lng m th mi lc
i
F gy cho cht im mt gia tc
i
i
F
a
m
= . Cc gia tc
i
a ca cht im do cc lc
i
F gy nn l khng ph thuc ln nhau
31

v gia tc ton phn a ca n bng tng hnh hc ca cc gia tc thnh phn
i
a , ngha
l:

n
n i
i 1
i
i 1
F
F
a a
m m
=
=
= = =

(2-13)
Trong cc lc
i
F gi l cc lc thnh phn v lc
n
i
i 1
F F
=
=

gi l lc tng hp.
Phng trnh chuyn ng l mt phng trnh vect. V vy, c th vit n di dng
ba phng trnh, lin h hnh chiu ca gia tc ln ba trc ta vi hnh chiu ca lc
ln ba trc ta tng ng:

x
x x
dv
ma m F
dt
= =

y
y y
dv
ma m F
dt
= = (2-14)

z
z z
dv
ma m F
dt
= =
Nh vy, mt chuyn ng ca cht im trong khng gian di tc dng ca mt lc
l tng hp ca ba chuyn ng thng ca cht im di tc dng ca cc thnh phn
lc trn ba trc ta . Chn ta thch hp, c th biu din chuyn ng mt cch
n gin.
Trong h SI, n v o lc l niutn, k hiu l N. 1N=1kg.1m/s
2
.

4. NH LUT III NEWTON
trn ta ch nghin cu chuyn ng ca cht im di tc dng ca cc vt th bn
ngoi, nhng thc ra khi cc vt bn ngoi tc dng ln cht im th cht im cng tc
dng leen vt ngoi. Khi tng tc ln nhau, nhng cht im c khi lng khc nhau s
thu c nhng gia tc khc nhau. Theo nguyn l v tnh c lp tc dng ca cc lc
th tng tc gia hai cht im
1
M v
2
M khng ph thuc vo s c mt ca cc cht
32

im cn li nn d hai cht im
1
M v
2
M c lm thnh mt h kn (h c lp) hay
khng, bao gi ta cng c:

1 12 2 21
m a m a =
Hay 12 21 F F = (2-15)
Trong 12
1 12
F m a = l lc do cht im
2
M tc dng ln cht im
1
M v
21
2 21
F m a = l lc do cht im
1
M tc dng ln cht im
2
M . Nh vy, lc do cht
im
1
M tc dng ln cht im
2
M (t cht im
2
M ) v lc do cht im
2
M tc
dng ln cht im
1
M (t cht im
1
M ) bao gi cng bng nhau v ln, ngc
chiu v c cng gia l ng thng ni hai cht im
1
M v
2
M . l ni dung nh
lut III Newton hay tin th ba Newton.
Ch rng lc v gia tc trong c hc c in l nhng i lng bt bin i vi cc
php bin i Galile ( a a' = , F(x) F(x) ' = ) cho nn cc nh lut Newton cng bt bin
i vi cc php bin i.

5. CC LC TRONG T NHIN
Lc tng tc F gia cc cht im, trong nhiu trng hp ch ph thuc vo khong
cch gia cc cht im. c bit quan trng l lc hp dn v lc ht hay y tnh in.
1. Lc hp dn
Tng tc hp dn ng mt vai tr cc k quan trng trong t nhin. N chi phi mi
chuyn ng ca cc vt th trong t nhin. Trong trng hp cc vt th c th xem l
nhng cht im, nh lut vn vt hp dn Newton pht biu nh sau:
Hai cht im bt k c khi lng
1
m ,
2
m t cch nhau mt khong r s
ht nhau bng nhng lc c cng t
l thun vi tch hai khi lng ca
chng v t l nghch vi bnh phng
khong cch gia chng, c phng l
ng thng ni hai cht im (hnh 2.2)



Hnh 2.2
33


1 2
2
m m
F F G
r
' = = (2-16)
H s t l G ph thuc vo n v, gi l hng s hp dn.

2 3
11 11
2 2
N.m m
G 6,68.10 6, 68.10
(kg) kgs

= =
Lu rng v l do i xng, nh lut vn vt hp dn cng p dng c cho trng
hp
1
m ,
2
m l nhng vt hnh cu ng cht. Trong trng hp ny r l khong cch
gia hai tm hnh cu.
Lc ht ca Tri t i vi mt cht im c khi lng m chnh l lc hp dn ca
v tr:

2
mM
F G mg
r
= = vi
2
M
g G
r
=
trong M l khi lng ca Tri t, r l khong cch t tm Tri t n cht im
c khi lng m v g gi l cng trng hp dn.
2. Trng lc
Xt mt cht im M c khi lng m v ca Tri t. Trc ht ta xc nh
phng thng ng v sau xc nh thnh phn ca lc hp dn Tri t theo phng
thng ng.
Gi s cht im c treo di mt
si dy khng dn v ng yn tuyt i
vi Tri t (hnh 2.3). Khi Tri t
quay quanh trc ca n vi vn tc gc
khng i e th cht im M vch thnh
mt ng trn c bn knh (
1
O M = ) nm trong mt phng vung
gc vi trc quay, c tm
1
O nm trn
trc quay ca Tri t. Cht im M
chuyn ng trn u c gia tc hng
v trc quay (v tm
1
O ) bng:
Hnh 2.3

2
n
a a e = =
Trong
1
OM = , OMcos r cos = = v du tr ch rng
n
a ngc chiu vi
. Lc tc dng ln cht im l tng hp lc hp dn F v lc cng T ca si dy.
Theo nh lut II Newton, ta c:

n h
F T ma F + = =
34

Lc
2
h n
F ma me = = l lc hng v tm
1
O .
Lc
h
F F T = cng phng vi lc T v c chiu ngc vi chiu ca lc T .
Phng ca lc T gi l phng thng ng.
Lc hp dn F ca Tri t tc dng ln cht im M chuyn ng gn mt t c
th phn tch thnh hai thnh phn: Lc
h
F hng v trc quay ca Tri t v lc
h
P F F = hng theo phng thng ng c chiu hng t trn xung di:

h
F F P = +
Thnh phn
h
P F F = gi l trng lc tc dng ln cht im. Vy trng lc
h
P F F = l thnh phn ca lc hp dn ca Tri t tc dng ln vt theo phng
thng ng c chiu hng t trn xung di. ln ca trong lc P c xc nh
theo cng thc:

2 2 2 2
h h h
P (P) (F F ) F F 2FF = = = +

2
2 2
h h
h h
F F
P F F 2FF cos F 1 2 cos
F F

| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .

Gi R l bn knh ca Tri t, h l khong cch t mt t n cht im (gi l
cao ca cht im), M, e l khi lng v vn tc gc ca Tri t, ta c:
r R h = + ,
( )
2
GMm
F
R h
=
+
,
2 2
h
F m m (R h)cos e e = = + ,
3
R 6370.10 m = ,
24
M 6.10 kg ~ ,
5
2
7,3.10 rad / s
24.3600
t
e

= ~ ,
2
2
GM
9,826m/ s
R
~ ,
2
2
R
0, 003
M
G
R
e
~
| |
|
\ .

Khi cht im chuyn ng gn mt t (h b so vi R) th
h
F
1
F
<< nn ta c th b
qua s hng
2
h
F
F
| |
|
\ .
trong biu thc cn s ca P. khi ta c:

h h
F F
P F 1 2 cos F(1 cos )
F F

| | | |
= ~
| |
\ . \ .

hay

2 2
h
2
GMm
P F F cos m (R h)cos
(R h)
e = = +
+

35

Biu thc ca P by gi c vit di dng:
P mg = (2-17)
trong

2 2
2
GM
g (R h)cos
(R h)
e = +
+
(2-18)
Gia tc g ph thuc vo v v cao h. Khi h=0, ta c:

2 2
g (9,826 0,034cos )m/ s = (2-19)
3. Lc tnh in
T thc nghim, ngi ta thy rng hai in tch im
1
q v
2
q cch nhau mt
khong r tng tc vi nhau theo nh lut Coulomb c pht biu nh sau: lc tng
tc in gia hai in tch im ng yn c cng t l thun vi tch ln ca cc
in tch v t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch gia chng, c phng l ng
thng ni hai in tch im.

1 2
2
q q
F k
r
= (2-20)
H s t l k ph thuc cch chn n v cc i lng. Khi
1 2
q ;q cng du th hai
in tch y nhau v khi
1 2
q ;q tri du th hai in tch ht nhau.
4. Lc n hi
Chng ta nghin cu chuyn ng ca cht im M dc theo mt thanh nh l tng
nm ngang (hnh 2.4) di tc dng ca l xo.
Mt u l xo c gn vi cht im M
v u kia gn vo im c nh A ca
thanh. Gi s khi l xo cha b co hay dn,
cht im M v tr cn bng O. Chn trc
x nm dc theo thanh c gc O xc nh
v tr ca cht im M. Ta ko cht im M
n mt v tr
0
x no ri th cht
im chuyn ng di tc dng ca lc l
xo F. Khi cht im dch chuyn theo chiu
dng ca trc x (x>0) th l xo b dn v
lc F ca l xo tc dng ln cht im theo

Hnh 2.4
36

chiu m ca trc x, c xu hng ko cht im v v tr cn bng O. Khi cht im dch
chuyn theo chiu m ca trc x (x<0) th l xo b nn v lc F do l xo tc dng ln
cht im hng theo chiu dng ca trc x, c xu hng ko cht im v v tr cn
bng O. Nh vy chiu ca lc F lun ngc chiu dch chuyn ca cht im. Thc
nghim ch ra rng (nh lut Hookes) trong gii hn n hi ln ca F t l thun vi
ln dch chuyn x ca cht im. Lc F do l xo tc dng ln cht im c dng:
F kxi = (2-21)
trong i l vect n v t trn trc x, k l h s tl gi l h s cng ca l xo v
du tr trong (2-21) ch rng lc F lun ngc chiu dch chuyn. Lc F c dng (2-21)
gi l lc n hi. Hnh chiu ca F ln trc x l:

x
F kx = (2-22)
5. Lc ma st
Trong cc bi ton v chuyn ng ca cht im, chng ta thng gp lc ma st,
xut hin mt tip xc v lun hng ngc chiu chuyn ng tng i. Lc ma st
c ngun gc phc tp v biu thc ca n c xc nh gn ng bng thc nghim.
Ta xt mt vt (xem l cht im) nm trn mt phng c din tch tip xc gia vt v
mt phng nghing l S. Nu tc dng ln vt mt lc ko F nh tip tuyn vi mt S th
vt vn ng yn. Nh vy phi coi rng mt S tc dng ln vt mt lc tip tuyn f
bng v ngc chiu vi lc F, cho nn vt khng chuyn ng. Lc tip tuyn f do
mt S tc dng ln vt gi l lc ma st ngh. Tng dn lc ko F th lc ma st f cng
tng dn, cho n khi t mt tr s giosi hn m f th vt bt u trt trn mt phng.
Gi tr gii hn
m
f ph thuc vo lc p N do vt tc dng vung gc ln mt tip xc S
theo nh lut thc nghim:

m
f kN = (2-23)
trong h s k ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cc mt tip xc gi l h s ma st ngh.
Nh vy lc ma st ngh c tr bao gm gia O v kN.
Vt tc dng mt p lc N ln mt S; theo nh lut III Newton, mt S tc dng ln
vt mt phn lc N'
c ln bng N , ngc chiu N v t ln vt. Lc m R f N' = +
l phn lc do mt S tc dng ln vt. Lc ma st m f chnh l thnh phn tip tuyn ca
R .
Nu tr ca lc ko tip tuyn F kN > th vt trt trn mt phng.
37

Khi vt trt trn mt phng th lun
xy ra mt phn ng nng ca vt
chuyn thnh nhit nng v do
chuyn ng ca vt dn dn chm li.
Hin tng ny sinh ra do lc ma st
trt f tc dng ln vt c chiu ngc
vi chiu chuyn ng ca vt v c
ln bng:

Hnh 2.5
f k N ' = (2-24)
trong k' gi l h s ma st trt hay h s ma st ng. Ma st trt ph thuc
khng nhng vo tnh cht ca cc mt tip xc m cn ph thuc vo vn tc v ca vt.
Trong thc t khi v khng ln lm, ta c th lc ma st trt khng ph thuc vo v .
Khi gn ng coi h s ma st trt bng h s ma st ngh ( k k ' ~ ). H s ma st
gia cc mt kim loi vi nhau nm trong khong t 0,5 n 1,5.
Sau y ta hy trnh by vi nguyn nhn ch yu sinh ra hin tng ma st.
Thc nghim chng minh rng hai mt tip xc vi nhau lun lun c nhng ch g
gh mp m rt b mt thng c khi khng thy c. Khi hai vt tip xc vi nhau th
ch li ca mt ny c th khp vi ch lm ca mt kia. Nhng khi vt trt trn mt
ca mt vt rn khc th c s va chm gia cc ch mp m. Chnh s va chm ny l
mt trong nhng nguyn nhn xut hin lc ma st.
V hai mt tip xc vi nhau l gh gh, mp m nn din tch tip xc thc s
0
S
gia hai mt rt b so vi din tch tip xc ton phn S gia hai mt. i vi hai mt
kim loi th
0
S c th bng
4 5
10 10

phn din tch S. Gi p l p sut (lc tc dng
vung gc ln mt n v din tch) tc dng ln mt n v din tch
0
S th
0
pS N =
hay
0
N
S
p
= . Nhng phn t, nguyn t ca vt rn phn tip xc
0
S s tng tc vi
nhau bng lc tng tc phn t. Mun cho vt chuyn ng c trn mt vt rn khc
cn phi t mt lc tip tuyn vi mt tip xc thng lc cn sinh ra do tng tc
gia cc phn t. Lc cn ny chnh l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn xut hin lc ma
st. D dng thy rng lc ma st t l vi din tch
0
S v do t l vi p lc N.
Nh vy, nguyn nhn xut hin lc ma st l do s g gh mp m ca cc mt tip
xc v do s tng tc gia cc nguyn t, phn t nhng vng tip xc thc s gia
cc vt.
6. Lc ph thuc vo vn tc (lc cn).
38

Nhng lc ny thng gp khi vt chuyn ng trong mt mi trng no , nc
hay khng kh chng hn. Chng c chiu ngc vi chiu ca vect vn tc ca vt v
c ln ph thuc vo ln vn tc ca vt, vo hnh dng kch thc ca vt v vo
bn cht ca mi trng. Kt qu thc nghim cho bit rng, khi vt chuyn ng vi vn
tc nh th lc cn ca mi trng tc dng ln vt bng:
F v = (2-25)
v khi vt chuyn ng vi vn tc ln th lc cn ca mi trng c dng:
F k v v = (2-26)
Cc h s t l v k ph thuc vo bn cht ca mi trng, hnh dng v kch thc
ca vt.
7. o lc
C hai cch o lc:
a) o gia tc a v khi lng m ca
vt, ta xc nh c lc tc dng ln vt
theo cng thc F ma = . Trong h SI, n v
o khi lng l kg, n v o gia tc l
m/s
2
th n v o lc l niutn:
2
1N 1kg.1m/ s = .
b) o lc bng lc k l xo. Cch ny thng
c dng trong i sng hng ngy. B phn ch
yu ca lc k l mt l xo bng thp n hi, mt
u c gi c nh, u kia c gn mt kim di
ng dc theo thc chia (hnh 2.6). o dn
l A ca l xo ta xc nh c lc F theo cng
thc:
F k l = A (k l h s cng ca l xo)
Gi tr lc F c bng chia .



Hnh 2.6
6. N V V TH NGUYN CA CC I LNG VT L

o mt i lng vt l tc l xc nh t s ca n so vi mt i lng cng loi, quy
c chn lm n v. Mi i lng vt l v nguyn tc, c th chn mt n v o
ring. Song, cc i lng vt l u c mi quan h vi nhau bng cc h thc v cc
nh lut vt l, nn ch cn chn mt s n v ca cc i lng no lm n v c
39

bn. cn n v ca tt c cc i lng khc th suy ra t cc n v c bn. Cc n v
ty thuc c suy ra t n v c bn gi l n v dn xut. Tp hp cc n v c bn
c chn v cc n v dn xut lm thnh mt h n v o lng.
Trong h n v quc t SI, cc n v c bn c chn l di L, thi gian T v
khi lng M. n v ca mt i lng vt l x bt k no c biu din bng cng
thc:

p q r
[x]=L M T (2-27)
trong [x] l k hiu ca n v i lng x, v p, q, r l nhng s m nguyn hoc phn
s, dng m hay bng khng. Cng thc (2-27) gi l cng thc th nguyn ca i
lng x; L, M, T l th nguyn ca di, khi lng v thi gian.
n v di trong h SI c chn l mt, k hiu l m. Mt trc y c nh
ngha l di gia hai vch ca thanh bng platin-iridi (gi l mt nguyn mu) c
ct gi Vin o lng quc t t ti Pari. Ngy nay, nh phng php giao thoa nh
sng, ngi ta c th so snh chiu di no vi chiu di bc sng ca mt nh sng
n sc nht nh. Hin nay ngi ta nh ngha mt nh sau: Mt l di bng
1650763,73 bc sng nh sng ng vi vch vng da cam trong quang ph kh kripton.
o cc di nh, ngi ta dng cc n v sau:
ximet: 1dm=10
-1
m, centimet: 1cm=10
-2
m, milimet: 1mm=10
-3
m, micrmet:
1m=10
-6
m, nanomet: 1nm=10
-9
m, ngstrom:
o
10
1A 10 m

= , picmet: 1pm=10
-12
m.
Trong thin vn, khong cch c o bng nm nh sng. Nm nh sng l khong
cch nh sng i c trong mt nm.
1 nm nh sng = 9,46.10
15
m.
1 pcsc=3,26 nm nh sng.
n v thi gian trong h SI c chn l giy, k hiu l s. Mun nh ngha giy,
ngi ta phi chn mt khong thi gian no lm chun. Trc y ngi ta nh
ngha giy l 1/86400 ca ngy mt tri trung bnh (mt ngy mt tri trung bnh c 24
gi). Hin nay ngi ta khng chn ngy mt tri trung bnh lm chun m chn khong
thi gian lm chun l nm trpic. Trc ht ta trnh by khi nim nm trpic v sau
nh ngha giy. Mt phng qu o ca Tri t (mt hong o) ct mt phng i qua
tm Mt Tri v song song vi xch o Tri t bng mt ng thng i qua tm Mt
Tri v giao nhau vi qu o Tri t bi hai im v ' (xem hnh 2.7).
Hai im ny gi l hai phn im: im xun phn v im thu phn. Nm trpic
chnh l khong thi gian gia hai ln lin tip Tri t i qua cng mt im phn. Nm
trpic thay i tng nm, sau mt th k nm trpic gim khong 0,5s. V vy ngi ta
chn mt nm trpic nht nh xc nh giy. l nm trpic 1900. Ngy nay ngi
ta nh ngha giy nh sau:
40

Giy l khong thi gian bng
1/31556925,9747 ca nm trpic 1900
(thng ging ngy 0 lc 0 gi theo lch
thin vn).
Khi lng trong h SI c o bng
kilgam, vit tt l kg. Kilgam l khi
lng ca mt khi platin-iridi hnh tr
c kch thc nht nh, ct gi Vin
o lng quc t t ti Pari.

Hnh 2.7
Nh vy, cc n v c bn chn xong. Nh h thc gia cc i lng vt l v
cng thc th nguyn (2-27), ta nh ngha c cc n v dn xut. Th d:
n v vn tc:
1
[s] m
[v]= L.T
[t] s

= = .
n v gia tc:
2
2
[v] m
[a]= LT
[t] s

= =
n v xung lng:
1
m
[p]=[m][v]=MLT kg
s

=
n v vn tc gc:
[ ]
[ ]= radian / s
[t]

e =
n v gia tc gc:
2
[ ]
[ ]= radian / s
[t]
e
c =
n v lc:
2
2
m
[F]=[m][a]=MLT kg
s

=
n v lc
2
m
kg
s
gi l niutn (N). Niutn l lc truyn cho khi lng 1 kg mt gia
tc 1m/s
2
. Cng thc th nguyn (2-27) cn cho php xc nh mi lin h gia hai n
v ca cng mt i lng x trong hai h n v khc nhau. Chng hn nh ngoi h SI,
thng cng dng h n v CGS. H n v CGS c cc n v c bn sau: centimt
(cm) cho di, gam (g) cho khi lng v giy (s) cho thi gian.

p q r
[x]=cm g s (h CGS)

p q r
[x]=m kg s (h SI)
T c th suy ra n v CGS ca i lng x bng bao nhiu n v SI. Th d:
n v lc trong h CGS gi l in:
41


2
2
gcm
[F]=MLT
s

=
1 in
5 5
2 2
gcm kgm
1. 10 10 N
s s

= = =


7. CC TH D P DNG CC NH LUT NEWTON
1. Bi ton th nht. Bit phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im, xc nh lc tc
dng ln n.
Th d 1. Cht im c khi lng m chuyn ng theo phng trnh:
x Acos( t ) e o = +
trong A l bin dao ng, l tn s dao ng, T l chu k dao ng, l pha ban
u. A, , l nhng hng s. Tm lc tc dng ln cht im.
Gii. Ta c lc n hi tc dng ln cht im:

2
2
2
d x
F ma m m x kx
dt
e = = = =
trong
2
k me = .
Th d 2: Phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im c dng:

t t
m e e
x ln
k 2

+
=
`
)

trong
gk
m
= vi m l khi lng ca cht im, g l gia tc trng trng v k l
hng s. Tm lc tng hp tc dng ln cht im.
Gii: Lc tng hp tc dng ln cht im c xc nh t cng thc: F=ma. Ta c:

t t
t t
dx m e e
v
dt k e e

= =
+

42


2
2 2
2
2
dv d x m kv
a 1
dt dt k m
F ma mg kv

| |
= = =
`
|
\ .

