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PC-IMD GoFER
User's manual for finite-element GoFER in PC-IMD 9.04
3-July-14
Copyright 2014 Computational Dynamics Ltd., "CD-adapco"
Contents
Finite-element analysis with the induction motor general comments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1. Using finite elements with PC-IMD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Single load point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Slot permeance.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4. No-load rotate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5. No-load ranging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6. On-load rotate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Finite-element analysis with the induction motor general comments
With the induction motor, a magnetostatic finite-element calculation is not going to give very much
helpful information, because the processes in the induction motor are essentially asynchronous. All we
are going to get is a momentary snapshot of the flux, or a series of snapshots. This is quite different from
the situation with the synchronous machine.
Because of the slotting and the small airgap, the flux-density distribution in the airgap is extremely
heavily modulated, as we can see in Fig. 12 on p. 14. What is most important about this waveform is the
fundamental, since it produces the torque. MatchFE | Show fundamental [F] can be used to show the
fundamental components. It is dangerous to assume that the finite-element result is more correct than
the analytical result, and equally dangerous to read too much into it. Test data tends to show that
PC-IMD is the more reliable of the two, even at no-load when there is no current in the rotor.
The harmonics in the flux-distribution contribute to the stray loss, but the Bgap distribution in Fig. 12
is useless for this purpose because it is taken in the air and not in the iron. Moreover, all it shows is a
single instant, with no information about the time-variation. Moreover, the effects of skew are not
included in the finite-element analysis, which is purely 2-dimensional.
To summarize this, the finite-element method used with the induction motor (as we have it in PC-FEA)
is of limited engineering use, except possibly for checking a few flux-densities and generating pretty
pictures. For design work it is generally safer to use PC-IMD by itself, as it is a more mature program
with greater analytical depth.
It is possible that more sophisticated finite-element programs can produce useful engineering
calculations for the induction motor, but only at the expense of very long solution times.
PC-IMD 9.04 GoFER Using finite elements with PC-IMD Page 1
Fig. 1 Organization of finite-element processes with PC-IMD, PC-FEA, and the GDF editor
1. Using finite elements with PC-IMD
"GoFER" means "Go to finite-elements and return". The GoFER in PC-IMD automatically sets up
standard finite-element calculations (Table 1), for all the various types of induction motor whose design
and analysis is supported by PC-IMD. The GoFER removes the tedious task of setting-up finite-element
calculations, while providing flexibility to specialize the calculation to particular needs.
With PC-FEA, the GoFER also ensures the return of data to PC-IMD, for
(i) display;
(ii) comparison of PC-IMD and PC-FEA results; and
(iii) adjustment of PC-IMD's parameters, if necessary.
PC-IMD has special utilities to receive the finite-element data and to make these functions efficient and
easy to use. They are accessed via Tools | FE Results, and the comparison tools are labelled MatchFE.
Operation of the GoFER is by a short series of keystrokes [F11], as shown in Fig. 1. Many finite-element
calculations can be completed with the basic keystroke sequence. However, at each stage it is possible
to pause and view the progress of the calculation. The main stages are
(1) creation of sub-domains and regions, with boundary node coordinates, material
assignations, and excitation levels (PC-IMD and GDF Editor) [F11, F11]
1
(2) meshing (PC-FEA) [Run] or [F9]
(3) solution (PC-FEA) [Continue] or [F8]
(4) post-processing (PC-FEA)
(5) return of data to PC-IMD [exit, exit]
(1) display in graphical window or MatchFE window (PC-IMD) [Results | FE Results]
The process is open so that parameters can be edited at several different levels, the highest level being
that of the original PC-IMD parameters, and the lowest level being that of individual node coordinates
in the finite-element mesh.
In addition, the GoFER itself has several options for setting up the finite-element calculation. These
options are the main concern of this manual.
GDF = geometry definition file. See the WinSPEED manual for more details.
1
Page 2 Using finite elements with PC-IMD PC-IMD 9.04 GoFER
Function Result
Single load point analysis The distribution of airgap flux-density at a particular rotor position
and a particular load.
Slot permeance The distribution of slot-leakage flux in and around a single slot.