)
= =

Lc mg l trng lc v lc kv
2
l lc cn ca mi trng.
2. Bi ton th hai. Cho bit lc tc dng ln cht im, tm phng trnh chuyn
ng ca n.
Th d 1:xt cht im chuyn ng trong trng trng lc P mg = . Trong khong
khng gian hp gn mt t, c th coi P mg const = = . Vit phng trnh chuyn
ng ca cht im.
Gii:
dv
P mg m
dt
= =

1
2
2 1 2
dv gdt
v dv gdt gt C
dr vdt
1
r dr vdt C gt C t C
2
=
= = = +
=
= = + = + +
} }
} }

Khi
0
t t = th
0
v v = ,
0
r r = , ta c:

1 0 0
C v gt = ,
2
2 0 0 0 0 0
1
C r gt (v gt )t
2
= .
Bit
1
C v
2
C ta tm c:

0 0
2
0 0 0 0
v v g(t t )
1
r r v (t t ) g(t t )
2
= +
= + +

Vect vn tc v lun nm trong mt phng to thnh bi cc vect g v
0
v . Gi mt
phng ny l mt xOy. n gin, ta chn
0
t 0 = ,
0
r 0 = , trc Oy ngc chiu vi g .
K hiu l gc to thnh gia
0
v vi Ox (hnh 2.8).
Khi phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im c dng:
43


0
2
0
x (v cos )t
1
y (v sin )t gt
2
o
o
=
=

Kh t trong cc phng trnh ny ta nhn
c phng trnh qu o ca cht im l
mt ng qarabol:
2
2 2
0
g
y xtg x
2v cos
o
o
=

Hnh 2.8
Th d 2: Cht im c khi lng m ri vi vn tc ban u bng khng. Lc cn ca
khng kh tc dng ln cht im c dng: F kv =
Trong k l h s t l dng. Vit phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im trong
trng trng lc.
Gii: Ta c:

dv
P F m
dt
+ =
Chn chiu Oy hng t trn xung di v chiu phng trnh ny ln trc y, ta
c:

y
y
dv
P F mg kv m
dt
= =

y
y
y
y
dv
dt
mg kv m
d(mg kv )
k
dt
mg kv m
=

Tch phn hai v ta c:

y 1
k
ln(mg kv ) t C
m
= +
Khi t=0 th
y
v 0 = v do
1
C ln(mg) = . Vy: Hnh 2.9

y
mg kv
k
ln( ) t
mg m

=
hay
44


k
t
m
y
k
t
m
y
k t
t
m
0
0
2 k
t
m
0 2
mg kv mge
dy
kv k mg 1 e
dt
mg
y dy 1 e dt y
k
mg m g
y t [e 1]+y
k k

=

= =
`
)

= = +
`
)
= +
} }

Khi t=0 th y=0 nn y
0
=0. l phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im.
Th d 3: Mt xe con A c khi lng m
1
c t trn mt phng nm ngang nhn
(hnh 2.10). Xe A c ni vi vt B c khi lng m
2
bng mt si dy khng dn vt
qua mt rng rc c nh. B qua khi lng ca rng rc v ca dy.
Xc nh phng trnh chuyn ng ca xe A v lc cng T
1
ca dy. Cho m
1
=200g,
m
2
=30g v g=9,8m/s
2
.
Gii: lc tc dng ln m
1
l
1 1
P m g = ,
1
N l phn lc ca mt phng,
1
T l lc cng
ca dy. Lc tc dng ln m
2
l
2 2
P m g = ,
2
T l lc cng ca dy.
Theo nh lut II Newton ta c:
xe A:
1 1 1 1 A
P N T m a + + =
Vt B:
2 2 2 B
P T m a + =
Chiu phng trnh u ln phng
chuyn ng ca vt A v phng trnh th
hai ln phng chuyn ng ca B, ta c:

1 1 A
T ma =

2 2 a B
P T m a =
Do dy khng dn v khi lng ca
rng rc v ca dy b qua nn:
A B
a a a = = ,
1 2
T T T = = .

Hnh 2.10
Cng hai phng trnh ny li ta c:

2 1 2 2
P (m m )a m g = + =
Vy gia tc ca xe A (vt B) bng:

2
2
1 2
m
a g const;a 1, 25m/ s
m m
= = =
+

Xe A v vt B chuyn ng nhanh dn u vi gia tc a. Phng trnh chuyn ng
ca xe A (hay vt B) c dng:
45


2 2
2
0 0
1 2
1 1 m
s at gt (v 0,s 0)
2 2 m m
= = = =
+

Lc cng T bng:
1 2
1
1 2
mm g
T ma ;T 0, 25N
m m
= = =
+
.
Th d 4: Mt vt c khi lng m chu tc dng ca trng lc P trt trn mt phng
nghing mt gc o vi mt phng nm ngang. Cho h s ma st bng k, vn tc ban u
bng khng, vit phng trnh chuyn ng ca vt.
Gii:Nhng lc tc dng ln vt l: trng lc P mg = , phn lc N vung gc vi mt
phng nghing, lc ma st
ms
F hng ngc chiu vi chiu chuyn ng ca vt. Ta c:

ms
P N F ma + + =
Chiu phng trnh ny ln trc Ox v
Oy ta c:

ms x
Psin F ma
N Pcos 0
o
o
=
=

Ta bit
ms
F kN kPcos , P mg o = = = .
Ta c:
x
g(sin kcos ) a o o =
Vt c th trt trn mt phng
nghing khi
x
a 0 > hay tg k o > .
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca vt:

2 2
x
1 1
x a t g(sin kcos )t
2 2
o o = =

Hnh 2.11
Khi
o
30 o = , k=0,03, g=9,8m/s
2
, ta c:

2
x
a 4,64m/ s ~ , x= 2,32t
2
(m)
Th d 5: Cho hai vt A v B c khi lng
A B
m , m ni vi nhau bng mt si dy
khng dn vt qua mt rng rc c nh (hnh 2.12). B qua khi lng ca rng rc v
khi lng ca dy. Xc nh gia tc ca h v sc cng ca dy. Cho
A B
m m > .
Gii: V
A A B B
P m g P m g = > = nn vt A i xung v vt B i ln. Lc tc dng ln
vt A l trng lc
A A
P m g = v lc cng
A
T ca dy. Lc tc dng ln vt B l trng lc
B B
P m g = v lc cng
B
T ca dy. Theo nh lut II Newton ta c:

A A A A
B B B B
P T m a
P T m a
+ =
+ =

46

Chiu cc phng trnh ny ln phng chuyn ng ta c:

A A A A
B B B B
P T m a
P T m a
=
=

Do dy khng gin v khi lng ca dy v rng rc b qua nn
A B
a a a = = ,
A B
T T T = = . Ta c:

A B A B
P P (m m )a = + hay
A B
A B
P P
a
m m

=
+

Thay
A A B B
P m g, P m g = = vo cng thc ta c:

A B
A B
m m
a g
m m

=
+

Sc cng ca dy:

B B B B
A B A B
B
A B A B
T T P m a m (g a)
m m m m
T m (g g) 2 g
m m m m
= = + = +

= + =
+ +


Hnh 2.12



47

CU HI V BI TP
2.1. H quy chiu qun tnh l g? Cho mt th d v h quy chiu qun tnh.
2.2. Trnh by ni dung ba nh lut Newton v nguyn l tng i Galile.
2.3. Nu cc lc thng gp trong t nhin. Cch o lc.
2.4. Mt tu ha gm mt u my v hai toa chuyn ng trn ng thng nm
ngang. Khi lng u my l M, ca toa th nht l
1
M v toa th hai l
2
M . Cho bit
lc ko tc dng ln u my l F hng theo phng ngang. B qua s bin dng cc
mc xch gia cc toa tu. Tm gia tc ca tu ha v lc cng gia cc mc xch.
2.5. Mt sinh vin mun xc nh h s ma st ngh v h s ma st trt gia mt v
mt bng. tin hnh, sinh vin t vt ln mt bng v bt u nng t t mt b ca
bng. Khi mt bng lm thnh vi mt ngang mt gc
o
30 o = th vt bt u trt. Vt
chuyn ng c mt on ng 4 mt trn mt bng trong 4 giy. Chng t rng ta c
th xc nh cc h s ma st trong th nghim ni trn.
2.6. nh ca hai mt phng nghing
hp vi mt phng ngang cc gc a =
30
0
v b = 45
0
c gn mt rng rc khi
lng khng ng k. Mt si dy khng
gin, khi lng khng ng k vt qua
rng rc, hai u ca si dy ni vi hai
vt c khi lng m
1
= 1(kg) v m
2
=
2(kg) (hnh v).


Hnh 2.13
H s ma st trt gia hai vt vi mt phng nghing l k = 0,3. Ly
2
9, 8( / ) g m s = .
B qua ma st rng rc.
Hy tnh:
a. Gia tc ca cc vt
b. Lc cng ca si dy
2.7. Mt h gm hai vt c khi lng m
1
v m
2
c treo nh nhnh 2.14. Rng rc A
c nh, rng rc B di ng. B qua khi lng ca cc rng rc v khi lng ca dy,
b qua ma st. Coi dy khng dn. Xc nh gia tc ca vt m
1
v lc cng ca dy. p
dng cho trng hp m
1
=m
2
.
48

2.8. Mt vt c khi lng m c
treo u mt si dy di l cm. Vt quay
trong mt phng nm ngang vi vn tc
khng i sao cho si dy vch thnh
mt mt nn. Dy to thnh vi phng
thng ng mt gc o .
a. Tm gi tr ca lc php tuyn.
b. Tm vn tc gc ca vt.
p dng bng s: m=200g, l=40cm,
o
36 o = .


Hnh 2.14
2.9. Mt t c khi lng 1000kg
chuyn ng dc theo ng cong nh
hnh 2.15 vi vn tc khng i
v=15m/s. Bn knh chnh khc ca
ng cong ti A, B v C tng ng l
40m, 30m, v .


Hnh 2.15
a. Tm lc php tuyn t ln t ba im A, B, C
b. Tm p lc ca t ti im A, B, C.


Hnh 2.16
2.10. Mt phn t kh c khi lng
23
m 4,65.10 g

= (Kh N
2
) chuyn ng
vi vn tc v=60m/s va chm (n hi)
vo thnh bnh. Gc ti bng gc phn x
bng
o
60 o = (hnh 2.16). i lng
2 1
F t p p p A = = A gi l xung lng ca
lc trong khong thi gian t A . Xc nh
xung lng ca lc va chm ca phn t
ln thnh bnh.
49

2.11. Mt vin n c khi lng 10g chuyn ng ngang vi vn tc
0
v 200m/ s = ,
p vo mt tm g v xuyn su vo tm g mt on l. Bit thi gian chuyn ng ca
vin n trong tm g bng
4
t 4.10

= giy. Xc nh lc cn trung bnh ca tm g v

xuyn su l ca vin n.
2.12. Mt ht c khi lng m mang in tch e chuyn ng theo phng trnh:

0
e E sin t
r t
m
e
e e
(
=
(


Trong
0
E v e khng ph thuc vo thi gian t. Xc nh lc tc dng ln cht im.
2.13. Mt vt ri gn mt t (th d ngi nhy d) theo phng thng ng di tc
dng ca trng lc P mg = v lc cn ca mi trng F kmv.v = , trong k l h s
t l. Tm s ph thuc vo thi gian ca vn tc v.

50

CHNG III
NG LC HC H CHT IM V
CC NH LUT BO TON
Trong chng ny, xut pht t cc nh lut ca Newton chng ta thit lp cc nh l
tng quat ca ng lc hc c h tm cc nh lut bo ton ca c h.
1. CC PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG CA H CHT IM
1. H cht im. Ni lc v ngoi lc
Mt tp hp cc vt th m mi vt th c xem nh mt cht im th tp hp
c gi l h cht im. Trong trng hp tng qut, cc cht im ca h khng nhng
ch tng tc vi nhau m cn tng tc vi cc vt th bn ngoi h. Trong trng hp
h kn (h c lp) th cc cht im ca h ch tng tc vi nhau m khng tng tc vi
cc vt th bn ngoi h.
Ta xt mt h gm N cht im M
1
. M
2
, ...M
N
. lc tc dng ln cht im ca h
khng c lp chia thnh ni lc v ngoi lc. Ni lc l lc do cc cht im ca h
tng tc vi nhau, cn ngoi lc l lc do cc cht im hay cc vt th ngoi h tc
dng ln cc cht im trong h.
Vic phn chia cc lc thnh ni lc v ngoi lc ch c tnh cht tng i, v gii
hn ca c h l do ta quy nh ty theo bi ton phi gii quyt. Th d, xem Tri t v
mi vt trn Tri t l mt c h th lc tng tc gia Tri t vi cc vt trn Tra
t l ngoi lc. Nu xem h Mt Tri l mt c h th lc hp dn ca Mt Tri i vi
Tri t l ni lc.
2. Cc phng trnh chuyn ng ca h cht im.
Gi
kl
f l ni lc do cht im M
1
tc dng ln cht im M
k
ca h. Ni lc do (N-1)
cht im cn li tc dng ln cht im M
k
ca h bng
k kl
l
f f =

vi l k = . Ngoi lc
tc dng ln cht im M
k
c k hiu
k
F . Chuyn ng ca h N cht im i vi h
quy chiu qun tnh c xc nh bi N phng trnh vect sau y:
51


k
k k k kl
l
dp
F f F f
dt
= + = +

(3-1)
l k, k 1, 2..., N = =
Trong
k k k
p m v = l xung lng ca cht im M
k
, Tm nghim tng qut ca h N
phng trnh vect (hay 3N phng trnh hnh chiu) l mt bi ton v cng phc tp.
Ta khng gii h phng trnh ny m da vo cc nh lut ca Newton, xy dng
nhng nh l tng qut ca ng lc hc c h. Trong chng ny ta hy nghin cu
nh l bin thin v nh lut bo ton xung lng ca c h, nh l bin thin v nh
lut bo ton mmen xung lng ca c h, nh l bin thin ng nng v nh lut bo
ton c nng ca c h. Nh cc nh l v nh lut tng qut ny m ta c th bit c
nhng tnh cht quan trng ca chuyn ng c h m khng cn bit chi tit chuyn
ng y.

2. NH L BIN THIN V NH LUT BO TON XUNG LNG CA
H
T phng trnh chuyn dng (3-1), ni lc
k
f tc dng ln cht im M
k
ca h c
vit di dng:

k
k kl k
l k
dp
f f F
dt =
= = +

(3-2)
Tng ni lc tc dng ln mi cht im ca h bng:

k
k k k
k k l k k
k l
dp
f f F
dt
=
= = +

(3-3)
Theo nh lut III Newton, cht im M
l
tc dng ln cht im M
k
mt lc
kl
f th
ngc li, cht im M
k
tc dng ln cht im M
l
mt lc
lk kl
f f = vi l k = . V tng
tng i mt ca ni lc trit tiu nhau:

12 21 13 31 23 32 kl lk
f f 0,f f 0,...f f 0,...f f 0,... + = + = + = + =
52

Nn tng cc ni lc tc dng ln mi cht im ca c h bng khng:

kl
k l
k l
f 0
=
=

(3-4)
T (3-3) v (3-4) ta c:

dP
F
dt
= (3-5)
Trong :
k k k k
k k k
P p m v , F F = = =


i lng P bng tng hnh hc xung lng ca cc cht im ca h gi l xung
lng ca h v i lng F l tng ngoi lc tc dng ln h. Phng trnh (3-5) c
pht biu nh sau: o hm vect xung lng ca h theo thi gian bng tng ngoi lc
tc dng ln cc cht im ca h. l nh l bin thin xung lng ca h. Chiu
phng trnh (3-5) ln cc trc ta x, y, z, ta c:

y
x z
x y z
dP
dP dP
F ; F ; F
dt dt dt
= = = (3-6)
Hay:
x x
dP F dt = ;
y y
dP Fdt = ;
z z
dP Fdt =
Trong :
x k kx y k ky z k kz
k k k
P m v ; P m v ; P m v = = =

;
x kx
k
F F =

;
y ky
k
F F =

;
z kz
k
F F =

vi Fdt l xung lng ca lc.

Nu
z
F 0 = th
z zo
P P const = = l i lng c bo ton,
zo
P l thnh phn ca
z
P
thi im ban u.
i vi h c lp th F 0 = v ta c:

dP
F 0
dt
= = hay
o
P P const = = (3-7)
Nh vy, xung lng ca h c lp l mt vect khng i. Ni cch khc, i vi h
c lp th xung lng ca h bo ton. V vect P khng i nn cc thnh phn ca n
cng khng i.
53


x
P const = ,
y
P const = ,
z
P const = (3-8)
Theo nh lut bo ton xung lng, xung lng ton phn ca h c lp khng thay
i, nhng xung lng cc phn ca c h c th thay i, ngha l cc phn khc nhau
ca mt h c lp c th trao i xung lng cho nhau.
Chng ta suy ra nh lut bo ton xung lng t nh lut II v III Newton. Tuy
nhin, nh lut bo ton xung lng cng c suy ra t tnh ng nht ca khng gian
mt cch tng qut hn. V vy, nh lut bo ton xung lng l mt trong nhng nh
lut tng qut nht ca vt l, c gi tr ngay c khi cc nh lut ca Newton b vi phm.

3. KHI TM CA H. PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG CA KHI
TM
Vn tc ca cht im i xng vi nhng h quy chiu qun tnh khc nhau l khc
nhau. Do xung lng ca h i vi nhng h quay chiu qun tnh khc nhau l khc
nhau.
Xt chuyn ng ca h cht im i vi hai h quy chiu qun tnh K v K' . Nu
gc O' ca h K' chuyn ng i vi h K vi vn tc
o
V , th cc vect vn tc
k
v v
k
v' ca cht im M
k
ca h i vi h quy chiu K v K' lin h vi nhau bng h thc
k o k
v V v
'
' = + . Cc i lng
k k
k
P m v =

v
k k
k
P m v ' ' =

l xung lng ca h i
vi h quy chiu K v K' . Gia P v P'
lin h vi nhau bng mt h thc n gin:

k k k k o o
k k
P m v m (v V ) P mV
' '
' = = =

(3-9)
Trong
k
k
m m =

l khi lng ca h. Khi lng ca h bng tng khi lng ca

tt c cc cht im ca h. Khi lng l i lng c tnh cng c. Thay
k
k
dr
v
dt
=
v
o
o
dr
V
dt
'
'
= vo (3-9), ta nhn c:
54


k k o o
k
d
P m (r r ) P mV
dt
' '
(
' = =
(

(3-10)
Nu chn h quy chiu K' c gc O' trng vi im C (
o c
r r
'
= ) tha mn iu kin:

k k c
k
m (r r ) 0 =

Th ta c:
c
P 0, P mV ' = = (3-11)

c k k
k
1
r m r
m
=

(3-12)
Trong
c
c
dr
V
dt
= l vn tc ca im C. im C m v tr ca n c xc nh bng
bn knh vect
c
r theo cng thc (3-12) gi l khi tm hay tm qun tnh ca h cht
im. H quy chiu K' c gc gn vi khi tm C ca c h gi l h quy chiu khi tm
hay h tm qun tnh. T (3-11) ta thy rng xung lng ca h i vi h quy chiu
qun tnh gn lin vi khi tm bng khng v i vi h quy chiu qun tnh K bng
tch ca khi lng ton b h m vi vn tc khi tm
c
V ca n. Mi lin h gia xung
lngc ca h, vn tc khi tm v khi lng ca h ging nh mi lin h gia cc i
lng tng ng i vi mt cht im. V th ta c th xem xung lng ca h nh
xung lng ca mt im nm khi tm v im c khi lng bng khi lng ca
h.
t biu thc ca P t (3-11) vo (3-5) ta nhn c phng trnh chuyn ng khi
tm ca h cht im.

c
dV
m F
dt
= (3-13)
Nu F 0 = th
c
V const = , ngha l khi tm ng yn hoc chuyn ng thng u.
Chiu phng trnh (3-13) ln cc trc ta x, y, z ta c:

2
c
x 2
d x
m F
dt
= ;
2
c
y 2
d y
m F
dt
= ;
2
c
z 2
d z
m F
dt
=
55

Cc phng trnh (3-13) hay (3-14) l nhng phng trnh chuyn ng ca khi tm
i vi h quy chiu qun tnh.
Cc th d
Th d 1. Th d v bn sng
Trc khi bn sng, h gm vin n c khi lng m v thn sng c khi lng M
ng yn nn xung lng ca h bng khng. Khi bn sng, lc do thuc n tc dng vo
vin n l ni lc, vin n bay vi vn tc v v pha trc th thn sng dch chuyn
v pha sau vi vn tc V sao cho xung lng ca h vn bng khng:
mv MV 0 + =
T y ta c:

mv
V
M
=
Vy vn tc li ca thn sng cng b, khi khi lng thn sng cng ln.
Th d 2. Kho st chuyn ng ca t hay u my xe la trn ng thng nm
ngang khi khi ng.
Khi t hay u my xe la khi ng th bnh xe ch ng tc dng ln mt ng
hay ng ray mt lc hng t pha trc ra pha sau v tip tuyn vi mt ng ti
im tip xc. Theo nh lut III Newton, mt ng ray s tc dng ln bnh xe mt lc
trc i. Lc ny l ngoi lc tc dng ln khi tm ca t hay xe la c hng t pha
sau v pha trc. Khi lc ny thng lc cn tc dng ln cc bnh xe b ng th khi
tm ca t hay xe la s di chuyn v pha trc.
Ch rng lc truyn t my pht ng l ni lc. Lc ny c tc dng lm quay bnh
xe ch ng v khng gy nn chuyn ng khi tm ca t hay tu ha.
Th d 3:
Thuyn AB c di bng l, c khi lng m
1
. Mt ngi c khi lng m
2

ng B. Khi ngi i t B n A th thuyn dch chuyn i vi nc mt khong
bng bao nhiu? B qua lc cn ca nc.
56

Gii: Ngoi lc tc dng ln thuyn
v ngi l
1 1
P m g = v
2 2
P m g = v
phn lc N ca nc.
Phng trnh chuyn ng khi tm
ca h bng:
c
1 2 1 2
dP dV
(m m ) P P N
dt dt
= + = + +

Chiu phng trnh ny ln trc x ta
c :
cx
1 2
dV
(m m ) 0
dt
+ =

Hnh 3.1
Hay
cx
V const = .
thi im u h ng yn nn V
cx
=0. Vy khi tm ca h lun khng thay i dc
theo phng ngang Ox.
V tr khi tm ca h lc ngi v tr B (chn gc ta ti v tr ban u ca A):

1 2
1 1 2 2
c
1 2 1 2
l
m m l
m x m x
2
x
m m m m
+
+
= =
+ +

V tr khi tm ca h lc ngi v tr A:

1 2
c
1 2
l
m (x ) m x
2
x
m m
+ +
=
+

Trong x l dch chuyn ca thuyn.
V v tr khi tm ca h theo phng x khng dch chuyn nn ta c:

1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
l l
m (x ) m x m m l
2 2
m m m m
+ + +
=
+ +

T suy ra:
57


2
1 2
m l
x
m m
=
+

Nu
1 2
m 440kg, m 60kg, l 25m = = = th x=3m.

4. CHUYN NG CA VT C KHI LNG BIN THIN
Trong thc t ta thng gp nhng h c khi lng bin i theo thi gian. Chng
hn nh khi lng ca tn la ang chuyn ng, khi lng cc thin th khi tip nhn
cc thin thch v.v...
Chng ta hy thit lp phng trnh chuyn ng ca tn la. Coi tn la, l vt c
khi lng khng thay i, nh mt cht im. thi im t vt c khi lng l
m=m(t), c vn tc i vi h quy chiu qun tnh K v v , c xung lng l mv. thi
im t + dt vt c khi lng m + dm, c vn tc l v dv + v c xung lng l
(m dm)(v dv) + + . i vi vt c khi lng tng dn th dm>0 v i vi vt c khi
lng gim dn nh tn la th dm<0. Ta hy xt trng hp vt c khi lng gim dn.
Trong khong thi gian dt vt bn ra mt ht c khi lng dm (dm<0). Ht ny c vn
tc i vi h quy chiu qun tnh K trn l u , c xung lng l - u dm. Xung lng
ca h c khi lng m thi im t l mv, thi im t + dt l
(m dm)(v dv) udm + + . bin thin xung lng ca h trong khong thi gian dt
bng:
dp (m dm)(v dv) udm mv Fdt = + + = (3-15)
Trong F l tng cc ngoi lc tc dng ln h. Chia c hai v phng trnh (3-15)
cho dt sau khi b qua s hng b bc hai
dv
dm
dt
, ta nhn c:

dv dm
m (v u) F
dt dt
+ = (3-16)
Phng trnh ny c th vit di dng:
58


dv
m F R
dt
= + (3-17)
Vi
o o
dm
R u , u u v
dt
= =
Vect R c th nguyn ca lc gi l phn lc, vect
o
u l vn tc tng i ca ht
b bn ra so vi vt c khi lng bin i. Th d
o
u l vn tc tng i ca kh pht
ra so vi tn la. Phng trnh (3-17) gi l phng trnh Mecherski.
Trong khoa hc du hnh v tr, ngi ta thng kho st trng hp n gin sau:

o o
u u t = vi
o
u u v const = =
Trong t l vect n v tip tuyn vi qu o. Khi phng trnh (3-17) c
dng:

o
dv dm
m F u
dt dt
t = (3-18)
Trong trng hp ngoi lc F bng
khng hoc c th b qua v vn tc
tng i ca kh pht ra c tr khng
i (
o
u const = ) v hng ra ph sau tn
la (hnh 3.2), chng ta c th xc nh
vn tc v ca tn la theo bin thin
khi lng ca n. Tht vy, chn chiu
ca tn la lm chiu dng, ta c:

Hnh 3.2

o
dv dm
m u
dt dt
= hay
o
dm 1
dv
m u
=
Tch phn hai v phng trnh ny, ta c:

o
v
ln(m) const
u
= +
59

Tr ca const c xc nh t iu kin ban u. Khi
o
v v = th khi lng ca tn
la l m
o
. Vy
o
o
o
v
const ln(m )
u
= + . Bit c const, ta suy ra cng thc xc nh vn
tc v ca tn la theo vn tc tng i ca kh pht ra
o
u v bin thin khi lng
ca n:

o
o o
m
v v u ln( )
m
= + (3-19)
Cng thc ny ln u tin do K.E.Xinkpski lp nn.
Gi s tn la chuyn ng theo chiu dng ca trc x v thi im ban u tn la
(cht im) gc ta . Khi phng trnh chuyn ng ca tn la c dng:

t t
0
o o
0 0
m
x v(t)dt v t u ln dt
m(t)
| |
= = +
|
\ .
} }
(3-20)
Bit c nh lut thay i ca khi lng tn la theo thi gian, ta xc nh c
x=x(t).
Nu
t
o
m(t) m e

= vi const 0 = > th
2
o
o
u
x x t t
2

= + .

5. CNG V CNG SUT
Ta ni rng cht im chuyn ng trong mt trng lc F nu mi v tr ca cht
im trong khng gian u xut hin mt lc F tc dng ln n.
Di tc dng ca lc F, trong khong thi gian v cng b dt, cht im chuyn di
c mt qung ng v cng b ds . c trng cho qu trnh tc dng ca lc F
ln cht im trn qung ng ds , ngi ta a vo khi nim cng ca lc. Gi
s
F l
hnh chiu ca lc F ln phng chuyn di ds . i lng

s
A Fds Fdscos o o = = (3-21)
60

Trong o l gc gia lc F v phng chuyn di ds , gi l cng nguyn t ca
lc F trn qung ng ds .
Nh vy, cng nguyn t A o c th biu din bng tch v hng ca vect lc F v
vect chuyn di v cng b ds :

s x y z
A Fds Fdscos F.ds F dx F dy Fdz o o = = = = + + (3-22)
Trong
x y z
F , F , F l cc hnh chiu ca lc F trn cc trc x, y, z v dx, dy, dz l cc
hnh chiu ca ds trn cc trc x, y, z ca h ta Descartes.
T nh ngha cng, ta thy rng lc F vung gc vi di ds s khng sinh cng.
Trong chuyn ng trn u, lc hng tm khng sinh ra cng.
V lc, ni chung, bin thin t im ny n im khc, nn mun tnh cng ca lc
trn mt qung ng hu hn, ta phi chia qung ng thnh nhng khong v
cng b ds c th coi lc F dc theo ds l khng i, v tnh cng nguyn t A o ,
xong cng tt c cc cng nguyn t li. Tng s cho cng ca lc trn ton b qung
ng i. Ni cch khc, cng ca lc F trn qung ng i s, t im 1 ti im 2,
c xc nh bng tch phn ng:

2 2
12 x y z
1 1
A Fds (F dx Fdy Fdz) = = + +
} }
(3-23)
Tch phn ly theo ng i s t im 1 ti im 2. Ni chung, cng A
12
va ph
thuc im u 1, im cui 2, va ph thuc c dng ng i s.
Cng ca lc F trong mt n v thi gian gi l cng sut N. Trong khong thi gian
dt, di tc dng ca lc F, cht im dch chuyn c mt qung ng ds . Cng ca
lc F trn qung ng ds l A o . Vy cng ca lc F tnh trong mt n v thi gian
s bng:

x x y y z z
A ds
N F Fv F v F v Fv
dt dt
o
= = = = + + (3-24)
61

Trong h n v SI, n v lc l niutn (N), n v di l mt (m), n v cng l
jun (J).
Jun l cng m lc 1N thc hin khi im t lc dch chuyn 1m theo hng tc dng
ca lc
1J=1N x 1m
n v cng sut l ot k hiu l W.

1J
1W
1s
=
Ot l cng sut khng i ca mt my sinh cng 1 jun trong khong thi gian 1 giy.
Ot gi (W.h) l cng m mt my c cng sut 1 ot sinh ra trong 1 gi (3600s).
1 ot gi (Wh)=3600 jun (J)
1 kil ot gi (kWh)=3600 kiljun (kJ)
Cc th d tnh cng
1. Cng ca lc ma st
ms
F .
Ta kho st trng hp n gin khi tr ca lc ma st khng i
ms
F kN const = = .
Th d, cht im chuyn ng dc theo ng cong s nm trong mt phng nm ngang.
Lc p vung gc vi mt phng by gi l trng lc N P mg = = . V lc ma st
ms
F
ngc chiu vi ds nn
ms ms
F ds F ds = . Cng ca lc ma st
ms
F dc theo ng cong s
t im 1 ti im 2 (hnh 3.3) s l:

2 2
12 ms ms ms 12
1 1
A F ds F ds F s = = =
} }

Trong s
12
l di ca ng cong
s t im 1 ti im 2. Nh vy, cng
ca lc ma st ph thuc c dng qung
ng i s ( di qung ng i).

Hnh 3.3
62

2. Cng ca lc vn vt hp dn
3
GmM
F r
r
= . Coi vt c khi lng M
ng yn v cht im c khi lng m
chuyn ng theo mt ng cong no
t im 1 ti im 2 (hnh 3.4) . cng
ca lc hp dn trn on ng y
bng:

Hnh 3.4

2 2
12 3 3
1 1
rds rdr
A GmM GMm
r r
= =
} }

Ch rng:

2 2 2 2
1 1
rdr xdx ydy zdz d(x y z ) d(r ) rdr
2 2
= + + = + + = =
Trong x, y, z v dx, dy, dz l cc thnh phn ca vect r v dr trong h ta
Descartes, ta c:

2
12 2
1
1 2
dr 1 1
A GmM GMm
r r r
| |
= =
|
\ .
}

Cng ca lc hp dn khng ph thuc di v hnh dng ca ng i m ch ph
thuc vo v tr u v v tr cui.
3. Cng ca trng lc P mg = .
Xt mt cht im c khi lng m
chuyn ng trong trng trng lc
P mg const = = . Vect P hng t trn
xung di theo phng thng ng.
Chn trc Oz hng t di ln trn
(hnh 3.5). Cng ca lc P trn ng
cong t im 1 ti im 2 bng:

Hnh 3.5
63


2 2
1 1
z z 2
12 z 1 2
1 z z
12 1 2
A Pds P dz mg dz mg(z z )
A mgh, h z z
= = = =
= =
} } }

4. Cng ca lc tnh in
1 2
3
q q
F K r
r
= .
Khi
1 2
q q >0, hai in tchs y nhau v khi
1 2
q q <0 hai in tch ht nhau. Coi
1
q ng
yn v
2
q dch chuyn t v tr 1 v v tr 2. Cng ca lc F trn qung ng s t im
1 ti im 2 bng:

12 1 2
1 2
1 1
A Kq q ( )
r r
=
5. Cng ca lc n hi F kx = ;

( )
2 2 2
1 1 1
x x x
2 2
12 2 1
x x x
k
A Fdx k xdx k xdx x x
2
= = = =
} } }

Ta thy cng ca cc lc tnh in, lc nh hi, trng lc ch ph thuc vo v tr u v
v tr cui.

6. NG NNG. NH L BIN THIN NG NNG
Cng ca trng lc c mi lin h vi i lng c trng quan trng ca chuyn
ng l ng nng. u tin ta thit lp nh l bin thin ng nng ca cht im, sau
thit lp nh l bin thin ng nng ca h cht im.
Lc tc dng ln cht im c khi lng m bng:

d(mv)
F
dt
=
Cng ca lc F khi cht im chuyn di c mt khong v cng b ds vdt =
bng:

d
A Fds (mv).vdt vd(mv)
dt
o = = =
Lu rng:
64


( )
( )
2
2
2
m v
d vd(mv), v v ,
2
| |
|
= =
|
|
\ .

ta c:
2
mv
A d
2
o
| |
=
|
\ .
(3-25)
i lng
2
mv
T
2
= gi l ng nng ca cht im. Cng ca lc trng F trn
qung ng s t v tr 1 ti v tr 2 bng:

2 2 2 2 2
2 1
12 2 1
1 1
mv mv mv
A A d T T
2 2 2
o
| |
= = = =
|
\ .
} }
(3-26)
trong
2
1
1
mv
T
2
= v
2
2
2
mv
T
2
= l ng nng ca cht im v tr 1 v 2.
Nh vy, bin thin ng nng ca cht im trn mt chuyn di no bng
cng ca lc trng t ln cht im trn chuyn di . l nh l bin thin ng
nng i vi cht im.
By gi ta hy thit lp nh l bin thin ng nng ca h cht im. Xt mt h N
cht im M
1
, M
2
, .., M
k
, ...M
n
. Lc tc dng ln cht im M
k
bao gm ni lc
k
f v
ngoi lc
k
F . Di tc dng ca lc
k k
f F + , trong khong thi gian dt, cht im M
k

dch chuyn c mt qung ng
k k k
ds dr v dt = = . Cng nguyn t ca lc
k k
f F +
trn qung ng
k
dr bng:

k k k k k k k k k k
2
n ng
k k
k k k k k
d
A (f F )dr f dr F dr (m v )dt
dt
m v
A A v d(m v ) d
2
o
o o
= + = + =
| |
= + = =
|
\ .

trong
n
k k k
A f dr o = v
ng
k k k
A F dr o = l cng nguyn t ca ni lc
k
f v ngoi lc
k
F
trn qung ng
k
dr . i lng
n n
k k k
k k
A A f dr o o = =

l cng nguyn t ca tt c
65

cc ni lc tc dng cc cht im ca h v i lng
ng ng
k k k
k k
A A F dr o o = =

l
cng nguyn t ca tt c cc ngoi lc tc dng ln cc cht im. i lng
n ng
k
k
A A A A o o o o = = +

l cng nguyn t ca tt c cc ni lc v ngoi lc tc

dng ln mi cht im ca c h. D thy rng:

2
n ng
k k
k
m v
A A A d
2
o o o
| |
= + =
`
|
\ . )

(3-27)
i lng
2
N
k k
k 1
m v
T
2 =
=

gi l ng nng ca h. ng thc (3-27) ch rng vi phn

ng nng ca h bng cng nguyn t ca tt c ni lc v ngoi lc tc dng ln mi
cht im ca h. l nh l bin thin ng nng ca h vit di dng vi phn.
Ta hy chng minh rng i vi vt rn l tng th cng nguyn t ca ni lc bng
khng:
n
dA 0 = .
Cng nguyn t
n
dA c vit di dng:

N
n
k k kl k
k 1 k l
k l
A f dr f dr o
=
=
= =


trong
kl
f l lc do cht im M
l
tc
dng ln cht im M
k
tc dng ln cht
im M
l
mt lc
lk kl
f f = . Cc lc
kl
f
v lc
lk
f cng phng vi vect
kl k l l k
r r r MM = = (hnh 3.6). Ta hy
xt cng nguyn t:

Hnh 3.6

lk l kl k kl k l kl kl
f dr f dr f d(r r ) f dr + = =

V
kl
f cng phng vi
kl
r nn ta c th vit:

kl kl
f r =
66

trong l v hng ph thuc vo
kl
r v c th dng hay m ty theo
kl
f v
kl
r cng
chiu hay ngc chiu. Lu rng:

2 2
kl kl
d(r ) d(r ) = hay
kl kl kl kl
r dr r dr = ,
ta c:

kl k lk l kl kl kl kl kl kl
f dr f dr f dr r dr f dr + = = =
i vi vt rn l tng th
kl
r const = nn
kl
dr 0 = . Vy i vi vt rn l tng, ta
c:

kl k lk l
f dr f dr 0 + =
Do tng tng i mt ca cng nguyn t ni lc trit tiu nhau:
12 1 21 2
f dr f dr 0 + = , ....
23 2 32 3
f dr f dr 0 + = , ...
kl k lk l
f dr f dr 0 + = , v.v...
nn
kl k
k l
k l
f dr 0
=
=

. Vy
n
A 0 o = . l iu mun chng mnh.
By gi ta vit nh l bin thin ng nng ca h di dng tch phn. Gi s thi
im u
o
t cht im M
k
v tr
ok
r v c vn tc
ok
v , thi im t cht im M
k
v
tr
k
r v c vn tc
k
v . Tch phn hai v ca ng thc (3-27) t v tr u
ok
r n v tr
cui
k
r dc theo ng cong qu o ca cc cht im M
k
, ta c:

n ng
o
T T A A = + (3-28)
trong :
k k
ok ok
r r
N N N N
2 2 n n n ng ng ng
k k o k ok k k k k k k k k
k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1
r r
1 1
T m v , T m v , A A , A f dr , A A , A F dr
2 2 = = = =
= = = = =

} }
i lng
n
k
A l cng ca ni lc
k
f v i lng
ng
k
A l cng ca ngoi lc
k
F trn mt
qung ng hu hn dc theo qu o ca cht im M
k
t v tr u
ok
r n v tr cui
k
r . ng thc (3-28) din t nh l bin thin ng nng ca h vit di dng tch phn.
nh l ny pht biu nh sau: Bin thin ng nng ca h trn mt chuyn di no
67

bng tng cng ca cc ni lc v ngoi lc t ln cc cht im ca h trn chuyn
di .
i vi vt rn l tng th
n
dA 0 = v do
n
A 0 = .

7. LC TH. TH NNG
1. Lc th
Cng ca lc, ni chung, ph phuc vo dng ng i ca vt. Th d: cng ca lc
ma st. Tuy nhin tn ti nhng lc m cng ca lc khng ph thuc qung ng i,
ch ph thuc v tr u v v tr cui ca vt. Th d: cng ca lc vn vt hp dn, cng
ca lc tnh in, cng ca lc n hi, cng ca trng lc, v.v...lc m cng ca n
khng ph thuc vo dng ng i m ch ph thuc vo v tr u v v tr cui ca vt
gi l lc th hay lc bo ton. Lc vn vt hp dn, lc tnh in, lc n hi, trng lc
l nhng th d v lc th. Lc ma st khng phi l lc th.
Nu ly hai im bt k 1 v 2 v ni chng bng hai ng cong bt k, a v b, th
cng ca lc th
1a 2
A khi cht im chuyn di t im 1 n im 2 theo ng cong a
v cng ca lc th
1b2
A khi cht im chuyn di t im 1 n im 2 theo ng
cong b (hnh 3.7) l nh nhau:

12 1a 2 1b2
A A A = =
V cng ca lc th ch ph thuc vo
v tr u v v tr cui ca cht im nn
cng ca lc th tnh theo mt ng
cong kn bt k (im u trng vi im
cui) bng khng:

Hnh 3.7

1a 2 2b1
A A 0 + = hay
1a 2 2b1
A A = (3-30)
D thy rng:
1b2 2b1
A A =

Cng ca lc th F tnh theo mt ng cong kn L c th c vit di dng tch
phn ng:
68


( )
x y z
L L
Fds F dx F dy Fdz 0 = + + =
} }

2. Th nng
Khi cht im chuyn di trong trng lc th t v tr u
o
r n v tr cui r th
cng ca lc th A ch ph thuc vo v tr u
o
r v v tr cui r . T tnh cht ny,
ngi ta a vo hm th nng tng tc ca cht im U, ni gn th nng U, xc nh
nh sau: Th nng tng tc ca cht im trong trng lc th l mt hm U ph thuc
v tr ca cht im sao cho:

o
r
o
r
A Fds U(r ) U(r) = =
}
(3-31)
trong
o
U(r ) v U(r) l th nng ca cht im v tr
o
r v r . ng thc (3-31)
c pht biu: Cng ca lc th khi cht im chuyn di t v tr u
o
r n v tr cui
r bng hiu cc gi tr ca th nng v tr u
o
r v v tr cui r ca cht im.
Lu rng:

( ) ( )
o o
A U(r ) C U(r) C U(r ) U(r) = + + =
Trong C l hng s. Vy, th nng ca cht im ti mt v tr c xc nh sai
khc mt hng s cng C.
Khi chuyn t v tr u
o
r v v tr cui r th th nng ca cht im bin thin mt
lng:

o
U U(r) U(r ) A =
Khi ta c: A U = A
Nu im u v im cui c chn v cng gn nhau, th cng ca lc th trn
di v cng b ds dr = y s l:
A Fdr dU o = = (3-32)
69

l h thc cho ta mi lin h gia lc tc dng ln cht im v th nng ca n.
Ch rng

x y z
U U U
Fdr F dx F dy Fdz dU dx dy dz
x y z
c c c
= + + = = + +
`
c c c
)

Ta c:
x y z
U U U
F , F , F
x y z
c c c
= = =
c c c
(3-33)
Hay vit di dng vect:

U U U U
F i j k gradU
x y z r
c c c c
= + + =
`
c c c c
)
(3-34)
trong i , j , k l ba vect n v t trn cc trc x, y, z.
T (3-32) suy ra:
U Fdr C = +
}
(3-35)
vi C l hng s tch phn c xc nh do chn gc tnh th nng. Bit lc th F, ta
tnh c th nng U nh cng thc (3-35). Th d:
i vi trng lc hp dn:
GMm
U C
r
= +
i vi trng lc tnh in:
1 2
q q
U K C
r
= +
i vi trng lc n hi:
2
x
U k C
2
= +
i vi trng trng lc: U mgz C = +
Ta hy xc nh hng s C do chn gc tnh th nng:
i vi th nng hp dn v th nng tnh in chn U=0 khi r . Khi C=0.
i vi th nng ca lc n hi chn U=0 khi x=0. Vy C=0, i vi th nng ca
trng trng lc chn U=0 khi z=0. Khi ta c C=0.

70

8. C NNG. NH LUT BO TON V BIN THIN C NNG
Xt chuyn ng ca mt cht im trong trng lc th. Cng ca lc th F khi cht
im chuyn di mt khong v cng b ds dr = bng:

2
d mv
A Fdr (mv)dr vd(mv) d dU
dt 2
o
| |
= = = = =
|
\ .