No-load rotate Rotation through a specified number of electrical cycles with no
rotor current.
No-load ranging Calculation of the no-load flux-linkage of a phase winding over a range
of currents. This calculation can be done with the rotor stationary, or
over a rotation of 360E elec. It is intended for checking the no-load
saturation curve in PC-IMD.
Table 1
GoFER functions in PC-IMD
Rotor position Ampere-conductor distribution
Single load-point analysis Fixed Fixed
Slot permeance Fixed
No-load rotate Moving Moving in synchronism with the
rotor
No-load ranging Fixed or moving (optional) Fixed or moving (optional).
Increasing through a range of
values.
Table 2
Constraints applying to GoFER functions in PC-IMD
PC-IMD 9.04 GoFER Using finite elements with PC-IMD Page 3
Some definitions
Solution domain The extent of the finite-element mesh, usually expressed as a fraction of
the motor cross-section: for example, "two half poles" or "whole motor".
The solution domain is reflected in the PC-FEA script as AngFE.
Bgap distribution The graph of flux-density that would be obtained by tracing a locus with a
moveable probe while the rotor and stator and the ampere-conductor
distribution remain fixed: for example, the open-circuit airgap flux-
density distribution B(r,2) at r = mid gap with 2 swept through a range of
180Eelec. The idea of a "distribution" is spatial variation.
Note
Most of the GoFER settings are persistent: i.e., the program remembers them from the last time the OK
button was pressed. They are not saved in or associated with a particular PC-IMD datafile.
Page 4 Single load-point GoFER PC-IMD 9.04 GoFER
Fig. 2 Single load point GoFER, page 1
2. Single load point
The Single load point GoFER produces a finite-element solution at a fixed rotor angle with a fixed pattern
of stator ampere-conductors. It returns the airgap flux-density distribution and the torque calculated
by Maxwell stress.
Single load point GoFER
Files produced by PC-IMD file Test1.im1.
Test1.lst PC-FEA script listing
Test1.rep PC-FEA report file
Test1.gap Bgap flux-density vs. azimuth from x-axis
Test1.tq Maxwell torque
Table 3
Files produced by Single load point GoFER
PC-IMD 9.04 GoFER Single load-point GoFER Page 5
Fig. 3 Single load point GoFER options, page 2
Single load point GoFER options (2)
Geometry
X-axis the entire solution can be oriented so that the x-axis coincides with a stator slot centre-line (as
in the OUTLINE EDITOR in PC-IMD); or a stator tooth centre-line. The choice is a matter of preference but
there may be slight differences in the precision of the finite-element computations between the two
options. The choice of x-axis has no effect on the relative angle between the rotor and stator.
Solution domain
It is important to choose a solution domain that is equal to an integral number of stator and rotor slot-
pitches, otherwise the periodic boundary conditions cannot be established correctly and the finite-
element solution will fail. If holes are present in the rotor, the periodicity conditions must be observed
with respect to the holes as well as to the stator and rotor slots. The default is normally 1 pole for
integral-slot motors. The safest option is Whole motor, but this is also the slowest.
Rotor Angle
This is the physical angle of the rotor reference axis from the x-axis, as in the OUTLINE EDITOR. Ax1 is
the axis of phase 1. RoShift is the rotor angle displayed in the OUTLINE EDITOR.
Node tolerance
If two nodes are within a distance * of each other, they will be treated as coincident. * is the "node
tolerance". If * = 0, coincident nodes will be treated as separate and either the GDF Editor will fail or PC-
FEA will crash. If two nodes are extremely close, setting * > 0 will merge them, so avoiding extremely
short line segments and triangles with poor aspect ratio.
Include shaft (and Vent holes if present)
If this box is not checked, the finite-element solution will not include the shaft, and the boundary
conditions will be set so that no flux enters the region occupied by the shaft.
(1)
Load point scale factors
This panel is for setting the stator current in all the phases of the motor winding. The GoFER uses the
CONDUCTOR LOCATION VECTOR from PC-IMD to determine the number of ampere-conductors in each slot
from the phase currents and the winding layout. To view the winding layout, use the WINDING EDITOR in
PC-IMD.