T ng thc ny suy ra:

2
mv
d U(r) 0
2
| |
+ =
|
\ .
(3-36)
hay

2
mv
E U(r) const
2
= + = (3-37)
i lng E bng tng ng nng v th nng ca cht im gi l c nng ca cht
im. Nh vy, ng nng ca cht im, ch ph thuc vn tc ca n, v th nng, ch
ph thuc ta , ly ring c th bin thin, nhng c nng E l i lng khng thay
i trong chuyn ng ca cht im. l nh lut bo ton c nng ca cht im
chuyn ng trong trng lc th.
By gi ta xt mt h kn (h c lp) gm N cht im tng tc vi nhau bng nhng
ni lc th.
Th nng tng tc ca cc cht im ph thuc vo v tr tng i gia chng v l
hm ca cc bn knh vect
k
r xc nh v tr ca cht im M
k
:

1 2 k N
U U(r , r ,..., r ,...r ) = (3-38)
Hm U lin h vi ni lc tc dng ln mi cht im M
k
c xc nh bng cng
thc:

k k k
k
U d
f (m v )
dt r
c
= =
c
(3-39)
71

bin thin dU ca th nng U khi mi cht im M
k
dch chuyn c vect
k
dr s
l:

N N
k k k
k 1 k 1
k
U
dU dr f dr
r = =
c
= =
c

(3-40)
Lu rng:

N N N
k k k k k k k k
k 1 k 1 k 1
2 2
N N
k k k k
k 1 k 1
d
f dr (m v )dr v d(m v )
dt
m v m v
d d
2 2
= = =
= =
= =
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .



Ta c:
2
N
k k
k 1
m v
dU d
2 =
| |
=
|
\ .

Hay
2
N
k k
1 2 N
k 1
m v
d U(r , r ,...r ) 0
2 =

+ =
`
)

(3-41)
T ng thc ny suy ra:

2
N
k k
1 2 N
k 1
m v
E U(r , r ,...r ) const
2 =
= + =

(3-42)
i lng E bng tng ng nng ca h v th nng tng tc gia cc cht im ca
h gi l c nng ca h. Nh vy, i vi h kn, c nng ca h l i lng bo ton.
ng nng ca h l i lng dng. Th nng tng tc gia cc cht im ca h c
th dng hay m.
Chng ta da vo nh lut II Newton xy dng nh lut bo ton c nng ca
h. Tuy nhin, nh lut bo ton nng lng ca h kn c suy ra t tnh n nht ca
thi gian mt cch tng qut hn. Do vy, nh lut bo ton nng lng ca h kn l
mt trong nhng nh lut tng qut nht ca t nhin, c gi tr ngay c khi cc nh lut
Newton khng cn ng dng c. Chng ta xt trng hp h khng kn, ngha l h c
tng tc vi cc vt th ngoi h. Gi
k
f v
k
F l ni lc v ngoi lc tc dng ln cht
im M
k
ca h. Theo nh lut II Newton, ta c:
72


k k k k
d
F f (m v )
dt
+ = hay
k k k k
d
f F (m v )
dt
= +
bin thin th nng tng tc U ca cc cht im trong h (ni th nng) bng:

k k k k k k
k k
d
dU f dr F (m v ) dr
dt

= = +
`
)


Ch rng:

2
k k
k k k k k k
k k k
d m v
(m v )dr v d(m v ) d
dt 2
| |
= =
|
\ .


Ta c
2
k k
k k
k k
m v
dU F dr d
2
| |
=
|
\ .


Hay
2
ng
k k
1 2 N
k
m v
d U(r , r ,...r ) A
2
o

+ =
`
)

(3-43)
trong
ng
k k
k
A Fdr o =

l cng nguyn t ca ngoi lc. ng thc (3-43) ch rng

bin thin c nng ca h bng cng ca ngoi lc.
Ngoi lc tc dng ln h c th khng phi l lc th. Th d, lc ma st tc dng ln
h khng phi l lc th. Nu tt c cc ngoi lc tc dng ln h l lc th, ngha l
k
k
V
F
r
c
=
c
vi
1 2 N
V V(r , r ,...r ) = l ngoi th nng (th nng tng tc vi trng lc
ngoi), ta c:

ng
k k k
k k
k
V
dV dr F dr A
r
o
c
= = =
c

(3-44)
T (3-43) v (3-44) suy ra:

2
N
k k
k 1
m v
d U V 0
2 =

+ + =
`
)

(3-45)
hay
2
N
k k
k 1
m v
E U V const
2 =
= + + =

(3-46)
ngha l c nng ca h l i lng bo ton.
73

Cc th d v nh lut bo ton c nng:
1. C nng ca cht im chuyn ng trong trng hp dn:

2 2
o
o
mv GMm mv GMm
E const
2 r 2 r
= = =
trong xc nh v tr ban u v v
o
l vn tc ban u.
2. C nng ca cht im chuyn ng trong trng trng lc:

2 2
o
o
mv mv
E mgh mgh const
2 2
= + = + =
vi h l cao.
3. C nng ca cht im chuyn ng di tc dng ca lc n hi:

2 2 2 2
o o
mv kx mv kx
E const
2 2 2 2
= + = + =


9. NI NNG
Chng ta hy xt mt h kn. C nng ca h bng:

2
N
k k
1 2 N
k 1
m v
E U U(r , r ,...r )
2 =
= + =

Ta c th biu din ng nng ca h kn thnh hai phn: ng nng chuyn ng tnh
tin ca h cng vi khi tm v ng nng chuyn ng ca nhng cht im tng i
i vi khi tm. Tht vy, vn tc ca cht im M
k
i vi h quy chiu qun tnh K l
k
v , i vi h quy chiu qun tnh K' gn lin gc vi khi tm C l
k
v' lin h vi
nhau bng h thc:

k k C
v v V ' = +
ng nng ca h s l:

2 2
N N
k k
k k C
k 1 k 1
2
N N
2
k k
C C k k
k 1 k 1
m v 1
T m (v V )
2 2
m v 1
mV V m v
2 2
= =
= =
' = = +
'
' = + +



74

trong
k
k
m m =

l khi lng ca ton h. Ch rng xung lng ca h i vi h

quy chiu qun tnh K' gn lin vi khi tm bng
k k
k
P m v 0 ' ' = =

, ta c:

N
2 2
C k k
k 1
1 1
T mV m v
2 2 =
' = +


Th nng tng tc gia cc cht im ca h kn U thng c biu din qua th nng
tng tc ca tng cp cht im.
Gi
kl k l
U ( r r ) l th nng tng tc ca cht im M
k
v M
l
ca h. Th nng tng
tc U
kl
ph thuc vo khong cch gia hai cht im, tc ph thuc vo
k l
r r . Khi
chuyn t h qun tnh k sang h qun tnh K' gn lin vi khi tm, ta lun lun c
k l k l
r r r r ' ' = .
Th nng tng tc u gia cc cht im ca h c vit di dng:

N N
kl k l
k 1 l 1
k l
1
U U ( r r )
2 = =
=
=

(3-47)
V mt cp
kl
U c tnh hai ln nn ta phi chia cho 2.
C nng ca h by gi c th vit:

2
C n
1
E mV E
2
= + (3-48)
trong
n
E l nng lng ring hay ni nng ca h c dng:

N
2
n k k
k 1
1
E m (v ) U
2 =
' = +

(3-49)
Khi nim ni nng ca h kn l mt trong nhng khi nim quan trng khi ta kho
st h kn gm cc nguyn t, phn t hay cc ht nhn nguyn t.



75

10. VA CHM N HI V VA CHM KHNG N HI
Ta hy p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng v xung lng nghin cu s va
chm gia cc vt.
Trong vt l, va chm ch qu trnh tng tc gia cc ht, vi ngha rng ch khng
phi ch l s tip xc t ngt, s ng gia cc vt. Chng hn, khi hai ht cch
nhau mt khong ln, tng tc gia chng khng ng k, khi i li gn nhau, tng tc
rt mnh, trong mt thi gian ngn c khi ch mt phn nghn giy hay t hn na. Kt
qu tng tc c th l nhng hin tng rt khc nhau: hai ht tng tc c th dnh li
lm mt, c th c nhng ht mi xut hin, c th xy ra va chm n hi.
Trong va chm n hi, cc vt tin li gn nhau ti mt mc no , sau li xa
nhau ra m trng thi bn trong mi vt vn gi nguyn nh c, khng chu mt bin i
no. Va chm km theo s bin i trng thi bn trong ca vt, nh bin i ni nng,
nhit , bin dang...gi l va chm khng n hi.
1. Va chm n hi
Ta hy xt va chm n hi ca hai cht im c khi lng m
1
v m
2
. Gi vn tc
trc v sau khi va chm ca hai cht im l
1 2
v , v v
1 2
v , v ' ' . Gi s mt trong hai cht
im ng yn trc khi va chm,
2
v 0 = chng hn.
Bi v ni nng ca hai cht im trong va chm n hi khng thay i nn ta khng
cn quan tm ti n. V trc v sau va chm, hai cht im xem nh khng tng tc,
nn nh lut bo ton nng lng ch l bo ton ng nng:

2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2
1 1 1
m v m v m v
2 2 2
' ' = + (3-50)
nh lut bo ton xung lng cho:

1 1 1 1 2 2
m v m v m v ' = + (3-51)
Trc khi xt trng hp tng qut, ta hy xt mt vi trng hp ring.
a) Khi cht im ban u ng yn c khi lng rt ln so vi khi lng cht im
ti va chm vi n (m
2
>>m
1
).
T cc ng thc (3-51) v (3-50) ta c:
76


( )
1
2 1 1
2
m
v v v
m
' ' =

( )
2
2 2
1
1 1 1 1
2
m
v v v v
m
' ' =
Bi v (m
2
>>m
1
) nn gn ng coi
2
v 0 ' ~ v
2 2
1 1
v v ' ~ . Nh vy, khi mt cht im
nh chuyn ng ti va chm vi mt vt nng ng yn th n ch thay i phng ca
vn tc ca n, cn ln vn tc ca n vn gi nguyn.
b) Khi hai cht im c khi lng nh nhau (
1 2
m m = ). Trong trng hp ny cc
nh lut bo ton c dng n gin:

2 2 2
1 1 2
v v v ' ' = +

1 1 2
v v v ' ' = +
H thc sau cho thy cc vect vn
tc
1
v ,
1
v' ,
2
v' lm thnh mt tam gic,
h thc u cho thy thm tam gic
vung gc, cnh huyn
1
v . Vy hai cht
im c cng khi lng sau va chm, s
chuyn ng theo hai phng vung gc
vi nhau (hnh 3.8).

Hnh 3.8
c) Xt hai cht im va chm chnh din (va chm xuyn tm).
Trong trng hp ny, sau khi va chm, cc cht im s chuyn ng trn cng mt
ng thng, trng vi phng ca vn tc ca cht im
1
m ban u chuyn ng. Cc
nh lut bo ton nng lng v xung lng c vit li nh sau:

2 2 2
2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
m v m(v v ) m(v v )(v v ) ' ' ' ' = = +

2 2 1 1 1
m v m (v v ) ' ' =
Chia phng trnh u cho phng trnh sau, ta c:

2 1 1
v v v ' ' = +
77

v do :

1 2 1
1 1 2 1
1 2 1 2
m m 2m
v v ; v v
m m m m

' ' = =
+ +

Ta thy rng sau khi va chm, cht im 1 chuyn ng cng chiu vi
1
v khi
1 2
m m > v ngc chiu vi
1
v khi
1 2
m m < , cht im 2 chuyn ng cng chiu vi
1
v . Nu
2 1
m m >> th
1 1
v v ' ~ v
2
v 0 ' ~ . Khi cht im 2 ng yn v cht im 1
quay tr li, chuyn ng ngc chiu vi
1
v . Khi
1 2
m m = th
1
v 0 ' = v
2 1
v v ' = , ngha
l sau khi va chm, cht im 1 ng yn v cht im 2 chuyn ng vi vn tc
2 1
v v ' = .
By gi ta xt va chm ca hai cht im trong trng hp tng qut. Xung lng ca
h hai cht im bng;

1 1 2 2 1 2 C
P m v m v (m m )V = + = +

trong
C
V l vn tc khi tm. i vi h quy chiu gn lin vi khi tm th
C
V 0 = .
Khi xung lng ca h hai cht im trc lc va chm bng:

1 1 2 2
P m v m v 0 = + =
Theo nh lut bo ton xung lng, xung lng ca h sau khi va chm bng:

1 1 2 2
P m v m v 0 ' ' ' = + =
Nh vy, i vi h quy chiu khi tm ta c:

1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
p m v m v p
p m v m v p
' ' = = =
' ' ' = = =

ngha l trc lc va chm v c sau khi va chm hai cht im lun chuyn ng
ngc chiu nhau.
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng ca h ta c:

2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
p p p p
2m 2m 2m 2m
' '
+ = +
78

Dng nh lut bo ton nng lng ny vi s ch
2 2
1 2
p p = v
2 2
1 2
p p ' ' = ta tm
c:

2 2
1 1
p p' = v
2 2
2 2
p p' =
ngha l ln xung lng ca mi cht
im trc v sau va chm u bng
nhau. Nh vy iu duy nht xy ra
trong va chm l s quay ca vect xung
lng, v do vn tc ca mi cht
im cng ch quay i mt gc nh th,
ln vn gi nguyn, vn tc ca cht
im ny lun ngc chiu vi vn tc
ca cht im kia (hnh 3.9).


Hnh 3.9
Cn gc quay ca vn tc th khng th xc nh ch bng hai nh lut bo ton nng
lng v xung lng, m cn ph thuc vo tnh cht c th ca tng tc v v tr tng
i ca hai cht im lc va chm.
2. Va chm khng n hi
Chng ta hy xt trng hp va chm khng n hi m sau khi tng tc hai vt dnh
lin lm mt. Gi s, c hai cht im khi lng
1
m v
2
m . Chn h quy chiu thch
hp, ta c th coi mt trong hai cht im ng yn, chng hn nh cht im th hai.
Cht im th nht chuyn ng vi vn tc
1
v , n va chm vi cht im th hai, v
sau , c hai dnh li v chuyn ng vi vn tc v'
theo chiu ca
1
v . nh lut bo
ton xung lng s cho:

1 1 1 2
m v (m m )v' = +
Trc va chm, ng nng ca h hai cht im l
2
1 1
1
T m v
2
= . Sau va chm ng
nng s l:
79


2
2 2
1
1 2 1
1 2
1 1 m
T (m m )v v
2 2 m m
' ' = + =
+

bin thin ng nng bng:

2
1 2 2
1
1 2 1 2
mm m
T T T v T
2(m m ) (m m )
' A = = =
+ +

Gi
n
E v
n
E' l ni nng ca hai cht im trc v sau va chm. Theo nh lut bo
ton nng lng, ta c:

n
T E T E ' ' + = +
tng ni nng s l:

2
n n n
1 2
m
E E E (T T) T T
(m m )
' ' A = = = A =
+

tng ni nng
n
E A chnh l do phn ng nng mt bin thnh nhit nng hoc
cng bin dng. Do ta thy mun cng bin dng l cc i (nh rn, p v...) phi
chn vt ng yn c khi lng ln so vi vt chuyn ng, ngha l
2 1
m m >> .
Phn ng nng cn li:

1
n
1 2
m
T E T
(m m )
A =
+

lm cho hai vt sau va chm tip tc chuyn ng vi vn tc v'
. Do nu mun sau va
chm, vt c ng nng ln nht (ng inh, ng cc, nm...) phi chn
1 2
m m >> .
11. NH L V BIN THIN V NH LUT BO TON MMEN
XUNG LNG CA H
n gin, xt mt h c lp gm hai cht im
1
M v
2
M c khi lng
1
m v
2
m tng tc vi nhau. V tr ca cht im M
k
(k=1,2) c xc n bi bn knh vect
k
r (k 1, 2) = k t gc ta O n cht im
k
M (hnh 3.10).
Theo nh lut III Newton, cht im
2
M
tc dng ln cht im
1
M mt lc
12
f , th
80

ngc li cht im
1
M tc dng ln cht
im
2
M mt lc
21 12
f f = . Theo nh lut
II Newton, ta c:
12 1 1 21 2 2
d d
f (m v );f (m v )
dt dt
= =

Hnh 3.10
trong
1 1
m v l xung lng ca cht im th nht v
2 2
m v l xung lng ca cht
im th hai. Gi
21 2 1 1 2
r r r MM = = l vect xc nh v tr tng i ca cht im
2
M i vi cht im
1
M . V
21
r v
21
f cng phng nn tch hu hng ca
21
r v
21
f
bng khng:
21 21
r f 0 . = , hay:

21 21 2 1 21 2 21 1 21 2 21 1 12
2 2 2 1 1 1
r f (r r ) f r f r f r f r f
d d
r (m v ) r (m v ) 0
dt dt
. = . = . . = . + .
= . + . =

Lu rng:

( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
d dr d d
r m v m v r (m v ) v m v r (m v )
dt dt dt dt
d
r (m v )
dt
. = . + . = . + .
= .


( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
d d d
r m v v m v r (m v ) r (m v )
dt dt dt
. = . + . = .
ta vit c:

{ }
1 12 2 21 1 1 1 2 2 2
d
r f r f r m v r m v 0
dt
. + . = . + . = (3-52)
hay
1 1 1 2 2 2
L r m v r m v const = . + . = (3-53)
l i lng bo ton. i lng
k k k
L r p = . vi
k k k
p m v = gi l mmen xung lng
81

ca cht im
k
m (k=1,2) i vi im O v i lng
k
k
L L =

di l mmen xung
lng ca h i vi im O. i lng
k k kl
M r f = . gi l mmen ca lc
kl
f i vi
im O v i lng
k
k
M M =

l tng mmen ca cc lc
kl
f i vi im O.
Nh vy, i vi h c lp hai cht im, ngoi nh lut bo ton xung lng ca h,
tn ti mt nh lut bo ton mi l nh
lut bo ton mmen xung lng ca h i
vi im O bt k. Khi nim mmen lc v
mmen xung lng lin quan cht ch vi
chuyn ng quay ca cht im v ca c
h. ta hy xc nh phng, chiu v ln
ca mmen lc v mmen xung lng.

Hnh 3.11
Vect mmen lc M r f = . i vi im O c phng vung gc vi r v f , c
chiu c xc nh theo quy tc vn nt chai (hay vn inh c thun) tc l khi cho ci
vn nt chai quay sao cho cn ca n quay t r sang f th mi ca n tin theo chiu
ca vect M (hnh 3.11).
V ln:
M rf sin f.d o = = (3-54)
trong o l gc b hp bi r v f , d l khong cch t gc O n ng thng cha
vect lc f gi l cnh tay n ca mmen lc.
Phng, chiu v ln ca vect mmen xung lng i vi im O c xc nh
tng t. Vect mmen xung lng L r p = . i vi im O c phng vung gc vi
r v p , c chiu c xc nh theo quy tc vn nt chai v c ln bng:
L rpsin p.d o = = (3-55)
82

trong o l gc b hp bi r v p , d l hnh chiu ca r trn phng vung gc vi
p gi l cnh tay n ca mmen xung lng.
Mmen xung lng cng nh mmen lc
i vi im O l nhng i lng cng
c. Mmen xung lng ca h bng tng
mmen xung lng ca cc cht im ca
h. Dng tnh cht ny nghin cu h
cht im.

Hnh 3.12
Ta xt mt h N cht im tng tc vi nhau v tng tc vi cc vt th ngoi h.
Da vo nh lut II v III Newton, ta hy thit lp nh l bin thin mmen xung lng
ca h.
Mmen xung lng ca h N cht im i vi im O bng:

N
k k k k
k 1 k
L L r m v
=
= = .

(3-56)
o hm theo thi gian vect L vi s ch
k
k k k
dr
v v v 0
dt
. = . = , ta c:

k
k k k k
k k
dL dr d
v r (m v )
dt dt dt
= . + .



k k k
k
dL d
r (m v )
dt dt
= .

(3-57)
Theo nh lut II Newton, ta c:

k k k k kl k
l
l k
d
(m v ) f F f F
dt
=
= + = +

(3-58)
trong
k kl
l
l k
f f
=
=

l cc ni lc do (N-1) cht im cn li tc dng ln cht im

k
M .
t (3-58) vo (3-57) ta vit c:
83


k k k k
k k
dL
r f r F
dt
= . + .

(3-59)
trong :
k k
k
M r F = .

(3-60)
l tng mmen ngoi lc i vi im O tc dng ln mi cht im ca h v

n k k k kl
k k l
k l
M r f r f
=
= . = .

(3-61)
k=1,2N; l=1,2N-1
l tng mmen ni lc i vi im O tc dng ln mi cht im ca h. Ta hy chng
minh rng
n
M 0 = .
Thy vy, theo nh lut III Newton, cht
im M
l
tc dng ln cht im M
k
mt
lc
kl
f th ngc li, cht im M
k
tc
dng ln cht im M
l
mt lc
lk kl
f f =
. Mmen ca cc ni lc
k kl
r f . v
l lk
r f . c ln bng nhau (
kl lk
f .d f .d =
) v c chiu ngc nhau nn
k kl l lk
r f r f 0 . + . = vi k l = (hnh
3.13).