Peak and Angle
For polyphase motors operating under balanced conditions, it is sufficient to specify the current in one
phase of the stator and one phase of the rotor. For example, in a three-phase motor, if Iph (Peak) is equal
ph1[pk]
to I and Iph (Angle) is equal to 2, then the three stator phase currents are
Similar relations hold for the rotor currents I2 (Peak) and I2 (Angle).
For split-phase motors, the current must be specified in both the main and the auxiliary windings, on
the stator and on the rotor. Under balanced conditions in split-phase motors, if the auxiliary winding
axis is displaced 90E ahead of the main winding axis, the phasor Angle is 90E. Use Calc1ph = Xfield.
Use design sheet values
1 2
This sets the currents and their phase angles to the correct values corresponding to I and I etc. in the
phasor diagram or the DESIGN SHEET.
Options
Show distribution instructs PC-FEA to display the Bgap distribution using its own charting facility.
Create file. If this is checked, PC-FEA writes the Bgap distribution file for transferring back to PC-IMD.
If it is unchecked, the file is not written.
RadBgap is the radius at which the Bgap distribution is sampled from the finite-element solution. If the
finite-element model covers an arc of less than 360E RadBgap should be set smaller than the "Mid gap"
value.
[Calculate torque] instructs PC-FEA to calculate the torque by the Maxwell stress method. This is done
at two radii, 3/8 and 5/8 of the way through the airgap, i.e. half-way through the two middle layers of the
four-layer mesh in the airgap region. The two values are averaged but are also reported separately.
Elements table
When this is checked, an element table file is produced for the single finite-element solution..
GDF controls the format of the GDF file produced by the GoFER. The normal setting for use with PC-FEA
is Auto, but for compatibility with 3rd-party FE links or older versions of PC-FEA, other versions of GDF
file may be selected.
Faces
In a GDF file a sub-domain is defined by a list of connected lines and arcs called faces. Each face has
properties, such as how many divisions it is split into, the distribution of nodes, and the style (i.e.
whether it is internal to a region, whether it has a fixed potential, periodic boundary condition, etc).
When a SPEED motor design program is used to create a GDF file, it uses an internal set of conditions
for every face which the user can then alter in the GDF Editor. These alterations are saved with the GDF
file, but if the user goes back to the SPEED motor design program to run another analysis, the internal
settings will be reapplied. A Faces file is essentially a file containing a list of face definitions for a given
problem, which can be used to override the internal settings, either when the GDF file is created or from
within the GDF Editor.
Face information is associated with a face by means of the face name. This is formed from the names of
the two end co-ordinates which are shown in the reference figures in the SPEED motor design program
manuals: for example, AB. Co-ordinate (or point) names are added to the GDF file only if GDF v1.2 is
checked in the GoFER (or in the GDF options dialog in the GDF Editor). To distinguish between rotor and
stator co-ordinates, both of which are called A Z, the convention used by SPEED software is that the
name is prefixed with R to specify rotor co-ordinates and S to specify stator co-ordinates. If a co-ordinate
does not have a corresponding name in the reference figures, it is omitted from the list of faces and
information about it cannot be saved.
When a Faces file is saved, information about all faces with valid names is written to a file. When a Faces
file is loaded, a comparison is made between the face names in the current GDF file and the face names
in the Faces file; where these match, the face information is updated.
Faces files are simple text files, so they can be edited using a program such as NOTEPAD, for example,
to include only stator information, or only specific faces of the model.
Although Faces files can be generated from within the GDF Editor (or by hand) SPEED motor design
programs can use them when the GDF file is first created. This feature is enabled on the GDF options
section of the GoFER. Note that if GDF is less than 1.2 the Faces options will be disabled. There are three
options shown below:
Faces Action
Defaults The GDF file will be created with the internal settings as it has been in all
previous versions. A Faces file can still be used to update the model from
within the GDF Editor.
Use previous The GoFER will attempt to override the internal settings from a Faces file with
the same name as the current motor design file with a .faces extension. For this
mode to function the .faces file must obviously exist so it must first be created
from within the GDF Editor. If the .faces file does not exist then no warning
will be displayed but the program will continue to the GDF Editor. If you then
save any changes you make to the faces in the GDF Editor the default file name
will match the one expected in the GoFER and so the next run will
automatically use the changed faces information.