Hnh 3.13
V tng tng i mt ca mmen ni lc i vi im O trit tiu nhau:

1 12 2 21 1 13 3 31 k kl l lk
r f r f 0, r f r f 0,...r f r f 0, v.v.. . + . = . + . = . + . =
nn tng mmen ni lc tc dng ln mi cht im ca h i vi im O bt k bng
khng:

n k kl
k l
k l
M r f 0
=
= . =

(3-62)
l iu mun chng minh.
84

Do
n
M 0 = nn ta c:

dL
M
dt
= (3-63)
Phng trnh ny c th pht biu nh sau: o hm vect mmen xung lng ca h
i vi mt im (th d im O) theo thi gian bng tng cc mmen ngoi lc tc dng
ln cc cht im ca h i vi cng im y (im O). l nh l bin thin mmen
xung lng ca h cht im.
Chiu hai v ca (3-63) ln cc trc ta x, y, z ta c:

x
x
y
y
z
z
dL
M
dt
dL
M
dt
dL
M
dt

(3-64)
Nu M
z
=0 th
z
dL
0
dt
= hay
z
L const = l i lng bo ton.
Trong trng hp h c lp, tt c cc lc
k
F =0 (k=1,2,..N) cho nn M 0 = v ta c:

dL
0
dt
= hay
o
L L const = = (3-65)
y
o
L l mmen xung lng ca h thi im ban u. Nh vy, mmen xung
lng ca mt h c lp i vi mt im O bt k l i lng bo ton. l mt trong
nhng nh lut bo ton tng qut nht i vi h c lp. V vect L l khng i nn:

x y z
L const, L const, L const = = = (3-66)
Chng ta da vo nh lut II Newton suy ra nh lut bo ton mmen xung
lng ca h. Tuy nhin, nh lut bo ton mmen xung lng ca h cng c suy ra
t tnh ng hng ca khng gian mt cch tng qut hn. V vy, nh lut bo ton
mmen xung lng cn c gi tr ngay c khi cc nh lut ca Newton b vi phm.
85

Nu
k
F 0 = nhng M 0 = th ta vn c:

o
L L const = = ,
ngha l nu tng mmen ca cc ngoi lc tc dng ln h i vi mt im lun lun
bng khng th mmen xung lng ca h i vi im y c bo ton. l nh lut
bo ton mmen xung lng ca h i vi mt im.
Th d, lc hp dn ca Tri t tc
dng ln v tinh nhn to chuyn ng
trn quanh Tri t lun hng v tm
Tri t. Mmen ca lc ny i vi
tm Tri t lun lun bng khng ( r
lun ngc chiu vi F nn r F 0 . = ).
Do mmen xung lng ca v tinh
i vi tm Tri t l i lng bo
ton.

Hnh 3.14
Nu tt c cc cht im M
k
ca c h u quay xung quanh mt trc Oz c nh vi
cc vn tc gc
k
e khc nhau th ta c:

2
z k k k k k k
k k
L d m v m d e = =


trong d
k
l khong cch t cht im M
k
n trc Oz. Khi M
z
=0 th L
z
c dng n
gin:

z z
L I e = vi
2
z k k
k
I m d =

(3-67)
i lng I
z
gi l mmen qun tnh ca h i vi trc Oz.
Cc th d
Chng ta bit, khi M
z
=0 th
z
L I const e = = , trong I l mmen qun tnh i
vi trc z. Ta hy xt vi th d v nh lut bo ton mmen xung lng ca h i vi
trc.
86

Th d 1. Xt mt ngi ma quay trn trn sn bng. Ngoi lc tc dng ln ngi l
trng lc P hng t trn xung di v phn lc ca sn N hng t di ln trn
theo phng thng ng. Nu b qua lc ma st gia giy trt v sn bng th ngoi lc
tc dng ln ngi u theo phng thng ng (Oz) nn mmen lc ca chng i vi
trc thng ng i qua khi tm ca ngi bng khng (M
z
=0). Nu ngi ma dang tay
ra (lm tng I) th vn tc gc s gim. Nu ngi ma thu tay v (lm gim I) th vn tc
gc s tng.
Th d 2. Mt ngi cm hai qu t hai tay ng trn mt gh quay trn xung quanh
mt trc thng ng (gh Giucpski). Nu ngi dang tay ra gh s quay chm li, h
tay xung gh s quay nhanh ln.
Chng ta xt trng hp

z
z
dL
M
dt
= vi
z
M 0 =
Th d 3. Mt dy treo vt nng c khi lng m
1
qun trn mt tang quay l mt hnh
tr trn ng cht c khi lng m
2
v bn knh R (hnh 3.15). B
qua khi lng ca dy v ma st, hy xc nh vn tc ca vt
nng ri xung theo phng thng ng.
C h gm tang quay, vt nng v dy. Cc ngoi lc tc dng
ln c h l cc trng lc
1 1
P m g = ,
2 2
P m g = v phn lc N
ca O. Trc quay c chn l trc Oz hng ra pha sau
ca mt giy v vung gc vi tang quay. ng dng nh l bin
thin mmen xung lng ca c h i vi h trc Oz, ta c:

z
z z 1 z 2 z
dL
M M (P) M (P ) M (N)
dt
= = + + Hnh 3.15
trong :

z 1 1 1
v I
L I Rmv I Rmv v mR
R R
e
| |
= + = + = +
|
\ .

Vi I l mmen qun tnh ca hnh tr i vi trc Oz.
87

z 1 1 1
M (P) R.P Rmg = = ,
z 2
M (P ) 0 = ,
z
M (N) 0 = v
2
P v N i qua O. D dng thy
rng:

1
1
dv Rmg
a
I
dt
mR
R
= =
+

Nu vn tc ban u ca vt nng bng khng th ta c:

1
1
Rmg
v at t
I
mR
R
= =
+

By gi ta hy xc nh I ca hnh tr trn ng cht c mt khi lng , c b
dy h v bn knh R i vi trc Oz vung gc vi a v i qua tm ca n. Gi r l
khong cch t mt im ca hnh tr trn n trc quay Oz, m l khi lng hnh tr,
dm l khi lng cu phn nm gia hai mt tr c bn knh r v r + dr. Khi ta c:

R
2
o
I r dm =
}
vi dm 2 rdrh t =

4 2 2 R
2 2
o
R R mR
I r 2 rdr.h 2 h R h
4 2 2
t t t = = = =
}

y, i vi tang quay
2
m m = . Ta c:

1
1 2
2mg
v t
2m m
=
+


CU HI V BI TP
1. nh ngha xung lng ca h. Thit lp nh l bin thin xung lng ca h.
Trong nhng iu kin no th xung lng ca h c bo ton?
2. nh ngha khi tm ca h. Vit phng trnh chuyn ng khi tm ca h.
Xung lng ca h trong h quy chiu khi tm bng bao nhiu?
3. nh ngha v cng ca lc, ng nng ca cht im v ng nng ca c h.
Thit lp nh l bin thin ng nng ca cht im v c h.
88

4. Lc c tnh cht nh th no gi l lc th (hay lc bo ton)? Cho nhng th d
v lc th. Th nng. nh lut bo ton c nng. Trong nhng iu kin no th c nng
ca h bin i? Ni nng ca h l g?
5. Va chm th no c gi l va chm n hi v va chm khng n hi (va chm
mm)? Cho th d v va chm n hi v va chm khng n hi?
6. Cc nh ngha v mmen lc, mmen xung lng ca cht im v ca c h.
Thit lp nh l bin thin mmen xung lng ca cht im v ca c h. Trong nhng
iu kin no mmen xung lng ca h c bo ton?
3.1. Mt ht ban u ng yn sau t r thnh hai mnh vi khi lng m
1
v m
2

tng ng. Xc nh t s vn tc ca hai mnh?
3.2. Mt vin n c khi lng 5g bn theo phng ngang vo mt vt c khi lng
10kg nm trn mt phng nm ngang nhn. Vin n c gi trong vt v cng vi vt
trt theo phng ngang vi vn tc 25cm/s. Xc nh vn tc ca vin n khi bn.
3.3. Mt vt ang trng thi ng yn n thnh ba mnh c khi lng bng nhau.
Mnh A bay v pha ty vi vn tc 80m/s, mnh B bay
v pha nam vi vn tc 60m/s. Xc nh ln v chiu
ca vect vn tc mnh C.
3.4. Hy chng minh rng:
a. i vi nhng vt c trc i xng th khi
tm ca vt nm trn trc i xng.
b. i vi nhng vt c tm i xng th khi Hnh 3.16
tm ca vt nm tm ca vt.
3.5. Xc nh khi tm ca cc vt:
a. Hnh hp ng cht y ch nht c chiu di am, chiu rng bm v chiu
cao cm.
b. Hnh tr trn ng cht c chiu cao hm.
c. Qu cu ng cht.
d. Hnh lng tr ng cht y tam gic vi cc cnh a, b, c v chiu cao h.
89

e. a trn ng cht bn knh R c khot mt l trn nh bn knh r, tm ca
l khot nm cch tm ca a mt on bng
R
2
. Cho bit
R
r
2
s .
3.6. Mt bnh xe ng cht c khi lng m, bn knh R, ln khng trt trn mt
phng nm ngang vi vn tc gc . Xc nh xung lng ca bnh xe. p dng:
R=0,02m, m=10kg, 50 / s e t = .
3.7. Mt ng c in c khi lng m
1

t trn mt mt phng nhn nm ngang.
Mt thanh ng cht c khi lng m
2
, c
di 2l, mt u thanh c gn vung
gc vi trc ca ng c v u kia gn lin
vi qu nng c khi lng m
3
.
a. Tm phn lc ca sn ln ng c.
b. Tm gi tr b nht ca vn tc gc
ca ng c ng c c th nhy ln
khi sn. Coi ng c quay u vi vn
tc gc .
c. Nu ng c gn cht vi sn bng
nhng cht. Tm phn lc ca nhng cht
gi ng c t ln ng c.


Hnh 3.17
3.8. Nhng lc no lm cho khi tm t chuyn ng c trn ng thng nm
ngang khng nhn?
3.9. Ngi c th i c trn mt phng nm ngang hon ton nhn c khng?
3.10. Tnh cng cn thit ko mt l xo dn ra 20cm, bit rng lc ko t l vi
dn ca l xo v mun l xo dn 1 cm phi cn mt lc 30N.
3.11. Mt hm c khi lng m=250kg, chiu rng ca hm a=1,5m, chiu cao h=2m.
Tm cng cn thit lt hm sang mt BC. Coi khi lng phn b ng u trong
hm.
90

3.12. Mt t c khi lng 1 tn chuyn ng u trn mt
dc. Mt phng nghing ca dc lm thnh vi mt phng ngang
mt gc vi sin=0,05. H s ma st l 0,07. Tm:
a. Cng thc hin bi ng c t, trn qung ng
di 3km.
b. Cng sut ca ng c t, bit rng thi gian i ht Hnh 3.18
qung ng trn mt 4 pht.
3.13. bm du t mt ging su 500m ngi ta dng mt my bm vi cng sut
10kW. H s c ch ca my bm l 80%. Xc nh khi lng ca du bm c sau 5
gi.
3.14. Trn mt on ng nm ngang c chiu di 3km vn tc ca t tng t
36km/h n 72km/h. Khi lng ca t l 3 tn. H s ma st l 0,01. Xc nh cng v
cng sut trung bnh ca ng c t.
3.15. Tnh cng cn thit ca lc ht Tri t ln v tinh nhn to khi v tinh nhn to
chuyn ng t mt t n xa v cc. Cho khi lng v tinh m=83,6kg, bn knh Tri
t R=6378km, gia tc trng trng g=9,8m/s
2
.
3.16. Ht (ht nhn He) chuyn ng t do vi nng lng 1eV = 1,6.10
-19
J. Xc nh
vn tc ca ht . Cho bit khi lng ca ht m=6,64.10
-27
kg.
3.17. Ht chuyn ng trong trng lc vi th nng:
a.
ar
e
U(r) k
r

= b.
6
c
U(r)
r
=
trong a, k, c l nhng hng s dng. Tm lc tc dng ln ht.
3.18. Mt vt c khi lng m, trt
khng vn tc ban u t nh mt bn
cu khng ma st xung di (hnh v).
T khong cch h no (tnh t nh mt
cu xung di) vt bt u ri khi mt
cu? Cho bit bn knh mt cu R =
90(cm).

Hnh 3.19
91

3.19. Mt vt b c khi lng m trt trn mt ng rnh khng ma st t cao h
vi vn tc ban u bng khng. Bn knh ca vng rnh R. Hi:
a. cao no vt ri khi ng rnh?
b. cao ln nht no m vt
s t c sau khi ri khi ng
rnh?
c. Ban u vt phi cao
h b nht bng bao nhiu vt
trt theo vng rnh m khng ri?

Hnh 3.20
3.20. o vn tc ca vin n ngi ta dng con lc th n. l mt b ct c
treo u mt si dy (hnh 3.21). Khi vin n xuyn vo b ct n b gi li v b ct
c nng ln mt cao h no . Tm vn tc ca vin n lc n bt u xuyn vo
b ct theo phng ngang. Bit khi lng ca vin n l m, khi lng ca b ct l M.


Hnh 3.21
3.21. Mt qu cu c khi lng
m=0,1kg treo di mt si dy khng
dn. Ban u si dy lch so vi phng
thng ng mt gc
o
o
45 o = . Xc nh
lc cng ca si dy thi im si dy
b lch khi phng thng ng mt gc
o
o
30 o = .
3.22. Mt v tinh nhn to c khi lng m=83,6kg chuyn ng quanh Tri t theo
qu o trn vi bn knh r=7270km, tm ng trn qu o trng vi tm Tri t.
Tnh c nng ca v tinh. Cho bn knh Tri t R=6370km v gia tc trng trng
g=9,8m/s
2
.
3.23. Cht im c khi lng m=0,1kg chuyn ng theo phng trnh:
x Acos( t ) e o = +
trong A=4cm,
5
s
t
e = , const o = .
92

Xc nh nng lng ton phn ca cht im.
3.24. Rutherford (Rdepho) nhn thy rng khi ht c nng lng 5MeV va chm n
hi xuyn tm vo ht nhn ng (Cu) ng yn th sau khi va chm ht bay theo chiu
ngc li vi nng lng 3,9MeV. Xc nh t s khi lng gia ht nhn Cu v ht .
3.25. Chng t rng mmen xung lng ca cht im i vi tm ca trng lc l i
lng bo ton.
3.26. Mt hnh tinh chuyn ng theo mt qu o elp. Mt tiu im ca elp l tm
Mt Tri. Vn tc ca hnh tinh ti im gn Mt Tri nht (cn im B) l v
1
. Tm vn
tc v
2
ca hnh tinh im xa Mt Tri nht (vin im A). Cho tm sai ca elp l e. p
dng i vi Tri t e=0,0167.
3.27. Con lc ton hc l mt cht im
c khi lng m c treo di mt si
dy khng dn c chiu di l, khi lng
dy b qua. Dng nh l bin thin
mmen xung lng i vi mt trc, tm
nh lut chuyn ng v chu k dao
ng ca con lc. Coi con lc dao ng
quanh v tr cn bng trong mt phng
thng ng.


Hnh 3.22
93

Chng IV
TRNG HP DN

1. NH LUT VN VT HP DN
Trong t nhin, nhng vt c khi lng u tc dng ln nhau nhng lc ht. Mt
Trng, Tri t, Mt Tri v cc sao v.v...u ht ln nhau. Cc lc ht gi l lc vn
vt hp dn. Ni dung ca nh lut vn vt hp dn c trnh by ngn gn trong
chng II. Mc ny da vo ba nh lut Kepler, ta tm c nh lut vn vt hp dn
Newton.
Nh khoa hc o Kepler da trn cc s liu quan st c xy dng c ba nh
lut ni ting sau:
1. Cc hnh tinh chuyn ng trn nhng qu o elp m mt tiu im l Mt Tri.
2. Bn knh vect (k t tm Mt Tri n hnh tinh) qut nhng din tch bng nhau
trong nhng khong thi gian bng nhau.
3. Bnh phng chu k quay T t l vi lp phng ca bn trc ln a:

2 3
T ca , c const = =
tm biu thc ca nh lut vn vt hp dn, ta xt trng hp n gin khi qu o
ca hnh tinh l ng trn. Th d: Tri t v Sao Kim quay xung quanh Mt Tri
theo cc qu o gn ng coi l nhng ng trn vi cc bn knh ln lt bng
6
R 150.10 km ~ v
6
R 108.10 km ~ . Khi Mt Tri tm ng trn, a=r l khong
cch t tm Mt Tri n hnh tinh. Theo nh lut II Kepler, sau nhng khong thi
gian bng nhau, hnh tinh phi dch chuyn c nhng qunh ng s bng nhau trn
ng trn. Nh vy, chuyn ng trn ca hnh tinh l chuyn ng trn u. Gia tc
hng tm (hng v tm Mt Tri) ca hnh tinh c tr bng:

2
2
2
n
v 2
a r r
r T
t
e
| |
= = =
|
\ .

trong T l chu k quay ca hnh tinh. Theo nh lut III Kepler, ta c:
94


2 3
T cr = vi c const = .
Gi m l khi lng ca hnh tinh, F l lc tc dng ca Mt Tri ln hnh tinh trong
chuyn ng trn u, ta c:

n
F ma = .
Lc F t hnh tinh v hng t hnh tinh n Mt Tri. Gi tr ca lc F bng:

2 2
n 2 2 2
4 4 m m
F ma m r .
T c r r
t t
| = = = =
vi
2
4
const
c
t
| = = . Theo nh lut III Newton, hnh tinh tc dng ln Mt Tri mt
lc F' t tm Mt Tri c ln bng, c chiu ngc vi F. Lc F do Mt Tri tc
dng ln hnh tinh t l vi khi lng m ca hnh tinh, lc F' do hnh tinh tc dng ln
Mt Tri t l vi khi lng M ca Mt Tri. Gi tr ca F' bng gi tr ca F v c
dng:

2 2
M m
F F
r r
| | ' ' = = = vi const |' = .
T y suy ra M m | | ' = hay G const
M m
| |'
= = = .
Lc tng tc hp dn gia Mt Tri v hnh tinh c dng:

2
GMm
F
r
= (4-1)
trong G l hng s hp dn. Gi tr ca
3
11
2
m
G 6,67.10
kgs

= rt nh cho thy lc hp
dn ch ng k trong nhng trng hp khi lng ca cc vt rt ln. V th m tng
tc hp dn khng ng mt vai tr no trong c hc cc phn t, nguyn t. Khi khi
lng tng th vai tr tng tc hp dn cng tng, v chuyn ng ca nhng vt c khi
lng ln nh Tri t, cc hnh tinh, Mt Trng, cc v tinh nhn to, v.v...hon ton
c xc nh bng cc lc hp dn.
95

Lc hp dn do cht im m
1
ht cht im m
2
c vit di dng vect nh sau:

1 2
3
m m
F G r gradU
r
= = (4-2)
trong r l bn knh vect k t cht im m
1
n cht im m
2
, du tr ch lc F
ngc chiu vi vect r v U l th nng hp dn:

1 2
Gm m
U C
r
= +
Trong biu thc ca U, ta chn hng s ty C=0 cho th nng trit tiu khi hai
cht im xa nhau v hn. V lc ht nn th nng lun m.

2. CNG TRNG HP DN. TH HP DN.
Lc hp dn do cht im c khi lng m
1
ht cht im c khi lng m

c vit
di dng:

1
3
mm
F G r mg
r
= = (4-4)
trong r l bn knh vect k t v tr ca m
1
ti v tr ca m v i lng vect

1
3
m
g G r
r
= (4-5)
gi l cng trng hp dn, hay n gin l trng hp dn, do khi lng m
1
gy ra
ti v tr ca m.
Nh vy, chng ta c mt phng php mi biu din tng tc hp dn. Khi
lng m
1
sinh ra trong khng gian xung quanh mt trng hp dn; mt khi lng m
no t trong khng gian y, s khng chu tc dng trc tip ca m
1
, m chu tc
dng ca trng hp dn gy nn. Ni mt cch khc, khi lng m
1
lm bin i tnh
cht ca khng gian xung quanh, to ra mi im mt trng hp dn vect g - v
nu a mt khi lng m no vo trong trng ny, th m s chu tc dng mt lc
96

bng mg. Trng hp dn do m
1
gy ra tn ti mt cch c lp, khng ph thuc trong
khng gian c mt hay khng c mt khi lng m.
Lc hp dn do cc cht im c khi lng m
1
, m
2
,...m
k
,...m
N
ht cht im c khi
lng m s l:

k
k k
3
k k
k
mm
F F G r mg
r
= = =


trong
k
r l vect k t v tr ca m
k
ti v tr ca m v

k
k
g g =

vi
k
k k
3
k
m
g G r
r
= (4-6)
Cng thc (4-6) biu din nguyn l chng cht ca trng hp dn : trng tng hp
ca nhiu khi lng bng tng vect ca cc trng do tng khi lng ring l sinh ra.
By gi ta nghin cu khi nim th hp dn. Th nng tng tc gia cht im m
1

v cht im m cch nhau mt khong r bng:

1
Gmm
U m
r
= = (4-7)
trong
1
m
G
r
= gi l th hp dn ti v tr ca khi lng m. Nh vy, l th
nng tng tc gia cht im c khi lng m
1
v cht im c khi lng bng n v
(m=1) cch nhau mt khong r. V ch ph thuc vo m
1
v r m khng ph thuc
vo s c mt hay khng c mt ca m cho nn ngi ta ni rng khi lng m
1
gy ra
mt th hp dn ti mt im cch n mt khong r bng
1
m
G
r
.
Ta hy xt th hp dn do cc khi lng m
1
, m
2
,...m
k
,...m
N
gy ra ti mt im P no
trong khng gian. Th hp dn do khi lng m
k
gy ra ti mt im P l:

k
k
k
Gm
r
=
97

trong r
k
l khong cch t v tr ca cht im m
k
n im P. Cng trng hp
dn do m
k
gy ra ti im P bng:

k k
g grad =
Cng trng hp dn do cc khi lng m
1
, m
2
,...m
k
,...m
N
gy ra ti im P s l:

k k
k k
g g grad grad
| |
= = =
|
\ .


trong :

k
k
k k
k
m
G
r
= =

(4-8)
L th hp dn do cc khi lng m
1
, m
2
,...m
N
gy ra ti im P.
Khi khi lng m chuyn di t mt im c th hp dn
1
ti mt im c th hp
dn
2
th cng ca lc hp dn to ra s l:

12 1 2 1 2
A U U m( ) = = (4-9)
Ta hy tnh th hp dn do mt qu cu ng cht bn knh a
o
c khi lng M gy ra
ti mt im P ngoi mt cu v cch tm O qu cu mt khong r (hnh 4.1). T tm O
ta v hai mt cu c bn knh a v a+da. Ta hy xt th hp dn do lp hnh cu rt mng
ny gy ra ti P. Mun th ta chia mt cu bn knh a thnh nhiu i nguyn t bng
nhng mt phng vung gc vi OP.
. Cc im ca lp v cng mng ny
trn cng mt i nh vy s cch u P
mt khong nh nhau R. Din tch ca
i cu l 2 adx.da t v
dm 2 adx.da t = vi l mt khi
lng ca qu cu. Th hp dn do phn
t khi lng dm gy ra ti im P bng:

Hnh 4.1

G.dm G2 adadx
d
R R
t
= = (4-10)
98

T hnh v ta thy rng:

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
R y (r x) y x r 2rx a r 2rx = + = + + = +
Vi mt gi tr cho ca a th R thay i theo x. Ly vi phn biu thc R
2
khi
a=const, ta c: 2RdR 2rdx =
hay
dx dR
R r
=
Biu thc ca d vit li nh sau:

G.2 ada
d dR
r
t
=
Th hp dn do qu cu c bn knh a
o
, c khi lng
3
o
4
M a
3
t
= gy ra ti im P
bng:

o o
a a r a
2 3
o
o r a o
G2 a 4 .G 4 G GM
da dR a da a .
r r 3 r r
t t t

+
= = = =
} } }
(4-11)
l biu thc cn tm. Nh vy, th hp dn do qu cu c khi lng M gy ra ti mt
im P ngoi mt cu v cch tm hnh cu mt khong r ng bng th hp dn ca
mt cht im c khi lng M t tm hnh cu gy ra ti P.
Th nng tng tc gia qu cu c khi lng M v cht im c khi lng m t
cch tm hnh cu mt khong r bng:

GmM
U m
r
= = (4-12)
Gi
r
e
r
= l vect n v hng t tm hnh cu ti v tr ca m, F
r
l hnh chiu ca
lc F do qu cu ht cht im m trn phng ca e , ta c:

r
2 3
U GmM GmM
F Fe e e r
r r r
c
= = = =
c
(4-13)
Nh vy, khi tnh lc hp dn, th nng tng tc hp dn, th hp dn gia qu cu
ng cht c khi lng M v cht im c khi lng m cch tm hnh cu mt
99

khong r ta coi hnh cu nh mt cht im c khi lng M t ti tm ca n. Biu
thc ca lc vn vt hp dn (4-13) cng p dng c cho trng hp hai qu cu ng
cht, khi r l khong cch gia hai tm ca hai qu cu .
Nu xem Tri t c dng hnh cu v khi lng phn b ng u, ta c th p dng
cc kt qu trn tnh lc hp dn ca Tri t. i vi cc vt gn mt t c th
xem khong cch t tm Tri t n vt bng bn knh R ca Tri t. ln lc hp
dn ca Tri t tc dng ln vt gn mt t bng:

2
Mm
F G mg
R
= = vi
2
M
g G
R
= (4-14)
trong M l khi lng ca Tri t, m l khi lng ca vt v g gi l gia tc trng
trng. o g gn mt t (g=9,8m/s
2
), bit
3
R 6370.10 m ~ ta c tnh c khi
lng Tri t:
24
M 6.10 kg ~ .