User file The GoFER will attempt to override the internal settings from a Faces file with
the given name. This option is intended for use when you have specific
changes you want to make but have stored them in a different folder or under
a different name so that they do not get accidently overwritten.
Warn on GDF file overwrite
If this box is checked, a warning message will be displayed if the GoFER attempts to overwrite an
existing GDF file.
Save design file
If checked, the design file must be saved before proceeding with the GoFER.
Run
Create files only The .gdf and other files will be created but
nothing else will happen.
Edit using GDF editor The .gdf file will be displayed in the GDF
Editor, where it can be edited before being
passed to the finite-element program.
Edit using other editor The .gdf file will be passed to another
specified editor (or program).
Direct to FEA The .gdf file will be passed straight to the
finite-element program without stopping.
Other FE links... The .gdf file will be passed to another finite-
element program (if installed)
PC-FEA Meshing
MaxNVT (nodes) This can be used to limit the number of nodes which the mesh generator
produces, in case the computer has a memory limitation. The maximum
number of nodes in PC-FEA is 32,000; but in PC-FEA 5 it depends on the
available memory. Only in rare instances should this parameter need to be
changed. Do not use an unreasonably low number, as it could prevent the
generation of a suitable mesh.
MaxAngle The maximum angle permitted in any triangular element during meshing.
For a well-conditioned solution the triangles should all be approximately
equilateral, but sometimes it is necessary to increase MaxAngle up to 130E or
so, to assist in cases of difficult mesh generation. 120E is recommended.
"Include virtual
lines and arcs"
The PC-FEA mesh generator can be set to add new boundary nodes when
necessary to improve the mesh. By default, these new nodes are placed on
straight lines between existing nodes, but by using "virtual arcs" the mesh
generator can be instructed to place a given set of boundary nodes on an arc to
improve the geometric modelling accuracy. In some cases with motors having
large numbers of slots the "virtual arcs" cannot be created with enough
precision and the meshing fails. In such cases remove the check box from this
option to prevent their inclusion in the .fea file.
Do optimization Mesh optimization usually increases the number of nodes and elements,
which increases the size of the problem and slows down the solution.
Disabling optimization therefore helps to limit the problem size and shorten
the solution time.
Pause If this is checked, PC-FEA pauses after the mesh optimization so that the
mesh can be inspected. If it is not checked, PC-FEA continues with the
solution without stopping.
Fig. 7 The BH button
PC-FEA Solving
Solver tolerance Normally this is 10 . A smaller value makes the solution more precise, but it
!6
takes longer to solve. A larger value (e.g., 10 ) gives a faster but less precise
"4
solution. With larger values, the precision of the solution is not uniform and
there is a risk of serious local inaccuracy even though the overall solution
may appear to be correct.
Max. iterations Usually the solver completes in 4 or 5 iterations, but some problems may
require more iterations especially if the tolerance is very small. The default
is 99, but if the number of iterations exceeds 20 or so, it could be that the steel
data is not sufficiently smooth (see WinSPEED manual), causing some
numerical instability in the solver.
The BH button
The BH button (Figs. 6 and 7) is used to specify the method of interpolation of the B/H curve.
B/H data is passed to PC-FEA in the .BH file, which is obtained from the steel database data by cubic-
spline interpolation in the GoFER. As explained in the WinSPEED manual, this interpolation can be
done with either B or H as the independent or basis vector. In both cases the basis vector has evenly-
spaced points, and with H interpolation there is a risk of losing detail at low field values if the range of
H is very high. This will be the case if the steel database data extends up to extreme values of B, for
example, above 2@3 T. For this reason it is preferable to use B interpolation. However, with B
interpolation the steel database data must be smooth all the way down to zero B, otherwise there is a risk
of slow convergence or even convergence failure.
The B/H data in the .BH file will be further interpolated by PC-FEA during the solution. PC-FEA
normally uses linear interpolation, although cubic-spline interpolation can be selected by means of the
the Spline parameter of the Region command in the PC-FEA script. Especially with linear
interpolation, a large number of points (typically 100 or more) must be passed to PC-FEA in the .BH file.
The WinSPEED manual explains how to prepare steel data for best performance and accuracy.
Pre-convert to SD1 format
This checkbox appears only if the steel database used in PC-IMD is in .SD2 format.
In the old .SD1 steel database format, the B/H points are at fixed intervals of 0@1 T, but in the more
advanced .SD2 format the points can be unevenly distributed. The GoFER can prepare the .BH file
directly from a .SD2 steel database. Software releases prior to the date of this manual would
automatically pre-convert to .SD1 format, and in so doing they risked losing detail in the B/H curve. The
check-box makes it possible to revert to the old method, to make it possible to reproduce results obtained
with earlier versions.
Fig. 8 GDF Editor. Press [F11] to complete the GoFER process
Fig. 9 PC-FEA script. Press [F9] to continue.
Completing the Single load-point GoFER
Pressing OK in Fig. 6 will pass the data to the GDF Editor, Fig. 8, (assuming that Edit using GDF
Editor is selected in the Run options in Fig. 5). From here, the GoFER process can be continued by
pressing [F11]. Alternatively, the finite-element data can be modified here before passing it to PC-FEA.
(See the WinSPEED manual).
Fig. 9 shows the opening window of PC-FEA, with the script in the main window. Press [F9] to continue
to Fig. 10.
Fig. 10 PC-FEA mesh. Press [F8] to continue with the solution.
Fig. 11 PC-FEA solution flux-plot.
Fig. 10 shows the mesh generated by PC-FEA. To continue with the solution, press Continue, or [F8]. PC-
FEA proceeds with the solution and displays the flux-plot in Fig. 11 and a chart in Fig. 12.
Fig. 12 Single load-point GoFER : Bgap distribution in PC-FEA
Fig. 13 Tools | FE Results | MatchFE : Bg in PC-IMD.
Fig. 12 shows the flux-distribution around the airgap at the radius RadBgap.
The flux-density distribution at RadBgap can be compared with the internal calculation in PC-IMD,
using Tools | FE Results | MatchFE : Bg. An example is shown in Fig. 13. This comparison should be
done at the no-load condition (slip = 0). Show Fundamental on the MatchFE menu in PC-IMD shows the
fundamentals. The ripple calculated in PC-IMD is approximate, and exact agreement should not be
sought or expected. Adjustments to the fundamental in PC-IMD can be made using adjustment factors
that influence the calculation of magnetizing reactance, such as XBsy, XBst, XkC etc. In making the
choice of adjustment factors, it may be helpful to examine the flux-densities in Fig. 11, and compare them
with the values in the DESIGN SHEET. The lengths of the sections of magnetic circuit also have an effect,
so XLst, XLys etc. may be used. Beware that changes in PC-IMD will generally affect the current, and
the finite-element data is computed for a fixed current, the GoFER may need to be re-run.

PC-IMD 9.04 GoFER Slot permeance GoFER Page 15
Fig. 14 Slot permeance GoFER, page 1
Fig. 15Finite-element problem definition (rotor slot)
3. Slot permeance
The Slot permeance GoFER produces the flux distribution around a single slot in order to check and
calibrate the slot-permeance coefficient. The magnetostatic problem is defined in Fig. 15.
The slot area is divided into three regions. Region 1 is the slot area containing ampere-conductors. The
current density can be specified in this region: see Fig 17. Region 2 is the steel surrounding the slot,
Region 3 is the slot-opening, and Region 4 is the airgap, which is bounded by a smooth surface on the
opposite side. For rotor slots, the GoFER respects the settings of SBFull and muPlug.
Page 16 Slot permeance GoFER PC-IMD 9.04 GoFER
Fig. 16 Flux-plots produced by Slot permeance GoFER
The slot permeance coefficients are labelled.
(2)
Slot permeance GoFER
Test1.PCslot Result file containing the stator slot
permeance coefficient and related parameters.
Test1.PRslot Result file containing the rotor slot permeance
coefficient and related parameters.