3. KHI LNG HP DN V KHI LNG QUN TNH
Khi nghin cu nh lut II Newton v nh lut vn vt hp dn chng ta a vo
khi nim khi lng. Khi lng qun tnh m
q
c trng cho mc qun tnh ca vt
c xc nh theo gia tc a m vt thu c di tc dng ca lc F. Theo nh lut II
Newton, ta c:

q
F m a =
Cn khi lng hp dn
h
m c trng cho mc hp dn ca vt c xc nh t nh
lut vn vt hp dn Newton:

h h
2
m M
F G.
r
=
trong
h
M l khi lng hp dn ca vt gy ra lc ht ln
h
m . Mt cht im c
khi lng qun tnh
q
m v khi lng hp dn
h
m chuyn ng di tc dng ca lc
hp dn F s thu c gia tc a bng:
100


h h
2
q
M m
a G .
r m
= (4-15)
Vn t ra l hai khi lng qun tnh v khi lng hp dn ca cng mt vt,
h
m
v
q
m c ng nht khng, ngha l chng c lun lun t l, nu dng n v o thch
hp th chng c biu din bng cng mt s o khng?
Tr li cu hi y, ch c thc nghim. Bng chng thc nghim u tin v s t l
gia khi lng qun tnh v khi lng hp dn l gia tc ri t do ca cc vt khc
nhau ti mt v tr trn mt t u bng nhau. i vi vt ri t do gn mt t th a=g
l gia tc ri t do ca vt trong trng trng. Gi
q
m (i) ,
h
m (i) l khi lng qun tnh
v khi lng hp dn ca vt i,
i
g l gia tc ri t do ca vt i gn mt t, r=R l bn
knh Tri t,
h
M M = l khi lng hp dn Tri t, ta c:

h
1 2
q
GMm (1)
g
R m (1)
= l gia tc ri t do ca vt 1.

h
2 2
q
GM m (2)
g
R m (2)
= gia tc ri t do ca vt 2
.............................................................................

h
i 2
q
GMm (i)
g
R m (i)
= gia tc ri t do ca vt i.
Ti mt v tr xc nh trn mt t, thc nghim ch rng gia tc ri t do i vi mi
vt u bng nhau, ngha l:

1 2 i
g g ... g g = = = =
T y suy ra:

h h h
q q q
m (1) m (2) m (i)
... K
m (1) m (2) m (i)
= = = =
vi K l h s t l. Nh vy, khi lng hp dn
h
m t l vi khi lng qun tnh
q
m :

h q
m Km =
101

Nu chn n v o thch hp sao cho
2
GM
g
R
= th K=1 v nh vy
h q
m m = .
Nm 1894 Etves tin hnh th nghim kim tra s t l gia
h
m v
q
m vi mc
chnh xc kh cao v i n kt lun: chnh lch t i gia khi lng hp dn v
khi lng qun tnh nu c, th cng khng th qu 10
-8
. Nh vy, vi chnh xc cao,
ta coi khi lng hp dn bng khi lng qun tnh v gi chng bng mt tn ngn gn
l khi lng ca vt. Einstein ly s ng nht gia hai khi lng hp dn v qun
tnh ca cng mt vt lm mt nguyn l:

h q
m m m = = (4-16)
S t l ca lc hp dn vi khi lng ca cht im m n tc dng F mg = c mt
ni dung vt l sau sc: gia tc ca cht im trong trng hp dn khng ph thuc khi
lng ca n v trng vi cng trng hp dn:

F mg
a g
m m
= = = (4-17)
Nh vy, trng hp dn c tnh cht rt c bit: trong trng hp dn, mi vt
khng ph thuc khi lng ln b, u thu c gia tc nh nhau.


4. CHUYN NG TRONG TRNG HP DN. BA NH LUT KEPLER
Chuyn ng ca v tinh nhn to quanh Tri t, chuyn ng ca cc hnh tinh
quanh Mt Tri l nhng th d v chuyn ng ca vt trong trng hp dn. Trong mc
ny, ta hy p dng nh lut bo ton mmen xung lng v bo ton nng lng
nghin cu tnh cht chuyn ng ca cht im trong trng hp dn v rt ra cc nh
lut Kepler.
Gi M l khi lng ca vt gy ra trng hp dn v m l khi lng cu cht im
chuyn ng cn nghin cu. Th d m l khi lng ca v tinh nhn to v M l khi
lng ca Tri t, hoc m l khi lng ca hnh tinh v M l khi lng ca Mt Tri.
102

n gin, ta xt trng hp M m >> . Khi coi vt M ng yn v cht im m
chuyn ng tng i vi n.
V tr ca cht im m c xc dnh
bng bn knh vect r k t tm O ca
vt M n cht im m. Lc hp dn F
do vt M ht cht im m lun hng v
tm O. Trng lc F c gi lun i qua
tm O nh vy gi l trng lc xuyn
tm. Mmen ca lc F i vi im O
bng:

Hnh 4.2

dL
M r F 0
dt
= . = =
v cnh tay n ca mmen lc i vi im O lun bng khng. Do mmen xung
lng ca cht im m i vi tm O l i lng bo ton:
L r mv const = . = (4-18)
V mmen L vung gc vi vect r , m phng ca L c bo ton, cho nn, trong
qu trnh chuyn ng vect r lun nm trong mt phng P vung gc vi L v i qua
tm O ca vt M (tm ca trng). Qu o ca cht im l ng cong nm trong mt
phng P y.
Chuyn ng ca cht im trong trng hp dn xuyn tm c nhng tnh cht ring.
Ta hy vit li biu thc ca mmen xung lng ca cht im nh sau:

dr (r dr)
L m(r v) m(r ) m
dt dt
.
= . = . = (4-19)
trong dr l di ca cht im m trong thi gian dt. Lu rng ln ca tch
vect r dr . bng din tch hnh bnh hnh c hai cnh l r v dr . M din tch hnh
bnh hnh y bng hai ln din tch hnh qut v cng b m vect r xc nh v tr ca
103

cht im qut c trong khong thi gian dt (hnh 4.2). gi dS l din tch (din tch
hnh qut v cng b), ta c th vit ln mmen xung lng L nh sau:

dS
L 2m 2m
dt
o = = (4-20)
i lng
dS
dt
o = gi l vn tc din tch. V L=const nn const o = . Nu vt M l
Mt Tri v cht im m l hnh tinh th ta pht biu nh lut bo ton vn tc din tch
nh sau: Bn knh vect r ca hnh tinh qut nhng din tch bng nhau trong nhng
khong thi gian bng nhau. l nh lut II Kepler.
V qu o ca cht im m nm
trong mt phng P vung gc vi L v
i qua tm O, nn thun li hn c, ta
chn h ta cc gc O nm trong mt
phng P y m t chuyn ng ca
cht im. V tr ca cht im m c
xc nh bng hai ta r v .

Hnh 4.3
Ta phn tch vect vn tc v thnh hai thnh phn vung gc vi nhau:
r
v cng
phng vi r v v

vung gc vi r . Khi ta c:

r
v v v

= + ,
2 2 2
r
v v v

= + (4-21)
trong :

r
dr d
v , v r r
dt dt

e = = = (4-22)
Lu rng r v
r
v cng phng nn
r
r v 0 . = v do ta c:

r r
L m(r v) m r (v v ) m[r v r v ]=m(r v )

(
= . = . + = . + . .


ln ca L bng:
104


2
d
L=mrv mr const
dt

= = (4-23)
T h thc ny suy ra:

2
d L
dt mr

= (4-24)
Do lc hp dn l lc th nn c nng ca h l i lng bo ton:

2
mv
E U(r) const
2
= + = (4-25)
trong :
( )
GmM
U r , GmM
r r
o
o = = =
l th nng hp dn v

2
2 2
2 2
mv m dr L
U(r) const
2 2 dt m r

| |
= + + =
`
|
\ .

)


2
m dr
E V(r) const
2 dt
| |
= + =
|
\ .
(4-26)
trong

2 2
2 2
L L
V(r) U(r)
2mr r 2mr
o
= + = + (4-27)
gi l th nng hiu dng. S ph thuc
ca V(r) vo r c biu din trn hnh
(4.4). Khi r 0 th th nng hiu dng
tin n v cng, cn khi r th th
nng hiu dng tin n khng t pha
cc gi tr m; khi
2
L
r
m o
= th th nng
hiu dng c gi tr cc tiu:
Hnh 4.4
105


( )
2
2 min
m
V
2L
o
=
Cc ng chm chm nm ngang biu din c nng E trong cc trng hp khc
nhau. T th ca th nng hiu dng ta thy rng: khi E 0 > th
A
r r > v chuyn ng
ca cht im l hu hn, khi
( )
min
V E 0 < < th
B D
r r r s s v chuyn ng ca cht
im l hu hn v khi
( )
min
E V = th
C
r r = v cht im chuyn ng trn c tm O v
bn knh
C
r .
By gi ta tm phng trnh qu o ca cht im. T biu thc ca c nng E d
thy rng:
| |
2
2
2
dr 2 2 L
E V(r) E
dt m m r 2mr
o ( | |
= = +
|
(
\ .

hay
1
2
2
2
dr 2 L
E
dt m r 2mr
o (
= +
`
(
)
(4-28)
Kh dt trong cc phng trnh (4-24) v (4-28) ta c:

1
2 2
2
2
2
L L dr
d dt
mr mr
2 L
E
m r 2mr

o
= =

(
+
`
(

)

Hay
2
1
2
2
2
L
dr
mr
d
2 L
E
m r 2mr

o
=

(
+
`
(
)

Tch phn hai v phng trnh ny ta nhn c:

2
1 0
2
2
2
L
dr
mr
2 L
E
m r 2mr

o
= +

(
+
`
(
)
}

106

hay
( )
2
1 0
2
2
2
L
dr
mr
2 L
E
m r 2mr

o
=

(
+
`
(
)
}
(4-29)
trong
0
l hng s tch phn.
Nu t
1
u
r
= ,
2 2
2
2mE
A B
L
= + ,
2
m
B
L
o
=
th ta c th vit li (4-29) di dng:
( )
0
2 2
d(u B) u B
ar cos
A
A (u B)


| |
= =
|
\ .
}

T h thc ny suy ra:
( )
0 0
u B Acos Acos( ) = = (


hay
0
p
r
1 ecos( )
=
+
(4-30)
trong :

2
1 L
p
B mo
= = ,
1
2
2
0
2
A 2E L
e 1
B mo

= = +
`
)
(4-31)
vi
0
E E = l nng lng ban u ca cht im.
Ta chn trc c cc sao cho khi 0 = th
min
p
r r
1 e
= =
+
. Khi
0
0 = phng
trnh qu o ca cht im by gi c dng n gin:

p
r
1 ecos
=
+
(4-32)
l phng trnh ca ng cnic c tm sai e, c tham s p v c tiu im nm
tm ca trng lc ( gc ta O). Theo gi tr ca tm sai e, ta phn loi qu o ca
cht im nh sau:
107

a) Khi
0
E 0 > th e>1. Qu o ca cht im l ng hyperbol v chuyn ng ca
n l v hn.
b) Khi
0
E 0 = th e=1. Qu o ca cht im l ng parabol v chuyn ng ca
n l v hn.
c) Khi
( )
0
min
V E 0 < < th e<1. Qu o ca cht im l ng ellp v chuyn ng
ca n l gii ni.
d) Khi
( )
2
0 2 min
m
V E 0
2L
o
= = < th e=0 v cht im chuyn ng theo qu o
trn.
Nh vy, ty theo nng lng ban u
0
E (
0
E =E) khc nhau m cht im chuyn
ng theo nhng qu o hyperbol, parabol, ellp, hay ng trn khc nhau.
Chuyn ng ca cc hnh tinh quanh Mt Tri l chuyn ng hu hn nn qu o
ca chng l nhng ng ellp hoc nhng ng trn. ng trn l mt trng hp
ring ca ng ellp khi bn tr ln ca ellp bng bn trc b ca n. V vy ta c th
pht biu: Cc hnh tinh chuyn ng theo qu o ellp, Mt Tri nm ti mt trong hai
tiu im ca ellp qu o. l nh lut th nht ca Kepler.
Ta hy xt chi tit hn chuyn ng ca hnh tinh theo qu o ellp. T phng trnh
qu o (4-32) suy ra rng:

min
p
r
1 e
=
+
,
max
p
r
1 e
=

trong
min
r v
max
r l khong cch t
tm hp dn (tiu im O) n im gn
nht v im xa nht trn qu o ellp.
Gi a v b l bn trc ln v bn trc b
ca ellp, c l khong cch t tm I ca
ellp n tiu im O,
c
e
a
= , v lu
rng:


Hnh 4.5
108

ellp l qy tch ca nhng im m tng khong cch n hai tiu im
O v O' bng 2a, ta c:

max min
2
2p
2a r r
1 e
= + =

max min
2
2pe
2c r r
1 e
= =

2 2 2
b a c =
T suy ra:

2
p
a
1 e
=

,
2
p
b
1 e
=

(4-33)
t cc gi tr ca p v e t (4-31) vo (4-33) ta c th biu din a v b qua E v L:
a
2 E
o
= ,
L
b
2m E
= (4-34)
T (4-34) ta thy rng bn trc b b ph thuc c L v E , cn bn trc ln a ch ph
thuc vo E .
Gi T l chu k quay ca hnh tinh quanh Mt Tri, s ab t = l din tch ca ellp qu
o th ta c:

L
ab T T
2m
t o = = (4-35)
D thy rng:

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 3
3
2
4 m m
T .m a b 4 a
L 2
E
t t o
t
o
= = = (4-36)
hay
2
2 3
4
T a
G.M
t
= (4-37)
H thc ny pht biu nh sau: Bnh phng chu k chuyn ng ca hnh tinh quanh
Mt Tri t l vi lp phng bn trc ln qu o ellp. chnh l nh lut III Kepler.
109

Cn c vo biu thc (4-37), bit chu k quay ca Tri t T=365,25 ngy v bn trc
ln qu o ca Tri t a=149.600.000 km, ta xc nh c khi lng M ca Mt
Tri l
30
M 1,98.10 kg ~ . V khi lng ca Mt Tri rt ln so vi khi lng ca hnh
tinh m (M>>m) nn h thc (4-37) c chnh xc cao.
Trong Thi dng h, cc hnh tinh chuyn ng gii ni quanh Mt Tri theo nhng
qu o ellp c mt tiu im chung, Mt Tri nm ti tiu im chung y. Trong cc
thin th chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri cn c nhng sao chi. C nhng sao chi chuyn
ng theo nhng qu o ellp rt dt, trc ln rt di. Chu k nhng sao chi y rt ln,
c khi hnh chc nm hay lu hn na n mi xut hin gn Mt Tri. Cng c sao chi
chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri theo qu o Parabol hay hyperbol m Mt Tri l mt tiu
im. Chng ch xut hin mt ln, ri i xa mi, khng bao gi quay li Thi dng h
na.


5. CHUYN NG QUANH TRI T. CC VN TC V TR
Quanh Tri t c mt v tinh thin nhin chuyn ng l Mt Trng. Mt Trng
chuyn ng quanh Tri t theo qu o ellp vi tm sai e=0,055 (gn trn) v bn trc
ln a=384400 km. Khi lng Tri t bng 81,5 ln khi lng ca Mt Trng. C Tri
t v Mt Trng u chuyn ng quanh khi tm chung ca chng. Khi tm
nayfcachs tm Tri t 4700 km. Chuyn ng quanh Tri t cn c cc v tinh nhn
to. Khi lng m ca v tinh nhn to rt b so vi khi lng ca Tri t M. Chuyn
ng ca v tinh nhn to quanh Tri t ging nh chuyn ng ca cc hnh tinh
quanh Mt Tri.
Bng tn la nhiu tng vt phng c khi lng m (gi tt l vt m) c tng tc.
Khi tn cui cng ngng hot ng v tch khi vt phng th vt m v tr
o
r v c
vn tc ban u
o
v xc nh. Ty thuc vo vn tc ban u
o
v m vt m c th chuyn
ng quanh Tri t tr thnh v tinh nhn to ca Tri t hay thot khi sc ht
110

ca Tri t bay n cc thin th khc tr thnh trm v tr. Ngy 4-10-1957, ln
u tin trong lch s, Lin X c phng thnh cng v tinh nhn to u tin ca Tri
t v tip sau phng cc trm v tr, m ra k nguyn du hnh v tr ca con ngi.
Ta hy xt nh hng ca vn tc ban u
o
v ln qu o ca vt m.
Theo nh lut bo ton c nng, ta c:

2 2
o
o
o
mv GmM mv GmM
E E
2 r 2 r
= = = (4-38)
trong
o
E l c nng trng thi ban u. Trng hp vt m thot khi sc ht ca
Tri t v i xa v cng th v v

v r . Khi ta c:

2 2
o
o
o
mv GmM mv
E 0
2 r 2

= = > (4-39)
Khi
o
E 0 = hay
o
o
2GM
v
r
= th e=1 v vt m chuyn ng theo qu o parabol.
Khi
o
E 0 > hay
o
o
2GM
v
r
> th e>1 v vt m chuyn ng theo qu o hyperbol.
iu kin vt m chuyn ng hu hn l:

o
E 0 < hay
o
o
2GM
v
r
< v e<1
Mt khc, vt m khng ri vo mt t m c th chuyn ng trn quanh Tri t
th lc hp dn ca Tri t tc dng ln vt m chnh l lc hng tm:

2
o
2
o o
GmM mv
r r
=
T y suy ra
o
o
GM
v
r
= . Nh vy, nu vt m c phng ln c vn tc ban u
o
v
tha mn iu kin:
111


o
o o
GM 2GM
v
r r
s < (4-41)
th vt m tr thnh v tinh nhn to ca Tri t. Khi
o
o
GM
v
r
= th v tinh chuyn
ng trn quanh Tri t vi bn knh
o
r v tm l tm Tri t. Khi
o
o o
GM 2GM
v
r r
< < th v tinh nhn to chuyn ng theo qu o ellp m tm Tri
t l mt tiu im ca ellp. Khi
o
o
GM
v
r
< th vt m ri xung mt t. Vn tc
I o
o
GM
v v
r
= = l vn tc ti thiu vt phng m tr thnh v tinh nhn to ca Tri
t v vn tc
II o
o
2GM
v v
r
= = l vn tc ti thiu vt phng m thot khi sc ht
ca Tri t v i xa v cng.
Bi v ln ca lc hp dn gia m v M mt t bng
2
GmM
mg
R
= cho nn ta
c:

2
GM gR = (4-42)
trong g l gia tc trng trng mt t v R l bn knh ca Tri t. Biu thc ca
I
v v
II
v by gi c vit li nh sau:

2
I
o
gR
v
r
= ,
II I
v 2v = (4-43)
Nu phng vt m ti mt t ngha l t
o
r R = th
I
v gR 7,9km/ s = = v
II
v 2 7,9 11, 2km/ s = = . Vn tc
I
v 7,9km/ s = gi l vn tc v tr cp I v vn
tc
II
v 11, 2km/ s = gi l vn tc v tr cp II.
112