Test1.vp File of vector potential values plotted along the
slot centre-line (experimental)
Table 4
Files produced by Slot permeance GoFER
stk
The finite-element solution is computed for a stack length of L = 1 m. The slot permeance coefficient
slot
P is calculated from the stored energy E in the solution field, using the equation
where I is the total current in the slot (equal to the slot area 1 A/mm ). In PC-IMD, the stator slot
2
permeance coefficient PCSlot can be adjusted with XPCslot, and the rotor slot permeance coefficient
PRslot can be adjusted with XPRslot. See Fig. 24.
Fig. 17 Slot permeance GoFER options, page 2
Slot permeance GoFER options (2)
Geometry : Solution domain
The solution can be either for a rotor slot or a stator slot. For a rotor slot, if SBFull = true, the current
is assumed to be evenly distributed throughout the slot, including the slot-opening area (See Fig. 15). The
current density is set by Excitation. [Note : Create vector potential file is for development only].
Gap boundary condition refers to the boundary condition on the opposite side of the airgap. It can be set
to Dirichlet (effectively an impermeable boundary, : ' 0, with A ' 0), or Neumann (an infinitely-
permeable boundary, : ' 4). The results are generally very different in the two cases: see Fig. 16. The
classical theory of slot-leakage permeance is based on the Dirichlet condition, not the Neumann.
If Use Gap is checked, the airgap length will be taken from the design data file.
J sets the current-density in the wound part of the slot.
If Create vector potential file is checked then a file *.vp is created containing 4 columns of data consisting
of a point number; the y-coordinate (x is assumed = 0); the vector potential at the point in mW/m; and the
region name.
The options on this page are the same as for the Single load point GoFER, p. 8.
Fig. 20 Slot permeance GoFER : GDF Editor
Fig. 21 Slot permeance GoFER : PC-FEA script
Completing the Slot Permeance GoFER
Pressing OK in Fig. 19 will pass the data to the GDF Editor, Fig. 20, (assuming that Edit using GDF
to Fig. .
Fig. 22 Slot permeance GoFER : PC-FEA mesh
Fig. 23 Slot permeance GoFER : flux-plot
FEA proceeds with the solution and displays the flux-plot in Fig. 23.
Fig. 24 Slot Permeance GoFER : .pcSlot file
Fig. 24 shows the text file *.pcslot written by PC-FEA. The resulting slot permeance coefficient can be
compared with PCslot in PC-IMD. For rotor slots, the corresponding parameter is PRslot.
Different results will be obtained, depending on the boundary condition selected in Figs. 15 and 17.
Page 22 No-load rotate GoFER PC-IMD 9.04 GoFER
Fig. 25 No-load rotate GoFER, page 1
4. No-load rotate
The No-load rotate GoFER rotates the rotor through a specified number of electrical cycles at no-load, i.e.
with no current in the rotor. This analysis is intended to determine the waveform of flux-density levels
in different parts of the machine as a function of no-load current and rotor position.
No-load rotate GoFER
Test1.btooth Tooth flux-density vs. rotor position
Test1.byoke Yoke flux-density vs. rotor position
Test1_Rx.et A series of files at rotor position step x with "elements table" data (flux-
density components etc.) for evey element in the mesh
Table 5
Files produced by No-load rotate GoFER
PC-IMD 9.04 GoFER No-load rotate GoFER Page 23
Fig. 26 No-load rotate GoFER options, page 2
No-load rotate GoFER options (2)
NL Rotate
Iph(pk) is the peak phase current in amperes.
Default values are obtained from Ted (TEMPLATE EDITOR) or the DESIGN SHEET in PC-IMD.
Supply cycles is the number of cycles through which the solution extends.
RotSteps is the total number of rotor steps.
B waveforms
Create File instructs PC-FEA to write the files containing tooth flux-density vs. rotor position (*.btooth)
and yoke flux-density (*.byoke).
RadBtooth is the radius at which the tooth flux-density will be sampled.
ByokeAngle is the angle at which the yoke flux-density will be sampled.
Element table instructs PC-FEA to write the *.et files ("Elements Table" files containing the
electromagnetic variables B, H, etc. for all the elements in the solution at every step of rotor position.
This files can be processed in PC-IMD to estimate the no-load iron loss, using Tools | FE Results |
Elements Table.
Fig. 30 No-load Rotate GoFER : GDF Editor
Fig. 31 No-load Rotate GoFER : PC-FEA script
Completing the No-load Rotate GoFER
Pressing OK in Fig. 29 will pass the data to the GDF Editor, Fig. 30 (assuming that Edit using GDF
to Fig. 32.
Fig. 32 No-load Rotate GoFER : PC-FEA mesh
Fig. 33 No-load Rotate GoFER : Flux-plot
FEA proceeds with the solution and displays the flux-plot in Fig. 33. Use Continue to step from one
solution (one position) to the next.
Fig. 34 No-load Rotate GoFER : Btooth waveform graph
Fig. 34 shows the waveform graph of the tooth flux-density determined at the radius RadBtooth which
is set in Fig. 27. A similar graph can be plotted of the yoke flux-density at the angle ByokeAngle which
is also set in Fig. 27. To display these graphs, use View Listing, then select the tab for the required graph
text file, then press Plot File. These graphs can be compared with the internal calculation in PC-
IMD obtained with Analysis | No-load calculation. (Currently, there is no MatchFE function for this).
Further analysis of the data produced by the No-load Rotate GoFER can be performed using Tools | FE
Results | Elements Table in PC-IMD.
PC-IMD 9.04 GoFER No-load ranging GoFER Page 29
Fig. 35 No-load ranging GoFER, page 1
5. No-load ranging
The No-load ranging GoFER is designed for direct calculation of the no-load saturation curve, that is, the
relationship between generated EMF in one phase of the stator winding versus the current, on no-load.
PC-IMD has a special MatchFE window for comparing the finite-element result with its internally
calculated analytical result.

No-load ranging GoFER
Test1.nlpsi Current in phase 1; Flux-linkages in phases 1,2 and 3; and various flux-
densities.
Test1.nlb Flux-densities versus rotor position and current (if Rotate rotor is checked)
Table 6
Files produced by No-load ranging GoFER
Page 30 No-load ranging GoFER PC-IMD 9.04 GoFER
Fig. 36 No-load ranging GoFER options, page 2
No-load ranging GoFER options (2)
No-load Iph(pk)
The number of current levels is set by Count. The current will be increased in equal steps from Min to
Max. The currents are assumed to be peak currents, although this is meaningful only if the rotor is
rotated; if it is not, the currents are merely instantaneous currents.
For split-phase motors the main (Im) and auxiliary (Ia) currents can be specified separately.
Rotate rotor is optional. If unchecked, the rotor remains stationary and so the variation of permeance
due to slotting is not included in the solution. If this box is checked, the rotor is rotated by RotSteps
through one complete electrical cycle, and the fundamental value of the flux-linkage waveform is taken
at each current level. The stator currents follow eqn. (1) on p. 6.
Flux-densities
If Create File is checked, flux-densities can be recorded in the shaft (Bsh), rotor teeth (Brt), rotor yoke
(Bry), stator teeth (Bst) and stator yoke (Bsy), at the radii indicated in Fig. 37. The angles are set
automatically, but they can be found (and modified) in the PC-FEA script.
Fig. 40 No-load ranging GoFER, GDF Editor
Fig. 41 No-load ranging GoFER, PC-FEA script
Completing the No-load Ranging GoFER
Pressing OK in Fig. 39 will pass the data to the GDF Editor, Fig. 40 (assuming that Edit using GDF
to Fig. 42.
Fig. 42 No-load ranging GoFER, PC-FEA mesh
Fig. 43 No-load ranging GoFER, PC-FEAflux-plot
FEA proceeds with the solution and displays the flux-plot in Fig. 43 (flux-plot). Use Continue to step from
one solution (one position) to the next.
Fig. 44 No-load ranging GoFER : Tools | FE Results | MatchFE : No-load in PC-IMD
Fig. 45 Analysis | No-Load (ranging Vs) in PC-IMD
The no-load saturation curve can be compared with the internal calculation in PC-IMD, using Tools | FE
Results | MatchFE : No-load. An example is shown in Fig. 44.
The PC-IMD curve is obtained using Analysis | No Load (ranging Vs). Since it is the voltage that is
increased in PC-IMD, the voltage range may need to be adjusted (Fig.45); or the current range in PC-FEA
(Fig. 37).