6. BI TON HAI VT TRONG TRNG HP DN
Trn y, chng ta xt trng hp m<<M. Nu m l ng k so vi M th c hai vt
u chuyn ng quanh khi tm O ca chng. Th d nh trng hp Mt Trng vi
Tri t. Mun gii mt cch chnh xc bi ton ny, thun tin hn c, ta nghin cu
chng trong h quy chiu gn lin vi khi tm. Gi
1
r v
2
r l bn knh vect k t gc
to gn lin vi khi tm O n cht im M v m, F l lc do cht im M tc dng
ln cht im m, F l lc do cht im m tc dng ln cht im M, ta c:

1 2
o
Mr mr
r 0
M m
+
= =
+
hay
1 2
Mr mr 0 + = (4-44)

( )
( )
2
2
2 1 2
2
1
2 1
2
d r
m F r r
dt
d r
M F r r
dt

(4-45)
V tr tng i gia hai cht im c xc nh bi vect:

2 1
r r r = (4-46)
T (4-44) v (4-46) suy ra:

1
mr
r
M m
=
+
,
2
M
r r
M m
=
+
(4-47)
t
1
r v
2
r vo phng trnh (4-45) th ta thu v mt phng trnh duy nht:

2
2
Mm d r
F(r)
M m dt
=
+

hay
2
2
d r
F(r)
dt
= (4-48)
trong
Mm
M m
=
+
gi l khi lng thu gn ca h.
o hm theo thi gian hai v (4-47) cho ta:
113


1
1
dr mv
v
dt M m
= =
+
,
2
2
dr Mv
v
dt M m
= =
+
(4-49)
trong
2 1
dr
v v v
dt
= = l vn tc tng i ca vt m i vi vt M. Moomen xung
lng ca h hai vt i vi khi tm O bng:

1 1 2 2
L r Mv r mv r v = . + . = . (4-50)
V
1
r ,
2
r , F cng phng (hnh 4.6)
nn tng moomen ca nhng lc F, F
tc dng ln h i vi khi tm O bng
khng:

Hnh 4.6

( ) ( )
1 2
dL
M r F r F 0
dt
= = . + =
Do L r v const = . = l i lng bo ton.
C nng ca h bng:

2 2 2
1 2
Mv mv v
E U(r) U(r) const
2 2 2

= + + = + = (4-51)
T phng trnh chuyn ng (4-48) v cc h thc (4-50), (4-51) suy ra rng gii bi
ton hai vt m v M quy v gii bi ton mt vt c khi lng chuyn ng di tc
dng ca lc th xuyn tm F. Tm ca trng lc l gc ta O t ti khi tm ca
h. V tr ca vt c xc nh bng bn knh vecto r k t gc O n vt . Bi ton
nh vy l bi ton c gii phn trn khi coi vt M ng yn v vt m chuyn ng
tng i vi n. V vy nhng kt qu tm c trong bi ton chuyn ng ca vt
nu thay khi lng ca vt m bng khi lng .
Sau khi gii bi ton chuyn ng ca vt trong trng hp dn, ta nhn c:

p
r
1 ecos
=
+
,
2 2 3
T 4 a

t
o
=
114

trong

L
p
o
= ,
1
2
2
2EL
e 1
o

= +
`
)
, GmM o =
Bit nh lut chuyn ng ( ) r r t = ca vt ta xc nh c nh lut chuyn ng
( )
1 1
r r t = v ( )
2 2
r r t = ca vt M v m theo h thc (4-47). V vecto
1
r lun ngc chiu
vi vecto
2
r v r nn trong sut qu trnh chuyn ng, hai vt M v m lun nm hai
u mt ca
1
r v
2
r trn ng thng i qua khi tm O (hnh 4.7).
Khi vecto r quay c mt gc th cc
vecto
1
r v
2
r cng quay c mt gc
. iu c ngha l chu k quay ca
vt bng chu k quay ca vt M v vt
m.


Hnh 4.7
Bit c ln r th ta xc nh c ln
1
r ,
2
r ca vt M v m:

1
m
r r
M m
=
+
;
2
M
r r
M m
=
+

Bit c bn trc ln a ca vt th ta c th xc nh c bn trc ln a
1
v a
2
ca
vt M v m. Tht vy:

1max 1min max min
1
r r m r r m
a a
2 M m 2 M m
+ +
= = =
+ +


2max 2min max min
2
r r M r r M
a a
2 M m 2 M m
+ +
= = =
+ +

Cc qu o ca vt m v M chuyn ng so vi khi tm l ng dng, chng ch
khc nhau v kch thc. Kch thc qu o t l nghch vi khi lng ca mi vt:

1
2
r m
r M
=
115

Mt Trng v Tri t u chuyn ng quanh khi tm O ca chng. Cc quan st
thin vn cho bit khi tm ny cch tm Tri t 4700km, ngha l khong cch xp
x
2
3
bn knh Tri t. Tm M ca Tri t cng nh Mt Trng m u vch nn cc
ng trn ng tm O.


CU HI V BI TP
1. Trnh by ni dung ba nh lut Kepler v nh lut vn vt hp dn.
2. Cng trng hp dn l g? Khi nim v th hp dn. Mi lin h gia th
hp dn v cng ca lc hp dn.
3. Th hp dn gy ra bi qu cu ng cht ti mt im ngoi mt cu. nh lut
vn vt hp dn gia qu cu ng cht vi cht im ngoi qu cu.
4. nh lut bo ton moomen xung lng i vi tm ca trng lc hp dn v
nh lut bo ton nng lng trong trng hp dn. T cc nh lut bo ton ny suy ra
cc nh lut Kepler.
5. Chuyn ng ca vt i vi Tri t. iu kin vt c phng thot khi sc
ht ca Tri t. iu kin vt c phng tr thnh v tinh nhn to ca Tri t. Tc
v tr cp I v cp II.
4.1. Bn knh ca Tri t R=6,37.10
6
m, gia tc ri t do mt t l g=9,8m/s
2
. Xc
nh khi lng ca Tri t?
4.2. V tinh nhn to ca Tri t chuyn ng trn trong mt phng xch o t Ty
sang ng vi vn tc gc bng vn tc gc ca Tri t quay xung quanh trc ca n
(v tinh ng yn mt cao no i vi mt t). Tnh cao ca v tinh. Cho bit
bn knh Tri t R=6,37.10
6
m.
4.3. V tinh nhn to ca Tri t chuyn ng trn gn mt t c chu k quay bng
T. Chng t rng ta c
116


1
2
3
T
G
t

| |
=
|
\ .

trong l mt khi lng trung bnh ca Tri t v G l hng s hp dn v tr.
4.4. Khi lng ca Tri t bng 81,3 ln khi lng ca Mt Trng. Cho bit bn
knh ca Tri t R=6378km, bn knh ca Mt Trng R
t
=1738km, gia tc ri t do
mt t g=9,8m/s
2
. Xc nh gai tc ri t do Mt Trng.
4.5. Bn knh ca Mt Tri R=6,95.10
8
m, bn knh qu o ca Tri t r=1,49.10
11
m,
chu k quay ca Tri t xung quanh Mt Tri l 1 nm = 365,255 ngy m =3156.10
4
s.
Tnh gia tc ri t do g ca vt Mt Tri.
4.6. Hai hnh tinh quay xng quanh Mt Tri vi cc qu o gn ng coi l nhng
ng trn bn knh ln lt bng R
1
=150.10
6
km (Tri t) v R
2
=108.10
6
km (Sao
Kim). Tm t s vn tc di ca cc hnh tinh .
4.7. V tinh nhn to ca Tri t chuyn ng theo qu o trn c bn knh
r=6600km. Xc nh s vng quay ca v tinh trong mt ngy m. Cho bn knh Tri
t
6
R 6, 4.10 m ~ v gia tc ri t do gn mt t g=9,8m/s
2
.
4.8. Khong cch t Mt Trng n tm Tri t thay i t 363300km (khi Mt
Trng im gn tm Tri t nht) n 405500km (khi Mt Trng im xa tm Tri
t nht). Chu k quay ca Mt Trng xung quanh Tri t bng 27,322 ngy m. V
tinh nhn to ca Tri t chuyn ng theo qu o ellip, im qu o gn mt t
nht bng 225km, im qu o xa mt t nht bng 710km. Cho ng knh trung bnh
ca Qu t l 12756km. Xc nh chu k quay ca v tinh.
4.9. Mt qu cu ng cht c khi lng M, bn knh r. Ngi ta khot mt hc rng
bn trong qu cu. Hc c dng hnh cu c bn knh
2
r
, mt hc cu tip xc vi mt
qu cu v i qua tm ca qu cu. Mt cht im A c khi lng m nm cch tm qu
cu mt khong l (hnh v). Xc nh lc ht ca qu cu b khot ln cht im A
trong hai trng hp:
a. Khi cht im A nm bn phi qu cu?
b. Khi cht im A nm bn tri qu cu?
117


Hnh 4.8




118

Chng V
CHUYN NG TRONG H QUY CHIU
KHNG QUN TNH. LC QUN TNH
Cc nh lut Newton ch ng trong nhng h quy chiu qun tnh. Nhng trn thc
t ta li thng gp c nhng h quy chiu khng qun tnh. Nhng h quy chiu chuyn
ng khng thng v khng u so vi h quy chiu qun tnh l nhng h quy chiu
khng qun tnh. H quy chiu gn lin vi Tri t thc cht l h quy chiu khng
qun tnh, bi v Tri t t quay xung quanh trc ca n v ng thi quay xung quanh
Mt Tri. Trong i sng hng ngy, ta thng xt chuyn ng ca cc vt so vi h
quy chiu khng qun tnh gn lin vi Tri t. V vy ta cn tm phng trnh chuyn
ng ca cht im i vi h quy chiu khng qun tnh v xc nh lc tc dng ln
n. lm vic , trc ht, ta hy tm mi lin h gia vn tc v gia tc ca cht
im trong h quy chiu qun tnh v h quy chiu khng qun tnh.


1. VN TC V GIA TC CA CHUYN NG TNG I. NH L
CNG VN TC V GIA TC.
Gi s c mt cht im M chuyn ng trn mt vt th A v vt A chuyn ng so
vi h quy chiu qun tnh K (h O
1
XYZ) c quy c ng yn. xc nh chuyn
ng ca cht im M trn vt A, ngi ta gn mt h K
o
(h Oxyz) vi vt A. Nu vt A
chuyn ng khng thng v khng u th h quy chiu K
o
gn lin vi n l h quy
chiu khng qun tnh. Th d, mt ngi i trn con tu, con tu li chuyn ng c gia
tc so vi vt lm mc K quy c l ng yn. Trong th d ny, con ngi l cht im,
con tu l h K
o
.
Chuyn ng ca cht im M i vi h quy chiu khng qun tnh K
o
gi l chuyn
ng tng i. Chuyn ng ca cht im M i vi h quy chiu qun tnh K gi l
chuyn ng tuyt i.
119

Khi cht im M ng yn i vi h
K
o
nhng cng vi h K
o
chuyn ng
i vi h K th chuyn ng ca cht
im M i vi h K gi l chuyn ng
ko theo.
Gi
M
r l bn knh vecto xc nh v
tr ca cht im M i vi h quy chiu
qun tnh K, r l bn knh vecto xc
nh v tr ca cht im M i vi h
quy chiu khng qun tnh K
o
,
o
r l bn
knh vecto xc nh v tr gc O ca h
K
o
i vi h K (hnh 5.1), ta c:


M 1 o 1
r OM, r OM, r OO = = =
Hnh 5.1

M o o
r r r r xi yj zk = + = + + + (5-1)
trong x, y, z l ba hnh chiu ca vecto r trn cc trc x, y, z ca h K
o
v i , j , k l
ba vecto n v t trn cc trc x, y, z. V h
o
K chuyn ng bt k i vi h K nn
trong trng hp tng qut, cc vecto n v i , j , k c chiu thay i theo thi gian.
Khi cht im M chuyn ng, mt ngi quan st ng yn i vi h K
o
s thy cc
v tr ca cht im M lun thay i theo thi gian, ngha l x, y, z thay i theo thi gian
t, nhng cc vecto n v i , j , k vn cn ng yn i vi ngi quan st. Vn tc
t
v
v gia tc
t
a ca cht im M i vi h quy chiu khng qun tnh K
o
gi l vn tc
tng i v gia tc tng i:

t
dx dy dz
v i j k
dt dt dt
= + + (5-2)

2 2 2
t 2 2 2
d x d y d z
a i j k
dt dt dt
= + + (5-3)
120

Vn tc v v gia tc a ca cht im M i vi h quy chiu qun tnh K gi l vn
tc v gia tc tuyt i:

M
o
dr d
v v (xi yj zk)
dt dt
= = + + + (5-4)

2 2
o o 2 2
dv d r d
a a a (xi yj zk)
dt dt dt
= = + = + + + (5-5)
trong
o
o
dr
v
dt
= v
o
o
dv
a
dt
= l vn tc v gia tc ca gc O ca h K
o
i vi h K.
Ta hy tm mi lin h gia v v
t
v , gia a v
t
a . Khi h K
o
chuyn ng thng
(chuyn ng tnh tin) th cc vecto n v i , j , k lun lun song song vi chnh n,
ngha l khng thay i theo thi gian th
di dj dk
0, 0, 0
dt dt dt
= = = . Khi theo (5-4)
v (5-5), ta c:

o o t
dx dy dz
v v i j k v v
dt dt dt
= + + + = + (5-6)

2 2 2
o o t 2 2 2
dv d x d y d z
a a i j k a a
dt dt dt dt
= = + + + = + (5-7)
Cng thc (5-6) cho ta nh l cng vn tc v cng thc (5-7) cho ta nh l cng gia
tc khi h K
o
chuyn ng tnh tin i vi h K vi gia tc
o
a .
Khi gc O trng vi O
1
v h K
o
quay xung quanh mt trc A no i qua O vi
vn tc gc e th
o
v 0 = ,
o
a 0 = v theo (5-4), (5-5), ta c:

d dx dy dz di dj dk
v (xi yj zk) i j k x y z
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
= + + = + + + + + (5-8)
121


2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
dv d x d y d z d i d j d k
a i j k x y z
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
dx di dy dj dz dk
2
dt dt dt dt dt dt
= = + + + + +
| |
+ + +
|
\ .
(5-9)
Cc vecto n v i , j , k c ln khng thay i bng n v, c chiu lun thay
i. tnh o hm
di
dt
, ta hy theo di dch chuyn u mt N ca vecto i . Khi h K
o

quay xung quanh mt trc A c nh vi vn tc gc e th u mt N ca vecto n v
i vch mt ng trn c tm I nm trn trc quay, c bn knh R IN = (hnh 5.2).
Trong chuyn ng trn, vn tc di
N
v
ca im N lin h vi vn tc gc e
bng h thc n gin:

N
ds di
v R
dt dt
e = = = .
V e v OI cng phng nn
OI 0 e . = v do ta c:

( )
R i OI
i OI i
e e
e e e
. = .
= . . = .


Hnh 5.2
Cc o hm
dj
dt
v
dk
dt
c tnh tng t. Vy khi h K
o
quay xung quanh mt trc
A i qua O vi vn tc gc e , ta c:

di
i
dt
e = . ,
dj
j
dt
e = . ,
dk
k
dt
e = . (5-
10)
o hm theo thi gian hai v ca (5-10) cho ta:
122


( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
d i di
i i i
dt dt
d j dj
j j j
dt dt
d k dk
k k k
dt dt
c e c e e
c e c e e
c e c e e

= . + . = . + . .

= . + . = . + . .

= . + . = . + . .

(5-11)
trong
d
dt
e
c = l gia tc gc. t (5-10) v (5-11) vo (5-8) v (5-9) vi s ch biu
thc
t
v ,
t
a ta tm c:

t
v v r e = + . (5-12)

( )
t t
a a r r 2 v c e e e = + . + . . + . (5-13)
Cng thc (5-12) biu din nh l cng vn tc v cng thc (5-13) biu din nh l
cng gia tc trong chuyn ng quay.
Chuyn ng bt k ca h K
O
i vi h K c kho st nh chuyn ng tnh tin
cng vi gc O v chuyn ng quay xung quanh mt trc A no i qua O vi vn
tc gc e . V vy, trong trng hp tng qut ta c nh l cng vn tc v gia tc nh
sau:

t k
v v v = + (5-14)

t k c
a a a a = + + (5-15)
trong :

( )
k o
k o
c t
v v r
a a r r
a 2 v
e
c e e
e

= + .

= + . + . .

= .

(5-16)
123

Cc thnh phn:
k
v gi l vn tc ko theo;
k
a gi l gia tc ko theo v
c
a gi l gia
tc Coriolis. R rng l khi cht im M ng yn i vi K
o
th
t
a 0 = ,
t
v 0 = v khi

k
v v = v
k
a a = .


2. PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG CA CHT IM I VI H QUY
CHIU KHNG QUN TNH. CC LC QUN TNH
Chng ta bit phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im M i vi h quy chiu
qun tnh K c dng:
F ma =
trong m l khi lng ca cht im, F l lc tng hp do cc vt th khc tc dng
ln cht im. Nh vy, i vi h quy chiu qun tnh K, nguyn nhn duy nht cht
im thu c gia tc a l do cc vt th khc tc dng ln n nhng lc no . Khc
vi h K, trong h quy chiu khng qun tnh K
o
, cht im c th thu c gia tc m
khng ch ra c vt no khc tc dng ln n. V d, mt t ang chuyn ng
thng u bng nhin dng li th mi ngi trn t khi c mt gia tc hng v
pha trc, ng vi mt lc tc dng ln ngi hng v pha trc. R rng l khng c
mt vt th no khc tc dng ln ngi m ch do t chuyn ng chm dn trong
khong thi gian bt u hm phanh cho n khi dng li gy nn. Trong khong thi
gian n, t chuyn ng c gia tc v do h quy chiu gn lin vi t l h quy
chiu khng qun tnh. Nh vy, gia tc m cc vt th nhn c trong h quy chiu
khng qun tnh khi chng khng b tc ng bi mt vt th no khc ch c xc nh
bi chnh tnh cht khng qun tnh ca h quy chiu (tnh cht chuyn ng khng thng
v khng u ca h quy chiu). Gia tc ny ng vi mt lc c bit gi l lc qun tnh
q
F do tnh cht khng qun tnh ca h quy chiu gy nn. Nh vy, i vi h quy chiu
khng qun tnh K
o
, lc tc dng ln cht im l tng hp ca lc qun tnh
q
F v lc
124

F do cc vt th khc tc dng ln n. Phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im i vi
h quy chiu khng qun tnh K
o
c dng:

q t
F F ma + = (5-17)
trong m l khi lng ca cht im v
t
a l gia tc tng i ca n.
Thay F ma = v dng nh l cng gia tc (5-15) ta vit c:

q t k c k c
F m(a a) ma ma F F = = = + (5-18)
trong :

( ) { } k k o
F ma m a r r c e e = = + . + . . (5-19)

( )
c c t
F ma 2m v e = = . (5-20)
Lc
k
F gi l lc qun tnh ko theo v lc
c
F gi l lc qun tnh Coriolis.
Ta hy xt cc trng hp ring ca lc qun tnh
q
F .
Khi h quy chiu K
o
chuyn ng thng vi gia tc
o
a th 0 e = v 0 c = . Lc qun
tnh trong trng hp ny l lc qun tnh tnh tin.

q t o
F F ma = = (5-21)
Khi h K
o
quay xung quanh mt trc A no i qua gc O vi vn tc gc e th
o
a 0 = v khi biu thc ca lc qun tnh c dng:

( ) ( )
q t
F m r m r 2m v c e e e
(
(
= . . . .


(5-22)
T biu thc ny ta thy rng nguyn nhn duy nht lm xut hin lc qun tnh
q
F
tc dng ln cht im trong h quy chiu K
o
l do h K
o
quay xung quanh trc A vi
vn tc gc e . Khi 0 e = , ngha l h K
o
khng quay th lc
q
F cng bin mt (
q
F 0 = ).
Ta hy xt tc dng ca cc lc qun tnh thnh phn.
125

1. Lc qun tnh tnh tin
t o
F ma =
c im chung ca lc qun tnh l t l vi khi lng m ca cht im. Lc qun
tnh tnh tin cng vy, t l vi khi lng m ca cht im v ngc chiu vi gia
tc
o
a ca h K
o
. Th d, mt toa tu ang chuyn ng thng gim tc, ngha l toa
tu thu c mt gia tc
o
a hng v pha sau th ngi trn toa tu chu mt lc
qun tnh tnh tin tc dng hng v pha trc. Trong trng hp ngc li, khi toa
tu tng tc th ngi chu mt lc qun tnh tnh tin tc dng hng v pha sau. Lc
qun tnh l lc c tc dng thc s trong h quy chiu khng qun tnh. Chng truyn
gia tc cho vt m chng tc dng, sinh cng v o c bng lc k. Chng tc dng
hng ngy trong i sng khi i tu, xe, v.v...Chng ch khc lc thng l chng
khng c phn lc, ngha l ta khng ch ra c c th chng t vt th hai no tc
dng n. Do vy, nh lut III Newton khng p dng c cho lc qun tnh.
Trng hp c bit khi a 0 = th
t o
a a = , ngha l trong h qun tnh K cht im
ng yn hay chuyn ng thng u th trong h K
o
cht im thu c gia tc bng
o
a . Nh vy c nh lut III v nh lut I Newton khng p dng c cho h quy
chiu khng qun tnh K
o
. nh lut II Newton c th p dng c cho h quy chiu
khng qun tnh K
o
nhng khi lc tc dng ln vt phi bao gm lc F do cc vt
th khc tc dng ln vt v lc qun tnh
q
F do tnh cht khng qun tnh ca h K
o

gy ra.
2. Lc qun tnh
( )
m r c .
Lc qun tnh ny xut hin do s quay khng ng u ca h quy chiu khng
qun tnh K
o
. Tri t quay xung quanh trc ca n vi vn tc gc gn nh khng
i nn 0 c ~ v do trong h quy chiu K
o
gn lin vi Tri t khng c lc qun
tnh ny tc dng.
Nu h quy chiu K
o
quay xung quanh mt trc A khng c nh i qua gc o th
chiu ca vecto e thay i theo thi gian v do vecto gia tc gc c khng ng
126

phng vi e . Lc qun tnh
( )
m r c . lun ngc chiu vi thnh phn gia tc
quay
( )
r c . v vung gc vi mt phng to thnh bi cc vecto c v r .
Nu cht im ng yn i vi h K
o
(tc
t
v 0 = ) v h K
o
quay xung quanh trc
A c nh i qua gc O th cc vecto c v e l ng phng v vecto r c . chnh l
gia tc tip tuyn ca cht im. Trong trng hp ny lc qun tnh
( )
m r c .
ngc chiu vi gia tc tip tuyn ca cht im.
3. Lc qun tnh li tm
( )
1
F m r e e
(
= . .