Page 36 On-load rotate GoFER PC-IMD 9.04 GoFER
6. On-load rotate
The on-load rotate GoFER is experimental. Please contact SPEED.
It is intended to provide an Elements Table for the computation of iron loss (core loss), together with
current-flux-linkage diagrams of the energy conversion per cycle, to confirm the average torque.
PC-IMD 9.04 GoFER Index Page 37
Index
Accuracy iv
Ampere-conductor distribution 2
Ax1 5
Bgap distribution 3
BH button 11
BH data
.BH file 11
interpolation 11
Boundary condition 17
Brt 31
Bry 31
Bsh 31
Bst 31
Bsy 31
Btooth 24
ByokeAngle 24
Calculate torque 7
Conductor location vector 6
Core loss 36
Create file 7, 24
Create files only 9
Create vector potential file 17
Definitions 3
Direct to FEA 9
Dirichlet condition 17
Do optimization 10
Edit using GDF editor 9
Edit using other editor 9
Elements Table 7, 22, 24, 28
F11 1
F8 1
F9 1
Faces 8
Files
produced by Bgap Distribution GoFER 4, 16,
22, 29
Finite-element analysis
general comments iv
procedure with PC-IMD 1
Flux iv
in shaft 5
Flux-density 2, 22
Bgap 3
distribution 2-4, 14
in Elements Table 22
radius at which sampled 24
vs rotor position 24
waveform 22, 24, 28
Flux-linkage 2, 29, 31
Function of GoFER 2
Gap boundary condition 17
GDF 8
GDF editor 1, 12, 19, 26, 33
GoFER
meaning of 1
No-load ranging 2, 29
No-load rotate 2, 22
Single load point analysis 2, 4
Slot permeance 2, 15
GoFER functions 2
GoFER settings
persistence of 3
Harmonics
in flux-distribution iv
Hotkeys 1
I1phpk 24
I2 Angle 6
I2 Peak 6
Include shaft 5
Include virtual lines and arcs 10
Interpolation
of BH data 11
Iph1 Angle 6
Iph1 Peak 6
Iron Loss 24, 36
Load point scale factors 6
MatchFE 1, 14, 28, 29, 35
Max. angle 10
Max. iterations 11
Max. nodes 10
MaxAngle 10
MaxNVT 10
Maxwell stress 4, 7
Mesh
generated by the GoFER 13, 20, 27, 34
Meshing 1
Neumann condition 17
No-load ranging 2, 29
No-load rotate 2, 22
No-load saturation curve 2
Node tolerance 5
On-load rotate 36
Optimization
of mesh 10
Organization
of GoFER process 1
Other FE links... 9
Pause 10
PC-FEA meshing 10
PC-FEA script 12, 19, 26, 33
PCslot 16, 21
Permeance
slot leakage 2, 16
Post-processing 1
Pre-convert to SD1 format 11
PRslot 16, 21
RadBGap 7, 14
RadBTooth 24
Region
command in PC-FEA script 11
Regions 1, 8
Results
in PC-IMD 1
Return of data
to PC-IMD 1
RoShift 5
Rotor Angle 5
RotSteps 24, 31
Run 9
Create files only 9
Direct to FEA 9
Edit using GDF editor 9
Page 38 Index PC-IMD 9.04 GoFER
Edit using other editor 9
Other FE links... 9
Saturation curve
no-load 2
Save design file 9
SBFull 17
SD1 format 11
SD2 format 11
Shaft 5
Shaft flux 5
Short-cut keys 1
Show distribution 7
Single load point analysis 2, 4
Slot leakage permeance 17
Slot permeance 2, 15
Slot permeance coefficient 16
Slotting iv
Solution 1
Solution domain 3
whole motor 3
Solver tolerance 11
Split-phase motors 6
Steel data
preparation of 11
Stray load loss iv
Sub-domain 8
Supply cycles 24
Torque 4, 7
Use design sheet values 6
Warn on GDF file overwrite 9
Whole motor 3
XBst 14
XBsy 14
XkC 14
XPCslot 16
XPRslot 16

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