Lc ny ngc chiu vi gia tc
hng trc
( )
r e e
(
. .

nn gi l
lc qun tnh li tm. Nu phn tch
vecto r thnh hai thnh phn: r song
song vi e v r

vung gc vi e
(hnh 5.3) v t r

= , ta c:
r 0 e . =

Hnh 5.3
r (r r ) r r e e e e e

. = . + = . + . = . (5-23)
Lc qun tnh li tm c vit li nh sau:

( )
2
1
F m m e e e
(
= . . =

(5-23)
Lc qun tnh li tm t l vi bnh phng vn tc gc e, vi khong cch t
cht im n trc quay v hng t pha trc quay ra ngoi (do c tn l li tm).
Lc
1
F trc i vi lc hng tm
n
F v c gi tr bng:

2 2
1
F m m r cos e e = = (5-24)
127

Ta hy xt th d minh ha tc dng
ca lc qun tnh li tm ny. Gi s h
quay K
o
l mt a nm ngang. Trn a,
dc theo mt bn knh, c treo nhng qu
cu c khi lng m nh nhau. Khi a
quay vi vn tc gc e , v gi s
const e= , th ng trong h ng yn K
gn lin vi Tri t (gn ng coi h K
l h qun tnh) ta thy qu cu treo ng
trc quay vn ng yn v tt c cc
qu cu khc chuyn ng trn u, vch
nn nhng ng trn c tm trn trc
quay v qu cu no xa tm th dy treo
ca n cng lch so vi phng thng
ng ban u.


Hnh 5.4

Ta gii thch chuyn ng trn u ca chng l do lc tng hp
n
F ca trng lc
P v lc cng dy T khc khng v hng vo tm. Lc tng hp
n
F y l lc hng
tm.
i vi ngi quan st ng yn i vi a quay (h K
o
) th tt c cc qu cu u
ng yn. S d nh vy v trong h quy chiu khng qun tnh K
o
gn lin vi a
quay c xut hin lc qun tnh li tm
l
F cn bng vi lc tng hp
n
F .
Lc qun tnh li tm c th t nhng gi tr rt ln trong cc my li tm t bit.
My quay ry li tm, tit ch Ot v.v...l nhng my n gin m hot ng da trn
nguyn tc ca lc qun tnh li tm xut hin khi chng quay.
4. Lc Coriolis
Lc
c t
F 2m v e
(
= .

gi l lc qun tnh Coriolis hay gi tt l lc Coriolis. c
im ca lc ny l ph thuc vo vn tc tng i
t
v ca cht im. Bi v lc
c
F
128

vung gc vi
t
v nn n khng sinh cng. Ni cch khc, n ch lm lch qu o m
thi, ch khng lm thay i ln ca vn tc ca chuyn ng. Khi
t
v i chiu th
lc
c
F cng i chiu. Nu cht im ng yn i vi h quay chiu K
o
hay chuyn
ng cng phng vi phng ca e th lc Coriolis khng xut hin.
Ta hy xt tc dng ca lc Coriolis
ln cht im chuyn ng trn mt t.
Tri t l h quy chiu khng qun tnh,
c vn tc gc e hng t cc Nam ti
cc Bc.
Khi cht im chuyn ng trn mt
t, nu nhn theo chiu ca vecto vn tc
t
v th Bc bn cu lc Coriolis
c
F lun
hng v bn phi (bn phi ca
t
v ) cn
Nam bn cu lc
c
F lung hng v
pha bn tri (bn tri ca
t
v )

(1) Chiu gi ng Bc
(2) Chiu gi ng Nam
Hnh 5.5
Lc
c
F nm ngang khi cht im chuyn ng dc theo kinh tuyn (hnh 5.5) v n
ng thng khi cht im chuyn ng dc theo v tuyn, ngha l c tc dng nng
ln hay xung (d nhin vi lc b).
V
c
F lun hng v pha bn phi ca
t
v Bc bn cu v lun hng v pha
bn tri ca
t
v Nam bn Cu, tuy
c
F rt b ong tc dng lu di v thng xuyn,
lc
c
F gy ra mt s hiu ng ng k v c bit. Cc ng ray xe la mt chiu
(ng i) th ray bn phi mau mn hn ray bn tri Bc bn cu v ngc li ray
bn tri mau mn hn ray bn phi Nam bn cu. Cc dng sng cng vy: dng
sng Bc bn cu b l mn b phi, v ngc li, Nam bn cu b l mn b
129

tri. Chiu ca gi ma cng do lc
c
F tc ng. Vng xch o b t nng, khng
kh bc ln cao v i v cc a cc. B lnh tng cao n i xung khong v
o o
25 30 , ri li t thi v xch o. Do tc dng ca lc Coriolis m gi s thi
theo chiu ng Bc Bc bn cu v ng nam Nam bn cu.
Cng do lc Coriolis tc dng m mt vt ri t do khng ri theo phng thng
ng m hi lch v pha ng. lch ny rt b. Khi vt ri t cao 100m v
tuyn
o
60 th lch khong 1 cm. D nhin mt vt bn ln theo phng thng ng
s lch v pha Ty.
Cui cng, ta hy xt nh hng ca lc Coriolis ln chuyn ng ca con lc
Foucault.
Th nghim con lc Foucalt c
thc hin nm 1851 ti Pari chng
mnh s t quay ca Tri t. Con lc
Foucault l dng con lc ton hc gm
mt vt nng 28kg treo u mt si
dy di 70m. u trn ca si dy
c treo sao cho con lc c th dao
ng nh t do theo phng bt k.
Gi s con lc c treo a cc
Bc v mt thi im no n dao
ng ca con lc t t quay so vi

Hnh 5.6
mt phng P theo chiu kim ng h (t ng sang Ty). Sau mt ngy m th mt
phng dao ng trng vi mt phng P. Nh vy, i vi h quy chiu gn lin vi
Tri t, do tc dng ca lc Coriolis ln con lc chuyn ng lm mt phng dao
ng ca n quay xung quanh trc thng ng t ng sang Ty vi chu k 24 gi.
Xt th nghim trn i vi h quy chiu qun tnh gn lin vi tm Mt Tri th
mt phng dao ng ca con lc khng thay i, cn Tri t quay xung quanh trc
ca n t Ty sang ng vi chu k 24 gi.
130

Nu con lc c treo v , th dao
ng ca n din ra trong mt phng thng
ng ti ni . Do Tri t quay m ngi
quan st mt t thy mt phng dao ng
ca con lc quay xung quanh ng thng
ng vi vn tc gc

e (hnh 5.7). Gi tr
ca

e l hnh chiu ca vecto vn tc gc

e ca Tri t ln ng thng ng ti
ni kho st:
sin

e e =
trong
2
T
t
e = vi T=24 gi. Chu k
quay ca mt phng dao ng ca con lc
xung quanh trc thng ng v s l:

2 24
T
sin

t
e
= = gi

Hnh 5.7



Hnh 5.8
Pari c v
o
48 51 ' = nn
T 32

= gi. Kt qu ny nhn c
trong phng th nghim ca Foucault.
Tuy theo nhng iu kin ban u
khc nhau m qu o ca con lc c
hnh dng khc nhau. Hnh 5.8 v qu
o ca con lc Bc cc lc n bt u
chuyn ng t v tr cn bng v hnh
5.9, lc n chuyn ng t v tr th nng
cc i.



Hnh 5.9
131

Ti v tr cn bng, ta truyn cho con lc mt vn tc ban u th khi n i qua khi
v tr cn bng, lc Coriolis lun lm lch n v bn phi (bn phi i vi vecto vn
tc
t
v ) nn qu o ca n c dng hnh hoa th (hnh 5.8). Ti v tr c th nng cc
i, con lc c bung ra vi vn tc ban u bng khng, th n bt u chuyn
ng v v tr cn bng. Do lc Coriolis lm lch n bn phi nn n khng i qua v
tr cn bng v v nn hnh sao (hnh 5.9).


3. CHUYN NG CA CHT IM I VI TRI T
Trong mc ny, trc ht ta xt chuyn ng ca cht im i vi h quy chiu
khng qun tnh K
o
, sau p dng cho trng hp chuyn ng ca cht im i vi
h quy chiu khng qun tnh gn lin vi Tri t.
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im i vi h quy chiu khng qun tnh K
o
c
dng:

k c t
F F F ma + + = (5-24)
trong
k
F v
c
F l lc qun tnh ko theo v lc qun tnh Coriolis. Lc F do cc vt
khc tc dng ln cht im c th biu din di dng:

h
F= u+u (5-25)
y
h
u l tng hp cc lc vn vt hp dn ca cc vt tc dng ln cht im v u
l lc khng phi l lc hp dn do cc vt khc tc dng ln cht im.
Ta hy xt trvng hp t ng yn i vi h quy chiu K
o
. Khi
t
a 0 = ,
t
v 0 = ,
c
F 0 = v

k h k
F F F 0 + = u+u + = (5-26)
l phng trnh cn bng ca vt i vi h K
o
. Nu vt c treo bng lc k l
xo th u l lc n hi do l xo ko vt v nu vt t trn gi th u l phn lc ca
gi tc dng ln vt. L xo ca lc k ng yn (so vi h K
o
) tc dng ln vt mt
132

lc u th, theo nh lut III Newton, vt ng yn tc dng ln l xo ca lc k mt lc
T trc i vi u , ngha l:

h k
T F = u = u + (5-27)
Lc T gi l trng lng ca vt i vi h quy chiu m trong vt ng yn (h
K
o
). Nh vy, trng lng ca mt vt l lc m vt ng yn tc dng ln l xo ca lc
k (hay p ln gi ) do kt qu tc dng ln n bi cc lc hp dn v lc qun tnh
ko theo. Khi T 0 = th vt mt trng lng.
Cn lu rng khi ni trng lng ca mt vt cn phi ni r trng lng ca vt i
vi vt no lm h quy chiu K
o
. Trng lng ca mt ngi i vi Tri t khc vi
trng lng ca ngi i vi con tu v tr. Khi con tu v tr ang chuyn ng trong
vng khng gian m lc hp dn tc dng ln vt yu c th b qua (
h
0 u ~ ) th
trng lng ca vt i vi con tu v tr trong vng ny ch yu c xc nh bi lc
qun tnh ko theo
k
F . Thm vo , nu con tu v tr khng quay ( 0 e = ) th trng
lng ca vt c xc nh bi lc qun tnh tnh tin
t o
F ma = . i vi vt gn
mt t th
k
F rt b so vi lc hp dn ca Tri t nn trng lng ca vt i vi Tri
t c xc nh ch yu do lc vn vt hp dn ca Tri t tc dng ln vt. Khi
T 0 = , ngi ta ni rng vt trng thi khng trng lng.
By gi ta xt chuyn ng ca cht im (M) c khi lng m i vi Tri t. Tri
t t quay xung quanh trc ca n vi vn tc gc e hu nh khng i
5
2
7,3.10 rad / s
24 3600
t
e

| |
= ~
|

\ .
v tm O ca Tri t chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri
vi gia tc
o
a . H quy chiu K
o
(h Oxyz) gn lin vi Tri t c gc O t ti tm Tri
t l h quy chiu khng qun tnh, cn h quy chiu K (O
1
XYZ) c gc O
1
tm Mt
Tri v ba trc hng v ba ngi sao c nh c xem l h quy chiu qun tnh. Theo
nh lut II Newton, gia tc
o
a
c xc nh t phng trnh:
133


T D T T
o o o 3 3
D D o o
f 1 M M GM
a G r r
M M r r
= = = (5-28)
trong
T
f l lc do Mt Tri ht Tri t, M
D
l khi lng ca Tri t, M
T
l khi
lng ca Mt Tri,
o
r l bn knh ca vecto k t tm O
1
ca Mt Tri n tm O ca
Tri t. Gi
D
F v
T
F l lc ht ca Tri t v ca Mt Tri ln cht im c khi
lng m, ta c:

D
D
3
M m
F G r
r
=

T
T M
3
M
M m
F G r
r
= ,
M o
r r r = +
trong r l bn knh vecto k t tm Tri t n cht im M v
M
r l bn knh vecto
k t tm Mt Tri n cht im M.
Nu b qua cc lc ht ca cc hnh tinh khc ln cht im c khi lng m, th
phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im c dng:

t D T k c
ma F F F F = u+ + + + (5-29)
Bi v
d
0
dt
e
c = ~ cho nn lc qun tnh ko theo c dng:

( )
k o o l
F ma m r ma F e e = . . = +
Nu kho st chuyn ng ca cht im M gn mt t th
o
r r << v
M o
r r ~ .
Khi ta c:

T
o o T
3
o
GmM
ma r F
r
= ~
hay
T o
F ma 0 ~
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im M gn mt t c dng:
134


t D l c
ma F F F = u+ + + (5-30)
Lc
D l
P F F = + gi l trng lc t ln cht im. Nh vy, trng lc l tng hp ca
lc hp dn ca Tri t v lc qun tnh li tm tc dng ln cht im. Ta c th vit
biu thc ca trng lc tc dng ln cht im di dng:
P mg = (5-31)
trong :

( )
D
3
GM
g r r
r
e e = . . (5-32)
gi l gia tc ca trng trng. ng tc dng ca P , ngha l ng thng cha vecto
P , gi l ng thng ng. ln ca trng lc P

cao h v v (hnh 5.10)
c xc nh nh sau:

( )
2
2 2
D l D l D l
P F F F F 2F F = + = + +
Lu rng:

D l D l D l
F F F Fcos( ) F Fcos t = =

2
l
F me = ,
IM OMcos = = ,
OM r R h = = + ta vit c:
2 2
D l D l
P F F 2F Fcos mg = + = (5-33)
Vi
Hnh 5.10

2 2 2
4 2 2 2
D D
4
G M 2GM
P (R h) cos cos
(R h) R h
e
e = + +
+ +
(5-34)
trong R l bn knh ca Tri t, h l cao tnh t mt t n cht im. Cng thc
(5-34) cho bit gia tc trng trng g ph thuc vo v v cao h. Nu b qua s
hng b t l vi
4
e trong biu thc cn s ca g, ta c:
135


2 3 2
D
2
D
GM 2 (R h) cos
g 1
(R h) GM
e +
=
+


2 2
D
2
GM
g (R h) cos
(R h)
e = +
+
(5-35)
Trong chng II ta xc nh khi nim trng lc trong h quy chiu qun tnh. Khc
vi chng II, y ta xc nh khi nim trng lc v trng lng trong h quy chiu
khng qun tnh. Khi h=0 th
2
g 9,826 0,034cos ~ .
Vy l khi cht im gn b mt Tri t, gn ng coi trng lc P mg = l lc
khng i.
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im gn b mt Tri t c vit li nh sau:

t c t
ma P F mg 2m( v ) e =u+ + =u+ . (5-36)
Khi 0 u = th gia tc ri t do ca vt b lch khi phng thng ng (phng ca g )
v hng v pha ng do nh hng ca lc Coriolis tc dng ln cht im.

t t
a g 2m( v ) e = . (5-37)
Ta c th nh gi nh hng ca cc lc qun tnh ln chuyn ng ca cht im
gn b mt Tri t, nu ta so snh cc gia tc li tm, gia tc Coriolis vi gia tc hp dn
trn b mt Tri t. V ln gia tc hp dn trn b mt Tri t bng:

2
D D
2
F M
G 9,8m/ s
m R
= ~
Cc t s gia gi tr cc i ca gia tc li tm v gia tc Coriolis vi gia tc hp dn
bng:

2
D
2
R
0, 003
M
G
R
e
~ ;
5
t
t
D
2
2 v
1,5.10 v
M
G
R
e

~ (5-38)
T (5-38) ta thy rng nh hng ca lc Coriolis so vi lc qun tnh li tm l rt
nh, nu nh
2
t
R
v 2,3.10 m/ s
2
e
<< ~ . Trong khi lc qun tnh li tm li rt nh so
136

vi lc vn vt hp dn. Nu b qua nh hng ca lc qun tnh Coriolis tc dng ln
cht im th phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im gn mt t c dng quen thuc.

t
ma P = u+ (5-39)
Cui cng, ta hy xc nh trng lng ca vt i vi Tri t. Theo nh ngha (5-27)
trng lng ca vt i vi Tri t bng:

h k D T k
T F F F F =u + = + + (5-
40)
t biu thc ca lc qun tnh keo theo
k o l
F ma F = + vo (5-40) ta nhn c:

D T o l
T F F ma F = + + (5-41)
Nu xt trng lng ca vt nm gn mt t th
T o
F ma 0 ~ . Khi ta c:

D l
T F F P = + = (5-42)
Vy trng lng ca vt nm gn mt t c ln bng ln ca trng lc, c chiu l
chiu ca trng lc, ngha l hng t trn xung di theo phng thng ng, c im
t l xo ca lc k (hay t ln gi )
Bi v lc qun tnh li tm rt b so vi lc ht ca Tri t cho nn phn ng gp
ch yu trong biu thc ca trng lc l lc ht ca Tri t ln vt. Chnh v vy, mt
cch gn ng, trong cc sch ph thng ngi ta nh ngha: trng lc l lc ht ca
Tri t vo vt gn mt t v trng lng ca mt vt l lc vt y ko cng dy treo
hay p ln gi do kt qu lc ht ca Tri t ln n.


CU HI V BI TP
1. Trnh by nguyn nhn xut hin lc qun tnh tc dng ln vt. ln v chiu
ca cc lc qun tnh tnh tin, lc qun tnh li tm v lc qun tnh Coriolis. Cho cc th
d v tc dng ca cc loi lc qun tnh ni trn.
137

2. Lc qun tnh ko theo l g? Vit biu thc tng qut ca lc qun tnh tc dng
ln vt. Vit phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im i vi h quy chiu khng qun
tnh.
3. Trng lng ca vt l g? Trong trng hp no trng lng ca vt c xc
nh ch yu bi lc qun tnh ko theo v trong trng hp no trng lng ca vt
c xc nh ch yu bi lc vn vt hp dn. Trng lng ca vt gn mt t. Hin
tng mt trng lng.
4. Trng lc l g? Hai cch nh ngha trng lc
D h
P F F = v
D l
P F F = + c mu
thun nhau khng? Vit biu thc ln ca trng lc ph thuc vo v v cao h
ca vt.
5. Vit phng trnh chuyn ng ca vt gn mt t i vi h quy chiu gn
lin vi Tri t.
5.1. Trong mt thang my ngi ta treo mt l xo, u l xo treo mt vt c khi
lng 2 kg. Tnh lc cng ca l xo theo quan im ca ngi quan st ng trong
thang my v ng trn mt t trong bn trng hp sau:
a. Lc thang my ng yn.
b. Lc thang my ri t do xung di.
c. Lc thang my chuyn ng ln trn vi gia tc 4,9m/s
2
.
d. Lc thang my chuyn ng xung di vi gia tc 4,9m/s
2
.
5.2. Mt qu cu nh, c khi lng
m c treo vo toa xe chuyn ng
thng vi gia tc khng i
o
a . Dy treo
qu cu b lch i mt gc so vi
ng thng ng v trng thi cn
bng tng i vi toa xe. Hy xc nh
gia tc
o
a ca toa xe.



Hnh 5.11
5.3. Xc nh lc nn ca phi cng vo gh my bay cc im cao nht v thp nht
ca vng nho ln nu khi lng ca phi cng bng 75kg, bn knh ca vng nho ln
138

200m, vn tc ca my bay trong vng nho ln lun lun khng i v bng 360km/h.
Gii bi ton i vi h quy chiu gn lin vi my bay v h quy chiu gn lin vi mt
t. Cho bit vng nho ln nm trong mt phng thng ng.
5.4. Mt hnh tr cha cht lng quay xung quanh trc thng ng ca n vi vn tc
gc khng i . Tm dng mt thong ca cht lng trng thi cn bng tng i.
5.5. Xc nh chiu ca lc Coriolis t ln cht im trong cc trng hp sau:
a. Khi cht im chuyn ng theo ng kinh tuyn ca Tri t t xch o v
Bc cc v t xch o n Nam cc?
b. Khi cht im chuyn ng theo ng kinh tuyn t Bc cc v xch o v t
Nam cc v xch o?
c. Khi cht im chuyn ng theo ng xch o t Ty sang ng v t ng
sang Ty?
d. Khi cht im chuyn ng c vn tc vung gc vi mt t hng t di ln
v hng t trn xung di? Coi Tri t l hnh cu.
5.6. Mt vt A c khi lng m trt
trn mt phng nghing ca mt lng tr
B. Mt phng nghing ca lng tr lm
thnh vi mt phng ngang mt gc .
Lng tr B chuyn ng trn mt phng
nm ngang t tri sang phi vi gia tc
W.
Xc nh gia tc ca vt A i vi lng
tr v p lc ca vt A ln mt phng
nghing ca lng tr.


Hnh 5.12
Cho bit h s ma st trt gia vt A v mt phng nghing ca lng tr l k.
5.7. im treo ca con lc ton hc chuyn ng trn ng thng ng vi gia tc
khng i W. Hy kho st chuyn ng ca con lc i vi h trc ta tnh tin
cng vi im treo.
139

5.8. Tm phng trnh chuyn ng ca vt ri t do gn mt t c tnh n nh
hng ca lc qun tnh Coriolis.